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Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the real-world experiences of cleanroom managers and specialists who have designed, installed, and maintained stick-built and/or modular cleanrooms, delineate the advantages and disadvantages of each type of cleanroom, and gather sterile compounding cleanroom design and installation advice and lessons learned. Methods This study was conducted via surveys and semistructured interviews of individuals with cleanroom experience in the previous 5 years. Qualitative analyses were conducted on participants' survey and interview responses to assess their satisfaction with each type of cleanroom and to determine what they perceive to be the pros and cons of each type based on their own experiences. Key lessons learned and advice from these individuals were also extracted from their survey and interview responses. Results Fourteen individuals from 13 US states completed the survey; 12 participated in follow-up interviews. Fifty percent of the participants (n = 7) had installed 5 or more cleanrooms in the previous 5 years and over half (n = 8; 57%) had 7 or more years of cleanroom experience. The average satisfaction scores for each type of cleanroom, on a 1 to 10 scale, was 5.3 for stick-built (n = 11) and 9.3 for modular (n = 4). The pros of stick-built cleanrooms included greater design and material flexibility and lower up-front costs. The pros of modular cleanrooms included the cleanroom experience and expertise of modular vendors, quick and easy installations, guaranteed certification, and high-quality and durable design features and materials. Additionally, modular cleanrooms had fewer long-term maintenance issues, greater long-term flexibility, and lower indirect and long-term costs than stick-built cleanrooms. Key pieces of advice from the participants included the following: do your homework before beginning a cleanroom project; make sure heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system(s) and air handlers are adequate for your needs; and remember that the ultimate purpose of a quality cleanroom is patient safety. Participants also advocated for industry-wide cleanroom standards that go beyond USP regulations. Conclusion The findings of this study confirm many of the purported pros and cons of each type of cleanroom, with further insight gained into the relative quality and costs of each type. Modular cleanrooms were considered by most participants to be a better long-term option, based on quality and lifetime costs, if feasible to install. Study participants also emphasized that designing and installing pharmacy cleanrooms is a complex and time-intensive process that often comes with a steep learning curve. While there are federal and state cleanroom standards available and consultants for hire, a comprehensive resource or manual that could provide guidance, insight, and collective lessons learned on cleanroom design and installation is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olefin metathesis, which is well established in the petrochemical industry, is also emerging as a green technology in the manufacture of pharmaceutical and specialty chemicals. Arylbenzofurans are of interest for potential medicinal applications. In this paper we report on the synthesis of various 2-aryl- and 3-arylbenzo[ b ]furans with natural substitution patterns from readily available starting materials in a strategy that applies ring-closing metathesis with the Grubbs second generation catalyst as key step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how accumulated internal R&D investment and foreign technology in-licensing experience independently and interactively affect creative imitation by latecomer firms. Based on the data of 61 listed Korean pharmaceutical firms over 19 years (1999 ∼ 2017), we showed that either accumulated internal R&D investment or foreign technology in-licensing experience has a positive impact on the development of creative imitation by latecomer firms. However, we found that a simultaneous increase in accumulated internal R&D investment and foreign technology in-licensing experience leads to less creative imitation outcomes, implying the existence of an internal tension between these two learning modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The European Medicines Agency Innovation Task Force (ITF) acts as early point of contact for medicine and technology developers to enable innovation during early drug development stages through ITF briefing meetings. Aim: To reflect on the current pace of innovation and to assess the potential of ITF stakeholder interactions, a comprehensive analysis of the ITF briefing meetings held between 2021 and 2022 was conducted with a focus on individual questions raised by the developers and the related feedback provided by the European regulators. Methods: Questions raised during ITF briefing meetings were extracted and categorised into main and sub-categories, revealing different themes across the whole medicine development process such as manufacturing technologies, pre-clinical developments, and clinically relevant questions. Results: There was positive feedback from regulators who gave initial guidance in 85% of the answers, provided concrete examples in 20% of the answers and recommended to continue discussions through additional regulatory procedures in 22% of the answers. Conclusion: This analysis frames the content and the type of topics discussed during ITF briefing meetings. Moreover, it describes the type of regulatory feedback provided to medicine developers and identified potential for improvement of these early interactions. Therefore, this analysis emphasises the role of ITF briefing meetings in fostering innovation in medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfonamides have been played a critical role in the history of medicinal chemistry development for decades. In particular, sulfonamides display a broad spectrum in pharmaceutical drugs synthesis. This review presents a short discussion of the microwave‐assisted synthetic approaches, enhancement of sulfonamides moieties and their pharmacological applications are being discussed. During the past few decades, microwave‐assisted technology in organic synthesis has been highlighted to introducing ‐SO2NH functional group in the multi synthetic routes for the development of bioactive molecule and also assisted in the estimation of their credible mechanistic routes for the reactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Most intravenous anticancer drugs are administered in a dose per unit area or body weight, if not promptly administered to another patient cytotoxic leftover would be destroyed. To contain wastage, low-cost measures are highly desirable to contain and reduce expenditures without impairing the quality of care. The objective of the study is to evaluate the cost saved through the use of the two cytotoxic waste management techniques implemented in National Institute of Oncology's centralized chemotherapy preparation unit, vial sharing and dose rounding. Method: A 6-month prospective single centre study from 1 February to 1 August 2023 at the National Institute of Oncology of Rabat in Morocco. The number of prepared preparations and amount of drug saved by both vial sharing and dose rounding was collected using the centralized chemotherapy preparation unit's 'leftover tracking file', the corresponding cost saved were calculated and then compared for each technique and with 2018 results. Results: In total, 18,218 preparations were considered in the 6-month study. With the vial sharing technique 636,524.5 mg were saved corresponding to 246,031.4 (USD) saved cost, against 212,838.4 mg by dose rounding corresponding to 75,598.5 (USD) saved cost. This saving corresponded to a total of 321,629.4 (USD). Compared to the 2018 results leftovers costs saved by vial sharing corresponded to 289,972.05 (USD) by vial sharing technique for 1-year extrapolated period, and this study shows a saved cost of 321,629.9 (USD) by both vial sharing and dose rounding techniques. Conclusion: Dose rounding technique combined with vial sharing allowed National Institute of Oncology's centralized chemotherapy preparation unit to limit expensive cytotoxic cost wastage, highlighting these technique benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is often composed of a variety of natural medicines. Its composition is complex, and many of its components can not be analyzed and identified. The first step in the rational application of TCM is to successfully separate the effective components which is also a great inspiration for the development of new drugs. Among the many separation technologies of TCM, the traditional heating concentration separation technology has high energy consumption and low efficiency. As a new separation technology, membrane separation technology has the characteristics of simple operation, high efficiency, environment-friendly and so on. The separation effect of high molecular weight difference solution is better. The applications of several main membrane separation technologies such as microfiltration, nanofiltration, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis are reviewed, the methods of restoring membrane flux after membrane fouling are discussed, and their large-scale industrial applications in the future are prospected and summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The main objective of this work is to analyze, from a bibliometric point of view, the journal Ars Pharmaceutica in the time interval between the years 2014 and 2023, given the existence of previous studies prior to that period. Method: The study focuses on the estimation of average authorship and time of acceptance of an article, distribution by scientific typology and by thematic areas of the published works, distribution by countries and institutions of origin of the works and incidence of the gender in authorship. The statistical analysis has been based on nonparametric contrasts and trend analysis. Results: The average number of authors per article is 4, lower than that of journals in the Pharmacy & Pharmacology field, and has remained stable throughout the period under study; The areas that concentrate the greatest number of contributions are Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Pharmaceutical Care and Pharmacology; almost 80 % of the works come from Spain (45.62 %) and Ibero-American countries (33.46 %); and, finally, that the percentage of male authors is significantly higher than that of female authors (p=0.036). Conclusion: Ars Pharmaceutica is a journal that, despite publishing articles mostly in Spanish, is consolidating itself as an international journal, appearing since 2018 in the Journal of Citation Reports, initially with Journal Citation Indicator and, since 2022, with Journal Impact Factor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neural network applications, as an emerging machine learning technology, are increasingly being integrated into pharmaceutical manufacturing technologies, offering significant improvement opportunities for performance, efficiency and sustainability. This review paper utilizes a systematic methodology to establish key literature trends and themes. The state-of-the-art body of knowledge in this hot research area is analyzed in descriptive (e.g. neural network technologies studied, sustainability indicators considered, manufacturing process addressed) and thematic synthesis components. Process analysis and improvement, quality control and additive manufacturing were identified as the three focal research themes, and research lines within these themes were further studied and discussed. To guide future research, potential paths and research questions are proposed against the gaps identified. The originality of this work lies in its methodology (adoption of a systematic review approach, highly limited in the current literature), its inclusion of sustainability (as an imperative concept for manufacturing technology research) and its specific focus on neural network applications in the context of pharmaceutical manufacturing technologies (a perspective, either has been missing or addressed too widely by extant contributions). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing prominence of biologics in the pharmaceutical market requires more advanced delivery systems to deliver these delicate and complex drug molecules for better therapeutic outcomes. Fibre technology has emerged as a promising approach for creating controlled and targeted drug delivery systems. Fibre-based drug delivery systems offer unprecedented opportunities for improving drug administration, fine-tuning release profiles, and advancing the realm of personalized medicine. These applications range from localized delivery at specific tissue sites to systemic drug administration while safeguarding the stability and integrity of delicate therapeutic compounds. Notwithstanding the promise of fibre-based drug delivery, several challenges such as non-scalability impede cost-effectiveness in the mass production of fibre systems. Biocompatibility and toxicity concerns must also be addressed. Furthermore, issues relating to stability, in-vitro in-vivo correlations, degradation rates, and by-product safety present additional hurdles. Pharmacoinformatics shows the impact of technologies in pharmaceutical processes. Emerging technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) are a transformative force, progressively being applied to enhance various facets of pharmacy, medication development, and clinical healthcare support. However, there is a dearth of studies about the integration of AI in facilitating the translation of predominantly lab-scale pharmaceutical technologies into real-world healthcare interventions. This article explores the application of AI in fibre technology, its potential, challenges, and practical applications within the pharmaceutical field. Through a comprehensive analysis, it presents how the immense capabilities of AI can be leveraged with existing fibre technologies to revolutionize drug delivery and shape the future of therapeutic interventions by enhancing scalability, material integrity, synthesis, and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims to outline the potential of treating malignant skin cancer with microneedles covered with polymer layers containing a photosensitizer—protoporphyrin IX disodium salt (PPIX). The usefulness of stereolithography (SLA), which is a form of 3D-printing technology, for the preparation of a microneedle system with protoporphyrin IX was demonstrated. The SLA method allowed for pyramid-shaped microneedles to be printed that were covered with three different 0.1% PPIX hydrogels based on sodium alginate, xanthan, and poloxamer. Rheological tests and microscopic analysis of the hydrogels were performed. Microneedles coated with two layers of poloxamer-based hydrogel containing 0.1% PPIX were subjected to release tests in Franz diffusion cells. The release profile of PPIX initially increased and then remained relatively constant. The amount of substance released after a four-hour test in three Franz cells was 0.2569 ± 0.0683 mg/cm2. Moreover, the acute toxicity of this type of microneedle was assessed using the Microtox system. The obtained results show the usefulness of further development studies on microneedles as carriers of photosensitizing agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional Tablets are solid oral dosage forms that contain an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) along with excipients. These tablets are typically prepared through direct compression, wet granulation, or dry granulation. They are designed to disintegrate and release the API in a controlled or immediate manner, depending on the formulation. Tablet coating is a vital process in pharmaceutical technology, designed to improve the therapeutic efficacy, patient compliance, and stability of oral dosage forms. This comprehensive review explores the key aspects of tablet coating, including the types, compositions, and recent advancements. Coating materials such as polymers, plasticizers, and pigments are discussed in detail, along with their roles in controlling drug release, masking taste, and enhancing aesthetic appeal. The recent advancements focus on innovative coating techniques like film coatings, enteric coatings, and the application of nanotechnology to improve precision and functionality. Additionally, the current status of tablet coating is analyzed in terms of regulatory compliance and industry trends. The review highlights the future potential of personalized coatings, smart coatings, and environmentally friendly approaches, showcasing the evolving landscape of tablet coating technologies/pans in modern pharmaceutical manufacturing and development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computer-aided drug design and discovery methods have been essential in developing small molecules with therapeutic properties over the last decades. Application of computational resources includes drug target identification, hit discovery, and lead optimization. Accordingly, with tremendous research efforts and the availability of financial support from government agencies across the world, and multinational drug companies, the overall research level in this area will continue to advance. The methodology used in this review paper entailed a thorough examination of research studies on relevant literature on drug design and development using computational resources. Extensive searches using Scopus, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (OvidSp, WHO Global Health Library, Cochrane, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Science Direct, ProQuest dissertation & theses, Worldwide Political Science Abstracts (CSA), and PubMed was carried out. A standardized template was used to ensure that the selected papers met the inclusion criteria, and relevant to the review. Ultimately, there are robust technologies developed to enhance the drug discovery process. Therefore, this review provides insights into computational resources in Silico and ab initio methods and algorithms, not restricted to drug metabolism predictions for drug design, and the practical applications of artificial intelligence (AI) in drug discovery. Computational tools and methods for drug design and development such as molecular dynamics (MD), molecular docking, quantum mechanics (QM), hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM), and Density functional theory (DFT) have been reviewed. Accordingly, the emerging technique of synergistically employing these techniques influences the fundamental challenges of conventional medicines for complex diseases. Herein, we discuss ligand-based and structure-based drug discoveries, force field models in MD simulations, docking algorithms, subtractive and additive QM/MM coupling. Nonetheless, as computer-aided drug (CADD) approaches continue to evolve with significant improvements, the focus areas will be on docking and virtual screening, scoring functions, optimization of hits, and assessment of adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity (ADMET) properties. With the current success, the present computational resources will aid in the future discovery of novel compounds with high therapeutic performance. The ongoing oncology research efforts will also significantly contribute to UN sustainable development goals – good health and well-being, sustainable innovation and industrialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Currently, many natural gums are extensively utilized as suspending agents in the formulation of pharmaceutical suspensions. They are easily available, nontoxic, biodegradable, and cost‐effective to be used as pharmaceutical excipients. Objective: The present study was aimed at physicochemical characterization and evaluation of the suspending capacity of Boswellia papyrifera gum (BPG) in comparison with sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (SCMC) and tragacanth gum (TG). Methods: The extracted and powdered BPG was subjected to physicochemical properties such as micromeritics, solubility, swelling power, ash value, moisture content, conductivity, pH, and apparent viscosity using standard methods. Metronidazole benzoate suspensions were formulated using various concentrations of BPG, SCMC, and TG (1%–5% w/v). The apparent viscosity, flow rate, sedimentation volume, redispersibility number, pH, and drug content were studied as assessment parameters. Results: The micromeritic studies revealed that BPG exhibited good flow properties. There was also a significant increase in solubility and swelling power of the gum as a function of temperature. The gum had 2.78% ash value and 4.32% moisture content. Conductivity and apparent viscosity of the gum were found to be increased with concentration (p < 0.05). However, the apparent viscosity of BPG was decreased with shear rate (p < 0.05), rendering a pseudoplastic flow property of the gum, which is an ideal characteristic of suspending agents. The suspending capacity of the BPG was found to be comparable to SCMC, but higher than TG. Thus, it can be concluded that BPG could be used as the best alternative to natural and synthetic suspending agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telepharmacy education should be incorporated into the curricula due to its beneficial effects on students, providing pharmacy services during their practice. Therefore, this study aims to explore the knowledge and perceptions of pharmacy students regarding the integration of telepharmacy services into their education curriculum in Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey from 1 June to 30 September 2023, among pharmacy students from five universities in Saudi Arabia. The questionnaire was divided into three sections, and descriptive statistics and a generalized linear model were used for analysis. A total of 523 pharmacy students participated. Approximately half of the students were aware of telepharmacy, and only one-quarter had studied it as part of their curriculum. Students believed that telepharmacy education should cover communication, reimbursement, and training for virtual patient interactions. There was a significant positive correlation (p < 0.0001) between the knowledge and perception scores. In addition, students who had heard about telepharmacy before and those with a "somewhat" confidence level showed a significantly positive correlation with knowledge scores (p = 0.01). In conclusion, perception scores, students who had heard of telepharmacy, and those with a "somewhat" confidence level were all positively correlated with pharmacy students' understanding of telepharmacy. This study underscores the importance of integrating telepharmacy education and practical training into pharmacy curricula to prepare future pharmacists for the evolving healthcare landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been hailed as a rich source of medicine, but many types of herbs and their functions still need to be rapidly discovered and elucidated. HerboChip, a target-based drug screening platform, is an array of different fractions deriving from herbal extracts. This study was designed to identify effective components from TCM that interact with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a target using HerboChip. Methods: Selected TCMs that are traditionally used as remedies for cancer prevention and wound healing were determined and extracted with 50% ethanol. Biotinylated-VEGF was hybridized with over 500 chips coated with different HPLC-separated fractions from TCM extracts and straptavidin-Cy5 was applied to identify plant extracts containing VEGF-binding fractions. Cytotoxicity of selected herbal extracts and their activities on VEGF-mediated angiogenic functions were evaluated. Results: Over 500 chips were screened within a week, and ten positive hits were identified. The interaction of the identified herbal extracts with VEGF was confirmed in cultured endothelial cells. The identified herbs promoted or inhibited VEGF-mediated cell proliferation, migration and tube formation. Results from western blotting analysis demonstrated the identified herbal extracts significantly affected VEGF-triggered phosphorylations of eNOS, Akt and Erk. Five TCMs demonstrated potentiating activities on the VEGF response and five TCMs revealed suppressive activities. Conclusions: The current results demonstrated the applicability of the HerboChip platform and systematically elucidated the activity of selected TCMs on angiogenesis and its related signal transduction mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chinese patentmedicines are specialty preparations in China that are produced using traditional prescriptions processed by modern pharmaceutical technology. They contain complex ingredients and much attention is paid to their clinical safety. Demonstrating the clinical safety of Chinese patent medicines containing toxic ingredients in modern pharmacological studies has become one of the urgent issues to be solved for the safe use of clinical medicines. Objectives: The aim of this research is to evaluate the safety of Chinese patent medicines containing toxic ingredients by applying the risk-benefit assessment method. Additionally, a database of 'toxic ingredients-toxic Chinese herbal medicines-adverse reactions' will be established to explore the relationship between toxic ingredients and adverse reactions. This will lay the foundation for the rational clinical use of Chinese patent medicines containing toxic ingredients. Methods: 1) Establish a database of 'toxic Chinese herbal medicines-toxic ingredients-toxic Chinese patent medicines' to count the Chinese patent medicines containing toxic ingredients in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. 2) Filtered the clinical studies, extracted the drug-related ADEs, and analyzed the characteristics and correlations of these ADEs. 3) Finally, this section summarizes the causes of ADEs related to Chinese patent medicines containing toxic ingredients and extracts the main risk factors to provide a reference for further study. Outcomes: 1) There are four main types of Chinese patent medicines containing toxic ingredients. These include medicines with diester aconitine metabolites, mineral composition, Araceae metabolites, and hydrogen cyanide. 2) Digestive system, skin and its appendages, and allergic reactions were the main types of ADEs related to four types of Chinese patent medicines containing toxic ingredients. 3) There are four primary risk factors associated with the clinical use of Chinese patent medicines containing toxic ingredients: medicine, medication, individual and regulatory factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ApotecaChemo chemotherapy preparation robot consists of an integrated ultraviolet light disinfection system. The objective is to evaluate the sporicidal effectiveness using Geobacillus Sterarothermophilis cups. Three cycles of twenty-one sampling points were carried out. The results show a correlation between distance of ultraviolet lamps and efficiency. The system cannot be qualified as sporicide, and the results are unequal on the different points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective was to develop a diaper cream for children under 3 years old, meeting strict safety and regulatory standards, and ensuring physical, chemical and microbiological stability. Methods: The active substances as well as the excipients were rigorously selected. The critical HLB value of sweet almond oil has been determined. The operating parameters were optimized, in particular the temperature and time of addition of active substances, as well as the final stirring time. Physico-chemical and microbiological controls were carried out. Results: The HLBc value determined corresponded to that in the literature. The zinc oxide incorporated into the mixture of the two phases after cooling and the calendula extract incorporated into the aqueous phase before heating made it possible to obtain the most stable formulation. The final stirring time was set. The physicochemical and microbiological controls were compliant. Conclusion: The developed cream is suitable for children thanks to its safe composition and its microbiological, chemical and physical stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 3D bioprinting of complex structures has attracted particular attention in recent years and has been explored in several fields, including dentistry, pharmaceutical technology, medical devices, and tissue/organ engineering. However, it still possesses major challenges, such as decreased cell viability due to the prolongation of the printing time, along with difficulties in preserving the print shape. The 4D bioprinting approach, which is based on controlled shape transformation upon stimulation after 3D bioprinting, is a promising innovative method to overcome these difficulties. Herein, the generation of skeletal muscle tissue‐like complex structures is demonstrated by 3D bioprinting of GelMA‐based C2C12 mouse myoblast‐laden bio‐ink on a polymeric magnetic actuator that enables on‐demand shape transformation (i.e., rolling motion) under a magnetic field. Bioprinted scaffolds are used in both unrolled (open as control) and rolled forms. The results indicate that C2C12s remain viable upon controlled shape transformation, and functional myotube formation is initiated by the 7th day within bioprinted platforms. Moreover, when the rolled and open groups are compared regarding MyoD1 staining intensity, the rolled one enhanced MyoD1 expression. These results provide a promising methodology for generating complex structures with a simple magnetic actuation procedure for the bioprinting of tissue‐engineered constructs with enhanced cell viability and functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dry-route manufacturing technology development poses challenges to pharmaceutical technology research specialists, relying on active substance characteristics, excipient selection, and parameter optimization. Amongst various technological possibilities high shear mixing generally ensures dosage uniformity and tablet dissolution through influential shear forces, potentially enhancing dry powder blend processability. This study explores the processability of a placebo formulation within the quality by design framework to address some of the aforementioned challenges. A 24 full-factorial experimental design was used to assess the manufacturability of a placebo formulation via high shear mixing. The effect of impeller and chopper speed, high shear mixing time, and homogenization/lubrication times on powder blend rheology and compression properties was investigated. The findings of the present study showed that product critical quality attributes like resistance to crushing or disintegration time are mainly dependent on the mixing efficiency translated by the impeller speed and high shear mixing time. Software augmented process development enabled the attainment of the design space, ensuring the fulfilment of desired product performance criteria. Furthermore, the study has also shown that the careful selection of excipients is crucial in the case of dry-route manufacturing technologies, as sodium lauryl sulphate can noticeably influence the processability of powder blends due to its lubricant properties. Considering the advantages and challenges raised by high-shear mixing, software aided data analysis can further augment the formulation, scale-up and lifecycle management of products developed using this technological process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyclotides are ultra‐stable peptides originally discovered in plants based on their medicinal applications. Their natural function is as host defence agents. They are amenable to chemical synthesis for use as scaffolds for drug design applications. Cyclotides comprise ~30 amino acids and in addition to having a head‐to‐tail cyclic backbone, incorporate six conserved cystine residues connected in a cystine knot motif. The cyclic backbone and cystine knot contribute to their exceptional resistance to proteases or thermal denaturation, making them useful scaffolds for drug design applications. The backbone segments, or loops, between the conserved cysteine residues are amenable to combinatorial variation in native cyclotides and have also been used to incorporate selected bioactive peptide epitopes into a range of synthetic cyclotides and cyclotide‐like scaffolds. In the past this was largely done via low throughput structure‐based design approaches, but the discovery of novel cyclotide binders has been greatly enhanced by the use of combinatorial display approaches on cyclotide scaffolds using phage, bacterial, yeast and mRNA technologies, as reviewed herein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology enabling drug serialisation technology was introduced by regulators to enhance security in pharmaceutical supply chain and protect drugs from infiltration by falsified and substandard medicines. The introduction of systems for serialisation required huge financial outlays manufacturers of pharmaceuticals. This study investigated the impact of serialisation on the operational efficiency and productivity in Irish pharmaceutical sites. A qualitative study was conducted with 11 manufacturing sites in Ireland. The participating companies operated a total of 114 pack-lines, representing approximately 65% of the automated packing lines in the country. The study found that serialisation had a negative effect on packaging production line OEE and line availability and on the individuals cost per unit of packaged pharmaceuticals. The research results estimated that the capital costs of serialisation were four times greater than those estimated by the regulators. There was a 4.1 cents average cost per pack for serialisation with high volume sites reporting an annual cost of serialisation of up to €4.5 m per annum and a 2.7% increase in the average cost of goods sold. A pattern whereby where many pharmaceutical manufacturers are transitioning from smaller batch production and moving toward larger batch production sizes in order to increases efficiencies was identified. The research also proposed the use of a serialisation depreciation factor as a method to determine the impact of serialisation on the cost of goods sold. This is the first study of its kind into the cost of serialisation from a manufacturer's viewpoint and studying the effects of serialisation on productivity, line availability and operational efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim. Developing a methodological approach to determining the optimal solution using statistical methods in pharmaceutical and technological research with quantitative factors on the example of establishing the optimal content of filler in a solid dispersion in the manufacture of granules. Materials and methods. The methodology for finding an optimal solution is shown in the example of the development of granules containing a solid dispersion of quercetin with polyethylene oxide 6000. To determine the optimal amount of filler, the method of mathematical modelling was applied using statistical analysis and multiple criterion optimization. Software tools such as MS Excel and Mathcad 14 spreadsheets were used to process the experimental data and perform calculations. Results. The problem is formalized in a form suitable for solving by experimental and statistical methods. The issues of constructing mathematical models in the form of regression equations characterizing the effect of the quantitative content of the filler on several pharmacy-technological parameters of granules based on experimental data are considered. Attention is focused on the peculiarities of using static methods for processing experimental data in pharmaceutical research, namely, on establishing the structure of regression equations and assessing their adequacy. The criterion of multi-criteria optimization is proposed, which is formed based on the obtained regression equations, considering the restrictions imposed on each individual criterion. Conclusions. A methodological approach to determining the optimal solution in pharmaceutical technological research with quantitative factors using experimental and statistical methods and the theory of multi-criteria optimization has been tested on the example of determining the optimal content of filler in a solid dispersion in the manufacture of granules. The optimal ratio of filler to solid dispersion was determined, which ensures the maximum approximation of all studied pharmacy-technological parameters of granules to their optimal values. None of the indicators exceeds the limits set by the researcher and has the minimum possible deterioration relative to the individually determined optimum [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Doxorubicin is an anticancer drug that can adversely affect the liver. Therefore, seeking medical attention to manage pain and minimize side effects is crucial. Aims: To evaluate the hepatoprotective potential of Vitis gracilis Wall. nanoherbs against doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity. Methods: The study included five treatment groups: T0 (negative control), T+ (positive control with doxorubicin alone), TC (doxorubicin + vitamin C at 0.2 mg/kg body weight/day), T125 (doxorubicin + V. gracilis at 125 mg/kg body weight/day), and T150 (doxorubicin + V. gracilis at 150 mg/kg body weight/day). Doxorubicin, administered intraperitoneally at 0.0019 mg/kg body weight once a week for three weeks, induced hepatotoxicity in the T+ group. Results: Serum transaminases were significantly reduced in the T125 and T150 groups, indicative of the hepatoprotective effects of V. gracilis. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated the modulation of key markers, with decreased levels of pro-inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α and increased levels of anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 in the T125 and T150 groups. The activities of oxidative stress markers, including superoxide dismutase and caspase 3, were favorably influenced by V. gracilis nanoherb treatment. Conclusions: These findings suggest that V. gracilis nanoherbs may effectively attenuate doxorubicin-induced hepatotoxicity, evidenced by biochemical and immunohistochemical changes. This study provides a foundation for further exploration of V. gracilis nanoherbs as a potential adjunctive therapy in preventing chemotherapy-associated liver damage.

Context: Perilla frutescens and its dried extract have been employed in food and pharmaceutical manufacturing due to the plant's biological activities, which include antibacterial, anti-allergic, anticancer, antiviral, antioxidant, and antidepressant properties. Despite numerous studies on preparing dry extracts from various medicinal herbs, no research has been conducted to optimize spray-drying conditions specifically for P. frutescens. Aims: To optimize the spray-drying parameters using BCPharSoft software and evaluate the quality of P. frutescens dry extract. Methods: D-optimal design based on four independent variables carrier type (Glucidex, Glucidex: Arabic gum 9:1, Glucidex: Arabic gum 8:2), carrier mass (10, 15, and 20 g), inlet air temperature (160, and 180℃) and flow rate (12, and 14 rpm/min) was applied to investigate the cause-effect relations and optimized preparation process. The drying performance, moisture content, total phenol, and total flavonoid content were investigated as four dependent variables. Results: All independent variables had significant effects on the dependent variables. The optimal parameters of the preparation process included using carrier Glucidex: Arabic gum at a ratio of 9:1, carrier mass of 19 g, inlet air temperature of 161°C, and flow rate of 12 rpm/min. The drying performance, moisture content, total phenol, and flavonoid content of the optimized P. frutescens dry extract were found to be 10.42%, 4.80%, and 90.57 mg GA/g, and 53.55 mg QE/g, respectively. Conclusions: Dried P. frutescens extract has been efficiently produced using the spray-drying technique, establishing a foundation for future manufacturing of pharmaceuticals and functional foods derived from P. frutescens.

Context: Simvastatin can be modified by the formation of multicomponent crystals to increase its solubility. Aims: To compare the solubility of multicomponent simvastatin crystals to pure simvastatin. Methods: The in silico study of simvastatin and the coformers arginine and glycine revealed non-covalent interactions, so multicomponent preparations of simvastatin crystals were prepared by solvent evaporation using a mole ratio of 1:1; 1:2 and 2:1. Results: Each simvastatin-arginine and simvastatin-glycine ratio increased the solubility, with the highest increase observed for the 1:2 ratio compared to pure simvastatin. Conclusions: Simvastatin-arginine multicomponent crystals (1:2) showed the best dissolution profile in phosphate buffer medium pH 7.0 with 67.69% dissolution, while simvastatin-glycine multicomponent crystals (1:2) exhibited the best dissolution profile in buffer media pH 1.2 with 16.19% dissolution. Characterization of the multicomponent crystals revealed a shift in the peaks, a decreased melting point, and enthalpy, indicating decreased % crystallinity and the formation of a new solid phase.

AbstractPolymer-based drug delivery systems are pivotal in advancing the precision and efficacy of modern therapeutics. Among the key factors influencing these systems, surface energy and wettability are crucial in determining their interaction with biological tissues and drug release behavior. Surface energy, which governs the adhesive properties of the polymers, plays a significant role in bioadhesion—a critical aspect for drug delivery routes that require prolonged contact with biological surfaces, such as mucosal membranes. Wettability, the extent to which a polymer surface can be wetted by biological fluids, influences both drug loading efficiency and release kinetics. Hydrophilic polymers, characterized by high wettability, typically facilitate rapid drug release, whereas hydrophobic polymers, with low wettability, offer controlled, prolonged release profiles. Additionally, the balance between hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity is essential for optimizing drug-polymer interactions, particularly in systems designed for sustained or targeted drug delivery. Advances in surface modification techniques have enabled precise control over these parameters, allowing for the customization of polymers to meet specific therapeutic requirements. This review discusses the interplay between surface energy, wettability, and drug delivery performance, highlighting how these properties have been manipulated to enhance bioadhesion, drug retention, and release profiles. The review also addresses the challenges in designing polymer wettability, such as maintaining stability, scalability, and regulatory compliance. Finally, it explores emerging trends, including stimuli-responsive polymers and nanotechnology integration, which hold promise for the next generation of drug delivery systems that are more efficient, targeted, and patient-specific, than current systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An innovative approach for creating customized dosage forms and supporting patient populations with specific requirements who need additional support to improve drug adherence is 3D printing. This work introduces liquid crystal display (LCD) 3D printing as a means of developing melatonin (MLT) tablets. For patients who are blind or visually challenged, Braille patterns were displayed on the tablet surface in addition to the optimization of printing hydrogel inks. Owing to the great printing accuracy, blind patients could validate the Braille patterns that provided the required information. Upon further examination MLT was found to be present in the photopolymerized resins in an amorphous state. The choice of poly(ethylene glycol)-diacrylate (PEGDA) with varying molecular weights and the inclusion of surfactants or solubilizers interfered with the photopolymerization of the resin, hence controlling the rates of MLT dissolution towards the sought sustained release. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis showed that photopolymerization of the PEGDA resins in the printed dosage forms has taken place. A small batch scale-up investigation showed that LCDs could print a significant number of tablets quickly—about twenty-four minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of personalized medicine tailored to individual patients has garnered considerable attention recently, particularly in exploring the potential of 3D printing technology within the pharmaceutical and healthcare industries. 3D printing involves the layer-by-layer creation of threedimensional objects from digital designs. This review aim to provide an in-depth discussion focusing on 3D printing technology, its role in drug delivery systems, and its application in the pharmaceutical product development process. Commonly categorized by material layering methods, 3D printers typically fall into inkjet, extrusion, or laser-based systems. The review delves into these different types of 3D printers and their diverse applications in drug delivery across various sectors. Additionally, it encompasses a selection of recent research conducted in the pharmaceutical realm concerning 3D printing for drug delivery applications and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the key principles for clinical pharmacists on how to discuss, critique, and approach the use of artificial intelligence (AI) tools in clinical pharmacy. Topics include the need of pharmacists for a basic understanding of AI, not expertise in AI, ways that AI has the potential to benefit pharmacy practice, and the need of pharmacists to understand the limitations of AI tools.

Background/Aim: Intravenous therapy is a complex process usually requiring the preparation of the medicine before administration to the patient and it is well known that errors in preparation and administration can cause harm to patient. Systems that use information technology are key components of strategies to prevent medication errors in developed countries. Therefore, aim of study was to investigate nurses’ perspective on medicines database in clinical information system implemented in university hospital. Methods: A convenience sample of 79 nurses at the bedside from four different hospital wards in the 1200-bed university hospital were asked to participate in the study. The questionnaire included twenty-three questions organised in three different sections and it assessed 3 components of the medicines usage: (1) medicines preparation; (2) medicines administration; (3) clinical information system usage. Mean scores were calculated for the 4-item Likert-type scale. Results: Most nurses found information in drug database reliable (Likert scale mean = 1.42 ± 0.778) and believed that using medicines database can decrease drug preparation and drug administration errors (mean: 1.35 ± 0.717) with no significant difference in mean between four different wards. Similarly, most nurses were familiar with the drug database in clinical information system (mean: 1.22 ± 0.613). Conclusion: Pharmacist as a drug expert could introduce medicines database to nurses, train them how to use it in everyday practice and explain how using information technologies can help in decreasing medication errors which leads to increasing patients’ safety during hospitalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper has as main objective the determination of the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of some pharmaceutical forms obtained in the laboratory of pharmaceutical technology of the Faculty of Pharmacy of the University "Lower Danube of Galati". We used semi-solid pharmaceutical forms with different concentrations of soft extract of Chelidonium majus L, 50%, 25% and 10% in two ointment bases, simple ointment and base III I performed the antimicrobial activity for all four ointments, compared to extract 1: 3.75 in hydroalcoholic solution (ethyl alcohol / water 35/65 by mass) from aerial parts of Chelidonium majus and alcohol 70 °. hydroalcoholic solution was obtained by cold preparation from the aerial parts of the plant Chelidonium majus.We determined the antimicrobial activity by the diffusimetric method (Kirby-Bauer) and the dilution method. The 50% concentration ointment (UNG A) shows activity on some Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria and not on the fungus Candida albicans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of CECs in aquatic systems has raised significant concern since they are potentially harmful to the environment and human health. Eliminating CECs has led to the development of alternatives to treat wastewater, such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). The ultraviolet-mediated activation of monochloramine (UV/NH2Cl) is a novel and relatively unexplored AOPs for treating pollutants in wastewater systems. This process involves the production of amino radicals (•NH2) and chlorine radicals (Cl•) from the UV irradiation of NH2Cl. Studies have demonstrated its effectiveness in mitigating various CECs, exhibiting advantages, such as the potential to control the amount of toxic disinfection byproducts (TDBPs) formed, low costs of reagents, and low energy consumption. However, the strong influence of operating parameters in the degradation efficiency and existence of NH2Cl, the lack of studies of its use in real matrices and techno-economic assessments, low selectivity, and prolonged treatment periods must be overcome to make this technology more competitive with more mature AOPs. This review article revisits the state-of-the-art of the UV/NH2Cl technology to eliminate pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs), micropollutants from the food industry, pesticides, and industrial products in aqueous media. The reactions involved in the production of radicals and the influence of operating parameters are covered to understand the formation of TDBPs and the main challenges and limitations of the UV/NH2Cl to degrade CECs. This review article generates critical knowledge about the UV/NH2Cl process, expanding the horizon for a better application of this technology in treating water contaminated with CECs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In 2015, our university hospital pharmacy acquired the PharmaHelp robot system to automate part of its chemotherapy production. Complex technical use, downtime periods, and insufficient training caused a drop in motivation and disparities in operators' knowledge. We created a short, playful, standardized, gamed-based training program to address this, and evaluated its impact. Methods: Operators were classified as trainers or trainees according to their knowledge about Information and Communication Technologies. Before, after the training, and at 6 months (6M), their robot knowledge was assessed on a 0-24-scale, motivation and self-efficacy in using it on 0-to-100 scales. Pairwise comparison t -test with Bonferroni adjustment was used (p < 0.05 considered significant). Satisfaction was measured using a six-point Likert scale. Trainer/trainee teams participated in 2-hour training sessions with three games and a debriefing. For "Knowing the manufacturing steps," cards with the steps were placed in the correct order. For "Knowing the criteria for using the robot," teams guessed whether certain compounds could be used with the robot. For "Knowing how to handle production errors," the answer to each error (taken from real-life issues) was selected from four options. Results: Participants (n = 14) were very satisfied about sessions' interactivity and playfulness. Knowledge improved from 57% pretraining to 77% (p < 0.005) to 76.6% (6M) (p < 0.05 compared to pretraining). Motivation and self-efficacy, respectively, improved from 57.6% to 86.6% (p < 0.05) to 70.4% (6M) and from 48.5% to 75.6% (p < 0.05) to 60.2% (6M) (p > 0.1 compared to pretraining) (t -test). Conclusions: This highly appreciated training program efficiently improved knowledge retention out to six months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flavonol and flavonoid compounds are important natural compounds with various biomedical activities. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop a strategy for the specific extraction of flavonol and flavonoid compounds. Quercetin is a well-studied flavonoid possessing many health benefits. This compound is a versatile antioxidant known to possess protective abilities against body tissue injury induced by pathological situations and various drug toxicities. Although quercetin is widely distributed in many plants, its content generally is not very high. Therefore, the specific extraction of quercetin as well as other flavonol and flavonoid compounds has profound significance. In this work, the quercetin molecularly imprinting polymer (QMIP) was successfully prepared, in which a typical flavonol quercetin was selected as the template molecule. QMIP was synthesized by performing the surface molecular imprinting technology on the surface of NH2-MIL-101(Fe). Our study results showed that QMIP exhibited quick binding kinetic behavior, a high adsorption capacity (57.04 mg/g), and the specific recognition ability toward quercetin compared with structurally distinct compounds (selective factor > 2). The specific adsorption ability of quercetin by QMIP was further explained using computation simulation that molecules with non-planar 3D conformations hardly entered the molecularly imprinted cavities on QMIP. Finally, QMIP was successfully used for the specific extraction of quercetin and five other flavonol and flavonoid compounds in the crude extracts from Sapium sebiferum. This study proposes a new strategy to synthesize the molecularly imprinted polymer based on a single template for enriching and loading a certain class of active ingredients with similar core structures from variable botanicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study compared vacuum drum drying (VDD) and conventional spray drying (SD) for solidifying crystalline ABT-199 nanosuspensions into redispersible oral drug products. The aim was to optimize formulation compositions and process conditions to maintain nanoparticle size after tablet redispersion. The impact of drug load (22%, 33%, 44%) and type of drying protectant (mannitol, mannitol/trehalose mix (1:1), trehalose) on redispersibility and material powder properties were investigated. Moreover, compression analysis was performed assessing the influence of compaction pressure on primary nanocrystal redispersibility and tablet disintegration. Higher drug loads and lower drying protectant levels resulted in particle growth, confirming a drug load dependence on redispersibility behavior. Notably, all drying protectants showed similar protection properties at properly chosen drying process parameters (Tg-dependent), except when VDD was used for mannitol formulations. Differences between the applied drying processes were observed in terms of downstream processing and tabletability: mannitol-containing formulations solidified via VDD showed an improved processability compared to formulations with trehalose. In conclusion, VDD is a promising drying technique that offers advantageous downstream processability compared to SD and represents an attractive novel processing technology for the pharmaceutical industry. As demonstrated in the present study, VDD combines higher yields with a leaner manufacturing process flow. The improved bulk properties provide enhanced tabletability and enable direct compression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Known for its natural bio-compounds and therapeutic properties, hemp is being utilized in the development of skin products. These products offer a wide range of applications and benefits in the fields of natural bio-compounds, pharmaceutical technology, topical delivery systems, and cosmeceuticals. This manuscript deals with hemp actives, such as cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids, and their diverse biological properties relative to topical application, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects. Also, the paper reviews strategies to overcome poor penetration of hemp actives, as well as the integration of hemp actives in cosmeceuticals that provide natural and sustainable alternatives to traditional skincare products offering a range of benefits, including anti-aging, moisturizing, and soothing properties. The review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the development and manufacturing processes of skin products containing hemp actives. By delving into the science behind hemp-based products, the paper provides valuable insights into the potential of hemp as a versatile ingredient in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The utilization of hemp in these innovative products not only offers therapeutic benefits but also promotes natural and sustainable approaches to skincare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Analytical and real‐time technology in pharmaceutical manufacturing process is an important need to ensure that manufactured drugs are safe and effective. Raman spectroscopy is an emerging technique that is able to perform quantitative analysis nondestructively due to the molecular structure of many drugs. Monitoring the content uniformity and quantification of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) in the tablet preparation process, without the assistance of solvent, is one of the key concerns in the formulation design in order to provide stable, pure, and homogenous finished products. In this study, we investigated the possibility of using Raman data as an analytical method to quantify API, the intra‐ and inter‐sample uniformity of content in the tableting process of Metformin hydrochloride tablets (C4H11N5.HCl). Analysis of all standard samples for prediction of API uniformity represents an acceptable accuracy and precision with a relative standard deviation of 2.55%. Further investigation of tablets regarding to relative Raman intensity of some characteristic peaks demonstrates the amount of API content with an accuracy of ≥96%. These values have a good adaption with pharmacopeia monograph. Findings reveal that the Raman method can be routinely utilized for quantifying API, controlling the content uniformity and the stability of drugs in different stages of manufacturing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the nuanced interplay between plant polyphenols and starch could have significant implications. For example, it could lead to the development of tailor-made starches for specific applications, from bakinag and brewing to pharmaceuticals and bioplastics. In addition, this knowledge could contribute to the formulation of functional foods with lower glycemic indexes or improved nutrient delivery. Variations in the complexes can be attributed to differences in molecular weight, structure, and even the content of the polyphenols. In addition, the unique structural characteristics of starches, such as amylose/amylopectin ratio and crystalline density, also contribute to the observed effects. Processing conditions and methods will always alter the formation of complexes. As the type of starch/polyphenol can have a significant impact on the formation of the complex, the selection of suitable botanical sources of starch/polyphenols has become a focus. Spectroscopy coupled with chemometrics is a convenient and accurate method for rapidly identifying starches/polyphenols and screening for the desired botanical source. Understanding these relationships is crucial for optimizing starch-based systems in various applications, from food technology to pharmaceutical formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The past years have sharpened the industry's understanding of a Quality by Design (QbD) approach toward clinical trials. Using QbD encourages designing quality into a trial during the planning phase. The identification of Critical to Quality (CtQs) factors and specifically Critical Data and Processes (CD&Ps) is key to such a risk-based monitoring approach. A variable that allows monitoring the evolution of risk regarding the CD&Ps is called a Quality Tolerance Limit (QTL) parameter. These parameters are linked to the scientific question(s) of a trial and may identify the issues that can jeopardize the integrity of trial endpoints. This paper focuses on defining what QTL parameters are and providing general guidance on setting thresholds for these parameters allowing for the derivation of an acceptable range of the risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arthrospira platensis is a cyanobacterium interesting for its high phycocyanin (C-PC; 10-20% w/w) and protein content (60-70% w/w). These components can be used as food/feed ingredients and additionally C-PC can be used for pharmaceutical applications due to its antioxidative, hepatoprotective and anti-carcinogenic properties. Current methods for C-PC extraction from A. platensis involve cell membrane lysis to release pigments in an aqueous extraction medium. Conventional cell lysis techniques, such as freeze-thawing and bead milling require long processing times and high energy inputs and result in release of other cell components, jeopardising the C-PC extract purity. Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents (NADES) represent an emerging metabolite extraction technology which offers bio-safety, high extraction efficiency, improved stability and specificity towards the desired target compound. The present work focused on C-PC extraction by emerging cell lysis (ultrasonication) and metabolite extraction with hydrophilic NaDES. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study is centered on the identification of the most appropriate Technology Adoption (TA) model for investigating the adoption of Industry 4.0 technologies within pharmaceutical and related enterprises. The aim is to facilitate a smooth transition to advanced technologies while concurrently achieving environmental sustainability. Design/methodology/approach: Selection of a suitable TA theory is carried out using a hybrid multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach incorporating PIvot Pairwise RElative Criteria Importance Assessment (PIPRECIA) and Fuzzy Measurement of alternatives and ranking according to Compromise solution (F-MARCOS) methods. A group of three experts is formulated for the ranking of criteria and alternatives based on those criteria. Findings: The results indicate that out of all six TA models considered unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) model gets the highest utility function value, followed by the technical adoption model (TAM). Further, sensitivity analysis is conducted to confirm the validity of the MCDM model employed. Research limitations/implications: Challenging times like COVID-19 pointed out the importance of technology in the pharmaceutical and healthcare sectors. TA studies in this area can help in the identification of critical factors that can assist pharmaceutical firms in their efforts to embrace emerging technologies, enhance their outputs and increase their efficiency. Originality/value: The novelty of this research lies in the fact that the utilization of a TA theory prior to its implementation has not been witnessed in existing scholarly literature. The utilization of a TA theory, specifically within the pharmaceutical industry, can assist enterprises in directing their attention toward pertinent factors when contemplating the implementation of emerging technologies and achieving sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of drug delivery systems stems from the need to enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of drugs while minimizing their side effects. With the advent of nanotechnology, a wide range of molecular structures, including carbon nanotubes and polymeric materials, have been developed, leading to significant advancements in the field. However, despite these promising outcomes, it is imperative to note that drug delivery systems do not provide a universal solution to all challenges in pharmaceutical technology; as each system possesses certain advantages and limitations. As a result, researchers turned their attention to the creation of new hybrid structures by combining different materials. Among these, lipid–polymer hybrid particles gained considerable attention in the academic community; these particles exhibit a core–shell structure, wherein a polymer core is enveloped by a layer of phospholipids. This manuscript serves as an overview of the fundamental aspects of these molecular architectures, starting with a comprehensive description of lipid–polymer hybrid particles. Subsequently, both conventional and unconventional production methods for fabricating these structures are discussed. The characterization of the physical properties of these particles and their influence on pharmaceutical activity are explored in a subsequent section. Finally, notable examples from the literature are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]