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Objective To support achieving the "dual carbon" goals by clarifying the adaptability and economic feasibility of CO2 pipeline transportation under different phases. Methods This study is set against research on key CCUS-EGR technologies in the carbonate gas reservoirs of PetroChina Southwest Oil and Gas Field. We optimized and established economic estimation models for CO2 pipeline transportation in three phases: gas phase, liquid phase, and supercritical phase. The impacts of flow rate, transportation distance, and transportation volume on the relative total cost were analyzed. Results The findings indicate that: first, the minimum transportation costs follow the order: gas phase pipeline> liquid phase pipeline> supercritical pipeline; second, the economical flow rate ranges are 3.0- 4.0 m/s for gas phase, 1.0-1.8 m/s for liquid phase, and 2.0-2.4 m/s for supercritical phase; third, the relative total cost increases with transportation distance at different conveying distances; fourth, the relative total cost also increases with transportation volume at different throughput, where the transportation cost for pipe diameters above DN200 rises slowly with volume, whereas the cost for DN100 diameter pipes varies significantly with volume. Conclusion By establishing an economic estimation model for CO2 pipeline transportation and analyzing its economic feasibility under different phases, this study provides a solid basis and reference for constructing CO2 pipeline transportation projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomedical Ti-22Nb-6Zr, Ti-18Zr-15Nb, and Ti-41Zr-12Nb (at.%) shape memory alloys were subjected to cold rolling (CR) and subsequent post-deformation annealing (PDA). The evolutions of phase and structure states, crystallographic texture, and crystallographic limit of recovery strain were studied using EBSD, TEM, and XRD analyses. The study found that CR (e = 1.5) and PDA at 800 °C for 30 min results in fine- and coarse-grained structures. Severe CR (e = 3.0) and PDA at 550 °C for 5 min results in a recrystallized, equiaxed, predominantly ultrafine-grained structure of the β-phase with a small amount of low-angle boundaries. Increasing the degree of CR from moderate (e = 0.3) to severe (e = 3.0) results in a favorable strong {111}β<110>β recrystallization texture. Alloys with low Zr content are more susceptible to this type of crystallographic texture formation during TMT, primarily due to a higher Nb content. The Ti-41Zr-12Nb alloy shows the highest crystallographic limit of recovery strain (εrmax ≈ 6%). The limit decreases to ≈5% (for Ti-18Zr-15Nb) and ≈3% (for Ti-22Nb-6Zr) when transitioning from high- to low-Zr alloys. The transition of Ti-Zr-Nb alloys from coarse-grained to ultrafine-grained structures of the β-phase and a decrease in grain size do not affect the crystallographic limit of recovery strain in the studied grain size ranges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of atmospheric aging on single-particle nascent sea spray aerosol (nSSA) physicochemical properties, such as morphology, composition, phase state, and water uptake, are important to understanding their impacts on the Earth's climate. The present study investigates these properties by focusing on the aged SSA (size range of 0.1-0.6 μm) and comparing with a similar size range nSSA, both generated at a peak of a phytoplankton bloom during a mesocosm study. The aged SSAs were generated by exposing nSSA to OH radicals with exposures equivalent to 4-5 days of atmospheric aging. Complementary filter-based thermal optical analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and AFM photothermal infrared spectroscopy were utilized. Both nSSA and aged SSA showed an increase in the organic mass fraction with decreasing particle sizes. In addition, aging results in a further increase of the organic mass fraction, which can be attributed to new particle formation and oxidation of volatile organic compounds followed by condensation on pre-existing particles. The results are consistent with single-particle measurements that showed a relative increase in the abundance of aged SSA core-shells with significantly higher organic coating thickness, relative to nSSA. Increased hygroscopicity was observed for aged SSA core-shells, which had more oxygenated organic species. Rounded nSSA and aged SSA had similar hygroscopicity and no apparent changes in the composition. The observed changes in aged SSA physicochemical properties showed a significant size-dependence and particle-to-particle variability. Overall, results showed that the atmospheric aging can significantly influence the nSSA physicochemical properties, thus altering the SSA effects on the climate.

Thin (3 µm) metal coatings with a columnar nanocrystalline bcc structure composed of crystallites of size 1.5–2.5 nm were formed from a near-equiatomic HfNbTaTiZr cathode through its plasma-assisted vacuum arc evaporation. The hardness of the coatings is 4.7 GPa. Their specific wear rate and friction coefficient measure 1.6 × 10–6 mm3 N–1 m–1 and 0.82, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yaha condensate gas reservoir is condensate gas reservoir developed by gas injection in the Tarim Basin. The practice of gas injection in condensate gas reservoir shows that the key to improve gas injection effect is to control gas channeling. Dynamic monitoring shows that there is no instantaneous miscibility between dry gas and condensate gas during gas injection. Based on the principle of entropy increase and mass transfer kinetics, the phase behavior of condensate gas and dry gas in reservoir is analyzed theoretically. The new technique to improve condensate recovery is adopted for condensate gas field. By using the density difference and seepage characteristics of dry gas and condensate gas, the injected dry gas cap is formed at the top of the gas reservoir, and the three-dimensional displacement is realized by the expansion of dry gas cap. Gas injection gravity assisted flooding technology is to realize vertical displacement of injected gas through the expansion of dry gas cap by using gravity differentiation caused by gas density difference. This technology can keep the front edge of gas injection advance evenly and solve the problem of gas channeling in the process of cyclic gas injection.

The impact of sea spray aerosols (SSAs) on Earth’s climate remains uncertain in part due to size-dependent particle-to-particle variability in SSA physicochemical properties such as morphology, composition, phase state, and water uptake that can be further modulated by the environment relative humidity (RH). The current study investigates these properties as a function of particle size and RH, while focusing on submicrometer nascent SSA (0.1–0.6 μm) collected throughout a phytoplankton bloom. Filter-based thermal optical analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and AFM photothermal infrared spectroscopy (AFM–PTIR) were utilized in this regard. AFM imaging at 20% RH identified five main SSA morphologies: prism-like, core–shell, rounded, rod, and aggregate. The majority of smaller SSAs throughout a bloom were rounded, while larger SSAs were core–shell. Filter-based measurements revealed an increasing organic mass fraction with decreasing SSA size. The organic matter is shown to primarily reside in a rounded and core–shell SSA, while the prism-like and rod SSA are predominantly inorganic salts (i.e., sodium chloride, nitrates, and sulfates) with relatively low organic content, as determined by AFM–PTIR spectroscopy. AFM phase state measurements at 20% RH revealed an increasing abundance of core–shell SSA with semisolid shells and rounded SSA with a solid phase state, as the particle size decreases. At 60% RH, shells of core–shell and rounded SSA uptake water, become less viscous, and their phase states change into either semisolid or liquid. Collectively, findings reveal the dynamic and size-dependent nature of SSA’s morphology, composition, phase states, and water uptake, which should be considered to accurately predict their climate-related effects.

Nitrate has become the primary inorganic compound in urban aerosol particles, but its effects on particle phase state, which is crucial in multiphase chemistry, remains largely unknown. Herein, particle rebound measurements were conducted to explore the relationship between the liquid–phase–transition threshold relative humidity (RHthreshold) and the inorganic compounds mass fraction in dry particles (Finorg). Results revealed negative correlations between RHthreshold and Finorg, with more nitrate leading to lower RHthreshold. Even with RH < 20%, particles with ∼50% nitrate mass fraction remained in non‐solid state. Taking Beijing as an example, decreases were observed in RHthreshold from 64% in 2015 to below 53% nowadays during the moderate‐pollution periods (PM2.5 = 35–75 μg/m3) due to an enhanced nitrate fraction. This allowed urban aerosol particles to exist in liquid state at lower RH, and consequently, kinetic limitation by bulk diffusion in nitrate‐dominated particles might be negligible, making them key seeds for secondary aerosol formation through multiphase reactions. Plain Language Summary: The phase state of aerosol particles plays a crucial role in the mass‐transfer processes between gas and particles, which is essential for determining particle mass concentration. Investigating the characteristics of the aerosol phase state is crucial for comprehending the mechanisms behind secondary particle formation and improving air quality. Currently, the chemical composition of urban aerosol particles has shown notable changes. The mass fraction of inorganic components has increased, with nitrate emerging as the dominant inorganic component. However, the impacts of these changes on the phase state of urban aerosol particles remain largely unknown. This study demonstrates that particles with a higher mass fraction of inorganic compounds, particularly nitrate, tend to exist in a liquid state. Consequently, an increased nitrate fraction allows urban aerosol particles to exist in a liquid state at lower relative humidity levels. These findings suggest that changes in the phase state of particles due to changes in chemical properties in urban aerosol particles should be considered to accurately gauge the mass‐transfer processes and promote the air quality improvements in urban cities. Key Points: Particles with more inorganic compounds, particularly nitrate, can exist in a liquid state at lower relative humidity levelsParticles with normalized aerosol liquid water content larger than 0.3 exist in a liquid stateNitrate‐dominated particles can serve as key seeds where secondary aerosol formation can occur via multiphase reactions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phase state, electrical conductivity and magnetoresistive properties of binary film alloys based on Fe, Co and Ni prepared by the method evaporation in high vacuum in the temperature range 100700 K have been studied. It has been shown that the fcc-phase is observed for as-deposited and annealed up to 700 K Fe0,50Ni0,50 thin films with a thickness d 10100 nm, the fcc-phase is observed. For Fe0,67Ni0,33 Fe0,50Co0,50 and Fe0,67Co0,33 thin films, the bcc-phase is fixed. It was found that the size dependences of the resistivity, temperature coefficient of resistance and magnetoresistance are realized for all structurally continuous film alloys. The character of size dependences is а like the corresponding dependences for the pure metal films. It has been shown that for Fe0,67Ni0,33, Fe0,50Co0,50 and Fe0,67Co0,33 the size dependences of both longitudinal and transverse magnetoresistance appear much weaker than for Fe0,50Ni0,50 thin alloy. For Fe0,67Ni0,33, Fe0,50Co0,50 and Fe0,67Co0,33 thin alloys, the value of both longitudinal and transverse magnetoresistance is weakly depending on the temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regularities and features of the evolution of the grain–subgrain structure, phase composition and mechanical properties in Ti49.8Ni50.2 (at.%), depending on the temperature of isochronous annealings at 573–973 K are herein studied. The state of the Ti49.8Ni50.2 (at.%) alloy samples after abc pressing at T = 573 K with the given true strain e = 9.55 was taken as the initial state. It is shown that the grain–subgrain structure of the samples after annealing for 1 h in the temperature range of 573–673 K changes slightly. In samples annealed at 673 K, regions with the microband structure similar to the microstructure of a fast-frozen turbulent liquid flow were found. It has been established that during annealing at 773 K the beginning of an active recrystallization process is realized; the size of grains does not exceed the submicrocrystalline scale (~200 nm). At 873 K, the recrystallization process occurs in the entire volume of the samples; the grains with an average size of 2 ± 0.5 µm are almost equiaxed. The microstructure of the samples after annealing at 973 K (with average grain sizes of 5 ± 0.5 µm) is qualitatively similar to the microstructure of the samples after annealing at 873 K. It was found that the phase composition of the samples as a result of isochronous annealing at 573–973 K changes from R and B19' immediately after abc pressing to a three-phase state: B2, R and B19' phases. It is shown that the highest values of yield stress σy, ultimate tensile strength σUTS (1043 MPa and 1232 MPa, correspondingly) and low ductility (the deformation to fracture εf = 48%) are observed in the initial samples. Increasing the temperature of post-deformation annealing and, correspondingly, the development of recrystallization, led to a decrease in σy, σUTS and an increase in εf to the values of these characteristics in the coarse-grained samples (σy = 400 MPa, σUTS = 920 MPa and εf = 90%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomedical Ti-22Nb-6Zr, Ti-18Zr-15Nb, and Ti-41Zr-12Nb (at.%) shape memory alloys were subjected to cold rolling (CR) and subsequent post-deformation annealing (PDA). The evolutions of phase and structure states, crystallographic texture, and crystallographic limit of recovery strain were studied using EBSD, TEM, and XRD analyses. The study found that CR (e = 1.5) and PDA at 800 °C for 30 min results in fine- and coarse-grained structures. Severe CR (e = 3.0) and PDA at 550 °C for 5 min results in a recrystallized, equiaxed, predominantly ultrafine-grained structure of the β-phase with a small amount of low-angle boundaries. Increasing the degree of CR from moderate (e = 0.3) to severe (e = 3.0) results in a favorable strong {111}ββ recrystallization texture. Alloys with low Zr content are more susceptible to this type of crystallographic texture formation during TMT, primarily due to a higher Nb content. The Ti-41Zr-12Nb alloy shows the highest crystallographic limit of recovery strain (εrmax ≈ 6%). The limit decreases to ≈5% (for Ti-18Zr-15Nb) and ≈3% (for Ti-22Nb-6Zr) when transitioning from high- to low-Zr alloys. The transition of Ti-Zr-Nb alloys from coarse-grained to ultrafine-grained structures of the β-phase and a decrease in grain size do not affect the crystallographic limit of recovery strain in the studied grain size ranges.

Abstract Nitrate has become the primary inorganic compound in urban aerosol particles, but its effects on particle phase state, which is crucial in multiphase chemistry, remains largely unknown. Herein, particle rebound measurements were conducted to explore the relationship between the liquid–phase–transition threshold relative humidity (RHthreshold) and the inorganic compounds mass fraction in dry particles (Finorg). Results revealed negative correlations between RHthreshold and Finorg, with more nitrate leading to lower RHthreshold. Even with RH < 20%, particles with ∼50% nitrate mass fraction remained in non‐solid state. Taking Beijing as an example, decreases were observed in RHthreshold from 64% in 2015 to below 53% nowadays during the moderate‐pollution periods (PM2.5 = 35–75 μg/m3) due to an enhanced nitrate fraction. This allowed urban aerosol particles to exist in liquid state at lower RH, and consequently, kinetic limitation by bulk diffusion in nitrate‐dominated particles might be negligible, making them key seeds for secondary aerosol formation through multiphase reactions.

Organic aerosol particles are oxidized by atmospheric oxidants. These particles are occasionally internally mixed with solid materials such as soot and inorganic crystals. However, potential impacts of the particles' mixing states on chemical reactivity have rarely been investigated. This study investigated the influence of the existence of crystalline ammonium sulfate on chemical reactivity of oleic acid particles with ozone for the temperature range of −20°C to +35°C using an aerosol flow tube reactor. The chemical compositions of the resulting particles were monitored using online instruments for deriving the reactive uptake coefficients (γ) of ozone by oleic acid. The values of γ were not significantly influenced by the existence of ammonium sulfate when the temperature of the reactor was higher than the melting point of oleic acid (∼13°C). The values of γ were unmeasurably small for the lower temperature range when oleic acid particles were internally mixed with crystalline ammonium sulfate. No significant change in γ was observed for the temperature range down to −13°C when the inorganic salt was absent, likely due to the formation of supercooled liquid. The difference in chemical reactivity can be explained by the occurrence of heterogeneous nucleation induced by inorganic seed. Plain Language Summary: Mixing states of particles in the atmosphere are complex and change with time. Part of fresh particles could consist of organic matter only after emission, while some particles are internally mixed with other materials, such as soot, mineral dust, and inorganic salts. Particles experience complicated atmospheric processes during transport, like oxidation, coagulation, and condensation. These processes could modify particle physical and chemical properties, including mixing state. However, the impact of mixing state of particles on oxidation process has rarely been investigated. We conducted a series of ozonolysis experiments of non‐seeded and seeded oleic acid particles under a wide temperature range. This study demonstrated that internally mixed inorganic crystals suppressed chemical reactivity of oleic acid by promoting heterogeneous nucleation under lower temperature. Colder condition was needed for homogeneous nucleation of non‐seeded particles, as they could form supercooling liquid. Our results indicate mixing state is also an important factor to regulate particle viscosity and phase state. Key Points: Reactive uptake coefficients of ozone for non‐seeded and seeded oleic acid particles were obtained under a wide temperature rangeSeed particle suppressed chemical reactivity of oleic acid at low temperature, while supercooled liquid formed when it was absentMixing state could influence viscosity and phase state of particles as well as temperature [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Mg3 – nNinBPO7 (n = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0) samples were prepared by solid-phase reactions at 980°C followed by inertial cooling, and then were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy, diffusive reflectance and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. It was for the first time that experiments yielded Ni3BPO7 crystals having the β-Zn3BPO7 non-centrosymmetrical hexagonal structure. The α-Mg3BPO7 and Ni3BPO7 coexistence range was determined. The diffuse reflectance spectra of an Mg1.5Ni1.5BPO7 sample featured a strong Ni2+ absorption band in the blue spectral range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We review and analyse the literature data on the experimental results dealing with the crystal structure, phase state, and magnetoresistive properties of nanostructured thin-film systems based on NixFe1–x permalloy and noble metals prepared by the methods of co-evaporation and layer-by-layer condensation. As shown, regardless of preparation methods, the phase state of systems stays as two-phase one. Upon high-temperature annealing, the formation of solid solutions is possible. As shown, in the case of applying of layer-by-layer condensation method, the value of the magnetoresistive effect depends on the thickness of the magnetic and nonmagnetic layers. In the case of applying the co-evaporation method, the determining parameters are the concentrations of the components and the total thickness of the system. The annealing-temperature effect on magnetoresistive properties of nanostructured thin-film systems based on permalloy and noble metals is analysed.

The study of the course of geodynamic processes in the lower crust and upper mantle proves that an additional energy contribution is made by a change in the phase state of matter with increasing pressure and temperature. The gas phase, composed of hydrogen, oxygen and carbon, turns into a fluid that combines the properties of a liquid and a gas. The result is a change in the behavior of fluid-crystal and fluid-melt systems which significantly accelerates melting and physicochemical interactions in the thermal asthenosphere. These conclusions are confirmed by numerous experimental studies and the results of the study of xenoliths representing the crust and mantle of cratons and active regions. Seismic tomography studies show distinct patterns of inhomogeneities in physical pro­per­ties, reflecting inhomogeneities in the mantle structure. Many works hypothesize, with substantiation, that plumes or fluid flows arise at the boundary of the core and mantle and are factors of all geodynamic processes. Modern ideas about the composition of the Earth's core are based on the statement that it is composed of molten iron with minor impurities of other elements. However, calculations of the energy balance and physical modeling of the redistribution of matter in the core itself show that the removal of volatile components or convective currents do not provide enough energy for the formation of plumes. The assumption that the substance of the core is an electrically conductive ionic liquid in which chemical compounds have completely dissociatedand the electronic structure has no gapradically changes the idea of the energetics of the core and the possibility of initiating plume processes. The properties of a substance in a similar phase state are fundamentally different from the properties of a liquid.

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a key polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) often associated with soot particles coated by organic compounds, is a known carcinogen and mutagen. When mixed with organics, the kinetics and mechanisms of chemical transformations of BaP by ozone in indoor and outdoor environments are still not fully elucidated. Using direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS), kinetics studies of the ozonolysis of BaP in thin films exhibited fast initial loss of BaP followed by a slower decay at long exposure times. Kinetic multilayer modeling demonstrates that the slow decay of BaP over long times can be simulated if there is slow diffusion of BaP from the film interior to the surface, resolving long-standing unresolved observations of incomplete PAH decay upon prolonged ozone exposure. Phase separation drives the slow diffusion time scales in multicomponent systems. Specifically, thermodynamic modeling predicts that BaP phase separates from secondary organic aerosol material so that the BaP-rich layer at the surface shields the inner BaP from ozone. Also, BaP is miscible with organic oils such as squalane, linoleic acid, and cooking oil, but its oxidation products are virtually immiscible, resulting in the formation of a viscous surface crust that hinders diffusion of BaP from the film interior to the surface. These findings imply that phase separation and slow diffusion significantly prolong the chemical lifetime of PAHs, affecting long-range transport of PAHs in the atmosphere and their fates in indoor environments.

This study presents an analysis of a set of iron oxides nanoparticles (NPs) (γ-Fe2O3, α-FeOOH, δ-FeOOH, 5Fe2O3·9H2O, and Fe3O4) as potential candidates for ferroptosis therapy in terms of a phase state, magnetic characteristics, and the release of Fe2+/Fe3+ as ROS mediators. Due to the values of saturation magnetization for Fe3O4 (31.6 emu/g) and γ-Fe2O3 (33.8 emu/g), as well as the surface area of these particles (130 and 123 m2/g), it is possible to consider them as promising magnetically controlled carriers that can function with various ligands. The evaluation of the release of Fe2+/Fe3+ ions as catalysts for the Fenton reaction showed that the concentration of the released ions increases within first 3 h after suspension and decreases within 24 h, which probably indicates desorption and adsorption of ions from/onto the surface of nanoparticles regardless their nature. The concentration of ions released by all nanoparticles, except α-FeOOH-Fe2+, reached 9.1 mg/L for Fe3+ to 1.7 mg/L for Fe2+, which makes them preferable for controlling the catalysis of the Fenton reaction. In contrast, a high concentration of iron ions to 90 mg/L for Fe3+ and 316 mg/L for Fe2+ released from compound α-FeOOH-Fe2+ allows us to utilize this oxide as an aid therapy agent. Results obtained on iron oxide nanoparticles will provide data for the most prospective candidates that are used in ferroptosis-inducing systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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CO 2 pipeline can be applied to Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) projects and CO 2 geological storage projects, and has high engineering application value. However, pipeline transportation of CO 2 is a high-risk link in CO 2 storage projects. The phase state commonly used to transport CO 2 is a supercritical state with both gaseous and liquid characteristics, and there are also great challenges in the field of pipeline transportation. The existing researches have carried out a lot of exploration and application development in the heat transfer, phase change, transient and special conditions of supercritical CO 2 pipeline operation. In this paper, the modeling and exploration of the commissioning process before the formal operation of the supercritical CO 2 pipeline are carried out, and the boost path of the supercritical CO 2 pipeline in the phase diagram under different working conditions is obtained. The model developed in this paper is based on the sensitivity analysis of the effects of variables such as ground temperature, filling pressure speed, and whether to perform pressure-stabilizing leak detection operations. The step-up path in the phase diagram of the CO 2 pipeline commissioning process and the adjustment control method are obtained. And the critical temperature of each working condition that cannot avoid phase transition, thus contributing to the existing knowledge system in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The regularities and features of the evolution of the grain–subgrain structure, phase composition and mechanical properties in Ti49.8Ni50.2 (at.%), depending on the temperature of isochronous annealings at 573–973 K are herein studied. The state of the Ti49.8Ni50.2 (at.%) alloy samples after abc pressing at T = 573 K with the given true strain e = 9.55 was taken as the initial state. It is shown that the grain–subgrain structure of the samples after annealing for 1 h in the temperature range of 573–673 K changes slightly. In samples annealed at 673 K, regions with the microband structure similar to the microstructure of a fast-frozen turbulent liquid flow were found. It has been established that during annealing at 773 K the beginning of an active recrystallization process is realized; the size of grains does not exceed the submicrocrystalline scale (~200 nm). At 873 K, the recrystallization process occurs in the entire volume of the samples; the grains with an average size of 2 ± 0.5 µm are almost equiaxed. The microstructure of the samples after annealing at 973 K (with average grain sizes of 5 ± 0.5 µm) is qualitatively similar to the microstructure of the samples after annealing at 873 K. It was found that the phase composition of the samples as a result of isochronous annealing at 573–973 K changes from R and B19’ immediately after abc pressing to a three-phase state: B2, R and B19’ phases. It is shown that the highest values of yield stress σy, ultimate tensile strength σUTS (1043 MPa and 1232 MPa, correspondingly) and low ductility (the deformation to fracture εf = 48%) are observed in the initial samples. Increasing the temperature of post-deformation annealing and, correspondingly, the development of recrystallization, led to a decrease in σy, σUTS and an increase in εf to the values of these characteristics in the coarse-grained samples (σy = 400 MPa, σUTS = 920 MPa and εf = 90%).

A femtosecond laser could realize a high transition rate of the phase change material (PCM), and the properties of the amorphous and the crystalline Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) induced by a femtosecond laser were studied, which was one of the candidates among the PCMs. However, the characteristics of the intermediate phase states in reversible phase transitions were also important and helpful to explore the mechanisms of the phase transitions. In this paper, the ultrafast dynamics of amorphous, crystalline face-centered-cubic (FCC), and hexagonal-close-packed (HCP) states were investigated using a femtosecond laser pulse excitation through a reflective-type pump–probe technique, obtained by annealing at certain temperatures, and verified using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the Raman spectrum. It was found that as the annealing temperature increased, the electron of the GST films could be excited more easily, while the ablation threshold decreased. Due to annealing, the structure of bonding was changed for different phase states, which resulted in the decrease in the band gap of the films. In addition, it was hard for the intermediate state films to transit to the amorphous structure state via the femtosecond laser, and the crystallization would be enhanced, while the crystalline HCP structures of GST could be directly and easily changed to the amorphous state by a pulse, which resulted from the non-thermal phase change caused by the excited electron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decoction turns into a complex multiphase system following exposure to high temperature and a complex chemical environment. However, the differences in the concentration of key active ingredients in different phase states and the release of drugs in sedimentary phase have yet to be elucidated. A simple ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitative determination of brucine, strychnine, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, isoliquiritigenin and glycyrrhizic acid concentrations and it was applied to compare the content of different phases and measure the release characteristics of the sedimentary phase in "Glycyrrhiza glabra-Nux vomica" decoction (NGD). The results show that the method's selectivity, precision (intraday and interday ≤ 2%), matrix effect (101–108%), recovery and stability results were acceptable according to the guidelines. The method is sensitive and reliable. The content determination results show that the most toxic strychnine in the sedimentary phase accounted for 75.70% of the total components. The different components exhibited differential release in different media, and its components were released in the artificial intestinal fluid up to 81.02% in 12 h. Several components conformed to the primary kinetic model and the Ritger–Peppas model, and the most toxic compound exhibited slow release, thus conforming to the Ritger–Peppas model. This study provides a standard of reference for studies investigating reduction in toxicity of the combination of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) and Nux vomica (Strychnos nux-vomica L.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Peatland fires in Southeast Asia are an important source of primary organic aerosol (POA). Chemical aging of POA in the atmosphere produces oxygenated POA (OPOA). The OPOA production influences optical and hygroscopic properties, modulating the regional climate. However, the roles of environmental parameters such as relative humidity (RH) on chemical aging of peatland burning particles have rarely been investigated. Utilizing the potential aerosol mass (PAM) reactor, we conducted laboratory experiments for POA aging of particles generated from smoldering combustions of surface peat, fern, and Acacia leaves. The corresponding experiments for secondary organic aerosol formation were also separately conducted. Properties and chemical compositions of the resulting particle were quantified by both the hygroscopic tandem differential mobility analyzer and time‐of‐flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor (ToF‐ACSM). Conversion of peat combustion from POA to OPOA was pronounced when RH in the PAM reactor was higher. Considering that previous electromicroscopic observations demonstrated that peat combustion POA is likely (semi)solid, we postulate that oxidation of fresh peatland burning particles is faster at an elevated RH due to reduced viscosity following hygroscopic growth. Hygroscopicity parameter (κ) of aged POA particles linearly correlated with the mass fraction of OPOA that was quantified by the ToF‐ACSM. The above results highlight the importance of simultaneously measuring the chemical aging and particle phase state of peatland burning POA for quantifying their climatic impacts. Plain Language Summary: Biomass burning, such as peatland fires in Southeast Asia, releases a large number of organic aerosol (OA) particles into the atmosphere. The combustion‐resulted OA comprises both primary emitted OA (POA) and secondary formed OA (SOA) from volatile organic precursors. During transport in the atmosphere, these wildfire OA would experience atmospheric oxidation processes under diverse conditions. For instance, POA can be converted to oxidized POA (i.e., OPOA), modulating optical and water uptake properties. However, factors that influence the efficiency of oxidation of peat combustion POA have rarely been investigated. This study demonstrates that atmospheric oxidation of peatland burning particles is faster in humid environments, probably due to reduced viscosity following hygroscopic growth. As a result, the oxidized peat burning particles could take up more water under subsaturated conditions. Our results demonstrate the importance of understanding POA aging kinetics as a function of environmental parameters. Key Points: Oxidation of peat combustion primary organic aerosol was pronounced under elevated relative humidity (RH) conditionsThe chemical aging of fresh peatland burning particles promotes hygroscopicityThe observed RH dependence in oxidation was hypothesized to be related to viscosity/phase state [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of high-energy compression plasma flows on the structure, elemental composition, and phase state of Al–44 at % Si hypereutectic silumin alloy have been investigated. Using scanning electron and optical microscopy it was found that a decrease in grain size of both primary silicon particles and Al–Si eutectic components occurs with an increase in absorbed energy density of compression plasma flows. The primary silicon crystals were dispersed down to 300 nm as a result of the high cooling rate of the melted layer after its homogenization by means of hydrodynamic mixing. It was found that, with the increase in the absorbed energy density, homogenization of the elemental composition in the modified layer occurs owing to an increase in the lifetime of the melted state and a more efficient mixing process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric aerosol particles are complex mixtures having various physicochemical properties. To predict the role and characteristics of such complex aerosol particles in air pollution and related atmospheric chemistry, our knowledge of the number and types of phases in complex aerosol particles should be improved. However, most studies on the phase behavior of aerosol particles have been conducted in the laboratory and have not used real-world aerosol particles. In this study, using a combination of optical microscopy and poke-and-flow technique, we investigated the number and types of phases of actual aerosol particles of particulate matter < 2.5 µm (PM2.5) collected on heavily polluted days in Seosan, South Korea in winter 2020–2021. From the microscopic observations at 293 K, it showed that the PM2.5 particles exist in a single liquid phase at relative humidity (RH) >∼85%, a liquid-liquid phase at ∼70% < RH

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Supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) fracturing can reduce reservoir damage and increase fracture complexity, making it more promising to develop unconventional reservoirs. Accurate prediction of the CO2 phase state in the fracture can improve the SC-CO2 fracturing effect. This study aimed to establish a coupled temperature–pressure model of fracture for phase state prediction in SC-CO2 fracturing, considering heat conduction, convective heat transfer, kinetic energy change, and Joule–Thomson (J-T) effect. The temperature, pressure, physical parameters, and phase state of CO2 in the fracture were simulated and analyzed based on the model. The research results showed that the temperature was higher after considering the local influence of the J-T effect; the maximum increment was 1.74°C at a fracture length of 42 m. However, the fracture pressure was slightly lower, and the maximum reduction was only 0.015 MPa at the fracture root. As the injection displacement increased, the relative error of the length of liquid CO2 without the local influence of the J-T effect was larger; it could be as high as 9.7% when the displacement was 6 m3/min. In SC-CO2 fracturing, the local influence of the J-T effect could not be ignored for accurately predicting the phase of CO2 in the fracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper summarizes and analyzes the results of long-term field and analytical studies, as well as petroleum-field data (measurements of temperatures and productivity of wells, analyses of the physicochemical properties of hydrocarbons (HCs) and the hydrochemical composition of waters, etc.) for onshore and offshore fields and mud volcanoes in the South Caspian Basin (SCB). In the last 30 years, research has been carried out using the most modern methods: 3D seismic exploration, rock pyrolysis, isotope-geochemical and biomarker studies of organic matter (OM) and HCs, a reconstruction of the thermal history of the basin, basin modeling, etc. The resulting data, taking into account global experience in studying oil and gas systems of other sedimentary basins, formed the basis for the sedimentary-condensation model of the formation of HC fields in the SCB developed by the author. The model uses predictive estimates of the temperatures and phase state of HCs at the base of various stratigraphic complexes. It is shown that, under severe temperature conditions in the basal layers of the sedimentary strata (temperatures of 250–500°С), a gas consisting mainly of methane and water vapor is formed as a result of cracking of liquid HCs. The dominant role of vapor-gas solutions (having an increased ability to dissolve high-molecular OM) in the mass transfer of liquid HCs to traps, accompanied by phase differentiation of the fluid during ascending migration, has been substantiated. Under conditions of a high degree of closure of deeply buried sediments, the main pathways of pulse-injection focused migration of fluids are deep faults, and systems of crevices and channels of mud volcanoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of heat treatment on the structural-phase state and hardness of small-sized castings made from the Cu-Cr-Al copper alloy obtained by casting in a water-cooled metal mold is studied. Using X-ray diffraction analysis, it was found that the castings consist of a matrix solid solution based on copper. The increased value of the crystal lattice parameter of the copper phase is associated with aluminum atoms dissolved in it. After a low-temperature (450 °C) tempering for 10 hours, the crystal lattice parameter of the matrix solid solution decreases, which is associated with the formation of the Al8Cr5 intermetallic compound on the surface of the casting.It is established that after heat treatment (hardening and tempering), the hardness of castings from the Cu-Cr-Al alloy increases by 1.5 times.

Purpose. The purpose of this study is to separately defi ne the elasticity modulus of nanocomposites with polydicyclopentadiene/multilayer carbon nanotubes, specifi cally, of the nanofi ller and interfacial regions. To achieve this we used a micromechanical model. Results. According to our estimates, the elasticity modulus of carbon nanotubes, or aggregates, in polymer matrix nanocomposite is approximately two orders of magnitude less than the nominal value of this parameter for one single carbon nanotube, while the elasticity modulus of interfacial regions is approximately two times than the elasticity modulus of the matrix polymer. Our data clearly demonstrates that it’s incorrect to use the nanofi ller’s nominal characteristics, its elasticity modulus in particular, for determining the corresponding characteristics of the nanocomposite. Nevertheless, it’s possible to use the real elasticity modulus values of carbon nanocomposite aggregates when using the general rule of mixtures to determine this value for the nanocomposite with suffi cient accuracy. It’s important to note that the elasticity modulus of carbon nanotubes in an elastomeric matrix is much lower than the elasticity modulus in a vitreous matrix even if it’s the same nanocomposite. This means that the given parameter is determined not only by the size and structure of the nanofi ller aggregates, but also other factors, such as the stiffness of the polymer matrix around the aggregate, the effectiveness with which the polymer matrix transfers mechanical stress to the nanofi ller, and so on. When we used a modifi ed rule of mixtures to determine the elasticity modulus of nanocomposites, we discovered that the so called length effi ciency factor of carbon nanotubes, which is calculated using the modifi ed rule of mixtures, is much (several orders of magnitude) lower than the one proposed theoretically, and that is especially evident in case of nanocomposites with an elastomeric matrix. Conclusion. Thus, we conclude, that the elasticity modulus of nanocomposite components is a strong function of their phase state, and that it’s possible to determine the real characteristics of these components by correctly using the rule of mixtures.

This study presents an analysis of a set of iron oxides nanoparticles (NPs) (γ-Fe2O3, α-FeOOH, δ-FeOOH, 5Fe2O3·9H2O, and Fe3O4) as potential candidates for ferroptosis therapy in terms of a phase state, magnetic characteristics, and the release of Fe2+/Fe3+ as ROS mediators. Due to the values of saturation magnetization for Fe3O4 (31.6 emu/g) and γ-Fe2O3 (33.8 emu/g), as well as the surface area of these particles (130 and 123 m2/g), it is possible to consider them as promising magnetically controlled carriers that can function with various ligands. The evaluation of the release of Fe2+/Fe3+ ions as catalysts for the Fenton reaction showed that the concentration of the released ions increases within first 3 h after suspension and decreases within 24 h, which probably indicates desorption and adsorption of ions from/onto the surface of nanoparticles regardless their nature. The concentration of ions released by all nanoparticles, except α-FeOOH-Fe2+, reached 9.1 mg/L for Fe3+ to 1.7 mg/L for Fe2+, which makes them preferable for controlling the catalysis of the Fenton reaction. In contrast, a high concentration of iron ions to 90 mg/L for Fe3+ and 316 mg/L for Fe2+ released from compound α-FeOOH-Fe2+ allows us to utilize this oxide as an aid therapy agent. Results obtained on iron oxide nanoparticles will provide data for the most prospective candidates that are used in ferroptosis-inducing systems.

Interaction of the cationic polymer chitosan with anionic liposomes has been studied. The characteristics of the polycation-liposome complex have been determined by the phase state of the lipid membrane. Chitosan adsorbed on the surface of liquid liposomes has induced transmembrane migration of anionic lipid from the inner to the outer leaflet. Liquid liposomes have retained their integrity in the complex with chitosan. The adsorbed polymer can be completely removed from the membrane by the addition of a low-molecular electrolyte. The chitosan adsorption on the surface of solid liposomes has led to the formation of defects in the membrane: in this case the polycation adsorption has been irreversible. The established phenomena may be important for the understanding of biological effects of chitosan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decoction turns into a complex multiphase system following exposure to high temperature and a complex chemical environment. However, the differences in the concentration of key active ingredients in different phase states and the release of drugs in sedimentary phase have yet to be elucidated. A simple ultra-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantitative determination of brucine, strychnine, liquiritin, isoliquiritin, isoliquiritigenin and glycyrrhizic acid concentrations and it was applied to compare the content of different phases and measure the release characteristics of the sedimentary phase in “Glycyrrhiza glabra-Nux vomica” decoction (NGD). The results show that the method’s selectivity, precision (intraday and interday ≤ 2%), matrix effect (101–108%), recovery and stability results were acceptable according to the guidelines. The method is sensitive and reliable. The content determination results show that the most toxic strychnine in the sedimentary phase accounted for 75.70% of the total components. The different components exhibited differential release in different media, and its components were released in the artificial intestinal fluid up to 81.02% in 12 h. Several components conformed to the primary kinetic model and the Ritger–Peppas model, and the most toxic compound exhibited slow release, thus conforming to the Ritger–Peppas model. This study provides a standard of reference for studies investigating reduction in toxicity of the combination of Glycyrrhiza glabra (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) and Nux vomica (Strychnos nux-vomica L.).

Calculations of the thermodynamic properties of the ternary fluid system H2O–CO2–CH4 in a broad range of P-T parameters above the critical point of water are presented. The calculations are based on the known equations of state for binary systems H2O–CO2 and H2O–CH4, which were extended up to equation of state of the ternary system by means of the Lorentz–Berthelot mixing rules. The obtained equation for the Gibbs excess free energy allows determining the phase state of the system (homogeneous of two-phase fluid) and obtaining chemical activities of components, densities and compressibility of fluid phases, as well as other thermodynamic properties of the fluid. The equations and methods of calculations can be applied in the range of P-T parameters of P = 0.1–100 kbar and T = 400–2300°C, i.e. in the range from metamorphic processes of the greenschist facie up to deep layers of the lithosphere mantle. We obtained phase diagrams of the system H2O–CO2–CH4 and investigated dependencies of the chemical activity of water on concentrations of the components and temperature and pressure. The conditions for splitting of the fluid into co-existing immiscible phases are investigated in detail. The splitting in the system H2O–CO2–CH4 appears to be possible in the temperature range from 400 up to 735°C. In the range of temperatures 400–480°C and pressures 1.1–10 kbar broad fields of co-existing phases are present on phase diagrams. For the three binary boundary subsystems, the splitting at these P-T conditions is possible only in the system H2O–CH4. Nevertheless, the presence of methane in the ternary system enables the emergence of immiscible fluid phases with high concentration of CO2, which could exceed the concentration of the methane. At temperatures above 500°C the phase behavior of the system H2O–CO2–CH4 is similar to the behavior of the majority of salt-free gas-water fluids, i.e. the splitting into two immiscible phases occurs at high pressures, corresponding to P-T conditions of the cold subduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acid treatment is one of the main methods of stimulating the near wellbore area of the wells opening the carbonate reservoirs. Despite the extensive experience of using this technology both in Russia and abroad, as well as a significant number of studies, the success rate is hardly ever estimated at over 30%. One of the reasons for the low success rate is neglect to the changes in the physical properties of fluids during injection, interaction with the rock and the properties of the reaction products in the wellbore and the near wellbore area during the acid treatment planning. This paper discusses the main chemical reactions occurring during the interaction of hydrochloric acid with limestones and dolomites. The quantities of the substances resulting from a chemical reaction between 15% aqueous solution of acid and the carbonates have been determined. The properties (phase state, solubility, dependences of viscosity and density on pressure and temperature) of water, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, 15% aqueous solution of acid, solutions of calcium and magnesium chloride salts in the range of possible pressures and temperatures during the acid treatment were evaluated. Due to the diversity of additives used in acid solutions, the paper proves the necessity of conducting laboratory experiments to evaluate their properties under the conditions expected during the acid stimulation. Based on laboratory studies, the reaction time of 15% solution of hydrochloric acid with calcium carbonate was estimated. The impact of the chemical diverter used for primary treatments at the Badra oilfield (Iraq) on the properties of the acid solution and the reaction time was determined. The changes in the solution viscosity depending on the acid temperature and concentration were determined. The results provided in the work were used for the purposes of forecasting and evaluating the efficiency of acid treatment performed on the wells of the Badra oilfield.

The present work shows the comprehensive investigations of phase state, magnetic properties, magnetoresistive, and magnetocaloric effects of AlCrFeCoNiCu thin-film high-entropy alloy (HEA). Mosaic target with six segments has been used for tailoring the film composition. The results show that the magnetic and magnetoresistive properties of HEA thin films are significantly affected by the presence of the face-centered-cubic (FCC) phase, which is formed during the annealing process. High-defective structure of thin films in as-deposited state results in the presence of the paramagnetic phase causing the absence of spontaneous magnetization and magnetoresistance. The formation of the FCC phase during heat treatment leads to the anisotropic magnetoresistance appearance. Besides, the low values of coercivity and magnetization at 300 K of annealed thin films point out that these samples could be potentially useful for the magnetocaloric application due to the compositional tunability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The structural-phase state and tribomechanical characteristics of hypersonic metallisation (HM) coatings from false alloys ‘Ni80Cr20 + Al99,3’ and ‘Ni80Cr20 + 08Mn2Si’ in the initial state and after annealing at 550° С and 650°С were investigated. It is shown that annealing of the coating from the false alloy ‘Ni80Cr20 + Al99,3’ leads to a significant increase in its microhardness and wear resistance. In particular, the microhardness of the coating increases ≈ 2 times, and the wear resistance ≈ 19 times in comparison with the initial state. Annealing of the coating from ‘Ni80Cr20 + 08Mn2Si’ leads to a decrease in its microhardness by 1.4 times, and wear resistance decreases by 3.0 times compared with the initial state.

Atmospheric aerosols are suspended particulate matter of varying composition, size, and mixing state. Challenges remain in understanding the impact of aerosols on the climate, atmosphere, and human health. The effect of aerosols depends on their physicochemical properties, such as their hygroscopicity, phase state, and surface tension. These properties are dynamic with respect to the highly variable relative humidity and temperature of the atmosphere. Thus, experimental approaches that permit the measurement of these dynamic properties are required. Such measurements also need to be performed on individual, submicrometer-, and supermicrometer-sized aerosol particles, as individual atmospheric particles from the same source can exhibit great variability in their form and function. In this context, this review focuses on the recent emergence of atomic force microscopy as an experimental tool in physical, analytical, and atmospheric chemistry that enables such measurements. Remaining challenges are noted and suggestions for future studies are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical behaviors of methane hydrate-bearing sands (MHBS) are largely affected by the presence of methane hydrate, temperature, and pore pressure. In this study, we present a simple hypoplastic model for MHBS. Methane hydrate saturation is included as a state parameter affecting the mechanical behaviors of MHBS. A new phase parameter is introduced to account for the coupled effects of temperature and pore pressure on the mechanical behaviors of MHBS. The phase parameter can be determined by a simple function of temperature and pore pressure. Comparison of the predictions with experiments shows that the model is able to capture the salient behaviors of MHBS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A numerical thermodynamic model is proposed for one of the most important geological fluid systems, the ternary H2O–CO2–NaCl system, at P-T conditions of the middle and lower crust and crust-mantle boundary (up to P = 20 kbar and up to T = 1400°C). The form of the model is analoguous to the model developed earlier for the system H2O–CO2–CaCl2. The model is based on an equation for the Gibbs excess free energy for the fluid H2O–CO2–NaCl, also including terms responsible for the interaction of the fluid with the solid phase of NaCl. The model allows predicting physical-chemical properties of fluids, which participate in the majority of deep petrogenic processes: the phase state of the system (homogeneous or multi-phase fluid, presence or absence of solid NaCl), chemical activities of the components, densities of the fluid phases, and concentrations of the components in the co-existing phases. The P-T dependencies of coefficients of the equation for the Gibbs excess free energy are expressed via molar volumes of water and CO2 at corresponding pressure and temperature. The numerical parameters of the model are obtained by fitting experimental data on the phase state of the fluid system in the range of pressures from 1 to 9 kbar and temperatures from 500 to 930°C. Our parametrization of the P-T dependencies provides applicability of the model for pressures and temperatures beyond the experimental region, namely up to P = 20 kbar and up to T = 1400°C. The validity of the model above these P-T parameters is limited due the properties of the thermodynamic description of the CO2 employed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work aimed to study the influence of various heat treatments on the microstructure, hardness, and residual stresses of Inconel 718 processed by laser powder bed fusion process. The reduction in residual stresses is crucial to avoid the deformation of the component during its removal from the building platform. Among the different heat treatments, 800 °C kept almost unaltered the original microstructure, reducing the residual stresses. Heat treatments at 900, 980, and 1065 °C gradually triggered the melt pool and dendritic structures dissolution, drastically reducing the residual stresses. Heat treatments at 900 and 980 °C involved the formation of δ phases, whereas 1065 °C generated carbides. These heat treatments were also performed on components with narrow internal channels revealing that heat treatments up to 900 °C did not trigger sintering mechanisms allowing to remove the powder from the inner channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field observations of daytime HONO source strengths have not been well explained by laboratory measurements and model predictions up until now. More efforts are urgently needed to fill the knowledge gaps concerning how environmental factors, especially relative humidity (RH), affect particulate nitrate photolysis. In this work, two critical attributes for atmospheric particles, i.e., phase state and bulk-phase acidity, both influenced by ambient RH, were focused to illuminate the key regulators for reactive nitrogen production from typical internally mixed systems, i.e., NaNO 3 and dicarboxylic acid (DCA) mixtures. The dissolution of only few oxalic acid (OA) crystals resulted in a remarkable 50-fold increase in HONO production compared to pure nitrate photolysis at 85% RH. Furthermore, the HONO production rates ( P HONO ) increased by about 1 order of magnitude as RH rose from <5% to 95%, initially exhibiting an almost linear dependence on the amount of surface absorbed water and subsequently showing a substantial increase in P HONO /succinic acid (SA) mixtures exhibited similar phase state effects on the photochemical HONO production. These results offer a new perspective on how aerosol physicochemical properties influence particulate nitrate photolysis in the atmosphere.3 /malonic acid (MA) and NaNO 3 /succinic acid (SA) mixtures exhibited similar phase state effects on the photochemical HONO production. These results offer a new perspective on how aerosol physicochemical properties influence particulate nitrate photolysis in the atmosphere.

Non-isothermal dehydration of Ca-alginate hydrogel was investigated for the first time. Thermogravimetric dehydration curves were recorded at heating rates from 5 to 20 K min−1 in the temperature range from 300 to 450 K. The dependence of apparent activation energy on the degree of dehydration was determined by the Friedman's differential isoconversion method. The experimental conversion curves of dehydration are fully fitted with the statistical model of hydrogel dehydration. The values of the parameters of the statistical model and their changes with the heating rate were determined. The rate constant as the function of temperature was calculated at all heating rates, and it was found that these dependencies obey the Arrhenius equation. From the values of rate constant, the changes in the kinetic parameters (activation energy and pre-exponential factor) of non-isothermal dehydration of Ca-alginate hydrogel with temperature and dehydration degree were calculated. The obtained results indicate the existence of two phase states of water absorbed on the hydrogel. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex investigation of the crystal, diffusion processes, and electrical conductivity of FexCo100−x (0 < x < 100) film alloys and FexCo100−x/Cu/FexCo100−x/Sub three‐layer films with a ferromagnetic layer thickness dF = 20–50 nm and a nonmagnetic layer thickness dN = 2–30 nm has been carried out. For both as‐deposited and annealed at 700 K films at x = 50, 80 at%, the phase composition corresponds to bcc‐FexCo100−x (single‐layer films) or bcc‐FexCo100−x + fcc‐solid solution of Fe and Co atoms that isomorphically replace each other in the Cu lattice (three‐layer film). At x = 20 at%, the phase composition of as‐deposited single‐layer films corresponds to bcc‐FexCo100−x + hcp‐Co and bcc‐FexCo100−x + fcc‐Cu + hcp‐Co in the case of three‐layer films. After heat treatment at 700 K, the phase composition corresponds to bcc‐FexCo100−x + fcc‐Co (single‐layer films) and bcc‐FexCo100−x + fcc‐s.s. Cu (Fe, Co) (three‐layer film). For three‐layer samples with dF = 30–50 nm, dN = 10–30 nm, annealing at 700 K does not lead to complete mixing of the layers, their original order is preserved. In the temperature dependence of the resistivity, three characteristic regions, where the various electron scattering mechanisms dominate, are distinguished and grounded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerosol plays a vital role in atmosphere pollution, climate change, and health hazard. The mass transfer process between the aerosol particles and their ambient gas critically affects the evolution of aerosol particles and their phase states. A novel kinetic model is proposed to describe the gas-particle mass transfer among a particle bulk, a gas-particle interface and the ambient sources, based on Maxwell-Stefan relations and Langmuir adsorption theory. Two kinds of typical aerosol, which are respectively consisted of oxalic acid solution (aqueous solutions) and sucrose solution (easily to form a glassy state in a special condition), are chosen to demonstrate the feasibility of this proposed kinetic model, along with the available experimental data. The results showed that aerosol particles, which could kinetically form amorphous states during evaporation, are limited by the bulk viscosity. In contrast, the bulks consisting of aqueous solutions are controlled by the surface adsorption and desorption of molecules during mass transport. Unlabelled Image • Model based on Langmuir adsorption model and Maxwell-Stefan relations is proposed. • The particle evolution via mass transfer of gas-particle is dynamically traced. • The main factor of water transport in aerosol is discussed. • Phase state transition on surface affects the particle evolution characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]