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This narrative review highlights the therapeutic significance of topical corticosteroid (TCS) vehicles and provides subsequent guidance to improve clinical and research outcomes. A greater understanding of the relationship between the topical vehicle, corticosteroid and skin is needed to ensure safer, more effective treatment for patients. Topical vehicles are not inert and can affect TCS bioavailability, due to the ability of their composition to positively or negatively influence skin status and change the physiochemical characteristics of an inherent corticosteroid. However, this principle is not commonly understood, and has contributed to inconsistencies in potency classification systems. This review provides an insight into the research methods and standardization needed to determine TCS product bioavailability. It identifies formulation components responsible for vehicle composition that underpin the quality, stability, compounding and functionalities of vehicle ingredients. This helps to contextualize how topical vehicles can be responsible for clinically significant effects, and how their composition gives products unique properties. In turn, this facilitates a more in-depth understanding of which resources offer information to inform the best selection of TCS products and why products should be prescribed by brand or manufacturer. This review will better equip clinicians and formulary teams to appraise products. It will also inform prescribing of Specials and why products should not be manipulated. The recommendations, accompanied by patient perspectives on using TCS products, assist clinical decision-making. They also identify the need for research into concomitant application of TCS products with other topical therapies., (© 2020 British Association of Dermatologists.)

Developing efficient sunscreen products with an acceptable sensory feel after application on skin, that meet current regulatory market and consumer requirements, is a major challenge, exacerbated by new restrictions limiting the use of certain ingredients previously considered crucial. This paper outlines a development strategy for -formulating sunscreens along a generic professional development pathway. Each galenic system will be different and must be customized. Development starts with benchmarking, followed by UVA/UVB filter platform selection and in silico calculation/optimization of photoprotection performance for the desired SPF, UVA-PF, and other requested endpoints. Next comes the selection of the emulsifier system and other key formulation ingredients, such as oil components, triplet quenchers, and antioxidants, with sensory, rheological, and film formation functions. Preliminary cost estimation is then performed to -complete the conceptual process before the start of the practical galenic development. The successful development of modern sunscreen products is based on -comprehensive expertise in chemistry, galenic methodology, regulation, and patenting, as well as specific -market and consumer requirements. The selection of the UV filters is the first key decision and constrains later choices. Other properties, such as water resistance and preservation or active ingredients, may need to be considered. The 4 basic requirements of efficacy, safety, registration, and patent freedom become checklist items to ensure that after development, a sunscreen product has a chance of success., (© 2021 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Adverse reactions to sunscreens are uncommon in relation to their widespread use [Loden et al. Br J Dermatol. 2011;165(2):255-62; Jansen et al. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2013;69(6):867 e861-814; quiz 881-862] and can be related to both active and inactive ingredients in sunscreen products [DiNardo et al. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2018;17(1):15-19; Barrientos et al. Contact Dermatitis. 2019;81(2):151-52]. Pathogenetically, the main cutaneous adverse reaction patterns to sunscreens can be divided into allergic and irritant contact dermatitis, phototoxic and photoallergic contact dermatitis, contact urticaria, and, in solitary cases, anaphylactic reactions [Lautenschlager et al. Lancet. 2007;370(9586):528-37]. A summary is provided in Table 1. Nearly all adverse effects due to active sunscreen ingredients reported to date are related to the organic UV filters, which are sometimes also referred to as "chemical UV filters." This imbalance is attributable to the lipophilic character and small molecular size of the organic UV filters that allow skin penetration, which is the basic requirement to initiate the sensitization [Stiefel et al. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2015;37(1):2-30]. In contrast, cutaneous adverse reactions to inorganic UV filters, initially termed "physical UV filters" owing to their firstly known "physical" mechanism of action through reflection and scattering [Stiefel et al. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2015;37(1):2-30], are only reported by case reports. Neither zinc oxide nor titanium dioxide possesses relevant skin-irritating properties or sensitization potential [Lau-tenschlager et al. Lancet. 2007;370(9586):528-37]. Adverse reactions to UV filters currently approved in the European Union as listed in the Annex VI (updated November 7, 2019) are summarized in Table 2., (© 2021 S. Karger AG, Basel.)

Background: Testing cosmetics and their ingredients is essential to avoid missing relevant allergens and to monitor fluctuating incidence of hypersensitivity., Objective: The aim of this study was to review the usefulness of patch testing with a customized antimicrobials, vehicles, and cosmetics (AVC) series over 15 years at a single Canadian site., Methods: Between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2019, patients suspected of having cosmetics allergy were patch tested with a 40-allergen AVC series in addition to the North American Contact Dermatitis Group standard screening series. We reviewed the patch test results of 2868 patients., Results: We consecutively patch tested with the baseline series 6103 patients, of which 2868 (47%) were also tested with the AVC series. Of 53 different allergens that were tested at some point, 26 remained in the series throughout the 15-year span. The most common positive allergens were thimerosal (4.52%), polyvidone-iodine (2.25%), propolis (2.06%), sodium metabisulfite (1.94%), dodecyl gallate (1.53%), carmine (1.10%), lauryl glucoside (1.01%), sandalwood oil (0.7%), and tert-butylhydroquinone (0.7%)., Conclusions: Although the expansion of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group standard screening series has decreased the yield from the AVC series from 21.1% to 13.9%, it still remains a useful adjunct for patients suspected of having cosmetics or disinfectants allergy.

Introduction: Anaphylactic and hypersensitivity reactions are known adverse effects of many drug products and may be due to the inactive ingredients of the drug formulation. Specifically for paclitaxel and docetaxel, it is their excipients (cremophor and polysorbate 80, respectively) that have been identified as being most likely responsible for these reactions., Case Report: The patient is a 39-year-old female, with a history of breast cancer and no known allergies, who was scheduled to start chemotherapy. While being administered fosaprepitant, she reported shortness of breath and was noted to be hypotensive and flushed. Two months later, the patient returned to clinic to start weekly paclitaxel. During the administration of the paclitxel test dose, the patient reported difficulty breathing, flushing, and chest tightness. Management and outcome: Both medication reactions were managed with epinephrine and other supportive medications. Fosaprepitant was taken out of the patient's antiemetic regimen for future cycles and paclitaxel was switched to nab-paclitaxel., Discussion: It is well documented that paclitaxel and fosaprepitant have the potential to cause hypersensitivity reactions due to their excipients. While it is likely that each reaction was a unique event, it is difficult to ignore the possibility of cross-reactivity due to the presence of oleic acid in both excipients.

Wounds are a common medical infliction. With the increase in microbial resistance and a shift of interest towards complementary medicines, essential oils have been shown to be beneficial in suppressing microbial growth. However, in practice, essential oils are more often diluted into a base due to the risk of topical adverse effects, such as dermatitis. There is a lack of collated evidence-based information on toxicity and efficacy of carrier oils. The current information on the subject matter is restricted to generic, aroma-therapeutic books and pamphlets, based on anecdotal evidence rather than an experimental approach. Therefore, this review aimed at identifying the recommended carrier oils used in dermatology and thereafter collating the scientific evidence to support the use of carrier oils together with essential oils recommended for dermatological use. Aloe vera gel had multiple studies demonstrating the ability to enhance wound healing; however, several other carrier oils have been largely neglected. It was observed that the extracts for certain plant species had been used to justify the use of the carrier oils of the same plant species. This is an inaccurate cross assumption due to the difference in chemical composition and biological activities. Lastly, despite these carrier oils being recommended as a base for essential oils, very little data was found on the interactive profile of the carrier oil with the essential oil. This review provides a platform for further studies, especially if essential oils are to receive credence in the scientific field.

BACKGROUND: A novel foam formulation of halobetasol propionate, 0.05% (HBP-Foam) has been developed to treat plaque psoriasis in patients who prefer a thermostable topical foam with low application shear that allows for easier coverage over large and/or hirsute areas than existing formulations. OBJECTIVE: To determine the safety and effectiveness of HBP-Foam in subjects with plaque psoriasis. METHODS: Two randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled clinical studies were conducted in 560 adult subjects with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Subjects applied the assigned test article to all psoriatic plaques twice daily for 14 days. The key efficacy measures were the proportion of subjects with “treatment success,” defined as those subjects that achieved a score of 0 (clear) or 1 (almost clear) and at least a two-grade improvement compared to baseline for the Investigator’s Global Assessment (IGA) and for the clinical signs of psoriasis (plaque elevation, scaling, and erythema) as well as pruritus. Safety measurements included adverse events and local skin reactions in the treatment area. RESULTS: HBP-Foam was statistically superior to vehicle in achieving “Treatment Success” in 25.3% and 30.7% vs 3.9% and 7.4% (P<0.001) in Studies 1 and 2, respectively. Pruritus scores statistically improved by over 30% in HBP-Foam treated subjects. In addition, these subjects experienced a significant reduction in the clinical signs of psoriasis (plaque elevation, scaling, and erythema). In contrast, in the vehicle groups the decrease in psoriasis-related signs was generally not observed. Safety outcomes were unremarkable and similar in both the HBP-Foam and vehicle treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of HBP-Foam in the treatment of plaque psoriasis. Furthermore, this novel foam formulation has demonstrable for its ease of application over large and/or hairy treatment areas. ClinicalTrials.gov Registration: NCT02742441 NCT02368210

BACKGROUND: Topical corticosteroids are efficacious treatment options for multiple dermatoses. However, ointments and cream corticosteroid vehicles can be cumbersome to patients and may act as a barrier to adherence. Foam vehicles may be preferred by some patients. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of topical corticosteroid foams. METHODS: A literature review was conducted using the keywords “clobetasol,” “betamethasone,” “propionate,” “valerate,” “topical,” “foam,” “vehicles,” “desonide,” and “clinical trial.” Thirty-seven articles were chosen. RESULTS: For moderate plaque-type psoriasis, 68% of subjects using clobetasol propionate foam achieved a Physician Static Global Assessment score of 0 or 1 at week 2 compared with 21% in the control group (P<0.0001). For betamethasone valerate (BMV) foam, a 12-week regimen for alopecia areata yielded a mean Investigator Global Assessment score of 2.9 compared with placebo (4.6; P<0.001) and achieved ≥75% hair regrowth in 42.86% of subjects. Furthermore, BMV foam cleared or almost cleared 72% of scalp psoriasis subjects compared with BMV lotion (P≤0.005%). For calcipotriol plus betamethasone dipropionate foam, 38.3% of psoriasis subjects achieved treatment success compared with placebo (22.5%; P<0.001). Desonide 0.05% foam was superior to vehicle foam in pediatric atopic dermatitis subjects. CONCLUSION: Topical corticosteroid foams can be used for a variety of corticosteroid-responsive dermatoses. Topical corticosteroid foams are generally easy to apply and may improve patient adherence and, therefore, clinical outcome in patients who prefer a convenient and less messy topical therapy.

Objective: The study was conducted to determine the efficiency of the botanicals combination incorporated in the Kamedis Eczema Therapy Cream (the tested product) for adults and children suffering from mild to moderate Atopic Dermatitis. Design: The study designed as an interventional, multi-center, double-blind, randomized, controlled study. Setting: Subjects were evenly randomly divided into three treatment groups: tested product, vehicle, and comparator. The vehicle used was the identical tested product without the botanical combination while the comparator was a leading OTC brand in the US market. All three above groups used a similar Kamedis wash for the body and face following by one of the three randomized treatment creams for the affected areas on the face and body. Participants: One hundred and eight (108) subjects with uncomplicated, stable, mild to moderate atopic dermatitis recruited and qualified for the study; 71 females and 37 males, age 3 to 73. Measurements: The investigator assessed the severity of each subject using the Investigator Global Assessment (IGA) and affected body surface area (BSA) at each of the visit days 0, 7, 14, and 28. Results: The tested product demonstrated an improvement in IGA and BSA over the vehicle at every visit across treatment time, proving the validation that the botanical product is much more effective and beneficial than the same product without the botanicals. The tested product as well as the comparator reached exactly the same percentage, 34%, of 'clear' IGA subjects of the enrolled subjects, presenting advantage over the vehicle. The BSA improvement comparison analysis of the tested product over the vehicle yielded statistically significant P value of 0.0369. Conclusion: The study results approve and validate that the botanical combination is the key factor for the efficacy and improvement of the AD symptoms within this study population. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(6):557-561.

Androgens play a key role in acne pathogenesis in both males and females. Clascoterone (CB-03-01, Cortexolone 17α propionate) cream is a topical anti-androgen under investigation for the treatment of acne. The results from a phase 2b dose escalating study are discussed. Methods: Primary objective: to compare the safety and efficacy of topical creams containing clascoterone 0.1% (twice daily [BID]), 0.5% (BID), or 1% (daily [QD] or BID) versus vehicle (QD or BID) in male and female subjects ≥12 years with facial acne vulgaris. Efficacy was assessed by: Investigator’s Global Assessment (IGA)--the overall severity of acne using a five-point scale (from 0=clear to 4=severe); inflammatory and non-inflammatory acne lesion counts (ALC); and subject satisfaction with treatment--subjects assessed overall treatment satisfaction using a 4-point scale. Safety assessments: local and systemic adverse events (AEs), physical examination/vital signs, laboratory tests, local skin reactions (LSRs), and electrocardiograms (ECGs). Treatment success required a score of “clear” or “almost clear” (IGA score of 0 or 1) and a two or more-grade improvement from baseline. Results: 363 subjects (N=72, 0.1% BID; N=76, 0.5% BID; N=70, 1% QD; N=70, 1% BID; and N=75, vehicle QD or BID) enrolled. 304 subjects (83.7%) completed the study. Intention to Treat (ITT) population: 196/363 (54.0%) females; 167/363 46.0%) males; (257/363 (70.2%) were white; average age=19.7 years. Demographic and baseline characteristics were similar across all groups. Treatment success at week 12 were highest for the 1% BID (6/70, 8.6%) and 0.1% BID (6/72, 8.3%) groups versus vehicle (2/75, 2.7%). Absolute change in inflammatory (P=0.0431) and non-inflammatory (P=0.0303) lesions was statistically significant among the treatment groups. The median change from baseline at week 12 in inflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions was greatest in the 1% BID group -13.5 and -17.5, respectively. Similar results were observed for the secondary efficacy endpoints whereby the highest success rate and greatest reduction in lesion counts from baseline to week 12 occurred with 1% BID. 93/363 subjects (25.6%) reported ≥1 AEs; total number of AEs=123 with 2 probably/possibly related to treatment (N=1, 1% QD group). Subjects with ≥1AEs: 0.1% BID=25.0%, 0.5% BID=38.2%, 1% QD=22.9%, 1% BID=18.6%, and vehicle=22.7%. AEs were mostly mild in severity and similar across all groups. Most AEs (93/121 76.8%) resolved by the end of the study. Erythema was the most prevalent LSR; 36.8% had at least minimal erythema at some point during the study. Conclusions: All clascoterone cream concentrations were well tolerated with no clinically relevant safety issues noted. Clascoterone 1% BID treatment had the most favorable results and was selected as the best candidate for further clinical study and development. Two Phase 3 investigations of clascoterone topical cream, 1% for the treatment of moderate-to-severe acne vulgaris in individuals ≥9 years recently concluded. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(6):570-575.

The aim of this study was to investigate the corneal penetration of brinzolamide (BZ) nanoemulsions (NEs) and evaluate their in vitro and ex vivo irritancy potential. Twelve BZ NEs were prepared by the spontaneous emulsification method and ex vivo permeability studies were conducted using excised bovine corneas fixed onto Franz diffusion cells. To confirm the safety of the formulations for ophthalmic use, preparations were examined for potential ocular irritancy using a cell viability assay on retinal cells, the Hen's Egg Test-Chorio-Allantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) and the bovine corneal opacity-permeability (BCOP) test. Seven BZ NEs exhibited superior penetration across isolated bovine cornea compared to the marketed BZ suspension. The half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) values of various surfactants and oils determined using the sulforhodamine B cell viability assay on retinal cells showed that Transcutol P, Cremophor RH40 and Triacetin were the least toxic excipients and may be safely used in the eye at various concentrations. HET-CAM and BCOP tests revealed that NE6B and NE4C did not result in any irritation and were thus considered safe for ocular use. Our finding suggests that optimized NEs can be a safe and effective vehicle for ocular delivery of BZ.

Background: Propylene glycol (PG) is a solvent, vehicle, and humectant being used increasingly in a wide array of personal care products, cosmetics, and topical medicaments. Propylene glycol is a recognized source of both allergic and irritant contact dermatitis., Objective: The aim of the study was to report incidence of positive patch tests to PG at Mayo Clinic., Methods: We retrospectively reviewed records of all patients patch tested to PG from January 1997 to December 2016., Results: A total of 11,738 patients underwent patch testing to 5%, 10%, or 20% PG. Of these, 100 (0.85%) tested positive and 41 (0.35%) had irritant reactions. Patients also tested to a mean of 5.6 concomitant positive allergens. The positive reaction rates were 0%, 0.26%, and 1.86% for 5%, 10%, and 20% PG, respectively, increasing with each concentration increase. The irritant reaction rates were 0.95%, 0.24%, and 0.5% for 5%, 10%, and 20% PG, respectively., Conclusions: Propylene glycol is common in skin care products and is associated with both allergic and irritant patch test reactions. Increased concentrations were associated with increased reactions.

Background: The well documented susceptibility of burn patients to acquired infections via damaged skin mandates application of antimicrobial agents. These agents are dissolved in various vehicles that augment skin absorption thus allowing greater efficacy. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) and Propylene glycol (PropG) are among the most commonly used vehicles, and both have been used in numerous medications and cosmetic products over the past few decades. Rarely, burn patients treated with agents containing these glycols present with a life threatening systemic toxidrome of hyperosmolar metabolic acidosis. We present a systematic review of outcomes in burn patients treated with similar agents., Methods: Relevant studies were identified through systematic searches conducted in MEDLINE (Ovid), Embase (Ovid), CENTRAL (Ovid), and Web of Science (Thomson Reuters), from database inception to August 4th, 2016. All publications of clinical burn patient studies included at least one arm receiving a glycol based topical therapy., Results: A total of 61 studies involving 10,282 patients and 4 different antimicrobial medications fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Nine burn patients (0.09%) were documented to present with hyperosmolar metabolic acidosis during topical silver sulfadiazine treatment. Propylene glycol isolated from their blood accounted for the high osmole gap., Conclusion: This first systematic review found very few cases of documented hyperosmolar metabolic acidosis, all within one study that had set to specifically explore this toxidrome. High index of suspicion with frequent osmolar gap monitoring may help identify future toxicities in a timely manner., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd and ISBI. All rights reserved.)

Background: Polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and propylene glycol (PG) are used as vehicles in various medicinal and cosmetic products. They are potential contact sensitizers, including low molecular weight PEGs in nitrofurazone preparations that are still widely used in Turkey., Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of allergic contact dermatitis caused by PEG and PG in a relatively large group of patients in Turkey., Methods: In this retrospective, cross-sectional, single-centre study, 836 patients patch tested with PEG and PG between 1996 and 2015 were reviewed., Results: Thirty-five patients (4.2%) showed positive patch test reactions to PEG, and 7 (0.8%) showed positive patch test reactions to PG, partly as late positive reactions with PEG. PEG sensitivity was almost exclusively related to nitrofurazone allergy. Patch test reactions to PG were currently relevant mainly with regard to the use of minoxidil, and antiherpetic or corticosteroid creams. Ten patients (25%) had concomitant contact allergies to various topical drugs containing mainly PEGs., Conclusions: PEG sensitivity seems to be a marker for contact allergy to topical nitrofurazone in Turkey. Nitrofurazone allergy appears to favour concomitant sensitization to PEG. We would suggest the inclusion of PEG in an extended baseline patch test series in Turkey. Late patch test readings are important to diagnose delayed positive reactions to PEG., (© 2017 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

The present guidelines are aimed at dermatology residents and board-certified dermatologists as well as policymakers and insurance companies. Developed by dermatologists in collaboration with pharmacists using a formal consensus process (S2k), they include general aspects with respect to pharmacokinetics and regulatory terminology. Recommendations are provided on the various indications for extemporaneous preparations and their quality assurance. The importance of pharmaceutical vehicles and problems associated with substituting one vehicle for another are discussed. The guidelines include criteria for choosing a suitable pharmaceutical vehicle and for specific aspects in terms of treatment planning. In addition, recommendations are given for managing allergic reactions to vehicles or additives., (© 2018 The Authors | Journal compilation © Blackwell Verlag GmbH, Berlin.)

Cyclosporine is one of the main drugs used for the prophylaxis of graft versus host disease in bone marrow transplanted patients. Hypersensitivity reaction to intravenous cyclosporine is rare and might be due to its vehicle polyoxyethylated castor oil, Cremophor EL. The exact mechanism is unknown, but IgE and IgG antibodies, complement, and histamine release have been considered to play a role in the development of this reaction. Here, we describe a case of anaphylaxis to intravenous cyclosporine, which was developed in a 19-year-old Iranian female with acute myeloid leukemia who underwent allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from her sister. The corn oil-based soft gelatin capsule (Sandimmune ® ) was substituted with no reaction. Our observation along with the previous reports confirms the role of Cremophor EL in hypersensitivity reaction to cyclosporine, according to which, modifying the formulation of the intravenous (IV) form could be the solution for this problem., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Corn oil, sesame oil, and 10% ethanol in corn oil are commonly used as dosing vehicles in toxicology studies. Since these vegetable oils contain bioactive compounds, it is important for toxicology studies to characterize the toxicities of the dosing vehicles themselves. It has been recently proposed that the width of the genital tubercle (GT), the dorsal-ventral length (D-V length) of the GT, and urethral tube closure in mouse fetuses can be used as novel markers for monitoring sexual development in mice. However, how these parameters are influenced by the dosing vehicles themselves remains unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of corn oil, sesame oil, and 10% ethanol in corn oil on GT width, D-V length, and GT morphology in ICR mice. Our results showed that all three vehicles influenced GT width and D-V length, but not GT morphology, suggesting that the effects of dosing vehicles themselves might need to be considered when GT width or D-V length is used as a parameter to evaluate the effects of chemicals on GT development.

BACKGROUND: Topical corticosteroids are the most common dermatologic medications and are available in numerous different vehicles. Adherence is limited by traditional vehicles because they are messy and time consuming to apply. The preferred spray formulations have the advantage of being applied with ease, resulting in improved adherence and subsequently improved psoriasis. One limitation of topical treatments, especially spray vehicles, is the potential for irritation and sensitization.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the irritation and sensitization potential of topical desoximetasone spray formulation.

METHODS: A multicenter, double-blinded, randomized, controlled study assessed the irritancy and sensitization of 0.25% and 0.05% topical desoximetasone spray. Controls included vehicle, a positive control (0.1% sodium lauryl sulfate), negative control (0.9% saline), and an active comparator control (clobetasol spray). The primary outcome of the study was to evaluate the difference in mean cumulative irritation and potential sensitization response of desoximetasone 0.25% and 0.05% topical sprays.

RESULTS: Of the 297 enrolled, 269 completed the study per protocol for the irritation phase and 250 completed the protocol for the sensitization phase. At 22 days, desoximetasone 0.25 and 0.5% spray were less irritating than clobetasol 0.05% spray; mean irritation score difference of -0.46 and -0.57, respectively. Median total irritation score over the 22 days was 0 for all products. No subjects demonstrated any sensitization reaction to any of the six products. No serious adverse reactions were reported.

LIMITATIONS: Selection bias, use of a healthy population, limits the external validity. In addition, the duration of the study was short lived, unlike numerous inflammatory skin diseases., Conclusions: Desoximetasone spray has little potential for irritation or sensitization. The availability of another spray option for patients desiring less messy treatment may facilitate better adherence and treatment outcomes.

J Drugs Dermatol. 2017;16(8):755-758.

Herbal medicinal products are indispensable in children, e. g., in functional gastrointestinal diseases and coughs and colds, especially when available in liquid dosing forms for which dosing can be adapted ideally to different age groups. Despite being generally accepted as safe, the ethanol content of many of these products, necessary for Galenic reasons, has raised questions regarding their safety. Therefore, safety data from more than 50,000 children in noninterventional pediatric studies with these products, as well as data from routine clinical use in several million children, were assessed. No evidence of the involvement of the ethanol content in any adverse drug reactions was found. This allows us to conclude that these herbal medicinal products are safe in the age groups for which they are authorized or registered and that the present labeling is adequate to allow for their safe use in the pediatric population.

In Brazil there is no classification of dermatological products by the presence of vehicles with sensitizing potential. The objective of this study is to create a database to classify such products based on the absence of the selected allergens, aiming at making it available for medical consultation. We conducted an observational study, from the content of labels and/or inserts on the composition of 966 dermatological products in the Brazilian market. No chemical analysis was performed. The database called Programa para Pesquisa de Alérgenos de Contato (www.ppac.com.br) was created, in which safe products for patients allergic to dermatological vehicles are provided.

Microemulsions combine the advantages of emulsions with those of nanocarriers, overcoming the stability problems of the former and providing facile scalable systems with compartments adequate for high drug loadings. Recently, microemulsions are gaining attention in the formulation of anticancer drugs not only for topical treatment, but also for systemic delivery as well as for the development of theranostic systems. The aim of this paper is two-fold. First, an updated review about general features, preparation, characterization and pharmaceutical applications, with a special focus on colorectal cancer, is provided. Second, a case study of formulation of methotrexate in microemulsions is presented. Various essential oils (menthol, trans-anethole, α-tocopherol) and surfactants (TPGS-1000, Maxemul 6112, Noigen RN-20) were investigated for the preparation of o/w microemulsions for the delivery of methotrexate, and the ability of methotrexate-loaded microemulsions to inhibit cancer cell growth was then evaluated. Disregarding the surfactants used, menthol and trans-anethole led to cytotoxic microemulsions, whereas α-tocopherol based-formulations induced cell proliferation. These findings highlight the role that the oily component may play in the efficacy and safety of the microemulsions.

We compared the effectiveness of topical ketoprofen in Transfersome(®) gel (IDEA-033) with oral ketoprofen and drug-free Sequessome™ vesicles (FLEXISEQ(®) Sport; TDT 064) in reducing calf muscle soreness. One hundred and sixty eight healthy individuals with a pain score ≥ 3 (10-point scale) 12-16 h post-exercise (walking down stairs with an altitude of 300-400 m) were randomised to receive IDEA-033 plus oral placebo (two dose groups), oral ketoprofen plus TDT 064, or TDT 064 plus oral placebo. The primary endpoint was muscle soreness reduction from pre-dosing to Day 7. Higher pain scores were recorded with oral ketoprofen plus TDT 064 (mean ± s 462.4 ± 160.4) versus IDEA-033 plus oral placebo (434.7 ± 190.8; P = 0.2931) or TDT 064 plus oral placebo (376.2 ± 159.1; P = 0.0240) in the 7 days post-exercise. Recovery from muscle soreness was longer with oral ketoprofen plus TDT 064 (mean 91.0 ± 19.5 h) versus IDEA-033 plus placebo (mean 81.4 ± 22.9 h; P = 0.5964) or TDT 064 plus placebo (mean 78.9 ± 22.8 h; P = 0.0262). In conclusion, ultradeformable phospholipid vesicles ± ketoprofen did not retard recovery from muscle soreness. TDT 064 improves osteoarthritis-related pain and could be of interest as a treatment for joint pain during and post-exercise.

Understanding the ability of cytotoxic oncology drugs, and their carriers and formulation excipients, to induce pro-inflammatory responses is important for establishing safe and efficacious formulations. Literature data about cytokine response induction by the traditional formulation of paclitaxel, Taxol®, are controversial, and no data are available about the pro-inflammatory profile of the nano-albumin formulation of this drug, Abraxane®. Herein, we demonstrate and explain the difference in the cytokine induction profile between Taxol® and Abraxane®, and describe a novel mechanism of cytokine induction by a nanosized excipient, Cremophor EL, which is not unique to Taxol® and is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry for delivery of a wide variety of small molecular drugs., From the Clinical Editor: Advances in nanotechnology have enabled the production of many nano-formulation drugs. The cellular response to drugs has been reported to be different between traditional and nano-formulations. In this article, the authors investigated and compared cytokine response induction profiles between Taxol® and Abraxane®. The findings here provided further understanding to create drugs with better safety profiles., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Monoclonal antibody biotherapeutics are often administered by subcutaneous (SC) injection. Due to dose requirements and formulation limitations, SC injections >1 mL are often required. We used a viscous placebo buffer (5 cP), characteristic of a high-concentration antibody formulation, to investigate the effect of dose volume and injection rate on the tolerability of higher-volume SC injections. In this randomized, crossover, single-center study, 48 healthy adults received one 1.2-mL bolus injection over 5 s and three 3.5-mL injections over 1, 4, and 10 min in different abdominal quadrants, with each injection separated by approximately 2 h. The primary objective was to compare pain scores associated with the injections, immediately after administration and 1 h later, using a 100-mm visual analog scale (VAS). Secondary objectives included assessment of adverse events, including injection site reactions and swelling. Mean age was 38.4 (11.6) years and 20 subjects (42%) were female. Lowest mean VAS score was for the 10-min (6.83 mm) and highest for the 1-min injection (19.13 mm). One hour after administration, mean VAS scores were <3.5 mm for all injections. Swelling was similar among the three 3.5-mL injections. After needle removal, leakage occurred following 14 (29%) 1.2-mL injections, eight (17%) 4-min injections, five (10%) 1-min injections, and four (8%) 10-min injections. Fifteen subjects (31%) experienced an adverse event, none of which was serious, fatal, or led to study discontinuation. All injection durations were well tolerated, suggesting a single large-volume SC injection of a biotherapeutic agent could be used instead of multiple injections.

Respiratory dynamics were investigated in head-out plethysmography chambers following inhalational exposure to soman in untreated, non-anesthetized rats. A multipass saturator cell was used to generate 520, 560 and 600 mg × min/m(3) of soman vapor in a customized inhalational exposure system. Various respiratory dynamic parameters were collected from male Sprague-Dawley rats (300--350 g) during (20 min) and 24 h (10 min) after inhalational exposure. Signs of CWNA-induced cholinergic crisis were observed in all soman-exposed animals. Percentage body weight loss and lung edema were observed in all soman-exposed animals, with significant increases in both at 24 h following exposure to 600 mg × min/m(3). Exposure to soman resulted in increases in respiratory frequency (RF) in animals exposed to 560 and 600 mg × min/m(3) with significant increases following exposure to 560 mg × min/m(3) at 24 h. No significant alterations in inspiratory time (IT) or expiratory time (ET) were observed in soman-exposed animals 24 h post-exposure. Prominent increases in tidal volume (TV) and minute volume (MV) were observed at 24 h post-exposure in animals exposed to 600 mg × min/m(3). Peak inspiratory (PIF) and expiratory flow (PEF) followed similar patterns and increased 24 h post-exposure to 600 mg × min/m(3) of soman. Results demonstrate that inhalational exposure to 600 mg × min/m(3) soman produces notable alterations in various respiratory dynamic parameters at 24 h. The following multitude of physiological changes in respiratory dynamics highlights the need to develop countermeasures that protect against respiratory toxicity and lung injury.

The local application of pharmaceutical products may induce skin adverse reactions, including allergic contact dermatitis. Indeed, pharmaceutical products are, in general, applied on diseased or inflamed skin, the barrier function of which is often incapacitated, leading to enhanced skin penetration of the applied chemicals. Under these circumstances, even weak allergens are in such cases able to induce sensitization. The contact allergens in topical pharmaceutical products concern active principles and vehicle components, the latter of which are discussed in this article., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

There is limited information available regarding patient preferences and attributes of topical product formulations for specific dermatologic conditions. This study focused on product attributes that were most desirable for 3 dermatologic conditions: acne, atopic dermatitis (AD), and plaque psoriasis (PP). Six focus groups were conducted with participants self-reporting 1 of these conditions and use of 2 or more topical treatments. Discussion focused on symptoms, treatments tried, and vehicle attributes. Fifty-four subjects participated: acne, n=19; AD, n=18; and PP, n=17. The most commonly reported prescription medication vehicles were creams and ointments, followed by lotions, gels, and foams. Itching and redness were the only symptoms spontaneously reported across all 6 focus groups. The attributes considered most important across all conditions included: moisturizing, absorbs/disappears/dries quickly, available in various formulations, does not bleach or stain skin/hair/clothing, is not greasy or oily, is not sticky or tacky, is long lasting/long acting, is fragrance or odor free, is easy to apply/simple to use, and can use all the time. Preferences attributable to acne included: easy to dispense/dispenses right amount, nondrying, product goes on/spreads smoothly, container is not easily broken/does not leak, and creamy. Preferences attributable to AD included: not noticeable to others/conceals area, good consistency, and cooling. Patient preference for product vehicle is relevant to adherence as compliance is a major factor for high rates of failure for dermatologic treatments.

Topical tretinoin has been a standard treatment for acne vulgaris for more than 4 decades. While tretinoin has demonstrated proven efficacy in the treatment of acne lesions, it also is associated with the potential for skin irritation. Newer formulations have been designed to optimize both the drug concentration and the delivery vehicle with the aim to enable clinicians to provide increasingly effective acne treatment that minimizes irritation. These therapies include formulations with varying concentrations of tretinoin and vehicles that utilize a microsponge delivery system, hydrogels and micronized tretinoin, or propolymers. The purpose of this review is to evaluate different formulations and combinations of tretinoin in the treatment of acne vulgaris. While these advanced formulations were designed for controlled release of active ingredient, and have the potential to reduce cutaneous irritation relative to standard tretinoin cream and gel formulations, there is a need for comparative studies to evaluate the relative benefits of each of these advanced tretinoin formulations in optimizing acne treatment.

Background: Many patients with osteoarthritis (OA) experience side effects with available systemic therapies, some of which can be life threatening. The widespread use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), often without prescription, is concerning given their potential risks. New treatments for OA are therefore required. This review discusses evidence supporting the use of TDT 064, a drug-free, topical gel containing ultra-deformable phospholipid vesicles (Sequessome * vesicles), for OA-associated pain., Scope: Preclinical and clinical studies investigating TDT 064 in patients with OA-associated knee pain were identified in searches of PubMed and congress abstracts., Findings: The ultra-deformable phospholipid vesicles (sequessome vesicles) in TDT 064 pass through the skin intact to reach the synovial space within the joint. The mechanism of action is not yet certain, but the phospholipid-based structure of these ultra-deformable phospholipid vesicles, and the observation that they localize to the cartilage surface, support biolubrication as a possible mechanism of action of TDT 064. Data from randomized, phase III studies in OA knee pain in which TDT 064 was used as the drug-free vehicle control for IDEA-033 (ketoprofen in ultra-deformable phospholipid vesicles) demonstrate a marked and consistent response to TDT 064 in terms of pain, stiffness, and function. In a 12 week study of >1300 patients, the effects of TDT 064 on pain and function were statistically noninferior to those of oral celecoxib, and superior to oral placebo. TDT 064 was well tolerated in all studies, and adverse events were typically mild-to-moderate effects on the skin., Conclusions: Evidence from clinical studies supports the use of TDT 064 as a drug-free topical treatment for patients with OA. Further experience with TDT 064, particularly among patients with comorbidities or NSAID contraindications, will provide more information on its potential use.

Purpose: N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) is administered to children during high-dose chemotherapy as a solubilizer with the intravenous formulation of busulfan (Busilvex®). DMA has shown liver toxicity in rats. However, little is known regarding its pharmacokinetics (PK) in humans. The aim of this analysis was to compare the PK of DMA after a once-daily dose of Busilvex® with the standard scheme consisting of 3-4 administrations per day in children., Methods: Out of 42 children, aged 0.1-18.9 years, receiving Busilvex®, 18 children received the first dose as a loading dose, giving a double dose of 1.4-2.0 mg/kg over a 4 h infusion followed by 15 doses of 0.7-1.0 mg/kg as 2 h infusions every 6 h. The other 24 children received Busilvex® as 3 h infusions once-daily for 4 consecutive days with a targeted busulfan AUC of 4,263 μM*min. Using NONMEM™ plasma, concentration-time data were analyzed. Assuming an increase in clearance overtime as found in our previous investigation, separate time factors for the two different dosing schedules included in the dataset were tested., Results: A one-compartment model with clearance increasing over time described the DMA kinetics sufficiently. Peak plasma concentrations of DMA, up to 3.09 mmoL/L (median 0.75 mmoL/L) for the current licensed dose regimen and up to 8.77 mmoL/L (median 3 mmoL/L) for the once-daily application, were observed. The examined increase in clearance was found to be 58 mL/h/kg and 6.1 mL/h/kg per day for the current licensed and the once-daily dose regimen, respectively., Conclusion: N,N-dimethylacetamide as solvent of lipophilic drugs such as busulfan has a linear PK in children of all ages using a dose split into one or four administrations per day. The rapid clearance with different dosing in patients of different body weights indicates that it is safe to use DMA in children in both a once and four times daily regimen.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of corn oil (CO), which is widely used as a vehicle for water-insoluble agents in drug development, on the gene expression profiles in rat thymus with microarray technique. Female Wistar rats were administered daily with normal saline (NS) and CO 2, 5 and 10 ml kg⁻¹ per day for 14 days, respectively. Then, the thymus samples of rats were collected for microarray test and histopathology examination. CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ lymphocytes in peripheral blood were also numerated to assess the effects on lymphocyte subpopulations. The microarray data showed that the numbers of differentially expressed genes in the 2, 5 and 10 ml kg⁻¹ CO groups were 0, 40 and 458, respectively, compared with the NS control group. The altered genes were mainly associated with immune response, cellular response to organic cyclic substance and regulation of fatty acid β-oxidation. However, no abnormal changes in thymus weight, CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ lymphocytes counts and histopathological examination were observed in the three CO groups. These data showed that 10 ml kg⁻¹ CO, the usually recommended dosing volume as a vehicle in drug safety assessment, caused obvious dysregulated genes in rat thymus. Our study suggests that the appropriate dosing volume of CO gavage as a vehicle for water-insoluble agents in drug development should be 2 ml kg⁻¹ per day, if agent effects on thymus will be assessed in gene levels., (Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

The purpose of this study is to evaluate in vivo efficacy and loco-regional distribution of a doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded Polyoxyl 35 Castor Oil (Cremophor EL, CrEL) noncovalent modified single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) formulation in a sarcoma tumor model after intratumoral injection. The drug loaded SWNTs were successfully prepared via physical absorption, which was confirmed by UV-vis-NIR absorbance spectra and dynamic light scattering assay. Solid tumor models were obtained by injecting mouse sarcoma 180 cells into the thighs of ICR mice. CrEL-SWNTs-DOX, CrEL-SWNTs, free DOX and saline (control) were intratumorally injected after 5 days post transplantation. The biodistribution studies demonstrated that intratumoral delivery of CrEL-SWNTs-DOX resulted in longer drug retention time in tumor, higher tumor level (27.6-fold than that of free DOX), as well as less accumulation in other solid tissues, especially in heart. Furthermore, in vivo anti-tumor activity results showed that CrEL-SWNTs-DOX could effectively suppress the tumor growth than free DOX and the control, attributing to its enhanced intratumoral DOX level. The histopathological findings revealed that the new carbon nanomaterials were a safe vehicle for topical drug delivery systems. It is concluded that this noncovalent modification of carbon nanotubes by CrEL for anticancer agents might be a promising alternative for cancer treatment.

Aim: The aetiology of caries is multifactorial. One key factor however is high sugar consumption, including sugar in medication especially for children with chronic diseases. This study assessed the level of awareness, knowledge, opinion and practice of dentists, pharmacists and parents about sugar-free medications (SFMs) and their potential to cause dental caries., Design: Self-administered close ended questionnaires were handed out to 98 dentists, 88 pharmacists and 129 parents of child patients. Specific questions were asked that assessed respondents knowledge, attitude and practice with respect to prescription (dentists), dispensing (pharmacists) and consumption (parents of children) of sugar-containing medications., Results: More dentists than pharmacists or parents felt the main disadvantage of SFMs is that it is less sweet than sugar-containing medications (p=0.02) and may be less acceptable (P=0.003). Over a tenth of the dentists and pharmacist respectively, and a twentieth of parents felt the sugar content in medicine was not an important source of caries (p<0.001). Very few dentists prescribe SFMs., Conclusion: There is a wide gap between the level of awareness, knowledge, opinion and practice of dentists, pharmacists and parents (drug consumers) about sugar-containing medications (SCMs) and the potential for these medications to cause dental caries.

Background: Commercially available local anesthetic drugs when diluted with normal saline have high sodium content. High perineural sodium concentration has been implicated in antagonizing the analgesic effects of local anesthetics by preventing and/or delaying neural blockade. Five percent dextrose is not known to cause any short- or long-term injury when injected around neural tissue. In this study, we prospectively compared and evaluated block characteristics when local anesthetic drug was diluted with these 2 different agents., Methods: Patients scheduled for upper limb surgery were randomly assigned to receive axillary brachial plexus block with 0.5% ropivacaine (1% diluted with either 5% dextrose or normal saline). Motor and sensory block were tested every 5 minutes for 30 minutes. Postoperatively, a telephone interview was conducted after 24 hours and 7 days along with surgical follow-up at days 3, 10, and/or 14 to 28 days to document side effects, patient satisfaction, and time for block resolution. Any nerve deficits were followed until resolution. The primary outcome was time to onset of sensory nerve block., Results: Five hundred fifty patients were recruited for this study. The mean time to complete sensory block was 18.3 ± 6.1 minutes in the dextrose group and 22.5 ± 6.4 minutes in the saline group (P < 0.001, 95% confidence interval for mean difference 3.0-5.4 minutes). There were 5 patients with clinical nerve deficits (no statistical difference between groups)., Conclusions: Dilution with 5% dextrose provides earlier onset of axillary brachial plexus block with ropivacaine.

To examine the ability of bile salts (BS) to act as permeation enhancers at the blood brain barrier, the effect of four BS (cholate, deoxycholate, monoketocholate and taurocholate) on accumulation of rhodamine 123 (R123) in rat brain endothelial (RBE4) cells was investigated. Experiments were performed using BS concentrations shown to be noncytotoxic to RBE4 cells. Uptake and efflux of R123 in the absence and presence of BS were studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and confocal microscopy. Changes in RBE4 cell membrane fluidity in the presence of BS were evaluated using fluorescence anisotropy. The direct interaction between BS and R123 (ion pairing) and the effect of BS on distribution of R123 into liposomes were studied by capillary electrophoresis. All BS influenced R123 uptake in a concentration-dependent manner and increased cell membrane fluidity. Monoketocholate produced the greatest increase in uptake and also significantly reduced R123 efflux probably by inhibition of P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Direct interaction of BS and R123 was weak, but distribution of R123 into liposomes was increased by BS. The results suggest that BS increase R123 uptake by increasing cell membrane fluidity and, in the case of MKC, by inhibiting P-gp.

The present study examines the acute, sub-acute toxicity, and cytotoxicity of paclitaxel elastic liposomal formulation in comparison to a marketed Cremophor EL (polyoxyethylated castor oil):ethanol (1:1, v/v) based formulation. In the previous study, Cremophor EL free paclitaxel elastic liposomal formulation was developed and characterized. Cytotoxicity of formulation was evaluated by MTT assay using A549 cell lines. Percentage intracellular uptake of paclitaxel elastic liposomal and marketed formulation was determined using a fluorescence activating cell sorting assay (FACS) and fluorescence microscopy techniques. Single and repeated dose toxicity measurement showed no mortality, hematological, biochemical, or histopathological changes up to a dose of 120 mg/kg for paclitaxel elastic liposomal formulation, in comparison the marketed formulation showed toxicity at a dose of 40 mg/kg. Maximum tolerated dose (MTD) for paclitaxel elastic liposomal and marketed formulation was found to be 160 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg, respectively. Results of FACS analysis showed a 94.6 ± 2.5% intracellular uptake of fluorescence marker acridine orange (AO) loaded in elastic liposomes; in comparison the AO solution showed only a 19.8 ± 1.1% uptake. Paclitaxel elastic liposomal formulation seems to be a better alternative for safe and effective delivery of paclitaxel. This study proves the safety and higher intracellular uptake of paclitaxel elastic liposomal formulation.

Many topical medications are available for the treatment of papulopustular rosacea. While treatments contain metronidazole, azelaic acid, or sodium sulfacetamide-sulfur as the active ingredient, the composition of the vehicle formulations varies widely. These vehicles come in gels, creams, lotions and foams; some ingredients are common to many vehicles, while some vehicles contain unique ingredients designed to optimize skin penetration and delivery of the active drug to its target. Vehicles can also influence tolerability, which is always a concern in patients with heightened skin sensitivity, and compliance, which is typically lower for topical treatments than oral treatments. Ideally, the vehicle of any rosacea treatment should enhance drug delivery, be nonirritating and be easy to use. Ingredients that help repair barrier function are also desirable. This review will focus on the key components of the vehicles from the most commonly used topical therapies for papulopustular rosacea and how vehicle formulations influence the delivery of active ingredient, skin barrier repair, tolerability and compliance.

Background: Oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate lozenges (lollipops) are indicated for the oral management of breakthrough cancer pain. When abused, these sucrose-containing lozenges can cause rampant dental caries., Case Description: The authors examined a 19-year-old man whose dentist referred him because of total dental coronal destruction. After the authors questioned the patient, they concluded that his frequent oral use of sucrose-containing opioid fentanyl citrate lozenges across a three-year period caused the dental condition., Clinical Implications: Dentists should be aware that oral transmucosal fentanyl citrate lozenges are being prescribed off-label for the control of pain from nonmalignant sources. Fentanyl citrate's effective analgesic potency can lead to misuse and potential abuse. Early recognition of its misuse could prevent severe dental caries and the need for extensive dental restoration.

Routine laboratory procedures, such as handling or transporting animals or carrying out injections on animals, are stressful for animals but are necessary in many pre-clinical studies. Here, the authors show that multiple injections of the non-toxic vehicle cyclodextrin moderately increased plasma corticosterone concentrations in female BALB/c mice. Additionally, male BALB/c mice that had received a single intraperitoneal injection of harmless saline had an increased glucocorticoid response to a second saline injection. The authors found that female mice that had been exposed to an acute psychological stress session had a decreased glucocorticoid response to a second homotypic stressor. In contrast, multiple psychological stress sessions led to increased glucocorticoid release in female mice. Acute injection(s) of saline in male mice and of cyclodextrin in female mice led to transient lymphocytopenia. Further analysis showed that repeated stress-induced lymphocytopenia is glucocorticoid-dependent. The authors conclude that laboratory stress can affect physiological parameters in mice, potentially altering study results.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness and mechanism(s) of percutaneous absorption of propranolol hydrochloride (PHCL) across rat and human cadaver skin using seven novel terpenes with reference to marker terpene 1,8-cineole. In-vitro skin permeation studies were carried out via rat and human skin models. The mechanism of skin permeation of PHCL by terpenes was evaluated by FTIR, DSC, activation energy measurement and histopathological examination. Amongst the new terpenes, 1,4-cineole was found to be most effective enhancer for diffusion of PHCL through rat skin (ER=3.07) and human cadaver skin (ER=2.42) as compared to control. FTIR spectra and DSC thermogram of skin treated with aforesaid terpenes indicated that permeation occurred due to the disruption of lipid bilayers. No apparent skin irritation (erythema, edema) was observed on treatment of skin with terpenes, the irritation was higher with the β-citronellene and rose oxide. It was concluded that 1,4-cineole can be successfully used as potential permeation enhancer for PHCL. It enhanced the absorption of hydrophilic drug by extraction and disruption of lipid bilayers and keratin denaturation of stratum corneum.

The purpose of this study was to prepare a novel paclitaxel (PTX) microemulsion containing a reduced amount of Cremophor EL (CrEL) which had similar pharmacokinetics and antitumor efficacy as the commercially available PTX injection, but a significantly reduced allergic effect due to the CrEL. The pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, in vivo antitumor activity and safety of PTX microemulsion was evaluated. The results of pharmacokinetic and distribution properties of PTX in the microemulsion were similar to those of the PTX injection. The antitumor efficacy of the PTX microemulsion in OVCRA-3 and A 549 tumor-bearing animals was similar to that of PTX injection. The PTX microemulsion did not cause haemolysis, erythrocyte agglutination or simulative reaction. The incidence and degree of allergic reactions exhibited by the PTX microemulsion group, with or without premedication, were significantly lower than those in the PTX injection group (P < .01). In conclusion, the PTX microemulsion had similar pharmacokinetics and anti-tumor efficacy to the PTX injection, but a significantly reduced allergic effect due to CrEL, indicating that the PTX microemulsion overcomes the disadvantages of the conventional PTX injection and is one way of avoiding the limitations of current injection product while providing suitable therapeutic efficacy.

Introduction: Propylene glycol (PG) is an unintentional frequently administered solvent in neonates despite the fact that PG accumulation potentially results in hyperosmolarity, lactic acidosis and renal/hepatic toxicity., Methods: Prospective evaluation of renal (diuresis, creatinaemia, sodium), metabolic (base excess, anion gap, lactate, bicarbonate) and hepatic (alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, direct bilirubinaemia) tolerance to PG in (pre)term neonates following intravenous administration of formulations (paracetamol, phenobarbital, digoxin) that contain PG. Observations from 48 h before up to 48 after the last PG administration were described and compared (paired analysis). Clinical characteristics and observations collected following intravenous PG-paracetamol administration were compared with a historical cohort of neonates in whom similar (renal, hepatic) observations during exposure to a mannitol-containing paracetamol formulation were collected., Results: 5566 observations were collected in 69 neonates before, during and following median PG exposure of 34 mg/kg/24 h (range 14-252). Progressive postnatal adaptation in renal, metabolic and hepatic function was documented, unrelated to the PG exposure. In the subgroup of 40 cases treated with intravenous PG-paracetamol, observations on renal and hepatic function were similar to a historical cohort of published observations following exposure to intravenous mannitol-paracetamol., Conclusions: Unintended PG administration (34 mg/kg/24 h) for a maximum of 48 h seems to be tolerated in (pre)term neonates and does not affect short-term postnatal adaptations. Further studies on PG disposition and the level of safe exposure to PG, including long-term safety data in neonates are needed.

A 62-year-old man, with a 20-year history of seborrhoeic dermatitis, presented with a worsening of his dermatitis. He had previously been demonstrated to be allergic to various topical corticosteroids, so he had been using an emollient cream (Sebclair), containing piroctone olamine and various anti-inflammatory substances, for 6 months, with good effect. Patch testing to the cream and its ingredients revealed positive reactions to both propyl gallate and pentylene glycol. A positive reaction to propylene glycol was also detected, whereas patch testing to butylene glycol was negative. Complete remission followed avoidance of the offending substances.