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Both cocrystal and nanocrystal technologies have been widely used in the pharmaceutical development for poorly soluble drugs. However, the synergistic effects due to the integration of these two technologies have not been well investigated. The aim of this study is to develop a nano-sized cocrystal of phenazopyridine (PAP) with phthalimide (PI) to enhance the release rate and oral bioavailability of PAP. A PAP-PI nano-cocrystal with particle diameter of 21.4±0.1nm was successfully prepared via a sonochemical approach and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis. An in vitro release study revealed a significant release rate enhancement for PAP-PI nano-cocrystal as compared to PAP-PI cocrystal and PAP hydrochloride salt. Further, a comparative oral bioavailability study in rats indicated significant improvement in C max and oral bioavailability (AUC 0-∞ ) by 1.39- and 2.44-fold, respectively. This study demonstrated that this novel nano-cocrystal technology can be a new promising option to improve release rate and absorption of poorly soluble compounds in the pharmaceutical industry., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A selective modified glassy carbon electrode based on multiwall carbon nanotubes decorated with MgCr2O4 nanoparticles was fabricated and used for the determination of phenazopyridine using differential pulse voltammetry. The electrochemical response of the modified electrode toward phenazopyridine was characterized by different electrochemical methods including differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and impedance spectroscopy. The prepared electrode showed an efficient synergic effect on the oxidation of phenazopyridine at pH 6.0. The oxidation peak current was proportional to the concentration of phenazopyridine from 0.05 to 7.5 μmol L(-1). The detection limit was 0.025 μmol L(-1). The applicability of the method was confirmed with satisfactory results obtained through the assay of phenazopyridine in human plasma, urine samples, and pharmaceuticals., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Hollow fiber-based liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction (HF-LLLME) followed by flow injection analysis and diode array detection (FIA-DAD) was applied as a simple and sensitive quantitative method for the determination of phenazopyridine in urine and plasma samples. Flow injection system included a conventional HPLC system (without a chromatographic column) and a diode array detector. The extraction of phenazopyridine was carried out using diphenyl ether as the organic phase for filling the pores of the hollow fiber wall, and 0.1 M H(2)SO(4) solution as acceptor phase in the lumen of the fiber. The factors affecting the HF-LLLME and flow injection analysis including type of organic solvent, pH of donor phase, extraction temperature, extraction time, stirring rate, and pH of mobile phase were investigated and the optimal extraction conditions were established. With the consumption of 5 mL of sample solution, the enrichment factor was about 230. The limit of detection was 0.5 μg/L with inter- and intra-day precision being (RSD%) 6.9 and 4.9, respectively. Excellent linearity was found between 5 and 200 μg/L., (Copyright © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)

In this research, selective separation and determination of phenazopyridine (PAP) is demonstrated using molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) coupled with electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometry (ESI-IMS). In the non-covalent approach, selective MIP produced using PAP and methacrylic acid (MAA) as a template molecule and monomer, respectively. The created polymer is utilized as a media for solid-phase extraction (SPE), revealing selective binding properties for the analyte from pharmaceutical and serum samples. A coupled MIP-IMS makes it possible to quantitize PAP in the range of 1-100 ng mL(-1) and with a 0.2 ng mL(-1) detection limit. Furthermore, the MIP selectivity is evaluated by application of some substances with analogous and different molecular structures to that of PAP. This method is successfully applied for the determination of PAP in pharmaceutical and serum samples., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A sensitive, selective, and simple gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method is developed for quantitation of phenazopyridine (PAP) in human plasma using internal standard (diazepam). PAP and IS are extracted from plasma by liquid-liquid extraction and analyzed on a DB-5MS column with mass selective detector. Excellent linearity is found between 5-500 ng/mL (r = 0.9992, n = 7) for PAP in human plasma. The limit of detection is 0.3 ng/mL. Intra- and Inter-day precisions expressed as the relative standard deviation for the method are 1.37-6.69% and 1.24-6.01%, respectively. Extraction efficiency is more than 90%, and recoveries are in the range of 92.65-96.21%. This method is successfully applied for the pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of 2 formulations of PAP in 18 healthy male volunteers who received a single 200 mg dose of each formulation.

Phenazopyridine hydrochloride is a strong analgesic used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. The aim of the present study was to develop a procedure based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for the analysis of phenazopyridine in rat plasma. The method was set up and adapted for the analysis of small biological samples taken from rats. Biological samples were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction. The extraction agent was ethyl acetate. The samples were separated by GC on a DB-5MS analytical column and determined by a quadrupole mass spectrometer detector operated under selected ion monitoring mode. Excellent linearity was found between 0.01 and 1.00 microg/ml (r = 0.9991, n = 9) for plasma samples. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.3 ng/ml. Within-day and between-day precisions expressed as the relative standard deviation (RSD) for the method were 1.83-4.91% and 2.12-4.76%, respectively. The recoveries for all samples were >90%. The main pharmacokinetic parameters obtained were T(max) = (0.35+/-0.01) h, C(max) = (0.396+/-0.079) microg/ml, AUC = (0.373+/-0.065) h microg/ml and CL = (94.2+/-5.9) ml/g/h. The results presented here clearly indicate that this proposed method could be applicable to investigate the pharmacokinetic of phenazopyridine in rats after administration. (c), (2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Aim: To apply stochastic resonance algorithm (SRA) to quantitative analysis of weak chromatographic signal, which was embedded in the noise., Methods: Based on the theory of stochastic resonance (SR), a simple and effective SRA has been established to improve analytical detection limits of chromatographic analysis, which apply to enhance the signal to noise ratio by the optimization of the parameters and Runge-Kutta method, was established. The method was used to quantitative analysis of phenazopyridine in human plasma by HPLC/UV. Meanwhile this method is compared with HPLC/MS., Results: By experimental chromatographic data sets, an excellent quantitative relationship between concentrations of phenazopyridine and their responses had been obtained. The concentration of phenazopyridine in plasma determined by HPLC/UV with SRA and HPLC/MS showed that there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the two methods., Conclusion: The new method was feasible.

This paper describes a new LC-MS method for the determination of phenazopyridine and the subsequent development of a pharmacokinetic model for phenazopyridine in vivo. Phenazopyridine hydrochloride is a strong analgesic used in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Although it has been used as a clinical treatment for a very long time, pharmacokinetic data and suitable methods for its determination in plasma are currently lacking. The study described in this paper used high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, HPLC-MS, to determine the plasma concentrations of phenazopyridine in human subjects after oral administration. After liquid-liquid extraction, the phenazopyridine in the plasma was analyzed on a C18 column under SIM mode. A double-peak phenomenon was observed in most of the concentration-time profiles of the subjects. Although some drugs are known to cause this phenomenon, phenazopyridine has not been reported to do so. Several possible causes were analyzed in order to obtain an explanation. We proposed a two-site absorption compartment model to fit the concentration data in vivo, which has one more absorption site than the classical one-compartment model. The model describes the concentration profiles in different dose groups well and could provide an explanation for the double-peak phenomenon. The three dose groups exhibited similar model parameters and a linear pharmacokinetic process over the dose range used.

1. The blood profile, tissue distribution, biliary and urinary excretion, and metabolism of 14C-phenazopyridine (PAP) was studied in male Wistar rats. 2. Based on the blood profile of 14C the absorption of PAP from the gastrointestinal tract was rapid; the t1/2 of elimination was 7.35 h. 3. Biliary excretion was a major route of elimination with 40.7% dose excreted by this route in bile duct-cannulated rats over the 0-8 h period. The predominant metabolite was conjugated 4'-hydroxy-PAP. 4. Liver and kidney showed the highest tissue levels of PAP-derived 14C, and significant covalent binding was found in these two tissues. 5. The major urinary metabolite of PAP was 4-acetylaminophenol (NAPA) followed in order by 5,4'-dihydroxy-PAP, 5-hydroxy-PAP, 4'-hydroxy-PAP and 2'-hydroxy-PAP; unchanged PAP accounted for < 1% dose. 6. Doubling the dose of PAP to 200 mg/kg caused a proportionate decrease in urinary NAPA excretion and an increase in 5-hydroxy-PAP.