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The Egyptian-farmed soybeans have a wide range of genetic diversity which is most important in plant improvement programs in order to develop new higher yielding soybean genotypes. The present study is designed to determine the genetic variability among seventeen genotypes of cultivated soybean (Glycine max L.) by examining the phenotypic level at the seedling stage, field performance over two years 2022/2023 and genetically using Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers. Results indicated that the SCoT markers, 100 seed weight, and tip angle (TA) traits were positively correlated with H2L12, DR 101, H15L5, and H117 genotypes. In addition, the number of branches per plant and plant height were associated with H113, H32, Crowford, H129, and D7512035. Furthermore, the length of the first internode (LFI), root width (RW), root length (RL), and shoot length (SL) were more associated with Giza 111, NC105, and Hutcheson. The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and its associated heatmap explored the differences among the genotypes. It showed that all examined parameters were clustered into four distinct clusters. The obtained results showed that genotypes NC105, H30, D75_12035, and H2L12 have promising phenological and morphological traits besides tracking the inheritance of nearby genes surrounding the ATG translation start codon since they are in a monoclades. The obtained results will help the breeder plan appropriate selection strategies for improving seed yield in soybeans through hybridization from divergent clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. is a plant from the Asteraceae family that is commonly used in traditional medicine. The purpose of this work was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics of phenolic compounds found in ethanol and dry extracts of C. vulgare leaves, inflorescence, and roots during various phenological stages. Apigenin-7-O-glucoside and chlorogenic acid were identified in practically all C. vulgare extracts. Extracts from leaves collected at the end of the phenological dormancy period and in the first growing year had the highest antioxidant (cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity of 12,938 Trolox equivalents/g dry weight) and antimicrobial activity (against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, and Candida albicans) with MIC values of ethanol extract from 16.7 mg/mL to 8.35 mg/mL. These extracts included a high concentration of chlorogenic acid and apigenin-7-O-glucoside. Also, dry extracts from C. vulgare roots and inflorescences showed a higher antimicrobial effect compared to ethanolic extracts with MIC values from 5.57 mg/mL to 3 mg/mL. The study emphasizes the critical role of phenological stages and raw material composition in the accumulation of phenolic compounds and their biological activity in C. vulgare. The findings suggest that extracts from C. vulgare leaves, especially those collected at the end of the phonological dormancy period, are promising candidates for further research into bioactive compounds with potential medicinal applications. The strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties of these extracts highlight their potential for development into natural pharmaceutical products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The characterization of chickpea genetic resources is a vital step to explore genetic variability in breeding programs. In the present study, we characterized 90 germplasm lines of desi chickpea collected across the Indian chickpea growing region. The identified trait-specific germplasm lines will be used as a valuable genetic resource for the chickpea improvement programme. Methods: An experiment was conducted in augmented design to characterize germplasm lines of chickpea for 13 qualitative and 17 quantitative agro-morphological traits under Bundelkhand agro-climatic conditions. Result: Ample variation was observed for qualitative and quantitative traits. The study revealed that the presences of high variability in qualitative and quantitative traits are useful in the identification of plant genotype for a specific trait, genetic purity analysis, germplasm conservation and also possible use of potential genotype in the breeding program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Egyptian-farmed soybeans have a wide range of genetic diversity which is most important in plant improvement programs in order to develop new higher yielding soybean genotypes. The present study is designed to determine the genetic variability among seventeen genotypes of cultivated soybean (Glycine max L.) by examining the phenotypic level at the seedling stage, field performance over two years 2022/2023 and genetically using Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers. Results indicated that the SCoT markers, 100 seed weight, and tip angle (TA) traits were positively correlated with H2L12, DR 101, H15L5, and H117 genotypes. In addition, the number of branches per plant and plant height were associated with H113, H32, Crowford, H129, and D7512035. Furthermore, the length of the first internode (LFI), root width (RW), root length (RL), and shoot length (SL) were more associated with Giza 111, NC105, and Hutcheson. The hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) and its associated heatmap explored the differences among the genotypes. It showed that all examined parameters were clustered into four distinct clusters. The obtained results showed that genotypes NC105, H30, D75_12035, and H2L12 have promising phenological and morphological traits besides tracking the inheritance of nearby genes surrounding the ATG translation start codon since they are in a monoclades. The obtained results will help the breeder plan appropriate selection strategies for improving seed yield in soybeans through hybridization from divergent clusters.

Cirsium vulgare (Savi) Ten. is a plant from the Asteraceae family that is commonly used in traditional medicine. The purpose of this work was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics of phenolic compounds found in ethanol and dry extracts of C. vulgare leaves, inflorescence, and roots during various phenological stages. Apigenin-7-O-glucoside and chlorogenic acid were identified in practically all C. vulgare extracts. Extracts from leaves collected at the end of the phenological dormancy period and in the first growing year had the highest antioxidant (cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity of 12,938 Trolox equivalents/g dry weight) and antimicrobial activity (against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, and Candida albicans) with MIC values of ethanol extract from 16.7 mg/mL to 8.35 mg/mL. These extracts included a high concentration of chlorogenic acid and apigenin-7-O-glucoside. Also, dry extracts from C. vulgare roots and inflorescences showed a higher antimicrobial effect compared to ethanolic extracts with MIC values from 5.57 mg/mL to 3 mg/mL. The study emphasizes the critical role of phenological stages and raw material composition in the accumulation of phenolic compounds and their biological activity in C. vulgare. The findings suggest that extracts from C. vulgare leaves, especially those collected at the end of the phonological dormancy period, are promising candidates for further research into bioactive compounds with potential medicinal applications. The strong antioxidant and antibacterial properties of these extracts highlight their potential for development into natural pharmaceutical products.

Abstract Drought is one of the most important wheat production limiting factor, and can lead to severe yield losses. This study was designed to examine the effect of drought stress on wheat physiology and morphology under three different field capacities (FC) viz. 80% (control), 50% (moderate) and 30% (severe drought stress) in a diverse collection of wheat germplasm including cultivars, landraces, synthetic hexaploid and their derivatives. Traits like grain weight, thousand grain weight and biomass were reduced by 38.23%, 18.91% and 26.47% respectively at 30% FC, whereas the reduction rate for these traits at 50% FC were 19.57%, 8.88% and 18.68%. In principal component analysis (PCA), the first two components PC1 and PC2 accounted for 58.63% of the total variation and separated the cultivars and landraces from synthetic-based germplasm. Landraces showed wide range of phenotypic variations at 30% FC compared to synthetic-based germplasm and improved cultivars. However, least reduction in grain weight was observed in improved cultivars which indicated the progress in developing drought resilient cultivars. Allelic variations of the drought-related genes including TaSnRK2.9-5A, TaLTPs-11, TaLTPs-12, TaSAP-7B-, TaPPH-13, Dreb-B1 and 1fehw3 were significantly associated with the phenological traits under drought stress in all 91 wheats including 40 landraces, 9 varieties, 34 synthetic hexaploids and 8 synthetic derivatives. The favorable haplotypes of 1fehw3, Dreb-B1, TaLTPs-11 and TaLTPs-12 increased grain weight, and biomass. Our results iterated the fact that landraces could be promising source to deploy drought adaptability in wheat breeding. The study further identified drought tolerant wheat genetic resources across various backgrounds and identified favourable haplotypes of water-saving genes which should be considered to develop drought tolerant varieties.

The cone is a crucial component of the whole life cycle of gymnosperm and an organ for sexual reproduction of gymnosperms. In Pinus koraiensis, the quantity and development process of male and female cones directly influence seed production, which in turn influences the tree's economic value. There are, however, due to the lack of genetic information and genomic data, the morphological development and molecular mechanism of female and male cones of P. koraiensis have not been analyzed. Long-term phenological observations were used in this study to document the main process of the growth of both male and female cones. Transcriptome sequencing and endogenous hormone levels at three critical developmental stages were then analyzed to identify the regulatory networks that control these stages of cones development. The most significant plant hormones influencing male and female cones growth were discovered to be gibberellin and brassinosteroids, according to measurements of endogenous hormone content. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing allowed the identification of 71,097 and 31,195 DEGs in male and female cones. The synthesis and control of plant hormones during cones growth were discovered via enrichment analysis of key enrichment pathways. FT and other flowering-related genes were discovered in the coexpression network of flower growth development, which contributed to the growth development of male and female cones of P. koraiensis. The findings of this work offer a cuttingedge foundation for understanding reproductive biology and the molecular mechanisms that control the growth development of male and female cones in P. koraiensis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the course of the study, a comparative analysis was carried out on the various types of shrubs that may be potentially interesting for introduction in Astana, Kazakhstan. Their phenological and botanical features, such as height, shape of the bush, colour and size of flowers, seasonal flowering and decorative foliage, were studied. Special attention was paid to the adaptation of these species to local conditions, such as climate, soil and water availability. Observations of their growth and development over several years were carried out to determine their stability and suitability for acclimatization in an urban environment. The possibility of using these types of shrubs in the landscape design of Astana was also evaluated. The issues of combining them with other plants, creating compositions and also aesthetically attractive plant ensembles were considered. The results of the study allowed us to identify the most promising local types of shrubs suitable for introduction in Astana, as well as to highlight recommendations for their use in landscaping the city. The obtained data and conclusions will be useful for specialists involved in the planning and creation of public and private spaces, as well as for local governments. Thus, this study will be a comprehensive analysis and the introduction of promising local species of shrubs in Astana, taking into account their suitability for local conditions and the possibility of use in the landscape design of the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The degree of the phenotypic similarity and differences between 61 seedless vine varieties was studied by grouping them according to economically important phenological, agrobiological and technological indicators. A multidimensional statistical approach is applied - a cluster analysis, which provides possibilities of establishing relatively homogeneous groups (clusters), based on a set of certain indicators. As the cluster analysis does not perform any tests for the statistical significance of the results, it is combined with a factor analysis, which provides information on the reasons leading to the distribution of the individual varieties in different clusters and the merging of others into one cluster. The applied factor analysis transformed all the studied indicators into seven main components, explaining 76% of the total variance. The transformation of these traits to the corresponding number of factors and the indicators in them, which explain that the varieties belong to the separate clusters, was established. The limits of the phenotypic similarity and differences between the studied seedless vine varieties and the conditional parameters of the polymorphism with their economically significant ampelographic characteristics were determined. The presented grouping can be used for taxonomic purposes, as well as in the selection to create new seedless vine varieties. By applying targeted agro-technical measures, the desired change in the indicators of the first and second factors in the individual groups of traits can be actively influenced.

A comparative ampelographic study of Aligote 61-6 clone, introduced by the Research Institute of Viticulture and Enology (NIILiV) – Chisinau, Moldova, was carried out under the soil and climatic conditions of the micro-region of Pleven. The research was conducted in the period 2011-2013 at the Experimental Base of the Institute of Viticulture and Enology – according to the ampelographic methods and stages of clone selection applied in the country. The research showed that the cluster of the introduced clone was medium-sized, cylindrical-conical or conical, compact with smaller size and average mass compared to the control. The phenophases “beginning of flowering” and “beginning of grape ripening” in Aligote 61-6 took place 2- 5 days earlier than in Aligote N10, however the grape technological maturity occurred almost simultaneously. The introduced clone had good fertility and productivity, close to that of the Bulgarian one. Sugar accumulation occurred with a lower intensity compared to the control, but the ratio of sugars and titratable acids was suitable for obtaining quality dry white wines. Aligote 61-6 adapted well to the soil and climatic conditions of the microregion of Pleven and was of interest for vine-growing practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is one of the most important wheat production limiting factor, and can lead to severe yield losses. This study was designed to examine the effect of drought stress on wheat physiology and morphology under three different field capacities (FC) viz. 80% (control), 50% (moderate) and 30% (severe drought stress) in a diverse collection of wheat germplasm including cultivars, landraces, synthetic hexaploid and their derivatives. Traits like grain weight, thousand grain weight and biomass were reduced by 38.23%, 18.91% and 26.47% respectively at 30% FC, whereas the reduction rate for these traits at 50% FC were 19.57%, 8.88% and 18.68%. In principal component analysis (PCA), the first two components PC1 and PC2 accounted for 58.63% of the total variation and separated the cultivars and landraces from synthetic-based germplasm. Landraces showed wide range of phenotypic variations at 30% FC compared to synthetic-based germplasm and improved cultivars. However, least reduction in grain weight was observed in improved cultivars which indicated the progress in developing drought resilient cultivars. Allelic variations of the drought-related genes including TaSnRK2.9-5A, TaLTPs-11, TaLTPs-12, TaSAP-7B-, TaPPH-13, Dreb-B1 and 1fehw3 were significantly associated with the phenological traits under drought stress in all 91 wheats including 40 landraces, 9 varieties, 34 synthetic hexaploids and 8 synthetic derivatives. The favorable haplotypes of 1fehw3, Dreb-B1, TaLTPs-11 and TaLTPs-12 increased grain weight, and biomass. Our results iterated the fact that landraces could be promising source to deploy drought adaptability in wheat breeding. The study further identified drought tolerant wheat genetic resources across various backgrounds and identified favourable haplotypes of water-saving genes which should be considered to develop drought tolerant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the results of the development of numerical models for predicting the timing of apricot flowering, including using experimental data on the emergence of plants from a state of deep dormancy. The best results of approximation of the process of accumulation of the necessary cooling in the autumn–winter period were obtained using the sigmoidal function. Models that take into account the combined effect of temperature and photoperiod on the processes of spring development showed a high accuracy of the process of accumulation of thermal units. Based on the results of testing, two models were selected with an accuracy of 3.0 days for the start of flowering and the absence of a systematic bias, which can be considered a good quality assessment These models describe well the interannual variability of apricot flowering dates and can be used to predict these dates. The discrepancy is no more than 2–4 days in 87–89% of cases. Estimates of the timing of flowering and the end of deep dormancy are very important for increasing the profitability of fruit production in the South of Russia without incurring additional costs, by minimizing the risks associated with irrational crop placement and the selection of varieties without taking into account the specifics of climate change. When constructing a system of protective measures and dates of treatments, it is also necessary to take into account the calendar dates of the shift in the development of plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasitoids are the most important bio-control agents in suppressing C. partellus populations. The exotic larval parasitoid, Cotesia flavipes Cameron was introduced into East Africa as a classical bio-control programme of cereal stem borers' mainly Chilo partellus. In Ethiopia this parasitoid has never been released but it was found established and has been reported attacking C. partellus on sorghum. The abundance and impacts of C. flavipes on the population reduction of C. partellus were studied at different phenological stages of sorghum in three districts of South Wollo zone, Ethiopia, during 2016/17 and 2017/18. Result showed that C. flavipes' abundance revealed significant difference among sorghum growth stages and across the districts. C. flavipes recorded abundantly at maturity stages of sorghum. The highest number (0.48) was recorded from Bati with the relative abundance of 33.8%. Parasitism by C. flavipes varied across the locations and host growth stages. The highest (61.5%) parasitism percentage was recorded from Bati at maturity in both seasons. In all the study sites parasitized larvae and percent parasitism were positively correlated with the late growth stages and negatively correlated with vegetative stages at Bati and Chefa and was significant at 0.05 levels. In conclusion C. partellus was found attacking by C. flavipes at the late growth stages of sorghum in all districts. Thus it is possible to suggest that the use of this parasitoid can be regarded as a suitable alternative to synthetic insecticides for the management of C. partellus in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. Italica) belongs to the family cruciferae which is mainly used as vegetable at its tender stage. The study was conducted to evaluate the morphological, phenological, head and yield traits of broccoli genotypes at Karma Innovative Research and Development Stations of Kathmandu, Kavre and Kaski district of Nepal from September 2019 to March 2020. The experiment was laid out on Randomized Complete Block Design with four replications at each location. Genotypes, location and interaction between them showed significant variation on almost all parameters. BL-17001, BL-18012 and Centauro genotypes were observed with no lateral heads, which means low yield than other varieties. BL-16003 was observed with maximum yield (1.0 kg/plant at Kathmandu and kavre and 0.9 kg/plant at Kaski) at all locations comparing to other genotypes. Among high-yielding genotypes (BL-16003 and BL-18009) BL-16003 found as early maturing and also had lateral heads so, it can also be used for multi-harvesting. In addition, the height of this genotype was in the lower range with highest number of leaves. Thus, BL-16003 is found as the promising genotype at all localities.

The degree of the phenotypic similarity and differences between 61 seedless vine varieties was studied by grouping them according to economically important phenological, agrobiological and technological indicators. A multidimensional statistical approach is applied - a cluster analysis, which provides possibilities of establishing relatively homogeneous groups (clusters), based on a set of certain indicators. As the cluster analysis does not perform any tests for the statistical significance of the results, it is combined with a factor analysis, which provides information on the reasons leading to the distribution of the individual varieties in different clusters and the merging of others into one cluster. The applied factor analysis transformed all the studied indicators into seven main components, explaining 76% of the total variance. The transformation of these traits to the corresponding number of factors and the indicators in them, which explain that the varieties belong to the separate clusters, was established. The limits of the phenotypic similarity and differences between the studied seedless vine varieties and the conditional parameters of the polymorphism with their economically significant ampelographic characteristics were determined. The presented grouping can be used for taxonomic purposes, as well as in the selection to create new seedless vine varieties. By applying targeted agro-technical measures, the desired change in the indicators of the first and second factors in the individual groups of traits can be actively influenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of physical (ultraviolet light) and chemical mutagen (methyl salicylate) on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and how they had positive or negative effect on alpha-amylase activity, phenological plant traits (days to flowering, days to maturity, days of pod fill) and agronomic traits (number of pods per plant; weight of pods per plant; Number of seeds per pod; number of seeds per plant; weight of seeds per plant; plant height; pod harvest index), seed and pod morphological characteristics (seed length; seed width; pod length; pod width). Seeds of common bean were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) light for different periods of exposure time (3 and 5 h) and were soaked with two different methyl salicylate (MeSA) concentrations (0.01 and 0.05 mM). The results indicated that the 5 h exposure to UV light plants were indicated to positively affect alpha-amylase activity, phenological and agronomic traits, seed and pod morphological characteristics as compared to control and other treatments while 0.01 mM MeSA significantly negatively impacted them. Traits of plants exposed to UV light for 5 h were significantly improved. This research could provide a valuable source of materials for common bean breeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A-three-year trial of flowering phenological characteristics of 150 African pear tree were studied in South-South and South-East Nigeria to study the flowering phenology of African pear (Dacryodes edulis) under Nigerian Ecological conditions. Five States were selected, three locations in each State, ten mature African pear trees were selected and tagged for data collection. Also, meteorological data were collected for three years. The surveyed trees were monitored till flowering time. Data were collected on start of flower formation, peak of flowering, days to anthesis, average temperature and rainfall during the months of flowering. Data collected were analysed using analysis of variance and percentages were calculated where appropriate. Result obtained indicated that there were variations in the time of flowering. African pear had peak flowering in January in Imo, Rivers and Delta States for 2013-2015, while Abia and Enugu had their peak flowering for the same period in February and March, respectively. African pear flowered between the temperatures of 27.00C to 29.50C. Rainfall ranged from 0.00mm to 137.50mm. The flowering season was affected mainly by temperature. Time of inflorescence flower bud formation to anthesis lasted for 2-5 days, but majority took 3-4 days to reach anthesis. In the study, under Nigerian ecological condition, African pear flowered when the temperature was high and when humidity was low. The planting of African pear that flowers around January and February should be encouraged because they had the highest yield and potential to ripe during hunger period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative ampelographic study of the introduced by the Research Institute of Viticulture and Enology (NIIViV) – Chisinau, Moldova Chardonnay 37/28 clone and the Bulgarian Chardonnay 6/48 as a control, has been carried out in the soil and climatic conditions of the micro-region of Pleven. The research was conducted at the Experimental Department of the Institute of Viticulture and Enology – Pleven during the period 2011 – 2013. It has been found that the phenophases “beginning of flowering” and “beginning of grape ripening” take place 3 – 4 days earlier in Chardonnay 37/28, but its grapes reach technological maturity almost simultaneously with those of Chardonnay 6/48. Chardonnay 6/48 is characterized by mathematically proven better actual fertility, more fruiting shoots with 3 clusters, and a relatively higher average yield per vine, compared to Chardonnay 37/28. Under the experimental conditions, Chardonnay 37/28 shows good productivity, intensive sugar accumulation and sufficient titratable acids in grapes, as a result of which it is suitable for obtaining quality white dry wines. This clone adapts very well to the soil and climatic parameters of the Pleven micro-region, and it can be distributed over larger areas, as well as studied in other habitat conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents the results of the development of numerical models for predicting the timing of apricot flowering, including using experimental data on the emergence of plants from a state of deep dormancy. The best results of approximation of the process of accumulation of the necessary cooling in the autumn–winter period were obtained using the sigmoidal function. Models that take into account the combined effect of temperature and photoperiod on the processes of spring development showed a high accuracy of the process of accumulation of thermal units. Based on the results of testing, two models were selected with an accuracy of 3.0 days for the start of flowering and the absence of a systematic bias, which can be considered a good quality assessment These models describe well the interannual variability of apricot flowering dates and can be used to predict these dates. The discrepancy is no more than 2–4 days in 87–89% of cases. Estimates of the timing of flowering and the end of deep dormancy are very important for increasing the profitability of fruit production in the South of Russia without incurring additional costs, by minimizing the risks associated with irrational crop placement and the selection of varieties without taking into account the specifics of climate change. When constructing a system of protective measures and dates of treatments, it is also necessary to take into account the calendar dates of the shift in the development of plants.

Accurate monitoring of emergent aquatic vegetation (EAV) and floating-leave aquatic vegetation (FAV), is vital because vegetation provides a critical habitat for aquatic animals and plays a critical role in protecting biodiversity. However, owing to the interference of water spectrum signals, it is difficult to extract the emerging aquatic vegetation information from remote sensing images, especially to distinguish between EAV and FAV. This study first proposed an enhanced aquatic vegetation index based on the difference in two short-wave infrared (SWIR) bands to extract the aquatic vegetation above the water surface, and then, the EAV and FAV were further distinguished coupled with the phenological characteristics, subsequently, a case study of Taihu Lake for accurately extracting seasonal and annual distributions. The results demonstrate that the proposed aquatic vegetation index is highly sensitive to EAV and FAV, and can further distinguish EAV from them coupled with phenological difference. Additionally, the dramatic changes in EAV and FAV in time and space indicated that human purse seine culture has had a great influence on the succession of aquatic vegetation, which may lead to the deterioration of the water ecology environment. Using the SWIR bands coupled with phenological difference is a promising method for recognizing aquatic vegetation above the water surface owing that it can weaken and eliminate the impact of algal bloom at the same time.

The ability to accurately translate the current condition of the crops into yield foresight expected at the end of the growing season helps the governments and other policymakers around the world to make informed decisions on matters relating to food security and economic planning. While the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIMWheat) is the widely used wheat-yield simulator in the world today, its major challenge is the lack of adequate data for calibration and parameterization of the model in many developing countries. This aspect inhibits the model's performance. This study utilized earth observation data derived from sentinel-2 to calibrate APSIM-wheat (version 7.5 R3008) to compensate for the data inadequacy and improve the model's performance in developing countries. The phenological statistics generated from sentinel-2 were integrated into the model as part of the input parameters. The phenological statistics were based on NDVI, MSI and NPCRI and were used with other crop management data collected at the field level. When the phenological statistics from sentinel-2 were used to calibrate APSIM-Wheat, the improved model outperformed the conventional APSIMWheat by 18.65% since the RRMSE improved from 25.99% to 7.34%; RMSE from 1784 Kgha-1 to 501 Kgha-1 and R² from o.6 to 0.82 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Journal of Agricultural Sciences (YYU J Agr Sci) is the property of Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Journal of Agricultural Sciences (YYU J Agr Sci) is the property of Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Chlorophytum arundinaceum Baker, a perennial herb with a disc like reduced stem and thick, fleshy and cylindrical root tubers, is a plant of repute as its fasciculated roots are reported to be used as a tonic and constitute an important ingredient in number of ayurvedic and unani formulations. Present communication is based on phenological events of this medicinally important species in the subtropical climes of study area i.e. Jammu, J&K state, India. Every year these plants pass a brief period of senescence from November to February when temperature dips down even to 10.1° C. New flush of leaves sprout in the middle of March or beginning of April. Commencement of flowering occurs in the end of April. Flowers are arranged into large sized panicles. Placement of essential organs in the flowers, protandry and other pollination events reveal species to be a cross pollinated one. Fruiting occurs by the end of August/September and the above ground parts dry up by the middle of November. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of different micronutrients (Mn, Fe, Zn) and farmyard manure (FYM) on the vegetative, phenological, and achene yield components of sunflower a field experiment was conducted in Maragheh, North West of Iran during the growing season 2018–2019. The treatments were arranged in a split-plot design- with three replicates. The main plots assigned to two levels of FYM (0 and 20 t ha−1) and sub plots assigned to the recommended dose of three micronutrients (Mn, Fe, Zn). The results revealed significant improvements in the growth and yield of sunflower due to the main and interaction effects of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizer application. The highest number of leaves and the highest leaf area was observed in a plant grown by FYM + Zn. However, there was no significant difference between micronutrients under inorganic condition (without FYM application). The highest leaf relative water content (RWC), plant height, internode distance, and chlorophyll was recorded for plants grown by Fe or Zn under FYM applied condition. Application of FYM and micronutrients reduced the number of days to flowering. However, the application of FYM significantly delayed plant maturity. Achene number per head, 100-achene weight, achene length, achene width, achene oil percent, achene yield, and harvest index significantly increased with the application of FYM and the best performance was in a plant grown by FYM + Zn and FYM + Fe. The percentage of hollow and empty achene was significantly reduced by the application of FYM. Combined applications of FYM and micronutrients has become an increasingly common practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cone is a crucial component of the whole life cycle of gymnosperm and an organ for sexual reproduction of gymnosperms. In Pinus koraiensis , the quantity and development process of male and female cones directly influence seed production, which in turn influences the tree's economic value. There are, however, due to the lack of genetic information and genomic data, the morphological development and molecular mechanism of female and male cones of P. koraiensis have not been analyzed. Long-term phenological observations were used in this study to document the main process of the growth of both male and female cones. Transcriptome sequencing and endogenous hormone levels at three critical developmental stages were then analyzed to identify the regulatory networks that control these stages of cones development. The most significant plant hormones influencing male and female cones growth were discovered to be gibberellin and brassinosteroids, according to measurements of endogenous hormone content. Additionally, transcriptome sequencing allowed the identification of 71,097 and 31,195 DEGs in male and female cones. The synthesis and control of plant hormones during cones growth were discovered via enrichment analysis of key enrichment pathways. FT and other flowering-related genes were discovered in the coexpression network of flower growth development, which contributed to the growth development of male and female cones of P. koraiensis . The findings of this work offer a cutting-edge foundation for understanding reproductive biology and the molecular mechanisms that control the growth development of male and female cones in P. koraiensis ., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Li, Zhao, Cai, Liu, Han, Pei, Zhang and Zhao.)

The work presents the results of research and analysis conducted in 2002-2009, the Republic of Moldova regarding the influence of climatic conditions on passing the phenological phases of development and berries quality of introduced raspberry varieties. Is established that, the climatic conditions influence directly the development of raspberry varieties and berry quality, in particularity on bud break, flowering and ripening time. As a result of scientific researches it is established that: installed from the beginning of bud break to start flowering blooming in floral clock runs at an average of 28-51 days. From the start of flowering until the raspberry berry maturity is an average 27-47 days. Maturation begins in the second-third decade of June. Varieties which the fruit mass more stable regardless of the amount accumulated rainfall and temperature established with both these varieties are more resistant to drought. As you increase the number of erratic rainfall of 376.4 mm to 660.3 mm, weight gain without irrigation berries grade ranging from +0.1 till +2.1g .

Introduction. In South America, quinoa has generated social and agroecological interest. According to the literature consulted on the topic, this aspect is highlighted in relation with the diversified systems of peasant communities. In this sense, we foresee the need to recognize the development of quinoa production at the research level as an important factor for crop adaptability, departing from the characterization of edaphic and climatic conditions of the region, which contribute to the morphological, phenological and physiological processes, with the aim of strengthening the agrarian production system in relation to the soil - plant - climate relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates the influence of moisture and temperature stress on plant phenological parameters of Phyllanthus amarusplant. A pot experiment was conducted under controlled water stress environment in greenhouse during the Rabi season of 2007 and 2008 at the Experimental Farm area, JNKVV, Jabalpur. Plants were treated with different levels of water and temperature stresses. The experimental design was Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments and five replications. Moisture stress has been given on selected dates for which the sets of pot were first brought to field capacity and the water with hold till wilting. It was found that the Plantheight, Root length, Number of leaves, Number of branches per plants, No. of fruits per plant, Leaf area, Dry weight gm per plant were found maximum in control condition.

The objective of this study was to investigate the agro-morphological and phenological characteristics of ten Bambara groundnut landraces that originated in the Ivory Coast. The study was conducted on an experimental plot at the University of Abobo-Adjame. The trial was set up according to a randomized complete block design with five replications. Twenty variables were used to identify the landraces. Landraces Ci1, Ci3, Ci10 and Ci12 exhibited high emergence percentages, early maturity within 90 DAS (days after sowing) and low vegetative/floral development. A high seed yield (388 to 495 kg/ha) was also obtained from these landraces. In contrast, a low seedling emergence rate, high vegetative development and yield (80 kg/ha) could be observed with landrace Ci9. This landrace reached maturity within 180 DAS. Landraces Ci2, Ci4, Ci5, and Ci8, on the other hand, reached maturity between 120-150 DAS. The principal component analysis conducted on the data obtained showed that the landraces with a high seed yield were early in terms of flowering and maturity, but presented low vegetative development, with limited foliage, secondary roots, leaf area and biomass. The physiological and agronomical traits presented by landraces that originated in the Ivory Coast could be exploited in Bambara groundnut varietal improvement programmes.

Phases of the phenological of Wistaria floribunda (Willd.) DC are shown to disclose the perspective dates of the vegetation embracing the phases of flowering (March-April), of ripening of the fruits (October) and of having complete foliage (April-October). The first course of development or ontogeny, the germination, covers a period of 10 – 12 days; the growing phase embraces a period 2 – 3 years and development to maturity from 3 to 5 or 6 years, before the generative phase begins. A huge quantity of seeds is required in the fields in comparison to the cultivation in botanical gardens, where only 50 – 70 % of this demand is needed.

At present,reproductive biology has become one of the important research field of conservation biology of endangered plant, Actinidia chrysantha was one of endangered species in Actinidia genus, but there was no reproductive biology related reports about it till now. In this study, took wild A. chrysantha plants which distributed in Hua-ping National Nature Reserve as test material, its floral organ and fruit shape were measured with a vernier caliper; based on field observations recorded its phonological period, flower visiting insect, blossom and fruiting habit; determine its pollinators by artificial pollination and bagging experiments; through field sowing test, determine the seed reproductive capacity. The results showed that phenological characters of A. chrysantha were different with the altitude varying. At lower altitude area its flowering in the middle or late May, while at the higher altitude area its flowering in the late May to early June, flower season lasted for 7-10 d; fruit ripening in late September to early October of every year; spray rate of the male plants was 76.5%, fruit branch rate of female plants was 61.9%, the fruit shape was long column, short column or oval, the average weight of single fruit was 7.34-27.53 g, the maximum fruit weight was 35.0 g; its pollinated by insects and wind in common, the main pollinators including Apidae, Prpductotrupidae, Rhiniinae, Syrphidae, Fulgoridae, Ctenacroscelis of Tipulidae insects etc.; its germination rate of seeds was low, germination rate of three tested populations Huaping, Chetian of Ziyuan County and Gupo Mountain of Hezhou were 17.5%, 15.36% and 0, respectively. In the 4 kinds of seed processing method, the treatment that the seeds was stored at 0-5 ℃ in the refrigerator and before sowing with 1 500 mg·L-1 gibberellin(GA3)soaked for 2 h, had the highest germination rate(22.67%). In summary, there was no pollination barrier in the reproductive process of Actinidia chrysantha, low germination rate may be an important cause of A. chrysantha endangered. Therefore, this study provides scientific basis for the protection of A. chrysantha germplasm resources. At present,reproductive biology has become one of the important research field of conservation biology of endangered plant, Actinidia chrysantha was one of endangered species in Actinidia genus, but there was no reproductive biology related reports about it till now. In this study, took wild A. chrysantha plants which distributed in Hua-ping National Nature Reserve as test material, its floral organ and fruit shape were measured with a vernier caliper; based on field observations recorded its phonological period, flower visiting insect, blossom and fruiting habit; determine its pollinators by artificial pollination and bagging experiments; through field sowing test, determine the seed reproductive capacity. The results showed that phenological characters of A. chrysantha were different with the altitude varying. At lower altitude area its flowering in the middle or late May, while at the higher altitude area its flowering in the late May to early June, flower season lasted for 7-10 d; fruit ripening in late September to early October of every year; spray rate of the male plants was 76.5%, fruit branch rate of female plants was 61.9%, the fruit shape was long column, short column or oval, the average weight of single fruit was 7.34-27.53 g, the maximum fruit weight was 35.0 g; its pollinated by insects and wind in common, the main pollinators including Apidae, Prpductotrupidae, Rhiniinae, Syrphidae, Fulgoridae, Ctenacroscelis of Tipulidae insects etc.; its germination rate of seeds was low, germination rate of three tested populations Huaping, Chetian of Ziyuan County and Gupo Mountain of Hezhou were 17.5%, 15.36% and 0, respectively. In the 4 kinds of seed processing method, the treatment that the seeds was stored at 0-5 ℃ in the refrigerator and before sowing with 1 500 mg·L-1 gibberellin(GA3)soaked for 2 h, had the highest germination rate(22.67%). In summary, there was no pollination barrier in the reproductive process of Actinidia chrysantha, low germination rate may be an important cause of A. chrysantha endangered. Therefore, this study provides scientific basis for the protection of A. chrysantha germplasm resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Valeriana prionophylla (Valerianaceae) phenology in Costa Rican paramo. Valeriana prionophylla (Valerianaceae) is a medicinal plant used primarily to treat nervous disorders and respiratory problems. In Costa Rica it is found at 2 800-3 700 meters over sea level in Central Pacific Conservation Area and “Amistad Pacifica” Conservation Areas as well. Due to its medicinal importance, there has been various analysis done regarding its phenological aspects in wild populations. Two plots of 88m2 were observed, and from December 2010 to September 2012 the phenological elements associated with their growth and spread were studied monthly. It was found that between May and September an asynchronous phenological behavior took place between plants and phenophases: floral tube, flower bud, unfertilized flowers, fertilized flowers and seeds. Exist a positive relation between precipitation and unfertilized flower (p=0.657) and fertilized flower (p=0.641). The appearance of the first phenological stage, the floral tube, matches with the beginning of the rainy season in the area. Only has one phenological period during the year.

Genetic variability, heritability, interrelationships and diversity analysis for seed yield and its components were estimated in 31 genotypes of chickpea grown under rice fallow conditions. Highly significant differences existed among the genotypes tested for all the traits. Traits such as seed yield per plant, biological yield, number of effective pods, total number of pods, 100-seed weight, harvest index and number of secondary branches showed high phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation, heritability and genetic advance as percentage of mean. Significant and positive correlations were found between seed yield and biological yield, total number of pods per plant, harvest index, number of effective pods, 100-seed weight, number of secondary branches, number of primary branches and number of seeds per plant, while negative with phenological traits. Protein content showed significant negative correlation with 100-seed weight. Ideal plant type in late sown under rice fallows would be early in phenological traits having high biomass, harvest index and more number of effective pods. D2 analysis grouped 31 promising lines into thirteen clusters. Genotypes JSC55, AKG 70, BGD 1064, BG 256, RVSSG 8, H 07-120, Phule G 00- 108, BG 3005, JG 92-3974, CSJ 313 and BGD-1056 were identified as promising donor lines which may be utilized for chickpea improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field experiment covers the period 2010 – 2012 and is representative of the conditions of Central North Bulgaria. The aim of this study was to determine the productive potential of bitter vetch such as alternative crop to overcome water deficit. It was found that the largest share in the green mass of bitter vetch occupy stems (47.9%), followed by that of leaves (34.6%) and the lowest proportion of inflorescences (17.6%). Average from the period yield of fresh mass is equal to 1925.4 kg/da, dry mass of 502.05 kg/da and crude protein feed of 84.1 kg/da. Grain production was 180.3 kg/da, as crude protein yields in years following the trend of grain yield. Bitter vetch vegetation period is in the range of from 85 to 100 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to anthropogenic as well as by natural factors the climate of earth is predicted to be warm by an average of 2-4 °C, at the end of the 21st Century. Emission of green house gases (GHG) from agricultural system is one of the major contributing factor in global warming. Heat stress is one of the major abiotic stresses threatening plant growth worldwide. Agricultural crops suffer in presenting their optimum yield potential due to heat stress. Heat stress causes enormous alterations in various processes within the plant system; most of them are well understood from various physiological, biochemical and molecular studies. Heat stress not only affects the morphological and phenological parameters but also the physiological and biochemical parameters like plant water relationship, photosynthesis, assimilate partitioning, hormonal changes, cell membrane stability, production of secondary plant metabolites, antioxidative metabolism, synthesis of heat shock proteins, cell signalling etc. In the advent of climate change and subsequent global warming there is an urgent need for understanding the physiological and biochemical basis of heat stress tolerance in crop plants. There has been a lot of effort worldwide in this regard to develop high temperature tolerant genotypes through transgenic intervention and genetic engineering. This paper reviews the literature supporting evidence for the morphological, phenological, physiological and biochemical effects of heat stress on several plants and different molecular approaches to develop transgenics tolerant to high temperature stress. A plethora of these kinds of plant responses are finally regulated by the genes. Hence, more biotechnological and molecular studies including genomics, proteomics, metaboliomics and the cryptomics are necessary to elucidate the processes further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid rice technology exploiting thermosensitive genic male sterility or TGMS is gaining much importance in declining rice production scenario. In this present study, we aim to identify the critical temperature requirements and thermosensitive period in selected TGMS lines along with their morphological and floral characterization to understand the outcrossing potential. Two TGMS lines, EC720903 and EC720904 were imported from IRRI for the present study. Results have shown that the line EC720903 performed better with short stature, early maturity, more number of productive tillers, wider glume opening, higher panicle and stigma exertion, more number of filled grains and longer panicle length. The line EC720903 was found to be a better candidate for tropical Kerala condition with critical sterility period of 15-22 days before heading and the sterility inducing average temperature of 26.9°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Extracting aquatic vegetation above water using SWIR bands. • Distinguishing between emergent and floating aquatic vegetation. • Mapping spatio-temporal distribution of aquatic vegetation above water. Accurate monitoring of emergent aquatic vegetation (EAV) and floating-leave aquatic vegetation (FAV), is vital because vegetation provides a critical habitat for aquatic animals and plays a critical role in protecting biodiversity. However, owing to the interference of water spectrum signals, it is difficult to extract the emerging aquatic vegetation information from remote sensing images, especially to distinguish between EAV and FAV. This study first proposed an enhanced aquatic vegetation index based on the difference in two short-wave infrared (SWIR) bands to extract the aquatic vegetation above the water surface, and then, the EAV and FAV were further distinguished coupled with the phenological characteristics, subsequently, a case study of Taihu Lake for accurately extracting seasonal and annual distributions. The results demonstrate that the proposed aquatic vegetation index is highly sensitive to EAV and FAV, and can further distinguish EAV from them coupled with phenological difference. Additionally, the dramatic changes in EAV and FAV in time and space indicated that human purse seine culture has had a great influence on the succession of aquatic vegetation, which may lead to the deterioration of the water ecology environment. Using the SWIR bands coupled with phenological difference is a promising method for recognizing aquatic vegetation above the water surface owing that it can weaken and eliminate the impact of algal bloom at the same time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to investigate the agro-morphological and phenological characteristics of ten Bambara groundnut landraces that originated in the Ivory Coast. The study was conducted on an experimental plot at the University of Abobo-Adjame. The trial was set up according to a randomized complete block design with five replications. Twenty variables were used to identify the landraces. Landraces Ci1, Ci3, Ci10 and Ci12 exhibited high emergence percentages, early maturity within 90 DAS (days after sowing) and low vegetative/floral development. A high seed yield (388 to 495 kg/ha) was also obtained from these landraces. In contrast, a low seedling emergence rate, high vegetative development and yield (80 kg/ha) could be observed with landrace Ci9. This landrace reached maturity within 180 DAS. Landraces Ci2, Ci4, Ci5, and Ci8, on the other hand, reached maturity between 120-150 DAS. The principal component analysis conducted on the data obtained showed that the landraces with a high seed yield were early in terms of flowering and maturity, but presented low vegetative development, with limited foliage, secondary roots, leaf area and biomass. The physiological and agronomical traits presented by landraces that originated in the Ivory Coast could be exploited in Bambara groundnut varietal improvement programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The program of the Research Institute of Cegléd, comprises the acclimation and selection of 7 Prunus-species and 39 cultivars grafted on Myrobalan C. 679 (P. cerasifera) seedling stocks. In addition two varieties have been investigated on three different rootstocks each: Myrobalan C. 174 (P. cerasifera), Bitter almond C. 449 (P. arnygdalus var. amara) and Sweet almond C. 471 (P. amygdalus var. dulcis). Fruits of commercial quality are produced maroly on some cultivars of P. salicina-, P. italica- and P. cerasifera character. Authors explain the three possible causes of low yields experienced in non-European plums: 1/ unfavorable environmental conditions 2/ lack of irrigation and 3/ superficial information concerning the variety, rootstock and adequate traditions as well as growing practices. A rather tight correlation has been stated between blooming dates and the main ripening period. However, the early blooming time alone cannot be considered as the cause of low productivity. The decay of plum trees is attributed to special ecological requirements and phytosanitary problems of the foreign plum cultivars. The analysis of regression revealed stochastic relations involving several other characters too, which facilitate the planning of cross-combinations in the breeding program.

The reflectance of a deciduous forest varies from spring to autumn owing to phenological or seasonal changes in the biophysical or biochemical attributes of the canopy. During the growing season in a broad-leaved deciduous stand of Japanese beech (Fagus crenata), we measured the continuous reflectance factor in the visible to near infrared spectrum (380–900 nm) from a tower and measured biophysical and biochemical attributes of the canopy (leaf area index (LAI), fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (fAPAR), and chlorophyll content. We analyzed the seasonal variations in the reflectance factor with respect to the seasonal variations in the biophysical or biochemical attributes of the canopy.We simulated the four bands of the moderate resolution imaging spectrometer (MODIS), band 3 (459–479 nm, blue), band 4 (545–565 nm, green), band 1 (620–670 nm, red), band 2 (841–876 nm, near infrared or NIR) and calculated the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) by averaging the continuous reflectance factor (380–900 nm) over the spectral range of each band. During the growing season, canopy chlorophyll content had the strongest linear correlation with the red band, LAI had a strong linear correlation with the NIR band, and LAI and fAPAR had the strongest linear correlations with the NDVI. The NDVI had strong linear correlations with the biophysical or biochemical attributes of the entire canopy during the growing season. We analyzed the correlations between narrow bands (380–900 nm, 5 nm band width) and the canopy attributes and found that, during the growing season, LAI had the highest linear correlation with the wavelengths between 750 and 900 nm (NIR), canopy chlorophyll content had the highest linear correlation with the wavelengths between 600 and 640 nm (red), and fAPAR had the highest linear correlation with the wavelengths between 660 and 680 nm. The red edge (the position of maximum slope in the 680–750 nm region) was linearly correlated with LAI and canopy chlorophyll content. HSI conversion from three visible bands allowed us to detect the turning point of canopy attributes in time series analysis.The canopy attributes changed quickly in the seasons of flushing and yellow coloring. To detect the processes and the turning points of the canopy phenology in a deciduous forest, it was necessary to measure reflectance at least once a week, especially in the flushing season. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]