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Treatment of 2-methylsulfinylbenzazoles with triflic anhydride in the presence of phenols yields the corresponding 4-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylsulfanylbenzazoles. This regioselective dehydrative C–H/C–H coupling arylation represents a rare example of functionalizations on the benzene rings of benzo-fused azoles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: Flavan‐3‐ols are prominent phenolic compounds found abundantly in the young leaves of tea plants. The enzymes involved in flavan‐3‐ol biosynthesis in tea plants have been extensively investigated. However, the localization and associations of these numerous functional enzymes within cells have been largely neglected. In this study, we aimed to investigate the synthesis of flavan‐3‐ols in tea plants, particularly focusing on epigallocatechin gallate. Our analysis involving the DESI‐MSI method to reveal a distinct distribution pattern of B‐ring trihydroxylated flavonoids, primarily concentrated in the outer layer of buds. Subcellular localization showed that CsC4H, CsF3′H, and CsF3′5′H localizes endoplasmic reticulum. Protein–protein interaction studies demonstrated direct associations between CsC4H, CsF3′H, and cytoplasmic enzymes (CHS, CHI, F3H, DFR, FLS, and ANR), highlighting their interactions within the biosynthetic pathway. Notably, CsF3′5′H, the enzyme for B‐ring trihydroxylation, did not directly interact with other enzymes. We identified cytochrome b5 isoform C serving as an essential redox partner, ensuring the proper functioning of CsF3′5′H. Our findings suggest the existence of distinct modules governing the synthesis of different B‐ring hydroxylation compounds. This study provides valuable insights into the mechanisms underlying flavonoid diversity and efficient synthesis and enhances our understanding of the substantial accumulation of B‐ring trihydroxylated flavan‐3‐ols in tea plants. Significance Statement: Our work reveals the mechanism of flavonoid diversity and efficient synthesis in tea plants from the perspective of metabolon. Different metabolons modules provide a new perspective on the scientific problem of why tea plants accumulate high levels of EGCG. The discovery of obligate electron shuttle proteins provides new directions for improving metabolic engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus peel, as an effective component of citrus by-products, contains a large number of natural active components, including pectin, vitamins, dietary fiber, essential oil, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and so on. With the development of the circular economy, citrus peel has attracted extensive concern in the food industry. The exploitation of citrus peel would assist in excavating potential properties and alleviating the environmental burden. Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) exist almost in citrus peel, which have remarkable biological activities including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-obesity. Therefore, PMFs from citrus peel have the potential to develop as dietary supplements in the near future. Collectively, it is essential to take action to optimize the extraction conditions of PMFs and make the most of the extracts. This review mainly compiles several extraction methods and bioactivities of PMFs from citrus peel and introduces different applications including food processing, pharmaceutical industry, and plant rhizosphere to develop better utilization of citrus PMFs. Polymethoxyflavones (PMFs) represent sustainable bioactive compounds that profit for circular economy. Valorization of citrus peel PMFs will bring value-added environmental benefits. Novel techniques improve property and extraction efficiency of PMFs. PMFs obtained from citrus peel could be applied to tea or bakery food processing and pharmaceutical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1,8‐Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU) catalyzed Michael addition reactions between α,β‐unsaturated esters and benzophenone‐imines of glycine esters have been realized in THF at room temperature by using LiBr as an additive, effectively enabling the glutamation of phenols, thiophenols, secondary amines and imides. 3‐Substituted glutamic acid esters were obtained in excellent yields and diastereoselectivities (up to quantitative yield and >20 : 1 dr). These glutamic acid esters were readily converted into their corresponding pyroglutamic acid esters in high yields through acidic hydrolysis followed by lactamization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One of the most effective strategies to increase phytochemicals production in plant cultures is elicitation. In the present study, we studied the effect of abiotic and biotic elicitors on the growth, key biosynthetic genes expression, antioxidant capacity, and phenolic compounds content in Rhizobium (Agrobacterium) rhizogenes-induced hairy roots cultures of Ficus carica cv. Siah. Methods: The elicitors included methyl jasmonate (MeJA) as abiotic elicitor, culture filtrate and cell extract of fungus Piriformospora indica as biotic elicitors were prepared to use. The cultures of F. carica hairy roots were exposed to elicitores at different time points. After elicitation treatments, hairy roots were collected, and evaluated for growth index, total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoids (TFC) content, antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power, FRAP assays), expression level of key phenolic/flavonoid biosynthesis genes, and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of some main phenolic compounds in comparison to control. Results: Elicitation positively or negatively affected the growth, content of phenolic/flavonoid compounds and DPPH and FRAP antioxidant activities of hairy roots cultures in depending of elicitor concentration and exposure time. The maximum expression level of chalcone synthase (CHS: 55.1), flavonoid 3′-hydroxylase (F3'H: 34.33) genes and transcription factors MYB3 (32.22), Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH: 45.73) was induced by MeJA elicitation, whereas the maximum expression level of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL: 26.72) and UDP-glucose flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase (UFGT: 27.57) genes was obtained after P. indica culture filtrate elicitation. The P. indica elicitation also caused greatest increase in the content of gallic acid (5848 µg/g), caffeic acid (508.2 µg/g), rutin (43.5 µg/g), quercetin (341 µg/g), and apigenin (1167 µg/g) phenolic compounds. Conclusions: This study support that elicitation of F. carica cv. Siah hairy roots can be considered as an effective biotechnological method for improved phenolic/flavonoid compounds production, and of course this approach requires further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biorefining of lignocellulosic biomass via a lignin first approach delivers a range of products with high oxygen content. Besides pulp, a lignin oil rich in guaiacols and syringols is obtained bearing multiple C(aryl)–OH and C(aryl)–OMe groups, typically named phenolics. Similarly, technical lignin can be used but is generally more difficult to process providing lower yields of monomers. Removal of the hydroxy and methoxy groups in these oxygenated arenes is challenging due to the inherently strong C–O bonds, in addition to the steric and electronic deactivation by adjacent –OH or –OMe groups. Moreover, chemoselective removal of a specific group in the presence of other similar functionalities is non-trivial. Other side-reactions such as ring saturation and transalkylation further complicate the desired reduction process. In this overview, three different selective reduction reactions are considered. Complete hydrodeoxygenation removes both hydroxy and methoxy groups resulting in benzene and alkylated derivatives (BTX type products) which is often complicated by overreduction of the arene ring. Hydrodemethoxylation selectively removes methoxy groups in the presence of hydroxy groups leading to phenol products, while hydrodehydroxylation only removes hydroxy groups without cleavage of methoxy groups giving anisole products. Instead of defunctionalization via reduction transformation of C(aryl)–OH, albeit via an initial derivatization into C(aryl)–OX, into other functionalities is possible and also discussed. In addition to methods applying guaiacols and syringols present in lignin oil as model substrates, special attention is given to methods using mixtures of these compounds obtained from wood/technical lignin. Finally, other important aspects of C–O bond activation with respect to green chemistry are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Catalytic wet air oxidation (CWAO) is a very promising technology for the elimination of various refractory pollutants, but to activate dioxygen under mild conditions is a great challenge. In this research, we report a series of Cux/CNy@SBA catalysts to activate dioxygen for CWAO of phenols and antibiotics under mild conditions. The catalysts were prepared by in situ growth and dispersion of g-C3N4 and Cu species over the SBA-15 surface. Characterization by HRTEM, EDS, XRD, FT-IR, and XPS showed that the formed ultrathin g-C3N4 coating over the surface of SBA-15 provided abundant locations to embed the Cu species and thus more active sites were generated. UV-vis DRS characterization proved that the synergetic effect between Cu species and the SBA-15-dispersed g-C3N4 greatly enhanced the ability to activate dioxygen. It was found interestingly that superoxide radicals (•O2−) were the dominating active species at low temperature, while both •O2− and hydroxyl radicals (•OH) became the active species at high temperature during the CWAO of phenol. Among the catalysts tested, Cu1/CN3.3@SBA-N demonstrated the highest activity, affording 100% phenol removal and more than 90% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal, even at 90 °C and atmospheric dioxygen pressure. Modification of the SBA-15 surface with KH-550 could remarkably improve the recycling stability of the catalyst. These findings provide new insights for the development of highly effective catalysts for the activation of dioxygen, particularly in the field of CWAO wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this research were to investigate the usability of black grape pomace in the production of shalgam juice, which is a traditional fermented Turkish beverage, to transform the pomace into the high value‐added product and to enrich the shalgam juice with phenolic compounds. Black grape pomace and black carrot were used as the sources of polyphenols and five different formulations were obtained according to the amounts of black carrot and black grape pomace. During the fermentation, the samples were taken at different periods and analyzed for anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and tannin content. Gentisic, caffeic, ferulic, coumaric, and chlorogenic acids, catechin, glucosides of kaemferol and isorhamnetin, resveratrol, rutin, cyanidin‐3‐xylosylglucosylgalactoside, cyanidin‐3‐xylosylgalactoside, cyanidin‐3‐xylosylglucosylgalactoside acylated with sinapic acid, ferulic acid, or coumaric acid, and glucosides of cyanidin, petunidin, and malvidin were identified in the shalgam juices that contained both black grape pomace and black carrot in their formulation. Some of these polyphenols were not detected detect in the shalgam juices that were produced from only the black carrot or black grape pomace. During the fermentation, a decrease in the amount of anthocyanins originated from black carrots and an increase in the amount of anthocyanins orginated from black grape pomace were determined. Black grape pomace addition to the formulation before the fermentation caused an increase in the amount of tannin in the shalgam juice samples. Consequently, it is thought that black grape pomace can be fruitfully evaluated in shalgam juice production and can be enhanced by polyphenolic profile of shalgam juice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to increase the functionality of rice starch by modifying matcha tea extract and to determine the effect on some physicochemical properties and starch digestibility. According to the data analyzed, treatment with matcha extract was effective in increasing the nutritional value of native rice starch. At the highest level of extract addition, total phenolic and flavonoid content reached 129.54 mg/100 g and 40.16 mg/100 g, respectively, as no phenolic or flavonoid content was detected in control. In addition, the highest DPPH and FRAP values were determined to be 296.62 μmol TE/100 g and 814.89 mg/100 g, respectively, at the highest extract addition level. Treatment with matcha extract significantly reduced the eGI of native rice starch from to 94.61 to 64.63, while resistant starch was increased from 0.90 to 33.43%. According to the physiochemical analysis, there was a positive correlation between the extract ratio and the water‐holding capacity of rice starch due to the high hydrophilic capacity of the phenolic compounds. In addition, the solubility and swelling power of starch were increased by treatment with matcha extract, but high temperatures had a negative effect on these physicochemical properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ovarian cancer (OVCA) stands as one of the most fatal gynecological malignancies. Honokiol (HNK) has been substantiated by numerous studies for its anti‐tumor activity against malignancies including OVCA. Consequently, this work was designed to elucidate the impact of HNK‐mediated modulation of the YAP/TAZ pathway on the biological functions of OVCA cells. Methods: OVCA cells were subjected to treatment with varying concentrations (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 μM) of HNK, concomitant with the administration of YAP agonist (XMU). Assessment of cellular viability was executed employing the CCK‐8 assay, while quantification of cellular proliferation transpired via colony formation assays. Apoptosis was ascertained using flow cytometry, and expression of apoptosis‐related proteins (caspase‐3, Bcl‐2, Bax), EMT‐related proteins (E‐cadherin, N‐cadherin), migration‐associated proteins (MMP‐2, MMP‐9), and YAP/TAZ pathway‐related proteins was evaluated by western blot. Transwell experiments were conducted to assess cellular migratory and invasive propensities. Xenograft tumor models were built to observe tumor growth (volume and weight), apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL staining, and Ki67 expression was evaluated through IHC. Results: HNK exerted inhibitory effects on the viability and proliferative capacity of OVCA cells, elicited apoptotic responses, curtailed the migratory and invasive tendencies of cells, and downregulated the YAP/TAZ pathway. Stimulation with YAP agonist (XMU‐MP‐1) partially attenuated the impacts of HNK on OVCA cell biology. Experiments in vivo confirmed that HNK inhibited OVCA tumor growth. Conclusion: The outcomes of this investigation conclusively established that HNK orchestrated the modulation of the YAP/TAZ pathway, thereby exerting control over the malignant phenotypic manifestations of OVCA cells. The ascertained function of HNK in restraining cellular proliferation and tumor progression provided novel evidence of its anti‐proliferative activity within OVCA cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A total of 43 compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, lignans, and diterpene, were identified and characterized using UPLC‐ESI‐Q‐TOF‐MS coupled with UNIFI software. The identified flavonoids were mostly isomers of luteolin, apigenin, and quercetin, which were elucidated and distinguished for the first time in pepper cultivars. The use of multivariate data analytics for sample discrimination revealed that luteolin derivatives played the most important role in differentiating pepper cultivars. The content of phenolic acids and flavonoids in immature green peppers was generally higher than that of mature red peppers. The pepper extracts possessed significant antioxidant activities, and the antioxidant activities correlated well with phenolic contents and their molecular structure. In conclusion, the findings expand our understanding of the phytochemical components of the Chinese pepper genotype at two maturity stages. Moreover, a UPLC‐ESI‐Q‐TOF‐MS in negative ionization mode rapid methods for characterization and isomers differentiation was described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds constitute an essential part of the plant's secondary metabolites and play a crucial role in ecosystem functioning, including nutrient cycling and plant defence against biotic and abiotic stressors. Quantifying the phenolic compounds across global biomes is important for monitoring the biological diversity and ecosystem processes. However, our understanding of foliar phenolic compounds remains limited, particularly regarding how they vary among temperate tree species and whether their variation and absorption features can be assessed using spectroscopy at the leaf level. In this study, we examined the relationships between the spectral properties of fresh leaves from temperate tree species and two ecologically important phenolic compounds (i.e., total phenol and tannin). We sampled the leaves of four dominant tree species (i.e., English oak, European beech, Norway spruce, and Scots pine) across two European temperate forest sites. Continuum removal was applied to the leaf spectra to enhance the assessment of the subtle absorption features that correlate with the phenolic content. Total phenol and tannin concentrations were estimated by comparing the performance of two empirical methods, namely partial least squares regression (PLSR) and Gaussian processes regression (GPR). Our results showed a large range of variation in total phenol and tannin between temperate tree species (p < 0.05). Spectral analysis revealed persistent and distinct phenolic absorption features near 1666 nm in the spectra of English oak, Norway spruce and European beech, whereas Scots pine exhibited a weaker absorption feature near 1653 nm. Regression results showed that both PLSR and GPR accurately estimated total phenol and tannin across temperate tree species, with informative bands for predicting these two traits well-corresponded between the two models utilised. Our results also suggested that total phenol was overall more accurately predicted than tannin regardless of employed methods. The most accurate estimations were achieved using PLSR with the continuum-removed SWIR spectra (total phenol: R 2=0.79, NRMSE=9.95%; tannin: R 2=0.59, NRMSE=14.53%). Testing the models established for individual species or forest types revealed variability in their prediction performances, with these specific models demonstrating lower accuracy (R 2=0.47–0.69 and 0.34–0.54 for total phenol and tannin, respectively) compared to the cross-species model. Our study extends the understanding of absorption features of phenolic compounds in common temperate tree species and demonstrates the potential for a generalised spectroscopy model to predict foliar phenolic compounds across temperate forests. These findings provide a foundation for mapping and monitoring phenolic compounds in temperate forests at the canopy level using airborne and spaceborne imaging spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ca & Fe co-application enhances photosynthesis, growth and berry quality. • Ca & Fe co-application increases berry size, weight and yield. • Balanced Ca & Fe supply enhances sugars, amino acids and flavonoids in grapes. • Ca & Fe co-application offers holistic approach to optimize vineyard management. Iron (Fe) and calcium (Ca) are pivotal elements influencing grape growth and wine quality. However, the combined effects of these fertilizers on grape physiology and berry quality remain elusive. Herein, we established four treatments: no fertilization (CK), foliar Ca fertilization (Ca1Fe0), foliar Fe fertilization (Ca0Fe1), and foliar co-application of Ca and Fe (Ca1Fe1), to unravel their impacts. Ca1Fe1 remarkably enhanced grape leaf photosynthesis, elevated chlorophyll content, and augmented amino acids, flavanols, flavonols, and anthocyanins in berries, culminating in a yield increase of 8.36 %. Correlation analysis revealed that Ca1Fe1 bolstered crop light-use efficiency and secondary metabolism, amplifying berry quality and yield. Principal component analysis underscored the profound synergism of iron and calcium co-application, profoundly enhancing fruit quality and yield. These findings offer vital theoretical underpinnings for future fertilizer strategies aiming to enhance berry and wine quality and nutritional value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research conducted so far on the chemical mechanisms of trees' defence against foliophages has not uncovered the chemical compounds biosynthesized by plants that are essential for these mechanisms. The objective of this study was to identify a chemical indicator for the presence of the pine beauty moth in Pinus sylvestris stands. Fresh needled shoots were collected from the crowns of pine trees in stands where the pine beauty moth tends to occur in large numbers, as well as from control stands. Total phenolic contents, total flavonoids contents, total chlorophyll content, terpene compounds, phenolic compound concentration, LMWOAs, sugar content, and colour analysis were conducted. Chlorophyll content, the presence of Panolis flammea in forest stands, and the colour of pine needles were discovered to be related. Variable L* correlated positively with the concentrations of chlorophyll a and b. In pine needles that were not attacked by the pine beauty moth, significantly higher concentrations of 4‐hydroxybenzoic acid, salicylic acid, chlorogenic acid, syringic acid, quercitin, and rutin were found, with the first compound having the most significant effect (4‐hydroxybenzoic acid). Based on the study results, the connected compounds in pine needles make them susceptible to insect attack. In addition, insect repellent programmes were mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, the changes in the total phenol, flavonoid, antioxidant capacity, phenolics, fatty acids, minerals and sensory properties of bread by using coconut flesh at different concentrations were investigated. With the increase in the coconut level added to the bread dough, the fat content of the bread increased in parallel. L* colour values of bread increased up to 15% coconut concentration and decreased with the subsequent concentration addition (25%). While the total phenol and flavonoid quantities of bread made by adding coconut pulp at 5% and 25% concentrations were higher compared to the control, they partially decreased in bread with 15% coconut pulp. Antioxidant capacity values of bread were recorded to be between 1.18 (control) and 2.12 mmol/kg (25%). Gallic acid quantities of bread were assigned between 5.03 (control) and 20.97 mg/100 g (25%). The amounts of lauric and myristic acids of the oils obtained from bread with coconut were recorded between 4.37% (control) and 53.53% (25%)–2.31% (control) and 21.17% (25%) respectively. While the amounts of lauric and myristic fatty acids in the bread produced as a result of adding coconut pulp to the bread dough increased compared to the control, the palmitic, oleic and linoleic acid contents of the bread decreased. P, Ca, S, Mg, Fe, Mn and Zn were predominant minerals of bread samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In recent years, Cordyceps militaris has garnered increased attention in both scientific research and popular culture, exemplified by references in the entertainment industry, such as 'The Last Of Us'. This study aims to investigate the qualitative and quantitative composition of bioactive compounds (such as cordycepin, ergothioneine, L‐phenylalanine, lovastatin, sterols, indole and phenolic compounds) in various samples. These samples encompass commercially available dietary supplements (in the form of capsules or powder), featuring standardised extracts or non‐standardised C. militaris material. Additionally, fruiting bodies cultivated in Poland and China were examined. The bioactive compounds were subsequently analysed after extraction into artificial digestive juices. Each sample underwent extraction, evaporation and dissolution in methanol, followed by qualitative and quantitative analyses using RP‐HPLC (with UV and DAD detectors) for the determination of bioactive compounds. The results of this analysis revealed that extracts with cordycepin contents of 7% and 1% exhibited the highest cordycepin concentrations, as well as significant ergothioneine levels (4405 and 928 mg/100 g d.w. and 234 and 77.6 mg/100 g d.w. respectively). However, on analysis of simulated digestive juices, it became evident that the fruiting bodies of C. militaris are superior sources of bioactive compounds. Consequently, this study underscores the efficacy of unprocessed material, such as fruiting bodies, as the preferred form of supplementation for potential consumers of C. militaris. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The increase in ecological sensitivity and the interest in 'green chemistry' are leading to a decrease in the use of environmentally harmful substances in chemical processes. Replacing traditional solvents with NaDES (Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents) is an excellent green alternative to extract bioactive compounds from agri‐food industry wastes, as these solvents bring numerous advantages and are environmentally friendly. In this work, the performance of traditional organic solvents and NaDES were compared for the extraction of phenolic compounds (PCs), with different physicochemical characteristics, from strawberry residues. For this reason, numerous combinations of NaDES have been evaluated, optimising the experimental conditions of the process. The samples were analysed using HPLC–MS/MS, which allowed the identification and quantification of numerous PCs in the samples. The best extraction efficiencies were obtained using choline chloride (ChCl) as hydrogen bond acceptor and lactic acid (LA) as hydrogen bond donor, in a ratio of 1:5 and containing 30% of water. Isoquercetin, hesperidin and catechin were the phenolic compounds most remarkable in samples, with a content of ca. 43%, 26% and 11% of total polyphenols, respectively. Finally, the evaluation of the method through the Analytical GREEness calculator showed how NaDES can satisfactorily replace traditional extractions with a great performance and reduced impact on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, the effect of bread enriched with fermented green olive pulp at different concentrations (control (0%), 5%, 10%, 20%) on bioactive properties, phenolics and sensory properties were investigated. Total phenol and flavonoid quantities of the wheat bread incorporated with fermented green olive pulp were assigned between 41.79 (control) and 81.31 mg GAE/100 g (with 20% olive pulp) to 57.38 (control) and 139.76 mg/100 g (with 20% olive pulp), respectively. The antioxidant capacity results of the breads fortified with olive pulp ranged from 0.24 (control) to 2.45 mmol kg−1 (with 20% olive pulp). L* results of bread varied between 58.34 and 66.79. Gallic acid and 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid results of the bread enriched with olive pulp were assessed within the range of 10.46 (control) and 51.91 mg/100 g (with 20% olive pulp). Also, while catectin values of the bread fortified with olive pulp varied between 6.00 (control) and 68.03 mg/100 g (with 20% olive pulp), rutin values of the bread ranged from 11.52 (control) to 22.45 mg/100 g (with 20% olive pulp). While the concentrations of oleic acid in the bread change between 46.27 (control) and 69.07% (with 20% olive pulp), linoleic acid results of the bread enriched with olive pulp ranged from 7.00% (with 5% olive pulp) to 31.63% (control). In general, as a result of the sensory evaluation, the 20% olive‐added bread sample was most appreciated by the panellists, followed by the control, 5% and 10% olive‐added bread samples in descending order. Since olive pulp is rich in phenolic compounds, they are potentially promising ingredients for valuable food applications by adding them to bakery products. The bread enriched with olive pulps showed the highest firmness and crunchiness compared to the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, the changes in oil content, bioactive components, radical scavenging activity, phenolic profiles, fatty acid components and sensory characteristics of 'Ayvalık' olive fruits fermented in brine thyme, sage and rosemary hydrosols were investigated. Total carotenoid and total phenolic results of olives were recorded between 0.02 (thyme hydrosol) and 0.24 μg g−1 (control (only brine 10%)) to 213.92 (rosemary hydrosol) and 432.54 mg GAE per 100 g (fresh 'Ayvalık' olive), respectively. Total flavonoids of olive fruits fermented in different hydrosols were reported between 755.87 mg per 100 g (rosemary hydrosol) and 1404.76 mg per 100 g (fresh 'Ayvalık' olive). Radical scavenging capacity of fermented 'Ayvalık' olive fruits was reported between 10.20 (control) and 10.55 mmol kg−1 (rosemary hydrosol). Verbascoside results of fresh and fermented 'Ayvalık' olive fruits in brine and hydrosols were identified between 107.00 mg per 100 g (sage hydrosol) and 167.20 mg per 100 g (fresh 'Ayvalık' olive). Oleic and linoleic acid values of olive oils changed to be between 67.07% (rosemary hydrosol) and 68.71% (control) to 10.89% (control) and 11.86% (rosemary hydrosol), respectively. Overall, 'Ayvalık' olive fruit fermented in brine was most appreciated by the panellists, followed in descending order by olives fermented in thyme, sage, and rosemary hydrosols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: In this study, the effect of dehydration of some physico‐chemical characteristics, total phenol, flavonoids, antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds of green and red jalapeno pepper fruits was investigated. The total carotenoid contents of red and green jalapeno pepper samples were reported to be between 14.15 (fresh) and 129.00 μg/g (540 and 720 W) to 2.8 (fresh) and 27.25 μg/g (720 W), respectively. Total phenolic results of red and green jalapeno pepper samples were recorded between 205.83 (fresh) and 343.93 mg GAE/100 g (540 W) to 81.69 (fresh) and 309.88 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/100 g (air drying), respectively. The highest decrease in L* results (brightness) of both red (32.33) and green (36.45) peppers was determined with air drying. Gallic acid, catechin and kaempferol were the predominant phenolic compounds of jalapeno peppers. Gallic acid amounts of red and green jalapeno pepper samples changed between 3.23 (fresh) and 16.20 mg/100 g (air) to 2.41 (fresh) and 9.30 mg/100 g (air), respectively. Also, catechin amounts of both red and green dehydrated jalapeno pepper fruits were determined between 3.24 (fresh) and 106.33 mg/100 g (900 W) to 2.89 (fresh) and 90.05 mg/100 g (air), respectively. Both conventional and microwave drying has caused the reduction of redness for red pepper and greenness for green pepper. The phenolic components of red jalapeno peppers were partially higher than the green ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Herein, an ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector (UHPLC‐DAD) based quantification method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of 21 bioactive phenolic compounds present abundantly in food products. The developed method was validated in terms of parameters such as linearity, detection and quantification limits, intra‐day and inter‐day precision and recovery showing ideal results. Further, the developed method was applied for the quantitative analysis of phenolics in commercially procured dietary samples such as spices, green tea, black tea and dark chocolate. The major phenolics quantified in dry weight of different samples were epigallocatechin gallate (425.5 mg/10 g), epicatechin gallate (111.9 mg/10 g) in green tea; gallocatechin (286.8 mg/10 g) in dark chocolate; and naringin (93.9 mg/10 g) in star anise etc. Overall, the UHPLC‐DAD‐based method was found to be reliable, simple and specific for the estimation of phenolics in different targeted food samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important challenges related to fresh meat products (especially sheep liver) is the short shelf-life of the product. For this purpose, synthetic preservative compounds are used to extend their shelf life, which have many side effects on human health. In this research, the effect of using an edible coating containing phenolic compounds of pomegranate peel cross-linked in the structure of aloe vera hydrogel was studied to extend the shelf life of sheep liver. Physicochemical (pH, peroxide index, total volatile nitrogen, thiobarbituric acid index and color parameters L* a *b * ) and sensory (aroma, color, texture and overall acceptability) properties of the product in storage days of 1, 3 and 7 days and in the storage temperature of +4oC was evaluated. The results indicated that, the lowest value of monohydroperoxide formation (i.e. peroxide index) was observed in test samples coated with aleo vera gel containing phenolic compound of pomegranate peel extract that corresponding to the lowest total volatile nitrogen. Generally, in accordance to the results of sensory evaluation and quality tests, using of aleo vera gel containing bioactive compounds of pomegranate peel extract is recommended for shelf life extending of sheep liver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functionalization of phenolic compounds by lipophilization allowing the synthesis of new compounds with improved biological properties. This study aims to investigate the antimicrobial effects of eight synthesized phenolipids, derived from bioactive coumaric and ferulic acid esters, against Bacillus subtilis , Escherichia coli , and Candida albicans. Antioxidant activity, as well as antimicrobial capacity were evaluated through DPPH assays and classical disc agar diffusion, respectively, concomitantly with the evaluation of cellular viability using flow cytometry assay. Antioxidant activities results showed that ferulic acid esters exhibit higher antiradical activity than coumaric acid esters. Results of agar diffusion assay revealed that, 1-methylpropyl coumarate and 1-methylpropyl ferulate (1-MPF) have an effective antimicrobial activity with Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) values between 0.9 and 3.5 mM against all tested microorganisms. Also, flow cytometry showed that 1-MPF and decyl coumarate exhibited significant bactericidal activity (p < 0.05), with almost 63 % of dead Bacillus subtilis cells. Compared to the commonly used agar method, flow cytometry proved to be a fast and straightforward analytical tool to assess antimicrobial activity while providing information on inhibition type. These results suggest the applicability of phenolipids as potent lipophilic bioactive molecules to protect food products and cosmetic formulations from oxidative stress and microbial spoilage. [Display omitted] • A series of phenolipids were successfully synthesized. • Phenolipids antimicrobial activity was assessed by flow cytometry and agar assays. • Flow cytometry showed bactericidal activities of 1-MPF and DC against B. subtilis. • Agar tests showed inhibitory effect of 1-MPC, 1-MPF against three strains. • Antioxidant effect of ferulic esters was higher than that of the coumaric esters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the issuance of the emergency use authorization (EUA) of 3 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, there have been over 180 million individuals fully vaccinated in the United States (US). With the increasing administration of COVID-19 vaccinations, there have been over 550,000 adverse events reported in the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) with approximately 230,000 experienced after receipt of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine as of September 23rd 2021. Audio-vestibular symptoms (including Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSNHL)) secondary to immunizations has previously been evaluated. However, this report describes the first case of bilateral sudden sensorineural hearing loss potentially due to the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. We further review the available literature regarding the treatment of Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss, and the association of SSNHL with previous immunizations and COVID-19 infection. Lastly, we hypothesize the underlying potential mechanisms between SSNHL and the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed to optimize the recovery of antioxidative phenolic compounds from steam treated and untreated rice biomass (rice bran and rice straw) by the influence of lignocellulolytic enzymes of Burkholderia sp SMB1. The optimization of extraction was carried out by response surface methodology targeting to maximize phenolic release. These compounds were separated from the extracts using charcoal and un-utilized hydrolysed rice bran wastes and analysed for antioxidant properties. 10% (w/v) rice biomass with 60 mg of enzyme loadings (mg of protein in crude enzyme extract) at 40 °C, pH 7 for 30 min. Ferulic acid, gallic acid, coumaric acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid, epicatechin and kaemferol were identified by HPLC in both rice biomass extracts. Maximum total phenolics (83.35 mg GAE/100 g), total flavonoid content (16.89 mg/100 g QE), total tannin content (78.69 mg/100 g TAE) and antioxidant properties viz., 87.68% for ABTS, 77.11% for DPPH and 0.82 absorbance for FRAP was obtained for steam treated rice bran followed by rice straw. This work signifies the biomass transformation into phenolics possessing antioxidant nature under simple extraction process. It not only favours waste management process but also increases the income to agriculture sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tyrosinase is an enzyme implicated in fruit ripening and the browning of plant parts exposed to mechanical injury. Tyrosinase has numerous reported biotechnological importance. This enzyme was extracted from the waste peels of Musa cavendish, purified via aqueous two-phase partitioning system (ATPS) and QAE-Sephadex ion-exchange chromatography. The purified tyrosinase was biochemically characterized. Tyrosinase was thereafter immobilized, characterized, and applied in the oxidation of phenols in model wastewaters. After purification, the yield and fold obtained were 23% and 8.0 respectively. The molecular weight of the enzyme was estimated to be 43.0 kDa. The purified enzyme had an optimum pH and temperature of 6.5 and 60 °C respectively. The k cat K m (M−1s−1) obtained for substrates such as L-DOPA, catechol and pyrogallol were 3.6 × 10 4 , 3.8 × 10 4 and 1.6 × 10 4 respectively. The purified enzyme was stable in organic solvents: acetone > ethanol > methanol > n-butanol. Quercetin, ascorbic acid, l-cysteine and arginine were potent inhibitors. The immobilized tyrosinase was more resistant to thermoinactivation than the free enzyme as evidenced by its kinetic ( k d , t 1 / 2 ) and thermodynamic ( Δ G d * , Δ H d * , Δ S d * ) characteristics. The immobilized tyrosinase removed 70% of 650-µM phenol after 2 h compared to 50% removal by the free tyrosinase. After six repeated cycles of phenol biodegradation using the immobilized enzyme, about 40% of phenol was removed. The fresh peels of M. cavendish served as a green-based source of relatively thermostable immobilized tyrosinase deployable in large-scale biodegradation of phenol-containing wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease, are characterised by the progressive loss of specific neuronal cell populations due to multifactorial factors, including neurochemical and immunological disturbances. Consequently, patients can develop cognitive, motor and behavioural dysfunctions, which lead to impairments in their quality of life. Over the years, studies have reported on the neuroprotective properties inherent in phenolic compounds. Therefore, this review highlights the most recent scientific findings regarding phenolic compounds as promising neuroprotective molecules against neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the morphological, nutritional, and antioxidant characteristics of ten native potato varieties from the region of Apurímac in Peru, harvested between May 2022 and June 2022. The colour, size, weight, and shape of the tubers were determined according to the International Potato Center guidelines. The colour of the pulp and peel was determined with the colorimeter PCE-CSM7 and their nutritional component by AOAC method. Finally, the total phenolic compound content and antioxidant activity were characterized using DPPH and ORAC assays. The morphological characterization showed that the predominant colours in the peel were red–purple, blackish, and pink. The pulp showed red, purple, violet, and yellow colouration on the entire surface, as a vascular ring, or as spots, and this was attributed to various bioactive compounds. The highest number of tuber varieties had medium-size tubers (41–60 g). The Puka huayro machu variety had the largest (> 90 g), and the Amachi had the smallest (20–40 g) tubers. The shapes were mainly oblong and round, with an average weight of 60 g. The instrumental colour values (L*, a*, and b*) showed differences (p < 0.05), with a tendency to red, purple, and blue-violet colours. The Amachi, Cuchi aca, and Yawar manto varieties showed higher values in the pulp, which were related to their peel colouration. The total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Amachi, Yawar manto, and Puka huayro machu varieties showed differences (p < 0.05) with intense colourations. These results show the characteristics and actual value of native potato biodiversity from Apurímac to ensure better use and integral exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of simple and complex carrier agents on the physicochemical, flow, and in vitro release properties of the encapsulated phenolic-rich extract from lemon myrtle leaves was investigated in this study. Polysaccharide-based complex coating (maltodextrin: gum arabic) offers the highest encapsulation efficiency (EE) resulting in maximum retention of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties as compared to other coatings. However, all of the coatings provided above 97% of EE and passable/poor flow properties. The lightness of encapsulated extract was increased upon the incorporation of a protein-based coating with maltodextrin. The pure and encapsulated extracts indicate amorphous nature with a little degree of crystallinity. A similar release profile was observed for most of the samples in food simulants, initially slowly release and gradually increase to maximum release at around 36 h and then slowly decrease the release rate/availability of phenolics. All of the samples release the highest quantity of phenolics in lipophilic/fatty food simulant. In vitro analysis illustrate that the percent release of phenolics from an encapsulated sample can depend on the selection of coating and release medium. Therefore, appropriate coating material selection and optimization should be performed to get the desired output from the encapsulation of phenolic-rich extract. Polysaccharide and protein-based complex coatings enriched with phenolics could be applicable for the development of functional food products and nutraceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wild grapevines are a rich source of polyphenolic compounds. Various environmental factors can influence these bioactive metabolites, contributing to stress mitigation and adaptation. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of prolonged drought stress on the accumulation of phytochemicals, antioxidants, and antimicrobial activity in the roots of the endangered Tunisian wild grapevine (Vitis vinifera subsp. sylvestris) "Tebaba" genotype. The results revealed that under prolonged drought stress, there was a significant increase in total phenolic compounds, total flavonoid content, and stilbenes, which showed a positive and significant correlation with the total antioxidant activity. Furthermore, the ethanolic extracts demonstrated an enhanced in vitro antibacterial effect against selected human pathogenic bacterial strains, including Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) values, relative to prolonged drought stress, ranged from 125 to 250 µg/mL. The values of the ratio between MBC and the MIC showed that the activity of the root extract was bactericidal in all cases (MBC/MIC ≤ 2). This study highlights the potential of wild grapevine roots enriched with drought-inducible phenolic compounds, as a promising source of antimicrobial agents relevant to human health applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenol-based antioxidants as free radical scavengers are expected to continue increasing as additives in industries. As an antioxidant, lignin has low oxidative stability in pure solid form, so stabilization is needed to produce lignin-based antioxidants. This research focuses on the valorization of alkaline lignin by hydrogenolysis using a Pt/C catalyst and formic acid as a hydrogen donor. Three treatment variables, namely the amount of formic acid (FA), the amount of ethanol (EtOH), and radiation time (T), were observed for their contribution to the three responses, namely the total phenol content (TPC), the degree of depolymerization (DD), and the IC50 value of DPPH as an antioxidants activity. This study found that the best results were obtained at operating conditions FA, EtOH, and T 5 mL, 100 mL, 3 min in sequence, producing TPC, DD, and IC50 worth 4792,055 mg/ L, 23.650%, and 35.860 mg/L, respectively. The results were optimized using the response surface methodology with the Design Expert 11 program with the optimized result being FA, EtOH, and T 10 mL, 100 mL, 3 min consecutively and resulted in TPC, DD, and IC50 of 4987.12 mg/L, 26.451%, and 33.865 mg/L, respectively. The results of this study indicate that OPFEB is a source of lignin that has the potential to produce phenolic compounds, which are sources of renewable fine chemicals based on biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous investigations have revealed that a functional fermented orange beverage presented in its composition different phenolic compounds, which through in silico investigation demonstrated to have biological effects of therapeutic importance as antioxidant, gastrorepair, and anti-ulcerative properties. Thus, this study confirmed in vivo, through a model of EtOH-induced gastric ulcers in rats, the beneficial properties indicated by the in silico tests. Gastric ulcer was induced by EtOH (intragastric) and was treated after 1 h with fermented orange beverage with and without Mentha piperita extract (0.5 mL/100 g w.b). Omeprazole was used as positive control. Histopathological evaluation revealed that EtOH administration resulted in the formation of gastric ulcers due to the reduction of the mucus layer, presence of hemorrhage, and infiltration of neutrophils in the stomach tissue of rats, and only treatment with omeprazole was able to reverse these changes. Additionally, EtOH administration altered the gastric juice volume and induced oxidative stress in the gastric tissue observed through the increase in lipid peroxidation (TBARS), reduction in the levels of non-protein thiols (NPSH), and alteration in the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. The ingestion of the fermented orange beverage increased NPSH levels and reduced changes in TBARS levels induced by ethanol. These findings suggested that the fermented orange beverage has antioxidant effects, as pointed out by in silico studies, but not gastrorepair and anti-ulcerative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the inhibitory effect of pyrogallol on AGE formation in the bovine serum albumin (BSA)/glucose system for 21 days at 37 °C. The AGEs formation was measured in terms of Amadori products, total AGEs, argpyrimidine, and pentosidine. Molecular docking was used to investigate the interaction between pyrogallol and BSA. According to the results, in the presence of pyrogallol, the formation of pentosidine and argpyrimidine AGEs decreased. The molecular interaction studies demonstrated that pyrogallol has a high affinity towards arginine residues of albumin. Finally, results proved pyrogallol is a vigorous antiglycation compound and fruitful for AGE inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red pepper is a valuable ingredient known for its abundance of vitamins and antioxidants. But, it usually needs to be dried for longer preservation. Hence, this research is aimed at examining the drying kinetics and quality attributes of dried red peppers utilizing various solar drying methods, in comparison with traditional open sun drying (OSD) and industrial laboratory thin layer dryers (LTLD). Analysis parameters employed include determining moisture content, measuring color properties, evaluating antioxidant capacity, analyzing capsaicinoid content, and assessing microbial presence. The drying process took place in a sunny environment with fluctuations in temperature and relative humidity as evidence of the dynamic conditions experienced within the solar dryers. It was observed that the logarithmic model was the most accurate in predicting moisture ratio over time, estimating a drying time of 25 hours to achieve 10% moisture content. The result demonstrated that direct solar dryers (DSD), indirect solar dryers (ISD), and mix mode solar dryers (MMSD) methods showed moderate changes in color parameters, with average Δ L ∗ , Δ a ∗ , and Δ b ∗ values of -5.08, -23.71, and -13.62, respectively. The average overall color difference (Δ E) for these methods was 27.96. In addition, after comparing it to the LTLD method, which showed the highest content of phenolic compounds at 47.89%, MMSD displayed a slightly lower content of 44.71%. Similarly, MMSD exhibited higher levels of DPPH radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing power, measuring at 44.22% and 1163.75 μmol Fe2+/L, respectively. The capsaicin content remained relatively consistent across all drying methods, with MMSD, DSD, and LTLD demonstrating similar levels of approximately 31 mg/g. Although MMSD had slightly higher mold and yeast counts compared to LTLD, ISD, and DSD, it remained lower than OSD (less than 0.56 log 10 cfu / g ). Furthermore, MMSD showed a lower total microbial count in comparison to other drying methods. These findings suggest that MMSD shows promise as a drying technique for preserving the phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of the dried product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mentha longifolia L. is a perennial plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family that has a wide distribution in the world. M. longifolia has many applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its terpenoid and phenolic compounds. The phytochemical profile and biological activity of plants are affected by their genetics and habitat conditions. In the present study, the content, constituents and antifungal activity of the essential oil extracted from 20 accessions of M. longifolia collected from different regions of Iran and Iraq countries were evaluated. Results: The essential oil content of the accessions varied between 1.54 ± 0.09% (in the Divandarreh accession) to 5.49 ± 0.12% (in the Khabat accession). Twenty-seven compounds were identified in the essential oils of the studied accessions, which accounted for 85.5-99.61% of the essential oil. The type and amount of dominant compounds in the essential oil were different depending on the accession. Cluster analysis of accessions based on essential oil compounds grouped them into three clusters. The first cluster included Baziyan, Boukan, Sarouchavah, Taghtagh, Darbandikhan, Isiveh and Harir. The second cluster included Khabat, Kounamasi, Soni and Mahabad, and other accessions were included in the third cluster. Significant correlations were observed between the essential oil content and components with the climatic and soil conditions of the habitats. The M. longifolia essential oil indicated antifungal activity against Fusarium solani in both methods used. In all studied accessions, the fumigation method compared to the contact method was more able to control mycelia growth. In both methods, the inhibition percentage of essential oil on mycelia growth increased with an increase in essential oil concentration. Significant correlations were found between the essential oil components and the inhibition percentage of mycelium growth. Conclusion: The studied M. longifolia accessions showed significant differences in terms of the essential oil content and components. Differences in phytochemical profile of accessions can be due to their genetic or habitat conditions. The distance of the accessions in the cluster was not in accordance with their geographical distance, which indicates the more important role of genetic factors compared to habitat conditions in separating accessions. The antifungal activity of essential oils was strongly influenced by the essential oil quality and concentration, as well as the application method. Determining and introducing the elite accession in this study can be different depending on the breeder's aims, such as essential oil content, desired chemical composition, or antifungal activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upgrading lignin-derived monomeric products presents a compelling prospect for synthesizing value-added products. Despite the potential benefits, the conversion of lignin-derived phenols into hydroxytyrosol (HT), a potent natural antioxidant predominantly sourced from olives, remains underexplored. Herein, we envisioned three novel one-pot cascade biocatalytic approaches for converting lignin-derived catechol and phenol into HT by integrating four or five main reactions: C–C coupling, hydroxylation, decarboxylation, deamination and reduction. By co-expressing the corresponding enzymes in recombinant Escherichia coli (E. coli) resting cells, we achieved HT conversions of 65.4% and 89.0% from 10 mM catechol using recombinant E. coli (CFK-RTA) resting cells, which co-expressed tyrosine phenol-lyase (FnTPL), tyrosine decarboxylase (TDC), amine transaminase (ATA) and aldehyde reductase (yahK), and E. coli (RFK-EAL) resting cells, which co-expressed FnTPL, L -amino acid deaminase (LAAD), α-keto acid decarboxylase (ARO10) and yahK, respectively. Additionally, a 75.3% conversion of HT from 10 mM phenol was achieved with E. coli (CFK-EBC-RAL) resting cells co-expressing FnTPL, 4-hydroxyphenylacetate 3-hydroxylase (HpaBC), LAAD, ARO10 and yahK. The highest HT titers of 20.6 mM (3.18 g L−1) and 18.5 mM (2.85 g L−1) were obtained from 30 mM catechol and phenol, respectively, by utilizing recombinant E. coli (RFK-EAL) and E. coli (CFK-EBC-RAL) resting cells in a fed-batch strategy. These cascade biocatalysis processes rely on biomass-derived phenol or catechol and inexpensive pyruvate as substrates, with NH4Cl serving as the amine donor, offering new and viable routes for the sustainable and environmentally friendly production of HT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sweet cherry pomace waste (CPW) obtained after juice production still contains high amounts of dietary fiber and added value compounds such as polyphenols. For this reason, it can be employed as renewable feedstock to produce novel commodities, bioactive compounds and bio-functional materials. In this study, a sustainable biorefinery approach has been developed combining the use of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) for the recovery of polyphenolic compounds and bio-based ionic liquids (bio-ILs) for the treatment and conversion of the remaining lignocellulosic residue into an ionogel. The extraction efficiency and selectivity of different classes of (NA)DESs were evaluated varying both the hydrogen bond acceptor, HBA (choline chloride (ChCl), betaine (Bet) and L -proline (Pro)) and the hydrogen bond donor, HBD (carboxylic acids and polyols). The extracted phenolic compounds were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by UHPLC-HR-ESI-MS leading to the identification of more than 25 compounds, classifiable into four main subclasses (phenolic acids, flavonoid glycosides, flavonoid aglycones, and anthocyanins). The majority of ChCl-based DESs improved the total phenol extraction compared to classical solvents (up to twice). ChCl : ethylene glycol 1 : 2 was identified as the best performing system in terms of total phenolic content (total phenol 759 ± 85 μg g−1 of dried CPW) and was employed as the extraction medium for further optimization of the operative conditions and recycling study. The solvent was quantitatively recovered for three cycles with retention of the extraction efficiency towards all the identified subclasses of phenols. Finally, cholinium arginate (ChArg) allowed for obtaining cellulose enriched material (35 wt% of dried biomass) that was subsequently dissolved at 2 wt% in cholinium levulinate (ChLev) to prepare a weak physical ionogel, a functional biomaterial potentially useful in medical and pharmaceutical sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemically generated peroxodicarbonate solution efficiently oxidizes hydroxybenzaldehydes to valuable phenols. The reaction is carried out in aqueous media without additional solvents or additives. The reaction gives high yields of up to 97% and tolerates a broad variety of substituents, as demonstrated by 20 diverse examples. It was successfully scaled to multi-gram range. This transformation further expands the synthetic applicability of the green oxidizer peroxodicarbonate, which can be generated on demand from ecologically safe carbonate solutions and has a high oxidation potential at mildly basic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds from a hydroalcoholic extract of wet olive pomace were purified and concentrated by an integrated membrane process in organic media. First, UF010104 (Solsep BV) and UP005 (Microdyn Nadir) membranes were tested to be implemented in the ultrafiltration stage, with the aim of purifying the extract and obtaining a permeate enriched in phenolic compounds. Despite the high flux observed with the UF010104 membrane (20.4 ± 0.7 L·h−1·m−2, at 2 bar), the UP005 membrane was selected because of a more suitable selectivity. Even though some secoiridoids were rejected, the permeate stream obtained with this membrane contained high concentrations of valuable simple phenols and phenolic acids, whereas sugars and macromolecules were retained. Then, the ultrafiltration permeate was subjected to a nanofiltration step employing an NF270 membrane (DuPont) for a further purification and fractionation of the phenolic compounds. The permeate flux was 50.2 ± 0.2 L·h−1·m−2, working at 15 bar. Hydroxytyrosol and some phenolic acids (such as vanillic acid, caffeic acid, and ferulic acid) were recovered in the permeate, which was later concentrated by reverse osmosis employing an NF90 membrane. The permeate flux obtained with this membrane was 15.3 ± 0.3 L·h−1·m−2. The concentrated phenolic mixture that was obtained may have important applications as a powerful antioxidant and for the prevention of diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing prevalence of autoimmune diseases globally has prompted extensive research and the development of immunosuppressants. Currently, immunosuppressive drugs such as cyclosporine, rapamycin, and tacrolimus have been utilized in clinical practice. However, long-term use of these drugs may lead to a series of adverse effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need to explore novel drug candidates for treating autoimmune diseases. This review aims to find potential candidate molecules for natural immunosuppressive compounds derived from plants, animals, and fungi over the past decade. These compounds include terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and others. Among them, compounds 49, 151, 173, 200, 204, and 247 have excellent activity; their IC50 were less than 1 μM. A total of 109 compounds have good immunosuppressive activity, with IC50 ranging from 1 to 10 μM. These active compounds have high medicinal potential. The names, sources, structures, immunosuppressive activity, and the structure-activity relationship were summarized and analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red rice has been proposed as a super-food. Accordingly, the nutritional properties (AOAC), as well as its chemical composition, including sugars (HPLC-RI), organic acids (UFLC-PDA), tocopherols (HPLD-FD), and phenolic compounds (LC-DAD-ESI/MSn), together with the main bioactive properties (antioxidant, cytotoxic, antiproliferative, and antibacterial activities), were evaluated to access its nutritional benefits and health improvement potential. The most abundant macronutrients found were carbohydrates (87.2 g/100 g dw), proceeded by proteins (9.1 g/100 g dw), fat (2.6 g/100 g dw), and ash (1.1 g/100 g dw). Sucrose and raffinose were the only detected sugars, with sucrose presenting the maximum concentration (0.74 g/100 g dw). MUFAs and PUFAs were the predominant fatty acids (40.7% and 31%, respectively). Among the two detected tocopherol isoforms, γ-tocopherol (0.67 mg/100 g dw) predominated over α-tocopherol. The phenolic compounds profile, majorly composed of flavan-3-ols, should be associated with the detected bioactivities, which may provide biological benefits to human health beyond the primary nutritional effect. Overall, the bioactive potential of red rice was comprehensively accessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phenolic compounds, present in plants, provide substantial health advantages, such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which enhance cardiovascular and cognitive well-being. Australia is enriched with a wide range of plants with phytopharmacological potential, which needs to be fully elucidated. In this context, we analyzed leaves of aniseed myrtle (Syzygium anisatum), lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora), and cinnamon myrtle (Backhousia myrtifolia) for their complex phytochemical profile and antioxidant potential. LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS was applied for screening and characterizing these Australian myrtles' phenolic compounds and the structure–function relation of phenolic compounds. This study identified 145 and quantified/semi-quantified 27 phenolic compounds in these Australian myrtles. Furthermore, phenolic contents (total phenolic content (TPC), total condensed tannins (TCT), and total flavonoids (TFC)) and antioxidant potential of phenolic extracts from the leaves of Australian myrtles were quantified. Aniseed myrtle was quantified with the highest TPC (52.49 ± 3.55 mg GAE/g) and total antioxidant potential than other selected myrtles. Catechin, epicatechin, isovitexin, cinnamic acid, and quercetin were quantified as Australian myrtles' most abundant phenolic compounds. Moreover, chemometric analysis further validated the results. This study provides a new insight into the novel potent bioactive phenolic compounds from Australian myrtles that could be potentially useful for functional, nutraceutical, and therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The olive oil industry recently introduced a novel multi-phase decanter with the "Leopard DMF" series, which gives a by-product called pâté, made up of pulp and olive wastewater with a high content of phenolic substances and without pits. This study aims to create a new culture medium, the Olive Juice Broth (OJB), from DMF pâté, and apply it to select bacteria strains able to survive and degrade the bitter substances normally present in the olive fruit. Thirty-five different bacterial strains of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum from the CREA-IT.PE Collection of Microorganisms were tested. Seven strains characterized by ≥50% growth in OJB (B31, B137, B28, B39, B124, B130, and B51) showed a degradation of the total phenolic content of OJB ≥ 30%. From this set, L. plantarum B51 strain was selected as a starter for table olive production vs. spontaneous fermentation. The selected inoculant effectively reduced the debittering time compared to spontaneous fermentation. Hydroxytyrosol, derived from oleuropein and verbascoside degradation, and tyrosol, derived from ligstroside degradation, were produced faster than during spontaneous fermentation. The OJB medium is confirmed to be useful in selecting bacterial strains resistant to the complex phenolic environment of the olive fruit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New chiral ligands could be obtained by introducing proline moieties and imidazoline moieties to binaphthyl skeletons. The chiral ligands exhibited balanced rigidity and flexibility which could allow the change of the conformations during the reactions on one hand, and could provide sufficient asymmetric induction on the other. The proline moiety could act as a linker connecting the binaphthyl skeletons and the imidazoline moieties as well as a coordinating group for the central metal, and the electronic and steric properties of the imidazoline groups could be carefully fine‐tuned by the use of different substituents. In the presence of Cu(II) catalyst bearing such chiral ligands, aza‐Friedel–Crafts reaction of 1‐naphthols and electron‐rich phenols with isatin‐derived ketimines provided the desired products with good to excellent yields and up to 99 % ee. The reactions showed good scalability, and excellent ee could still be obtained when the reaction was carried out in gram‐scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schisandra henryi is an endemic species of medicinal potential known from traditional Chinese medicine. As part of this study, a complex biotechnological and phytochemical assessment was conducted on S. henryi with a focus on phenolic compounds and antioxidant profiling. The following in vitro cultures were tested: microshoot agar and callus, microshoot agitated, and suspension, along with the microshoot culture in PlantForm bioreactors. Qualitative profiling was performed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with a photodiode array detector coupled with ion-trap mass spectrophotometry with electrospray ionization and then quantitative analysis by high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector using standards. In the extracts, mainly the compounds from procyanidins were identified as well as phenolic acids (neochlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid) and catechin. The highest content of phenolic compounds was found for in vitro agar microshoot culture (max. total content 229.87 mg/100 g DW) and agitated culture (max. total content 22.82 mg/100 g DW). The max. TPC measured using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay was equal to 1240.51 mg GAE/100 g DW (agar microshoot culture). The extracts were evaluated for their antioxidant potential by the DPPH, FRAP, and chelate iron ion assays. The highest potential was indicated for agar microshoot culture (90% of inhibition and 59.31 nM/L TEAC, respectively). The research conducted on the polyphenol profiling and antioxidant potential of S. henryi in vitro culture extracts indicates the high therapeutic potential of this species. Key points: • Different types of S. henryi in vitro cultures were compared for the first time. • The S. henryi in vitro culture strong antioxidant potential was determined for the first time. • The polyphenol profiling of different types of S. henryi in vitro cultures was shown. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There are numerous challenges associated with producing desired amounts of secondary metabolites (SMs), which are mostly unique and cannot be chemically synthesized. Many studies indicate that nanoparticles (NPs) can boost the production of SMs. Still, the precise manner in which NPs induce metabolic changes remains unidentified. This study examines the influence of eco-friendly silver NPs (AgNPs) on the chemical makeup and toxicity of Pimpinella anisum L. (anise). Results: AgNPs were introduced into anise callus cultures at different concentrations (0, 1.0, 5.0, 10, and 20 mg/L). The induced oxidative stress was tracked over intervals of 7, 14, 28, and 35 days. Chemical composition evaluations were carried out on the 35th day. Within the first 14 days, plant stress was evident, though the plant adapted to the stress later on. Notably, the plant showed high tolerance at 1 mg/L and 5 mg/L concentrations despite increased toxicity levels. However, relatively high toxicity levels were identified at 10 and 20 mg/L. The AgNP-induced stress significantly impacted anise SMs, particularly affecting fatty acid content. In the 10 and 20 mg/L AgNP groups, essential metabolites, including palmitic and linoleic acid, showed a significant increase. Polyunsaturated (omega) and monounsaturated fatty acids, vital for the food and pharmaceutical industries, saw substantial growth in the 1 and 5 mg/L AgNP groups. For the first time, vanillyl alcohol and 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid were detected along with various phenolic compounds, such as t-anethole, Salicylic acid, and Thiamazole. Conclusion: AgNPs can function as an elicitor to efficiently generate essential SMs such as omegas and phenolic compounds in anise callus culture. This study explores the application of AgNPs as plant elicitors in anise SM production, offering invaluable insight into potential uses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Endocrine-disrupting chemicals may play a role in adiposity development during childhood. Until now literature in this scope suffers from methodologic limitations in exposure assessment using one or few urine samples and missing assessment during the infancy period. OBJECTIVES: We investigated the associations between early-life exposure to quickly metabolized chemicals and post-natal growth, relying on repeated within-subject urine collections over pregnancy and infancy. METHODS: We studied the associations of four phenols, four parabens, seven phthalates, and one nonphthalate plasticizer from weekly pooled urine samples collected from the mother during second and third trimesters (median 18 and 34 gestational weeks, respectively) and infant at 2 and 12 months of age, and child growth until 36 months. We relied on repeated measures of height, weight and head circumference from study visits and the child health booklet to predict growth outcomes at 3 and 36 months using the Jenss-Bayley nonlinear mixed model. We assessed associations with individual chemicals using adjusted linear regression and mixtures of chemicals using a Bayesian kernel machine regression model. RESULTS: The unipollutant analysis revealed few associations. Bisphenol S (BPS) at second trimester was positively associated with all infant growth parameters at 3 and 36 months, with similar patterns between exposure at third trimester and all infant growth parameters at 3 months. Mono-푛-butyl phthalate (MnBP) at 12 months was positively associated with body mass index (BMI), weight, and head circumference at 36 months. Mixture analysis revealed positive associations between exposure at 12 months and BMI and weight at 36 months, with MnBP showing the highest effect size within the mixture. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that exposure in early infancy may be associated with increased weight and BMI in early childhood, which are risk factors of obesity in later life. Furthermore, this study highlighted the impact of BPS, a compound replacing bisphenol A, which has never been studied in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transmission of resistance traits to herbivores across subsequent generations is an important strategy employed by plants to enhance their fitness in environments with high herbivore pressure. However, our understanding of the impact of maternal herbivory on direct and indirect induced chemical defenses of progeny, as well as the associated costs, is currently limited to herbivory by leaf-chewing insects. In this study, we investigated the transgenerational effects of a sap-feeding insect, the green peach aphid Myzus persicae, on direct and indirect chemical defenses of bell pepper plants (Capsicum annuum), and whether the effects entail costs to plant growth. Aphid herbivory on parental plants led to a reduced number of seeds per fruit, which exhibited lower germination rates and produced smaller seedlings compared to those from non-infested parental plants. In contrast, the progeny of aphid-infested plants were less preferred as hosts by aphids and less suitable than the progeny of non-infested plants. This enhanced resistance in the progeny of aphid-infested plants coincided with elevated levels of both constitutive and herbivore-induced total phenolic compounds, compared to the progeny of non-infested plants. Furthermore, the progeny of aphid-infested plants emitted herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that were more attractive to the aphid parasitoid Aphidius platensis than those emitted by the progeny of non-infested plants. Our results indicate that herbivory by sap-feeding insect induces transgenerational resistance on progeny bell pepper plants, albeit at the expense of vegetative growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]