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Rumex abyssinicus is a valuable medicinal plant species that is native to tropical Africa. Traditionally, R. abyssinicus is used to treat different disease such as, liver diseases, hepatitis, malaria, scabies, blood pressure, jaundice, wound and pneumonia. The purpose of the current study was to review the literature on the ethnomedicinal uses, chemical constitutes and biological activities of R. abyssinicus in an attempt to create information for future studies aimed towards exploring the therapeutic ability of the species. A scientific search engines, namely Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and Web of knowledge for the search terms: Rumex abyssinicus, ethnomedicinal studies, phytochemical investigations, and pharmacological activities were undertaken. The search strategy included all articles with descriptors that were available until December 30, 2021. Only published works in English have been used on this study. The data was collected using textual descriptions of the studies, tabulation, grouping, and figures. The principal phytochemicals of R. abyssinicus are anthraquinones, flavonoids, terepenoids and phenolic compounds. The in vitro and in vivo studies on the crude extracts and compounds of R. abyssinicus showed antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, wound healing, antialzeimer’s and hepatoprotective activities of it. R. abyssinicus afforded drug leads such as helminthosporin (4) with anti-alzheimer and physicon (3) with antifungal and antioxidant activity. R. abyssinicus have traditionally been used to cure a variety of diseases. Pharmacological actions of phytochemicals were shown to be promising. Despite this, further studies on crude extracts and promising compounds are needed to find new drug candidates.

The potential anticholinesterase characteristics of some thiazole derivatives (2a–2j), including the 5-nitrothiophene moiety, were examined in this work. 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, and HRMS spectral data were used to determine the structure of the compounds. Using a modified Ellman's spectrophotometric approach, each compound was tested for its ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) enzymes. It was determined that the compounds exhibited inhibition of between 33.66–47.96 % against AChE and 13.03–63.29 % against BuChE at 80 µg/mL concentration.

In this study, imidazole derivative compounds were synthesized using the Debus-Radziszewski method. The chemical structures of the compounds were characterized by spectroscopic methods. The effects of target compounds on MCF7 (CRL-3435) were examined and their IC50 values and percent viability were calculated. In addition, the cytotoxic effects on the L929 (CCL-1) normal cell line were evaluated in order to determine the selectivities of the compounds. Then, the inhibition values of aromatase enzyme of the compounds were calculated and compared to the reference compound. When the results were examined, it was observed that Compound la caused the death of breast cancer cells, although not as much as cisplatin, but did not harm healthy cells. In this respect, it was determined that compound Ia has a promising anticancer effect as an aromatase inhibitor.

This study is focused on developing a sensitive analytical method for Venlafaxine molecule which is antidepressant drug belonging to the serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRI) group. With this study, a separation and preconcentration method based on fabric phase sorptive extraction(FPSE) method was developed for low levels of Venlafaxine in urine samples. Experimental variables such as pH, ionic strength, desorption solvent, and other parameters were studied and optimized step by step. The linearity of method under optimized conditions is in the range of 15.00-750.00 ng mL-1 while limit of detection is 4.28 ng mL-1. The relative standard deviation (RSD %) obtained from model solutions containing 300 ng mL-1 of Venlafaxine was lower than 3.1 % and pre-concentration factor was calculated as 62.50 for target molecule. In order to test accuracy of the method, recovery tests were carried out by means of spiked urine samples. As a result of recovery tests, quantative values were obtained in the range of 97.5-104.2 % successively.

Crinum abyssinicum and Calotropis procera were traditionally used for the treatment of different diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, hepatitis B, skin infection, anticancer, asthma, fever, and diarrhea. The structures of the compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and DEPT-135 spectra. Compounds 1-3 were reported herein for the first time from the species of C. abyssinicum. The DCM/MeOH (1:1) and MeOH roots extracts of C. abyssinicum showed significant inhibitory activity against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa with a mean inhibition zone of 16.67 ± 1.20 and 16.33 ± 0.33 mm, respectively. Compounds 4 and 5 showed promising activity against E. coli with a mean inhibition zone of 17.7  0.8 and 17.7  1.2 mm, respectively. The results of DPPH activity showed the DCM: MeOH (1:1) and MeOH roots extracts of C. abyssinicum inhibited the DPPH radical by 52.86  0.24 % and 45.6  0.11 %, respectively, whereas compound 5 displayed 85.7 % of inhibition. The drug-likeness analysis showed that compounds 2-4 satisfy Lipinski’s rule of five with zero violations. Compounds 2, and 6 showed binding affinities of −6.0, and −6.7 kcal/mol against E. coli DNA gyrase B, respectively, while 3 and 5 showed −5.0 and −5.0 kcal/mol, respectively against human peroxiredoxin 5. Therefore, the in vitro antibacterial, radical scavenging activity along with the molecular docking analysis suggest the potential use of the extracts of C. abyssinicum and compounds 2, 5, 6, and 3, 5 can be considered as promising antibacterial agents and free radical scavengers, respectively.

Moroccan flora is rich in plants used in traditional medicine, but the further scientific investigation is necessary. The aim of the research was to evaluate the nutritional content and antimicrobial activity of Moroccan Thymus vulgaris, as well as its possible acute and chronic toxicological effects on rodents. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) was used to determine the mineral content. The antimicrobial activity was determined using a well-diffusion test, a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and a minimum bactericidal/fungicidal concentration (MBC/MFC) assay. Acute and chronic toxicity studies were conducted in vivo on mice and rats, respectively. Following that, haematological, serum-biochemistry, and histological investigations were performed. Moroccan Thyme was shown to be a source of numerous minerals which are necessary for health promotion. All antimicrobial testing, disc diffusion, MIC, and MBC tests revealed that thyme had potent antibacterial activity against all microorganisms tested. Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible bacterium, followed by Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli. Additionally, thyme exhibited great antifungal efficacy against Candida albicans. The acute toxicity results indicated that the aqueous extract of T. vulgaris is almost non-toxic when taken orally. According to the chronic toxicity study, the extract is generally safe when taken orally over an extended period of time. The biochemical and haematological characteristics of the serum and blood were within acceptable limits, and histological examination revealed no abnormalities. In conclusion, the findings of this investigation, confirm the antimicrobial efficacy of the aqueous extract of Moroccan T. vulgaris and its safety for experimental animals.

Globally, the main target of scientists is to examine new medicinally beneficial plants for the preparation of herbal drugs as well as to explore possible uses in the food industry. In this regard, the target of our current study is to evaluate the antibacterial activity and biochemical analyses of the leaf extracts of Omani Mentha piperita L (M. piperita). The selected plant leaves coarse powder samples were extracted by using the Soxhlet extraction process with methanol at 65oC for a period of 72 hours. The evaporation of methanol was done by a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure and temperature. The hydro alcoholic extract was fractionated with the various polarities of solvents with an increasing pattern. The biochemical evaluation and pharmacological activity of the prepared local plant extracts were completed by using established methods. The different polarities of leaves extracts showed positive biochemical tests of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins, steroids, tannins and triterpenoids. The microbial activity of the fractioned plant extracts was tested with improved agar gel method. The different polarity extracts at different concentrations did not display any activity against the tested Gram (+) Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Gram (-) Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Pseudomonus aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) bacterial strains. Based on the biochemical and pharmacological evaluation results, the selected whole plant and its potential extracts might be used traditionally as natural antibiotics to treat infectious diseases.

Candida species are commonly encountered strains associated with a wide range of infections. Unlike bacterial pathogens, fungal pathogens treatment is difficult and the development of resistance has been increasing at an alarming rate. In this study, the antifungal and antibiofilm effect of thyme oil, rosemary oil, mint oil, citronella oil, was tested on Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida kefyr, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis isolated from clinical samples. The agar disc diffusion method was employed to determine the antifungal effect of the essential oils, and the inhibition of biofilm formation was assessed using microtiter biofilm inhibition assay. The results indicated that all the essential oils inhibited Candida strains and their biofilm in varying degrees. The highest antifungal activity in all isolates was observed in the thyme oil (>50mm), while rosemary oil showed the highest antibiofilm effect (>77%) in all tested strains. These findings led us to assume that the active components found in essential oils might be potential antifungal agents, adding to the repertoire of therapeutic options for the treatment of candidiasis.

Cancer is a real public health problem that figures among the main causes of morbidity and mortality in the world. The Colchicine Binding Site (CBS) is an important pocket for potential tubulin polymerization destabilizers. Colchicine binding site inhibitors (CBSI) exhibit their biological effects by inhibiting tubulin assembly and suppressing microtubule formation. In order to identify new potent CBSI, molecular docking and drug likeness prediction were performed. In this context, a collection of 850 similar compounds to combretastatinA-4from PubChem database was docked into the CBS. Out of these, compounds S1 and S2 were found to have highest negative binding energy of -9.462 and -9.017 Kcal/mol respectively. Furthermore, these two compounds were predicted to have satisfying drug likeness properties, indicating that they might be promising lead compounds for further antitumor drug research.

Human health and illness are dependent on lipases, which play a key role in maintaining cell integrity, storing fat for energy and serving as signaling molecules. In this study, 4 compounds that carry 6-phenylpyridazin-3(2H)-one main nucleus, which can be effective as lipase inhibitors, were synthesized and their structures were elucidated. The biological activity of synthesized compounds was evaluated via the porcine pancreatic lipase type II (PLL) inhibitor assay. Orlistat, a lipase inhibitor, was used as a positive control. Compound 8d was found to be the most effective compound, with an IC50 value of 32.66±2.8265 (μg/mL). In addition, molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations studies were carried out to examine the interactions of the compounds with the target in detail. The results obtained as a result of these in silico studies were found to be compatible with the lipase inhibition effects of the compounds. It was observed that the compounds may have potential lipase inhibitory effects as a result of the substitutions of the 3-(6-oxo-3-phenylpyridazin-1(6H)-yl)propanehydrazide structure.

Amaç: Proteomik, klinik çalışmalarda yaygın olarak kullanılan en hızlı büyüyen omiklerden biridir. Proteomik, tek bir hücreden başlayarak karmaşık biyolojik örneklere kadar geniş bir örnek yelpazesinde kalitatif ve kantitatif protein analizini içerir. Protein bazlı biyobelirteç çalışmaları, metabolik hastalıklar, kanser ve nöropsikiyatrik hastalıklar dahil olmak üzere birçok hastalığa hem tanısal hem de prognostik amaçlarla uygulanmıştır. Alfa-2-makroglubulin (A2MG), kan pıhtılaşması, protein bağlanması ve proteaz inhibisyonu dahil olmak üzere çeşitli biyolojik süreçlerde yer alan, klinik önemi olan ve salgılanan bir proteindir. A2MG analizi için mevcut yöntemler, belirli bir protein birimi veya benzersiz bir peptit yoluyla immün spesifik bağlanmaya odaklandıklarından sınırlıdır. Tek bir protein farklı formlarda (kompleksler, modifikasyonlar, vb.) olabileceğinden ve biyolojik aktivite yapıya özel olduğundan, kapsamlı bir analiz gereklidir. Bu çalışmada kapsamlı A2MG analizi için yeni bir Kütle Spektrometresi (MS) tabanlı yöntem geliştirildi. Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu çalışmada, kapsamlı A2MG analizi için yeni bir Kütle Spektrometresi (MS) tabanlı yöntem geliştirilmiştir. Analitik yöntem geliştirme referans insan serumu ve A2MG protein standardı ile yapılmıştır. Proteolitik protein sindirimi için tripsin kullanılmış ve sindirimden önce ve sonra proteinin denatürasyonu Dairesel-Dikroizm (CD) spektroskopisi kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Hedefli MS yöntemi, serumda A2MG için 12 benzersiz peptidi izlemek için geliştirilmiştir. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Bu çalışmada, biyolojik farklılıkları gözlemlemek için geliştirilen tek bir protein için çoklu peptitlerin ölçülmesi ile sağlam ve güvenilir serumda A2MG analizi geliştirilmiştir. Yöntem, diğer proteinlere de kolayca uygulanabilir. Hedeflenen MS konsepti, daha sonra klinik laboratuvarlara kolayca aktarılabilen ideal bir niceleme ve doğrulama platformu sağlayacaktır., Objective: Proteomics is one of the fastest growing omics that has been extensively used in clinical studies. Proteomics involves qualitative and quantitative protein analysis in a wide range of samples starting from a single cell to complex biological samples. Protein-based biomarker studies have been applied to many diseases including metabolic diseases, cancer and neuropsychiatric diseases for both diagnostic and prognostic purposes. Alpha-2-macroglubulin (A2MG) is a clinically relevant secreted protein involving in various biological processes including blood coagulation, protein binding and protease inhibition. Current methods for A2MG analysis are limited, as they focus on either immune-specific binding through a certain protein unit or a unique peptide. As a single protein could be in different forms (complexes, modifications, etc) and the biological activity is structure specific, an extensive analysis is necessary. Here a new Mass-Spectrometry (MS) based method was developed for comprehensive A2MG analysis. Material and Method: A reference human serum and A2MG protein standard were used for method development. Proteolytic protein digestion was performed using trypsin and Circular-Dichroism (CD) spectroscopy was used to ensure protein unfolding and denaturation prior to digestion. Targeted MS method was developed to monitor 12 unique peptides for A2MG in serum. Result and Discussion: Monitoring multiple peptides for a single protein enabled to observe biological differences offer a robust and reliable A2MG analysis in serum. The method can also easily be implemented to other proteins. The concept of targeted-MS provides an ideal quantification and validation platform which then can be easily transferred to clinical laboratories.

Amaç: Bu çalışmada maksillofasiyal cerrahide implant bölgesinde kemik rejenerasyonunu artırmak için hazırlanan bifosfonat yüklü mikrosfer ilaç taşıyıcı sistemin in situ jel formülasyonu ile lokal olarak uygulanması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Kombinasyon taşıyıcı sistemini tasarlamak için bifosfonat yüklü PLGA mikroküreleri, hazırlanan in situ jell formülasyonlarına yüklenmiştir. Geliştirilen formülasyonlar için in vitro ilaç salım, pH, berraklık, sol-jel geçiş sıcaklığı ve salım kinetik çalışmaları değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Üretilen formülasyonların yerinde jelleşme sıcaklıkları 33 ila 37°C arasında; pH değerleri 6 civarında ve bütün formülasyonlar 20 gauge’lik şırıngalardan uygulanabilir düzeydeydi. Preparatlar içerisinde yer alan, P407 ve kitosan miktarları arttıkça, in vitro patlama salınımını düşürürken aynı zamanda viskoziteyi yükselmiştir. Bununla birlikte, her bir in situ jel formülasyonu, 14 günlük bir süre içinde salım yapmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Bifosfonat yüklü PLGA mikroküreleri yüklü in situ jel formülasyonlarına ayrıntılı olarak değerlendirilmiş ve özellikle dental implant uygulamalarında maksillofasiyal cerrahide lokal olarak uygulanabilir bir ilaç taşıma sistemi olarak sunulmuştur., Objective: In this study, it was aimed to locally apply the bisphosphonate-loaded microsphere drug delivery system with in situ gel formulation, which was prepared to increase bone regeneration in the implant area in maxillofacial surgery. Material and Method: In order to design the combination delivery system, bisphosphonate-loaded PLGA microspheres were embedded in the prepared in situ gel formulations. In vitro drug release, pH, clarity, sol-gel transition temperature and release kinetic studies were all assessed for the developed formulations. Result and Discussion: The produced formulations' in situ gelation temperatures ranged from 33 to 37°C; their pH values were in the range of 6; and they were all syringeable, which is defined as the force required to expel each formulation from a syringe equipped with a 20-gauge needle. With the preparations, the amounts of P407 and chitosan increased, lowering in vitro burst release while simultaneously raising viscosity. However, each in situ gel formulation releases over a period of 14 days. Consequently, Bisphosphonate loaded PLGA microspheres embedded in situ gel formulations were elucidated in detail and presented as a locally applicable drug delivery system in maxillofacial surgery, especially in dental implant applications

Amaç: Günümüzde kanser hala en sık görülen kronik hastalıklar arasında yer almaktadır. Polikaprolakton gibi biyouyumlu ve biyoparçalanır polimerlerle hazırlanan nanopartiküler ilaç taşıyıcı sistemler, düşük çözünürlük ve düşük biyoyararlanım gösteren birçok antikanser ajan için rasyonel bir çözümdür. Bu çalışmanın amacı, güçlü bir antikanser olduğu bilinen paklitaksel yüklü polikaprolakton nanopartiküllerinin hazırlanması ve hazırlanan nanopartiküllerin in vitro karakterizasyonlarını ve salım kinetik mekanizmalarını aydınlatmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Nanoçöktürme yöntemi ile paklitaksel yüklü polikaprolakton nanopartiküllerinin hazırlanması amaçlanmıştır. Polikaprolakton polimerinin iki farklı moleküler ağırlığı (Mw: 14.000 ve Mw: 80.000) ile ön formülasyon çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Hazırlanan nanopartiküller, katyonik yüzey yükü elde etmek ve hücresel etkileşimi artırmak için Chitosan (CS) veya Poly-l-lisin (PLL) ile ayrı ayrı kaplanmıştır. Formülasyonların kapsamlı karakterizasyon çalışmaları ve salım kinetik çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Formülasyonların partikül boyutu 188 nm ila 383 nm arasında değişmektedir. Enkapsülasyon etkinliği, farklı formülasyonlarda %77'ye kadar yükselmiştir. SEM analizi, nanopartiküllerin küre şeklinde olduğunu doğrulamıştır. İn vitro salım çalışmaları kapsamında 96 saate kadar salım devam etmiş ve ilk 24 saatte terapötik yükün %50'sinden azı salınmıştır. Matematiksel modelleme çalışmaları, formülasyonların salım kinetiğinin, yüksek korelasyon gösteren Korsmeyer-Peppas, Peppas-Sahlin ve Weibull modelleri ile birden fazla modele uyduğunu göstermiştir., Objective: Today, cancer is still among the most common chronic diseases. Nanoparticular drug delivery systems prepared with biocompatible and biodegradable polymers such as polycaprolactone are rational solution for anticancer agents with poor solubility and low bioavailability. The aim of this study is to prepare paclitaxel-loaded polycaprolactone nanoparticles, which is known to be a potent anticancer, and to elucidate in vitro characteristics and release kinetic mechanisms. Material and Method: It was aimed to prepare paclitaxel-loaded polycaprolactone nanoparticles by nanoprecipitation. Preformulation studies were carried out with different molecular weights of polycaprolactone (Mw: 14.000, Mw: 80.000). Nanoparticles were coated with Chitosan or Poly-l-lysine to obtain cationic surface charge and to increase cellular interaction. Comprehensive characterization of formulations and release kinetic studies were performed. Result and Discussion: The particle size of the formulations ranged from 188 nm to 383 nm. Encapsulation efficiency increased to 77% in different formulations. SEM analysis confirmed the nanoparticles were spherical. Within the scope of in vitro release studies, the release continued for up to 96 hours and less than 50% of the therapeutic load was released in the first 24 hours. Mathematical modeling indicated that the release kinetics fit more than one model with the Korsmeyer-Peppas, Peppas-Sahlin and Weibull models, which show high correlation.

Amaç: Bu kesitsel çalışmanın amacı Mürver içerikli ürünlerin Azerbaycan (AZ), Gürcistan (GEO), Özbekistan (UZB) ülkelerindeki algısı ve tüketimindeki değişimi belirlemek ve ölçmektir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Anket temelli, kesitsel, çoklu ülkede, dijital ortamda; eczane ve gıda takviyesi ürünleri kategorisi bulunan eczanelerin, sağlık ürünleri mağazalarının tüketicileri ile, 2021 yılının Nisan ve Ağustos ayları arasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Ankete katılanların büyük kısmı 31-50 yaş aralığında olup ve %85’lik kısmını kadınlar oluşturmaktaydı. 3 ülkenin ortalama verilerine göre ürünlerin nihai kullanıcıları çocuklar (%51) ve yaşlı aile üyeleridir (%39). Mürver içeren ürünler pandemi süresinde yüksek miktarda tüketilmelerine ragmen, pahalı ürünler olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Pandemi döneminde, immun sistemi güçlendirmek bireysel sağlıkta önceliklenmiş ve daha önceki dönemlere göre önleyici yaklaşımlar daha önemli hale gelmiştir. Bu çalışma Azerbaycan, Gürcistan ve Özbekistan’da gerçekleştirilmiş, dijital anket temelli, kesitsel ilk çalışmadır., Objective: The aim of this cross-sectional study was to measure and determine the difference between perception and consumption changes of elderberry products in Azerbaijan (AZ), Georgia (GEO) and Uzbekistan (UZB) countries.Material and Method: A questionnaire based, cross-sectional, multi country study was conducted by using an online based with consumers of pharmacies, drug stores and shops where had food supplement category between April and August 2021.Result and Discussion: The majority of responders belong to 31-50 age group, and higher gender profile was on female part, 85%. The results showed that end users of consumed products were children (51%) and older family members (39%) in the average data of 3 countries. Elderberry products were classified as expensive products but were consumed high amount during the pandemic. During the pandemic, immune boosting had been in prior place of individual healthcare, and prophylactic approach had become more important than earlier. This is the first study in Azerbaijan, Georgia and Uzbekistan as a digital survey based, cross- sectional study.

Objective: In this study, by comparing the views of pharmacists who graduated from 4-year pharmacy degree and 5-year pharmacy degree is discussed whether the 5-year pharmacy degree education achieves its purpose. Material and Method: A mixed method was used in the research. In the quantitative research, 160 pharmacists graduated from different Pharmacy Faculties participated in the questions asked by the questionnaire technique. In the qualitative research, focus group discussions were held with 24 pharmacists in 3 separate sessions Result and Discussion: As a result, it has been shown that nanocrystals can perform similar imaging by using less radiocontrast materials with their unique properties. In this way, it is likely to cause fewer side effects and/or toxic effects due to the lower dosage. In the light of these successful results, it is planned to detail this study with clinical trials in the future. As a result of the research, although statistically positive changes were observed in 5-year education compared to 4-year education, it was seen that there are still areas that need improvement. Such as patient-oriented education has increased, but not enough. In addition to classical teaching methods, it was determined that it would be appropriate to use more catchy and problem-based methods, the importance of continuing internship practices and supervision, and finally, career management was better done in 5-year education. It is recommended to complete the identified deficiencies and increase the research., Amaç: Bu çalışmada, 4 ve 5 yıllık eczacılık programından mezun olan eczacıların aldıkları eğitim hakkındaki görüşleri karşılaştırılarak; 5 yıllık eczacılık eğitiminin amacına ulaşıp ulaşmadığı tartışılmaktadır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırmada karma bir metot kullanılmış; nicel araştırmaya anket tekniği ile sorulan sorulara farklı eczacılık fakültelerinden mezun 160 eczacı katılmıştır. Nitel araştırmada ise 3 ayrı oturumda 24 eczacı ile odak grup görüşmesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Araştırma sonucunda 5 yıllık eğitimde 4 yıllık eğitime göre olumlu yönde değişim gözlenmekle birlikte halen geliştirilmesi gereken alanların olduğu görülmüştür. Örneğin; hasta odaklı eğitim artmış, ancak yeterli olmamıştır. Klasik öğretim yöntemleri yanında, daha akılda kalıcı, probleme dayalı yöntemlerin kullanılmasının uygun olacağı, staj uygulamalarının ve denetiminin daha fazla yapılarak devam etmesinin önemi ve son olarak kariyer yönetiminin 5 yıllık eğitimde daha iyi yapıldığı belirlenmiştir. Tespit edilen eksikliklerin tamamlanması ve araştırmaların artırılması önerilmektedir.

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. ssp. minus methanol extract derived from aerial parts on cancer cell lines.Material and Method: For cytotoxicity assays, two different human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) and healthy human fibroblast cell line (MRC-5)as a control were used. Cell viability determination was performed using the CellTiter-Blue method. One-Way ANOVA and Tukey post test were used for statistical analysis.Result and Discussion: Cell viability has been detected between ratios of 27.8-38.7% for MCF-7 cancer cell line, and a significant cytotoxic activity was observed via the analysis (1 mg/mL extract treatment p< 0.022). However, 47.8-59.7% cell viability was observed for MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line, and MRC-5 healthy fibroblast cell line did not demonstrate any cell viability (92.4-105.4% cell viability). Depending on these data, MCF-7 cancer cell line and MRC-5 fibroblast healthy cell line were treated with Arcitum minus extract, then cell viability was detected by flow cytometry technique. The ratio of the cell death was higher in MCF-7 cancer cell line (98%) compared with the MRC-5 fibroblast healthy cell line (25%) after the Arctium minus extract treatment. In conclusion, Arctium minus ssp. minus extract has significantly decreased the cell viability in MCF-7 cancer cell line when compared with the MCR-5 fibroblast normal cell line., Amaç: Bu çalışmada Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. ssp. minus’un toprak üstü kısımlarından elde edilen metanol ekstresinin kanser hücre hatları üzerindeki sitotoksik etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Arctium minus (Hill) Bernh. ssp. minus’un metanol ekstresinin, iki farklı insan meme kanseri hücre hattına (MCF-7 ve MDA-MB-231) ve kontrol olarak normal insan fibroblast hücre hattına (MRC-5) uygulanması ile in vitro sitotoksik etkileri araştırılmıştır. Hücre canlılık tayini CellTiter-Blue metodu kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. İstatistiksel analiz için One-Way ANOVA ve Tukey post-hoc testi kullanılmıştır.Sonuç ve Tartışma: Analizlerde, MCF-7 kanser hücrelerinde hücre canlılığı %27,8 -38,7 oranında belirlenmiş olup önemli derecede sitotoksik aktivite tespit edilmiştir (1 mg/mL ekstre uygulaması için p

Magnetic hyperthermia therapy is expected to play an important role in the treatment of more and more cancers. The synergistic effects of using together hyperthermia and cancer drugs have been shown by literature studies to be more effective than either hyperthermia treatment alone or chemotherapy alone. In addition, magnetic materials that can be used as a contrast agent enable magnetic resonance imaging of the tumor, which is also useful in seeing the treatment progress. This study, which was designed for this purpose, occurred in three parts: In the first part, magnetic CoFe2O4/alginate composite beads were prepared and characterized with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). In the second part, the swelling behaviour of magnetic composite beads was investigated at pH 1.2, pH 7.4 and pH 6.8. It was seen that at pH 7.4 and pH 6.8, that is, near neutral pH, CFA swelled by 81.54% and 82.69%, respectively. In the third part, 5-Fluorouracil was encapsulated at the different ratios in CoFe2O4/alginate composite beads, and release experiments were performed at pH 1.2, pH 7.4 and pH 6.8. 5-FU release was calculated with Korsmeyer-Peppas, Higuchi, first-order, and zero-order models. It was seen that the drug release systems prepared were suitable for all kinetic models. Magnetic CoFe2O4/alginate composite bead, which is the drug carrier, was determined to be suitable for controlled release for 5-Fluorouracil.

Lavandula stoechas is distributed in Africa, Europe, and Asia continents, especially in the countries of Southern Europe and North Africa neighboring the Mediterranean. The use of L. stoechas, which has a cosmopolitan distribution, mainly in the Mediterranean region, in the treatment of rheumatic diseases and reduction of inflammatory problems in folk medicine dates back to ancient times. It has been determined that L. stoechas contains various bioactive phytochemicals such as flavonoids, catechic tannins, sterols, coumarins, leucoanthocyanins, and mucilages. The essential oil obtained from the leaves and flowers is widely used in pharmacy. There are ethnobotanical and phytopharmacological studies on the antimicrobial, insecticidal, antileishmanial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oil and extracts of the plant. There are intensive studies and clinical data on its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anticonvulsant effects. It has been determined that L. stoechas has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, insecticide, larvicide, anticonvulsant, antispasmodic, sedative, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, antidiabetic, and anticancer effects with scientific studies based on the traditional use of L. stoechas. This review supports that the aforementioned plant can be used as a medicine in the light of its traditional use and the data obtained as a result of scientific studies. In this review, it was emphasized that some regulations should be made on the cultivation, formulation, and marketing of L. stoechas.

Current study verifies the biological efficiency of Bassia muricata (Chenopodiaceae vent), a wild plant in the Algerian desert. MeOH extract (70%) of the aerial parts of B. muricata was tested for antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. In addition to determining the value of the SPF and its effectiveness as hypoglycemia through a glucose uptake assay by yeast cells. Its phenolic content was also verified by quantitative estimations and RP-HPLC-UV analysis. MeOH extract of B. muricata exhibited antioxidant effects, where it showed good to moderate free radical inhibition activity towards both DPPH• and OH•, and this corresponded with excellent anti-hemolytic activity. As well as being a Fe2+ and molybdate reducing agent, the extract showed moderate photoprotective activity with SPFSpectrophootometric=18.89±0.005. It also has anti-inflammatory properties and enhances glucose uptake. MeOH extract of B. muricata showed remarkable antibacterial activity against B. subtilis, L. innocua, S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa. It did not give efficacy against S. typhimurium. Its phenolic content on the other hand was verified by quantitative estimations and RP-HPLC-UV analysis, which revealed the presence of chlorogenic acid, p-coumarin acid, gallic acid as a major phenolic compounds. These results showed that B. muricata could be useful as source of bioactive compounds for food, the pharmaceutical industry and the manufacture of cosmetics.

Şiddetli akut solunum sendromu koronavirüsü-2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) etkeninin neden olduğu koronavirüs hastalığı 2019 (COVID-19) dünya çapında insan sağlığı için ciddi bir tehdit oluşturmaktadır. Virüs damlacık ve temas yolu ile bulaşmakta ve çoğunlukla ateş, öksürük ve nefes darlığı belirtileri ile ortaya çıkmaktadır. SARS-CoV-2 solunum sistemindeki etkilerinin yanı sıra diyare, bulantı-kusma gibi gastrointestinal sistem bozukluklarına da yol açmaktadır. COVID-19 hastalarının fekal örneklerinde SARS-CoV-2 saptanmıştır. Ayrıca diyarenin COVID-19 için erken bir belirti olabileceği öne sürülmektedir. Hastalarda gözlemlenen bulantı-kusma ve diyare semptomatik olarak tedavi edilmektedir. Gastrointestinal belirtilerle uyumlu olarak COVID-19 hastalarında bağırsak mikrobiyotası dengesinin bozulduğuna dair veriler elde edilmiştir ve fırsatçı patojenlerde artış ve yararlı kommensal bakterilerde azalma görülmüştür. Bağırsak mikrobiyotasının COVID-19 için yeni bir terapötik hedef olabileceği ve bu hastaların tedavisinde probiyotiklerin fayda sağlayabileceği öne sürülmüştür. Sonuç olarak COVID-19 hastalarında gastrointestinal belirtilerin dikkate alınması gerekmektedir. Bu sayede erken dönemde tanı konulan hastaların izolasyona alınması salgının kontrol altına alınabilmesine yarar sağlayabilir., Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS‐CoV‐2), the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) agent, poses a serious threat to human health worldwide. The virus is transmitted by droplets and contact and often occurs with fever, cough, and shortness of breath. SARS-CoV-2 not only affects the respiratory system but also causes gastrointestinal system disorders such as diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in fecal samples of COVID-19 patients. Besides, diarrhea may be an early symptom for COVID-19 was suggested. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea are treated symptomatically in COVID-19. Consistent with these gastrointestinal symptoms, the gut microbiota balance was disturbed in COVID-19 patients, and opportunistic pathogens were increased while beneficial commensal bacteria were decreased. The gut microbiota may be a new therapeutic target for COVID-19, and these patients may benefit from probiotic treatment. Consequently, gastrointestinal symptoms should be taken into account in COVID-19 patients. In this way, the isolation of patients diagnosed at an early stage may help control the epidemic.

Refereed/Peer-reviewed Introduction: Electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring is an important tool to detect and mitigate the risk of potentially fatal drug-induced QT prolongation and remains fundamental in supporting the quality use of high-risk QT interval prolonging medicines. Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to determine the prevalence of baseline and/or follow-up ECG use in adult patients taking high-risk QT interval prolonging medicines in clinical practice. Methods: CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, EThOS, OpenGrey and Proquest were searched for studies in adults that reported ECG use at baseline and/or at follow-up in relation to the initiation of a high-risk QT interval prolonging medicine in any clinical setting; either hospital or non-hospital. Two reviewers independently assessed the methodological quality of included studies. Proportional meta-analysis was conducted with all studies reporting baseline ECG use, before medicine initiation, and follow-up ECG use, within 30 days of medicine initiation. Results: There was variability in baseline ECG use according to the practice setting. The prevalence of baseline ECG use for high-risk QT interval prolonging medicines was moderate to high in the hospital setting at 75.1% (95% CI 64.3–84.5); however, the prevalence of baseline ECG use was low in the non-hospital setting at 33.7% (95% CI 25.8–42.2). The prevalence of follow-up ECG use was low to moderate in the hospital setting at 39.2% (95% CI 28.2–50.8) and could not be determined for the non-hospital setting. Conclusions: The use of ECG monitoring for high-risk QT interval prolonging medicines is strongly influenced by the clinical practice setting. Baseline ECG use occurs more in the hospital setting in comparison to the non-hospital setting. There is lower use of follow-up ECG in comparison to baseline ECG.

Amaç: Sentetik, biyolojik ve biyoteknolojik ilaç araştırmalarında sıklıkla kullanılan polimerik ve lipidik yapıdaki nanopartiküler sistemler klinik beklentileri halen istenilen düzeyde karşılayamamaktadır. Yenilikçi bir yaklaşım olarak geliştirilen doğadan ilham alan, biyomimetik nanotaşıyıcılar sahip oldukları yüksek biyouyumluluk, düşük toksisisite ve doğal hedefleme yetenekleri nedeniyle gittikçe artan şekilde çalışmalara dahil edilmektedir. Bu derlemenin amacı biyomimetik nanotaşıyıcılar alanında yapılan güncel çalışmaları ele alarak farmasötik yenilikçi taşıyıcı system geliştirme çabasına katkıda bulunmaktır.Sonuç ve Tartışma: En sık kullanılan biyomimetik sistemler arasında virüs temelli, memeli hücresi temelli ve bakteri-mantar temelli nanotaşıyıcı sistemler bulunmaktadır. Doğanın bize sunduğu bu sistemleri anlama çabası taşıyıcı sistem araştırmalarında bizi daha ileriye götürebilir. Bununla birlikte, kontrol edilebilirlik ve seri üretim gibi sentetik sistemlerin avantajları ile biyolojik sistemlerin yüksek hücresel alım ve biyouyumluluk işlevlerinin birleştirmesi ile daha başarılı nanotaşıyıcı sistemlerin geliştirilme potansiyeli olabilecektir. Böylece, biyomimetik sistemlerin protein, gen ve diğer terapötik ajanların taşınmasındaki rolü artacaktır., Objective: Nanoparticular systems such as polymeric and lipidic nanoparticles, which are frequently used in synthetic, biological and biotechnological drug delivery, struggle to meet clinical expectations at the desired level. Nature-inspired biomimetic nanocarriers developed as an innovative approach, are increasingly included in studies due to their high biocompatibility, low toxicity, and natural targeting capabilities. The aim of this review is to contribute to the development of innovative pharmaceutical carrier system by addressing the current studies in the field of biomimetic nanocarriers.Result and Discussion: Among the most commonly used biomimetic systems are virus-based, mammalian cell-based and bacteria-fungi-based nanocarrier systems. The effort to understand these systems that nature offers us could take us further in carrier system research. Moreover, there may be potential for more successful nanocarrier systems to be developed by combining the advantages of synthetic systems such as controllability and mass production with the high cellular uptake and biocompatibility functions of biological systems. Thus, the role of biomimetic systems in the transport of proteins, genes and other therapeutic agents will increase.

Amaç: Alzheimer hastalığından sonra ikinci en yaygın nörodejeneratif bozukluk olan Parkinson hastalığı, tremor, rijidite, bradikinezi ve postural instabilite ile karakterize ilerleyici bir nörodejeneratif hastalıktır. Çevresel ve genetik faktörler bu hastalığın patofizyolojisine katkıda bulunur. Dopaminin öncüsü olan L-DOPA, farmakoterapinin altın standardı olmaya devam etmektedir. Mevcut terapötik seçenekler klinik olarak faydalı olsa da parkinson hastalığı ilerleyici bir bozukluk olduğu için tedavisinde kullanılan tüm ilaçlarda zamanla etkinlik azalması ve yan etkilerde artış söz konusu olmaktadır.Sonuç ve Tartışma: Son zamanlarda yapılan çalışmalardan elde edilen bulgular antiparkinson ilaçlara yanıtın ve yan etkilerin bireyler arası önemli değişkenlikler gösterdiğini işaret etmektedir. Farmakogenetik, ilaç yanıtı ile ilişkili genetik belirteçleri tanımlamayı amaçlayan, hızla gelişen ve çok umut verici bir araştırma alanıdır. Farmakogenetik alanında gerçekleştirilen araştırmalar, bireylerarası genetik farklılıkların parkinson hastalığının tedavisinde kullanılan ilaçlara yanıtı önemli ölçüde belirlediğini göstermiştir. Bu alanda elde edilen / edilecek veriler antiparkinson tedavide değerli terapötik stratejiler sunma potansiyelinin yanında başarılı ilaç keşfi ihtimalini de artıracaktır. Bu derlemede antiparkinson tedaviye yanıttaki değişkenliği daha iyi açıklamak ve parkinson hastalığının farmakoterapisini optimize etmek için genetik polimorfizmlerin rolünü tanımlamaya yönelik çalışmalar derlenmiştir., Objective: Parkinson’s disease, the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer’s, is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized by tremor, rigidity, bradikinesis and postural instability. Environmental and genetic factors contribute to the pathophysiology of this disease. The pioneer of dopamine, L-DOPA, remains the gold standard of pharmacotherapy. Although current therapeutic options are clinically beneficial, since parkinson’s disease is a progressive disorder, all drugs used in treatment decline over time and increase in side effects.Result and Discussion: Recent studies have shown that responses to antiparkinsonian drugs and their side effects exhibit significant interpersonal variability. Pharmacogenetics is a rapidly evolving and very promising field of research aiming to identify genetic markers associated with drug response. Studies in pharmacogenetics have shown that interpersonal genetic differences largely determine the response to drugs used to treat parkinson’s disease. Data obtained in this area will not only have the potential to present valuable therapeutic strategies for antiparkinson treatment, but also increase the probability of successful drug discovery. In this article, compiled studies to identify the role of genetic polymorphisms in better describing the variability in response to antiparkinson therapy and optimizing the pharmacotherapy of parkinson’s disease.

Background and Aims: Diazepam is accepted as a safer drug to medicate in many serious cases, acting as an anticonvulsant, an anxiolytic and a treatment for many types of poisoning. Monitoring it is important in achieving successful treatment and reducing the risk of toxic effects. In this study, it is aimed to develop and validate a sensitive, repeatable, and reliable method based on high-performance liquid chromatographic analysis for the determination in human plasma.Methods: Separation was carried out using a reverse-phase C18 column (4.0 mm x 150 mm, 3 μm) at 30 °C. The solution was prepared with a 10 mM phosphate buffer and acetonitrile (1:1, v/v) was employed as a mobile phase at the isocratic flow with 0.5 mL/min rate. Quantification was applied at 230 nm. A solid-phase extraction method was established and optimized, which was then used in the preparation of the plasma (0.5 mL) samples to the analysis.Results: The method was found to be linear (r2= 0.9805) between 100 and 1200 ng/mL. The analysis run was ≤12 min. Intra- day and inter-day accuracy were found between -5.78 and 5.93 and precision was ≤1.82%. The limit of detection and quan- tification were calculated as 20.42 and 61.86 ng/mL, respectively. Recovery was found between the range of 95.12% and 106.83%. The method was determined to be robust according to changes in UV, mobile phase organic solvent content, mobile phase pH, column temperature, and operator.Conclusion: This simple, sensitive and reliable method is suggested for accredited-reference laboratories working on the therapeutic drug monitorization and/or overdose-toxicological quantified analysis of diazepam in human plasma.

The family Lamiaceae is often uttered as the mint family, and the plant family of flowering plants. In Turkey, 609 species of 46 genera in the Lamiaceae family are naturally distributed, and almost half of these are endemics. The aim of this study is to examine the pollen characteristics of some species in the Lamiaceae family. The family is a source of pollen and nectar, which is important for honey bees, and the medicinal and aromatic use of inflorescence reveal the importance of identifying the species. In this study, pollen of 14 different species belonging to 12 genera in the Lamiaceae family were examined. The equatorial axis of the examined pollens is in the range of 50.6-22.4 μm and the polar axis of the examined pollens is in the range of 55.6-18.3 μm. It is stated that the pollen morphology of the Lamiaceae family can be used as an important character in the differentiation of taxa at the species level. It is also stated to be an important feature in the classification of the Lamiaceae family. As a result, these data obtained by light microscopy are fundamental data for taxonomic, morphological and melisopalynological studies.

Objective: Oak species are medicinal plants with traditional use around the world. These species, which are very rich in tannins, have potential as antibacterial agents in terms of the polyphenolic compounds content. In this study, the antibacterial potential and phytochemical content of the branches and leaves of Quercus macranthera subsp. syspirensis, which is endemic to Turkey, were investigated.Material and Method: Plant materials were collected from Araç (Kastamonu/Turkey) in 2020. Methanol extracts were prepared from dried and powdered branches and leaves. The antibacterial activity test was evaluated by broth microdilution method as a minimal inhibition concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633. The GC-MS analysis of extracts were performed using an Agilent 6890 gas chromatograph equipped with an Agilent 5973N quadrupole mass spectrometer (Agilent, USA). The compounds were identified by comparing the mass spectrum ratio of the sample with the data available in NIST 2014 Mass Spectral Library.Result and Discussion: As a result, it was found that the branch extracts were more effective than the leaf extracts and both branch and leaf extracts showed the highest activity against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 strain (48.8 µg/ml, 97.6 µg/ml, respectively). The extracts also showed antibacterial activity at varying concentrations on other test strains., Amaç: Meşe türleri dünya genelinde geleneksel kullanımı olan tıbbi bitkilerdendir. Tanen bakımından oldukça zengin olan bu türlerin içerdikleri polifenolik bileşikler açısından antibakteriyel ajan olarak potansiyelleri vardır. Bu çalışmada Türkiye için endemik olan Quercus macranthera subsp. syspirensis’in dal ve yapraklarının antibakteriyel potansiyeli ve fitokimyasal içeriği araştırılmıştır.Gereç ve Yöntem: Bitki materyalleri 2020 yılında Araç'tan (Kastamonu/Türkiye) toplanmıştır. Kurutulmuş ve toz haline getirilmiş dal ve yapraklardan metanol ekstreleri hazırlanmıştır. Antibakteriyel aktivite, minimum inhibisyon konsantrasyonu (MIC) olarak sıvı mikrodilüsyon yöntemiyle, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Staphylococcus epidermidis ATCC 35984, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212, Klebsiella pneumoniae ATCC 13883, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Acinetobacter baumannii ATCC 19606 ve Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 mikroorganizmaları üzerine test edilmiştir. Ekstrelerin GC-MS analizi, Agilent 5973N dört kutuplu kütle spektrometresi (Agilent, ABD) ile donatılmış bir Agilent 6890 gaz kromatografı kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Bileşikler, numunenin kütle spektrum oranı NIST 2014 Kütle Spektral Kütüphanesinde bulunan verilerle karşılaştırılarak tanımlanmıştır.Sonuç ve Tartışma: Sonuç olarak, dal ekstrelerinin yaprak ekstrelerinden daha etkili olduğu bulundu ve her iki ekstrenin de en yüksek antibakteriyel aktiviteyi Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 suşuna karşı gösterdiği belirlendi. Ekstreler ayrıca diğer test suşları üzerinde değişen konsantrasyonlarda aktivite gösterdi.

Amaç: SARS-CoV-2 ile ilişkili viral pandemisi ilk olarak Aralık 2019'da Çin'in Wuhan kentinde bildirilmiştir. enfeksiyon gücünün yüksek olması nedeniyle, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü (DSÖ) 11 Mart 2020 tarihinde SARS-CoV-2’yi küresel pandemi olarak ilan etmiştir. Bu nedenle en önemli viral protein hedeflerinin belirlenmesi bir zorunluluk haline geldi. En önemli hedef proteinlerden biri ise, SARS-COV-2’nin replikasyon sürecinin bağlı olduğu RNA'ya bağımlı RNA polimerazdır (RdRp). Bu çalışmada RdRp ile RdRp nükleozit inhibitörleri, özellikle de Purin nükleozid analogları arasındaki olası etkileşimlerin incelenmesi, RdRp inhibitörleri ile yaygın olarak etkileşime giren en önemli kalıntıların saptanması ve bu kalıntılarda şimdiye kadar herhangi bir mutasyon gözlemlenip gözlemlenmediği araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Gereç ve Yöntem: SARS-CoV-2 RdRp’ye karşı fizyolojik nükleotidler (ATP ve GTP) ve farklı viral RdRpler’e karşı onaylanmış ilaçlar (Galidesivir, Remdesivir, Ribavirin, Sofosbuvir ve Favipiravir) olmak üzere toplam 7 bileşik test edilmiştir. RdRp ile bu 7 bileşik arasında AutoDock Vina yardımıyla moleküler docking çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiş olup moleküler docking çalışmalarından elde edilen sonuçlara ve uzaydaki konfigürasyonlarına göre en uygun olan modelleri için de detaylı yüzey etkileşim analizi Pymol ve Discovery Studio Visualizer software yardımıyla yapılmıştır. Sonuç ve Tartışma: Test edilen tüm moleküller, SARS-CoV-2 RdRp'ye başarıyla bağlanabilmiştir. Ayrıca hepsi 9 farklı amino asit ile (Arg553, Arg555, Asp618, Asp623, Ser682, Asn691, Ser759, Asp760 ve Asp761) aynı zamanda 3 farklı Template-primer RNA nükleotidi (U10, A11 ve U20) ile etkileşime girmiş ve zorunlu olmayan RNA zinciri sonlandırması yoluyla viral RdRp'nin inhibisyonuna neden olmuşlardır., Objective: SARS-CoV-2 associated viral pandemic was first reported in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Due to the rapid increase in its pathogenicity, SARS-CoV-2 was declared a global pandemic by WHO on March 11, 2020. For that reason, determining the most attractive viral protein targets became a must. One of the most important target proteins is SARS-COV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) on which COVID-19 depends in its replication process. This study aimed to examine the possible interactions between RdRp and the most promising RdRp nucleoside inhibitors especially Purine nucleoside analogs, to detect the most important residues that commonly interact with RdRp's inhibitors and to investigate whether if there any mutations have been observed so far in these residues or not. Material and Method: Molecular docking studies were carried out using AutoDock Vina between SARS-CoV-2 RdRp and drugs approved against different viral RdRps (Galidesivir, Remdesivir, Ribavirin, Sofosbuvir, and Favipiravir) as well as physiological nucleotides (ATP and GTP). Based on the obtained results, a detailed surface-interaction analysis was also performed using Pymol and Discovery Studio Visualizer software for the models that exhibited the most suitable location and configuration in space. Result and Discussion: All the tested molecules were able to bind to SARS-CoV-2 RdRp successfully. Also, they all commonly interact with 9 different amino acids (Arg553, Arg555, Asp618, Asp623, Ser682, Asn691, Ser759, Asp760, and Asp761), and 3 different Template-primer RNA nucleotides (U10, A11, and U20) causing inhibition of viral RdRp via non obligate RNA chain termination.

Recently, the potential antibacterial or antibiofilm effects of some plant species belonging to the Cistus sp. have motivated investigation of their use as herbal remedies. In this study, antibiofilm activities of aqueous (dH2O) leaf extracts of Cistus laurifolius L., C. creticus L. and C. salviifolius L. on some pathogenic microorganisms with biofilm forming ability were investigated. Biofilm forming ability of pathogen test microorganisms were evaluated by congo red agar method and microtiter plate method and all tested microorganisms were confirmed as biofilm producers. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 11778, S. aureus ATCC 6538, P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 and S. aureus ATCC 12600 were evaluated as strong biofilm producers. The highest concentration of examined extracts both showed biofilm inhibition and biofilm eradication against the tested pathogen microorganisms. In particular, studied plant extracts showed good antibiofilm effect, and biofilm eradication against S. aureus ATCC 6538 and S. aureus ATCC 12600. MBIC50 values of S. aureus ATCC 6538 were found as 6.25 µg/ml of C. laurifolius, and 50 µg/ml of C. creticus extracts. Also, 50 µg/ml of C. creticus extract showed ≥ 90% inhibition of biofilm growth (MBIC90 = 50 µg/ml). MBEC50 values of S. aureus ATCC 12600 were determined as 6.25 µg/ml in all tested plant extracts and 50 µg/ml of C. creticus extract was required to induce ≥ 90% eradication (MBEC90) of biofilm growth of S. aureus ATCC 12600. Our study revealed that aqueous leaf extracts of C. laurifolius, C. creticus and C. salviifolius could be potential candidates for drug discovery to treat pathogen test microorganisms capable to induce infectious diseases especially by their biofilm forming ability.

Moringa oleifera is a medicinally important plant of the family Moringaceae, which is highly valued because of its enormous nutritional and therapeutic potential. Each part of M. oleifera is said to contain medicinal properties, which contributes to its diversity and value as a medicinal herb. Literature has revealed that the plant possesses anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antifertility, hepatoprotective, cardiovascular, and other important pharmacological attributes. Most of these biological activities of the plant are due to its high content of phytochemicals, including flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, terpenes, glucosides, glucosinolates, anthocyanins, and steroids. Aside from the plant’s exceptional phytochemicals and therapeutic potentials, it is also rich in essential nutrients such as vitamins, minerals, proteins, beta-carotene, fiber, and fatty acids. This systematic review aims at providing updated and categorized scientific data on phytochemicals, nutritional composition, and pharmacological potentials of M. oleifera. The information compiled in this present review would be crucial for developing novel therapeutic medicines and pharmaceutical formulations, which are more effective with great curative actions.

This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant activity, total phenolic content (TPC), and total flavonoid content (TFC), as well as the phenolic profile of two species of O. sanctum (OS) and O. basilicum (OB). The TPC, TFC, and cultivated sanctum's phenolic profiles were similar. The TPC of OS and OB produced 386 and 383 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per 100 g, whereas 201 and 203 mg quercetin equivalent (QE) per 100 g of the extract was obtained during the TFC assay. The antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by scavenging of DPPH radicals with an inconsiderable difference. HPLC techniques separated the individual phenolic acids and flavonoids. Phenolic acids (gallic, caffeic, ferulic, sinapic, and syringic) and flavonoids (quercetin, luteolin, rutin, apigenin, and kaempferol) were commonly identified and quantified in the chromatogram of OS and OB. The maximum gallic acid and quercetin content were found among phenolic acids and flavonoids. The maximum yield of quercetin was analyzed in both extracts.

The aim of the study is to screen the morphological, anatomical, biological, and chemical profiles of the leave extracts of endemic Polyscias species namely P. dichroostachya (PD), P. gracilis (PG), and P. mauritiana (PM) from Mauritius. The morphology and anatomy of the leaves were studied using a microscope. Phytochemical screening of extracts using LC-MS/MS was carried out by ionization in both positive and negative modes. The leaves are pinnately compound, hypostomatic, dorsiventral, with a prominent mid vein with secretion cavities, and they can be distinguished by their midrib shape and anatomy. From the molecular mass and fragmentation data, 31 terpenoid saponins, 19 flavonoids, 17 acids, 7 terpenes, and 10 miscellaneous compounds including pyrrolidines and acetylenes in different extracts (hexane, ethanol, and aqueous) were identified. Extracts from the three species using DPPH radical scavenging activity exhibited good to moderate antioxidant activities with IC50 values in the range of 2.1-70.8 mg/ml and the ethanolic extract of PD showing the highest activity. Aqueous extracts of PG and PM potently inhibited alpha-glucosidase with IC50 values of 0.50 and 2.62 mg/ml. The different leaf extracts exhibited moderate activity against a panel of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. This is probably the first report on the extensive chemical profiling and morphology of these endemic Polysias spp. from Mauritius and the results indicate that these leaf extracts have beneficial health properties and are thus worth exploiting further.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) characterized by high blood sugar concentration is a major global public health problem and untreated DM results in blindness, kidney failure, heart attack, stroke, and lower extremity amputation. In this structure-based drug design (SBDD) study, the potential inhibitory effects of twelve anthocyanidins (aglycon unit of anthocyanins) components on human pancreatic α-amylase and intestinal α-glucosidase enzymes were investigated using the molecular docking method and a novel approach developed by our research group was used to rank the global binding potentials of ligands to a series of different enzymes simultaneously. In addition, drug-likeness, absorption-distribution-metabolism-excretion-toxicity (ADMET) predictions, and intracellular target-component interaction network analyses of twelve anthocyanidin components were performed using the search tool for interactions of chemicals (STITCH). Petunidin, peonidin, and aurantinidin were determined as 'hit' phytochemicals according to the docking binding energy and relative binding capacity index (RBCI) analyses, whereas, based on the RBCI index, petunidin was found to be the most effective ligand in terms of binding capacity to both enzymes that play an important role in DM. The more accessible and large-volume active site of α-amylase compared to α-glucosidase caused petunidin to bind with higher affinity against α-amylase. Promisingly, petunidin did not violate any of the criteria for drug-likeness consisting of a combination of the Lipinski's rule of 5, Ghose and Veber filters, showed no cytochrome (CYP) P450 or hERG I-II inhibitory activity in the ADMET analysis, however, it was found to have a low gastrointestinal absorption profile. In intracellular target-component network analysis using the STITCH online platform, it was determined that petunidin did not show negative functional interactions with any enzyme in the human protein network. Considering these results, it is recommended that petunidin be advanced to further in vitro and in vivo assays as a potential α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibitory agent in the treatment of DM. However, the intestinal absorption profile of petunidin must be enhanced by molecular optimization without compromising its pharmacological activity.

The present study aims to evaluate the phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties in Pleurostylia opposita in various solvent crude extracts of leaf and bark. Preliminary phytochemical and antibacterial screening by well diffusion method was conducted. Further, total phenolic, and flavonoid contents estimation along with antioxidants properties by DPPH method was carried out in various solvent extracts. The phytochemical study revealed that the maximum secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, polyphenols, sterols, terpenoids flavonoids, and saponins were present in methanol extracts followed by other extracts. Likewise, antibacterial screening showed the maximum growth of inhibition in methanol leaf and bark extracts against E. coli (23mm), Salmonella typhi (23mm), Bacillus subtilis (24mm), Staphylococcus aureus (19mm), and Pseudomonas aeroginosa (24mm). The minimum inhibitory concentrations of the leaf and bark extracts were in the range of 19.5 mg/L - 625mg/L while gentamycin is 9.75mcg/L. The results indicate that the methanol extracts of leaf and bark showed potent antibacterial efficacy. Further, the antioxidant activity by DPPH assay indicates, that all the extracts exhibited significant antioxidant properties in a dose-dependent manner. Among the tested extracts, methanol exhibited excellent radical scavenging activity which was significant compared to Gallic acid. Likewise, each extract also showed excellent sources of phenolic and flavonoid contents. This study reveals that the plant contains a considerable amount of phenols and flavonoids, including antioxidant properties which are also possessing antibacterial efficacy. This study offered a new avenue for the potential use of this species as a source of natural antioxidants.

Background and Aims: Stachys L. species, which are members of the Lamiaceae family, have long been applied for their therapeutic benefits especially to cure cough, infection, genital tumors, ulcers, inflammatory illnesses, and wounds in Anatolian traditional medicine. In the current study, various extracts prepared from the aerial parts of Stachys cretica subsp. butgarica Rech.f. (SC), Stachys byzantina K. Koch (SB), Stachys thirkei K. Koch and were tested for their in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticandidat properties. Methods: The aerial parts of three Stachys species were sequentially extracted using n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol. Aqueous extracts of each sample was also prepared by infusion process. The total phenolic content of each extract was determined and the contribution of the biological activities in the samples was evaluated. To assess the antioxidant capacity, samples were studied using CUPRAC activity, DPPH center dot free radical scavenging, and FRAP methods. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was tested against 7 bacteria and 3 yeast. Results: The infusion and methanol extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant potential and also had the highest percentage of phenolics among the studied extracts. The n-hexane extracts of all studied species showed considerable antifungal activity with MIC values ranging from 312.5-78.12 mg/L. Conclusion: According to our results, three Stachys species were found to be beneficial for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Background and Aims: Stachys L. species, which are members of the Lamiaceae family, have long been applied for their therapeutic benefits especially to cure cough, infection, genital tumors, ulcers, inflammatory illnesses, and wounds in Anatolian traditional medicine. In the current study, various extracts prepared from the aerial parts of Stachys cretica subsp. butgarica Rech.f. (SC), Stachys byzantina K. Koch (SB), Stachys thirkei K. Koch and were tested for their in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticandidat properties. Methods: The aerial parts of three Stachys species were sequentially extracted using n-hexane, chloroform, and methanol. Aqueous extracts of each sample was also prepared by infusion process. The total phenolic content of each extract was determined and the contribution of the biological activities in the samples was evaluated. To assess the antioxidant capacity, samples were studied using CUPRAC activity, DPPH center dot free radical scavenging, and FRAP methods. The antimicrobial activity of the extracts was tested against 7 bacteria and 3 yeast. Results: The infusion and methanol extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant potential and also had the highest percentage of phenolics among the studied extracts. The n-hexane extracts of all studied species showed considerable antifungal activity with MIC values ranging from 312.5-78.12 mg/L. Conclusion: According to our results, three Stachys species were found to be beneficial for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. WOS:000744167900009

Background and Aims: Genus Veronica (Plantaginaceae) is represented by 79 species in Turkish flora, 26 of which are endemic. Veronica species have a variety of uses including diuretic, anticancer, and rheumatic pains, wounds, and respiratory problems. According to phytochemical studies, Veronica species contain predominantly iridoid glucosides with some phenylethanoid and flavonoid glycosides. Methods: The aqueous extract of Veronica peduncularis M.Bieb. was tested for its cytotoxic activity on human rhabdomyosarcoma (RD) and human epidermoid carcinoma (HEp-2) cell lines using the MTT method. Chemical profile of the extract was determined by HPLC-DAD, and isolation studies were conducted. Results: The extract was found to show concentration-dependent cytotoxicity against tested cell lines. In addition, a comparison of the iridoid fraction of Veronica peduncularis with previously isolated iridoid glucosides on the HPLC-DAD system, showed the presence of aucubin, amphicoside, veratroyl catalpol, and veronicoside in this fraction. On the other hand, isolation and structure elucidation of plantamajoside and 4'-O-methylisoscutellarein-7-O-2''-O-(6'''-O-acetyl-ß-D-allopyranosyl)- ß-D-glucopyranoside from the phenolic fractions were performed by serial chromatographic and spectroscopic methods. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first cytotoxic activity and phytochemical study on the titled plant. The presence of iridoid glucosides and 8-hydroxyflavone glycosides is important for the chemotaxonomy of the genus Veronica.