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Background Objectives Subjects Methods Results Conclusions and Clinical Importance Minimizing harm from antimicrobials requires use of the narrowest spectrum drug, at an effective dose for the minimum effective duration. Many prescribers are not currently following these guidelines. To address suboptimal antimicrobial use, the underlying reasons must be understood.To identify factors influencing choices of antimicrobial drug, dose, and duration for companion animals.Twenty‐two veterinarians treating companion animals in Australia. Diversity of participants was deliberately sought.Semistructured interviews were conducted online. Two case studies were discussed, and then a range of broader questions was posed. Transcripts were analyzed thematically, using an inductive approach.Few participants chose guideline‐concordant management for the case studies. Prescribing choices were influenced by a complex array of factors associated with the clinical case, pet owner, drug, veterinarian, veterinary colleagues, and external factors. Key factors driving broad‐spectrum antimicrobial use included a sense of safety, habit, ease of administering the drug (especially in cats), pharmaceutical marketing, and the self‐perpetuating dispensary cycle. Many participants were concerned about antimicrobial resistance, but insufficiently informed about how to minimize this risk. Several participants believed that longer duration of treatment and ensuring patients finish a predetermined course would decrease the risk of antimicrobial resistance and improve clinical outcomes.Veterinarians are engaged with the concept of antimicrobial stewardship, but face numerous practical barriers and require more information. In particular, improved education is needed on enhancing patient safety by minimizing both spectrum of activity and duration of treatment, and dispelling myths about “finishing the course.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This current investigation explored the thermal conversion process of castor wood into biochar, which was subsequently harnessed for removing naproxen from pharmaceutical industrial effluent via adsorption. Surface composition analyses conducted through scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X‐ray, laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy, and Fourier‐transform infrared studies unveiled the presence of nano MgO particles within the adsorbent material. Employing optimization techniques such as response surface methodology facilitated a refined approach to batch study. The optimized conditions for batch naproxen sodium (NPX) adsorption on nano‐MgO‐modified biochar were identified as pH 4, 1.5 g/L adsorbent dosage, and a 120‐min contact time maintaining a constant NPX concentration of 10 mg/L. The adsorption capacity was calculated to be 123.34 mg/g for a nano‐magnesium oxide‐modified castor wood biochar (modified biochar) and 99.874 mg/g for pristine castor wood biochar (pristine biochar). Fenton's reagents comprising 15 mM of FeSO4 (7H2O) and 25 mM of H2O2 have been scrutinized under conditions of pH 3.0, a reaction time of 30 min, a temperature of 30°C, and stirring at 120 rpm, followed by batch adsorption treatment. The COD, NH3–N, NO3−, PO43−, and NPX removal percentages was found to be 90%, 87%, 79%, 80%, and 90%, respectively. Thus nano MgO‐modified biochar holds promise of treatment of pharmaceutical effluent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micropollutants also known as "emerging micropollutants" (EMPs) have gained significant attention in research, with a particular emphasis on the ocean, marine water, and river pollution. The interest arises from the impact of EMPs on aquatic ecosystems, often originating from sources such as wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) and septic tanks leakage. However, EMPs pollution in surface water can also be caused by leakage of septic tanks. In Indonesia, where septic tanks maintenance is generally neglected, there is a potential risk of EMPs contamination. The outcome and transformation of EMPs, as well as their potential transport pathways, are influenced by sanitary conditions and the effectiveness of existing septic tanks. This concern has escalated to the point of causing fecal contamination in drinking water sources. Therefore, this research focuses on EMPs, specifically pharmaceutical EMPs, leakage from septic tanks, and their possible fate and transport. It also discusses related perspectives of previous research related to EMPs contamination due to leakage of septic tanks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study reports the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) activity of a n–n heterojunction comprising MoS2 and NiSe2. The synthesis of the composite was achieved through a facile solvothermal method, yielding an exfoliated MoS2 layered sheet loaded with NiSe2 nanoparticles. Under visible light radiation and an external electric field, the obtained composite NiSe2/MoS2 exhibited enhanced catalytic activity for ciprofloxacin (CIP) degradation. The NiSe2/MoS2 heterojunction achieved about 78 % degradation efficiency with a first‐order kinetic rate of 0.0111 min−1, compared to 38 % efficiency and a first‐order kinetic rate of 0.0044 min−1 observed for MoS2. The NiSe2/MoS2 heterojunction was more advantageous due to the synergy of charge carrier induction by visible light radiation and improved charge carrier separation induced by the external electric field. The formation of n–n heterojunction at the interface of the two materials resulted in charge redistribution in the materials, with a simultaneous realignment of the band structure to achieve Fermi energy equilibration. The primary reactive species responsible for CIP degradation was identified as the photo‐induced h+. Furthermore, the catalyst exhibited high stability and reusability, with no significant reduction in activity observed after five experimental cycles. This study reveals the potential of exploring the synergy between the photocatalytic and electrocatalytic processes in removing harmful pharmaceutical compounds from water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Total Quality Management (TQM) is a holistic approach widely adopted across industries to ensure quality control and management. This document examines TQM practices in the pharmaceutical, food, and nutritional supplement sectors, highlighting their vital role in public health, sustainability, and consumer acceptance. By analyzing the literature and case studies, the article demonstrates how TQM significantly ensures product safety and quality. Real-world examples and empirical evidence showcase the benefits of TQM methodologies, from rigorous quality control to efficient management processes, helping to meet and exceed regulatory standards. The article also underscores TQM's critical role in addressing sustainability challenges, integrating eco-friendly practices, reducing waste, and optimizing resources. Furthermore, TQM fosters consumer trust and loyalty through transparency, continuous improvement, and responsiveness to feedback, building lasting business–customer relationships. In conclusion, this manuscript illuminates TQM's multifaceted impact on the pharmaceutical, food, and nutritional supplement sectors, presenting it as a pivotal framework for safeguarding public health, promoting sustainability, and enhancing consumer acceptance in a dynamic global landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Animal waste proteins have been increasing in the past decade, along with consumer demands. Their huge volume and the environmental issues caused by improper treatment probably pose a massive threat to human health. These animal waste proteins contain many valuable bioactive peptides and can be used not only as nutrient substances but also as primary functional ingredients in many industries, including agriculture, food, and pharmaceuticals. However, the advancement of the value-added application of animal waste proteins within the past 10 years has not been elucidated yet. In this regard, this paper scrutinized the studies on the applications of hydrolysates and peptides from animal waste proteins throughout the last decade, hoping to display a whole picture of their value-adding applications. Methods: The Web of Science and Google Scholar were searched from January 1, 2013, to December 12, 2023. This review included field trials, in vitro and in vivo assays, and in silico analysis based on literature surveys or proteolysis simulation. The quality of the included studies was evaluated by Journal Citation Reports, and the rationality of the discussion of studies included. Results: Numerous studies were performed on the application potential of hydrolysates and peptides of animal waste proteins in agricultural, food, and medicinal industries. Particularly, due to the nutritional value, safety, and especially competitive effects, the peptide with antioxidant, antimicrobial, antihypertensive, antidiabetic, or antithrombotic activities can be used as a primary functional ingredient in food and pharmaceuticals. Discussion: These value-added applications of animal waste proteins could be a step towards sustainable animal by-products management, and simultaneously, open new avenues in the rapid development of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. However, further studies on the bioavailability and structure-activity relationship are required to verify their therapeutic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glycopyrrolate is a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist used in the treatment of sialorrhea, especially in pediatrics. Degradation research was conducted to better understand the stability of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). Using an HPLC-UV method, we evaluated the chemical stability of the oral solution of the galenic compound glycopyrrolate 0.5 mg/mL under different storage conditions. Method validation was performed according to the International Council for Harmonization (ICH) Q2(R2) guidelines. The results of the stability study of the galenic compound in different storage conditions, with the exception of those stored in glass containers at 45 °C for more than 3 months, were stable (100 ± 10% of the nominal concentration). The aim of this work was to study the stability of the galenic compound glycopyrrolate in two different types of containers and at three different storage temperatures. Glycopyrrolate showed degradation beyond the limits only in glass at 45 °C and after 2 months of storage. The results indicate that oral liquid dosage forms of glycopyrrolate are stable for at least 210 days when stored at room temperature or at 4 °C, in glass or PET, for at least 7 months, maintaining product quality according to the standards established by the European Pharmacopoeia, ensuring long-term coverage for pediatric patient therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Seafood consumers are widely exposed to diclofenac due to the high contamination levels often present in aquatic organisms. It is a potential risk to public health due its endocrine disruptor properties. Limited information is available about diclofenac behavior after food digestion to enable a more realistic scenario of consumer exposure. This study aimed to evaluate cooking effects on diclofenac levels, and determine diclofenac bioaccessibility by an in vitro digestion assay, using commercial fish species (seabass and white mullet) as models. The production of the main metabolite 4′‐hydroxydiclofenac was also investigated. Fish hamburgers were spiked at two levels (150 and 1000 ng g−1) and submitted to three culinary treatments (roasting, steaming and grilling). RESULTS: The loss of water seems to increase the diclofenac levels after cooking, except in seabass with higher levels. The high bioaccessibility of diclofenac (59.1–98.3%) observed in both fish species indicates that consumers' intestines are more susceptible to absorption, which can be worrisome depending on the level of contamination. Contamination levels did not affect the diclofenac bioaccessibility in both species. Seabass, the fattest species, exhibited a higher bioaccessibility of diclofenac compared to white mullet. Overall, cooking decreased diclofenac bioaccessibility by up to 40% in seabass and 25% in white mullet. The main metabolite 4′‐hydroxydiclofenac was not detected after cooking or digestion. CONCLUSION: Thus, consumption of cooked fish, preferentially grilled seabass and steamed or baked white mullet are more advisable. This study highlights the importance to consider bioaccessibility and cooking in hazard characterization studies. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a pleiotropic inflammatory cytokine that not only directly induces inflammatory gene expression but also triggers apoptotic and necroptotic cell death, which leads to tissue damage and indirectly exacerbates inflammation. Thus, identification of inhibitors for TNF‐induced cell death has broad therapeutic relevance for TNF‐related inflammatory diseases. In the present study, we isolated and identified a marine fungus‐derived sesquiterpenoid, 9α,14‐dihydroxy‐6β‐p‐nitrobenzoylcinnamolide (named as Cpd‐8), that inhibits TNF receptor superfamily‐induced cell death by preventing the formation of cytosolic death complex II. Experimental Approach: Marine sponge‐associated fungi were cultured and the secondary metabolites were extracted to yield pure compounds. Cell viability was measured by ATP‐Glo cell viability assay. The effects of Cpd‐8 on TNF signalling pathway were investigated by western blotting, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence assays. A mouse model of acute liver injury (ALI) was employed to explore the protection effect of Cpd‐8, in vivo. Key Results: Cpd‐8 selectively inhibits TNF receptor superfamily‐induced apoptosis and necroptosis. Cpd‐8 prevents the formation of cytosolic death complex II and subsequent RIPK1‐RIPK3 necrosome, while it has no effect on TNF receptor I (TNFR1) internalization and the formation of complex I in TNF signalling pathway. In vivo, Cpd‐8 protects mice against TNF‐α/D‐GalN‐induced ALI. Conclusion and Implications: A marine fungus‐derived sesquiterpenoid, Cpd‐8, inhibits TNF receptor superfamily‐induced cell death, both in vitro and in vivo. This study not only provides a useful research tool to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of TNF‐induced cell death but also identifies a promising lead compound for future drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because arthritis and limited dexterity affect at least 25% of the US adult population (1) and these issues can make packaging more difficult to open, there has been an overall increase in interest about inclusive packaging (2). Inclusive packaging is designed to ensure that the largest number of consumers possible will be able to open a package without serious difficulty. When designing for those with arthritis, testing is often done using simulation technologies that impair hand and joint movements, such as the Cambridge Simulation Gloves (CSG). However, not all packages have been evaluated for inclusive design, and as such, the goal of this study was to use CSG to evaluate several representative packages currently in the marketplace for inclusivity and to redesign the one deemed most challenging for those with impaired dexterity. The study evaluated product packages that were deemed non‐inclusive, identified common trends between these products, including the necessity for fine finger movements, existence of small gripping areas, and opening mechanisms with little clearance between the two surfaces. Of the products examined, a common aspirin package, was found to be the most difficult to open—it was nearly impossible to lift the seal while wearing the CSG and the package required the most time to open. As such, this product was selected to undergo redesign, and this redesign focused on the tamper evident induction seal. The redesign process involved prototyping an included finger loop and then testing the prototypes using the CSG. This led to a final design consisting of a loop attached to the induction seal, which was then tested with the CSG to evaluate its effectiveness. This study shows the utility of incorporating the CSG into the preliminary design process as opposed to only at the final test of the product. Furthermore, the findings of the study strongly suggest that in designing inclusive packaging for those with limited dexterity, decreasing the required fine finger and joint movements and increasing the gripping areas, especially those involved in the opening mechanism of the package, are the most useful changes to make. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of biologics in mammalian cells is hindered by some limitations including high production costs, prompting the exploration of other alternative expression systems that are cheaper and sustainable like microalgae. Successful productions of biologics such as monoclonal antibodies have already been demonstrated in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum; however, limited production yields still remain compared to mammalian cells. Therefore, efforts are needed to make this microalga more competitive as a cell biofactory. Among the seventeen reported accessions of P. tricornutum, ten have been mainly studied so far. Among them, some have already been used to produce high-value-added molecules such as biologics. The use of "omics" is increasingly being described as useful for the improvement of both upstream and downstream steps in bioprocesses using mammalian cells. Therefore, in this context, we performed an RNA-Seq analysis of the ten most used P. tricornutum accessions (Pt1 to Pt10) and deciphered the differential gene expression in pathways that could affect bioproduction of biologics in P. tricornutum. Our results highlighted the benefits of certain accessions such as Pt9 or Pt4 for the production of biologics. Indeed, these accessions seem to be more advantageous. Moreover, these results contribute to a better understanding of the molecular and cellular biology of P. tricornutum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractOur study focused on the removal of metformin in aqueous solution. Metformin, an antidiabetic drug, is increasingly detected in wastewater. This study explored the feasibility of using bentonite encapsulated in sodium alginate as a sustainable and efficient sorbent for metformin removal. The adsorbent was characterized by RAMAN, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), and point of zero charge (pHzc). The adsorbent contains various functional groups including hydroxyl (-OH) groups from both bentonite and sodium alginate, carboxyl (-COOH) groups from sodium alginate, and silanol (-Si-OH) groups from bentonite. Batch kinetic studies were carried out as a function of pH, metformin concentration, sorbent amount, and solution temperature. The Freundlich and Langmuir models were used to describe the isotherm data. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of the sorbent material was 19,19 mgg−1. The pseudo-second order kinetic model adequately describes the kinetic data. The negative ΔH (−35,253 kJmol−1) confirms an exothermic process, which is further supported by the negative Gibbs energy values (−0,489 to −3,668 kJmol−1), indicating spontaneity and reversibility. Moreover, ΔS° = −0.105 kJ/mol−1.K−1. Response surface methodology was employed to identify the optimal parameters for metformin removal. These parameters were found to be: pH of 6.34, metformin concentration of 5.4 mgL−1, and adsorbent dosage of 3 g L−1 resulted in a remarkable efficiency of 94%. Additionally, bentonite beads (BBs) maintained a significant adsorption capacity for up to three cycles, demonstrating promising reusability. This study highlights that the encapsulation of clay in sodium alginate is a sustainable and effective approach for removing metformin during water treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbamazepine (CBZ) is a contaminant of emerging concern that is persistent in water and wastewater. At low concentrations, prolonged exposure to CBZ-containing water causes detrimental health effects to humans and may also have negative impacts on the environment. Here we critically review new treatment approaches to decrease CBZ concentrations in water and wastewater. First, we summarize the transformation pathways of CBZ in the aquatic environment and identify the corresponding products. Then, we describe the removal of CBZ and structurally-related pharmaceuticals by phototransformation, biotransformation, and adsorption processes, with an emphasis on the application of naturally- and biologically-derived nanoporous adsorbents, such as agricultural wastes, natural polymers, activated carbon, metal organic frameworks, silicas, and molecularly imprinted polymers. Biologically-derived activated carbons exhibited the highest adsorption capacities for CBZ, with adsorption predominantly occurring through hydrophobic and π–π interactions. CBZ was also effectively treated using titanium dioxide and other inorganic photocatalysts. This review not only provides a critical synthesis of state-of-the-art adsorption and degradation processes for CBZ and structurally-related pharmaceuticals, but also proposes knowledge gaps and future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrophobic ionizable organic compounds (HIOCs) like per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), pharmaceuticals, and surfactants have been detected in water supplies. Anion exchange is an effective process for the removal of HIOCs from water. Regeneration solution comprising methanol (ca. 75% v/v) and brine is used to effectively desorb HIOCs from resins to overcome the combination of electrostatic and non‐electrostatic interactions. This research investigated different mono‐ and polyhydroxy alcohol cosolvents with brine to regenerate resins saturated with HIOCs to understand the effects of cosolvent properties on regeneration. For PFAS desorption using 25% v/v alcohol in 5% NaCl solution, regeneration efficiency increased in the order methanol < ethanol < 1‐propanol. Experiments with the pharmaceutical diclofenac and surfactant dodecylbenzene sulfonate showed similar regeneration efficiency using 75% v/v methanol in 5% NaCl solution and 25% v/v 1‐propanol in 5% NaCl solution and higher regeneration efficiency using 1‐propanol than ethanol or methanol at the same volume fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted to evaluate three species of Dunaliella microalgae (Dunaliella salina, Dunaliella viridis, and Dunaliella sp.) indigenous to Iran as new sources of natural chemical and bioactive compounds for exploring pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential applications. The results showed that the fat, carbohydrate (mono‐ and di‐saccharide), dietary fiber, and protein content of Dunaliella were in the range of 13.19–25.02, 7.59–12.37, 42.10–48.82, and 17.68–22.50 (%), respectively. Dunaliella salina contained a pigment fraction of 11.50%, which was largely composed of carotenoid (7.41%) and chlorophyll (4.09%). Antioxidant capacity and inhibition of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) of Dunaliella salina were 34.54 mg/1000 g and 55.63%, respectively. The lipid profile also revealed that three isolated Dunaliella are remarkable sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (25.42%–40.13%). Further, the ratios of ∑n‐3/∑n‐6 (2.79%), docosahexaenoic acid (6.15%), and eicosapentaenoic acid (11.26%) were the highest in Dunaliella salina. The results, thus, proved that Dunaliella spp., especially Dunaliella salina (IBRC‐M 50030), which originates from a lake in Semnan province, Iran, has potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its appropriate biopigment, protein, lipid, antioxidant activity, long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raman spectroscopy (RS) is a nondestructive analytical method extensively utilized in the field of biomedical, and pharmaceutical applications due to their high sensitivity, noninvasive, and selective interaction with biomolecules. This method is significantly used in clinical diagnosis in both in vitro and in vivo to observe the structural and morphological changes in the biological fluids. In this review, we focused on the pharmaceutical and medical importance of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The review explores the applications of RS in drug manufacturing and process control, drug quality, and the discussion, including the capabilities of RS in cancer treatment, and in vivo applications. Finally, we discussed the modern Raman devices and future perspectives. Even though the summarized studies provide interesting and useful information about RS for pharmaceutical and biomedical field researchers, we expect that a collaborative approach between academicians and scientists from various disciplines and healthcare professionals will produce additional fundamental insights into RS-based applications shortly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies have shown that financial strategies are beneficial for improving the appropriate use of antibiotics within a limited period of time. Long-term effects have rarely been explored. This study evaluated the changes in expenditure and prescription patterns of antibacterial agents under the global budget (GB) program and drug price adjustment of a National Health Insurance scheme. Two structural methods, that is, the Laspeyres method and Fisher's Ideal Index decomposition method, were used to illustrate the impacts of price, volume, and drug change. During the first 5 years of the GB program (ie, 2001-2006), the expenses of antibacterial agents increased by 54.1%, while the volume decreased by 11% to 21.3%. Therapeutic choice was the predominant cause of expense growth. In the second and third 5-year periods (ie, 2006-2011 and 2011-2016), the driving force of therapeutic choice gradually decreased. The antibacterial expense remained stable with a slight increase in prescription volume. Periodic price adjustment contributed steadily to cost containment, by 21.9% to 39.9%. The GB program led to a remarkable increase in antibacterial expenses mainly attributed to therapeutic choice, especially in the early stage. In contrast, periodic price adjustment, provided steady benefits to pharmaceutical budget control without a noticeable increase in drug volume. • Global budget (GB) program may lead to therapeutic changes and drug cost expansion. • Major therapeutic change of antibacterials after GB was found between chemical subgroups. • Periodic price adjustment is beneficial to drug budget control without increased volume. • Under GB, prescribers favored antibacterial products with larger price reduction. • The decomposition methods are practical to explore antibiotic expense driver(s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of blockchain technology has spurred research and industrial advances, presenting potential benefits and practical solutions for various industries and their communities. Blockchain technology enables the efficient distribution, sharing, and secure storage of transactional data, leading to increased transparency and productivity in supply chains. While blockchain is seen as a disruptive technology, it is essential to explore its applicability to various industries. To this end, this study conducts a bibliometric analysis of the extant blockchain literature to better understand its potential applications. The study presents a systematic literature review that highlights the practical application of blockchain technology transfer in various industries, such as pharmaceuticals, banking and financial services, and media and entertainment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current 2019–2021 marine pharmacology literature review provides a continuation of previous reviews covering the period 1998 to 2018. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2019–2021 was published by researchers in 42 countries and contributed novel mechanism-of-action pharmacology for 171 structurally characterized marine compounds. The peer-reviewed marine natural product pharmacology literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral mechanism-of-action studies for 49 compounds, 87 compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities that also affected the immune and nervous system, while another group of 51 compounds demonstrated novel miscellaneous mechanisms of action, which upon further investigation, may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Thus, in 2019–2021, a very active preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline provided novel mechanisms of action as well as new lead chemistry for the clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline targeting the therapy of several disease categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2023/24 is the sixth in this series of biennial publications. The Concise Guide provides concise overviews, mostly in tabular format, of the key properties of approximately 1800 drug targets, and over 6000 interactions with about 3900 ligands. There is an emphasis on selective pharmacology (where available), plus links to the open access knowledgebase source of drug targets and their ligands (https://www.guidetopharmacology.org/), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. Although the Concise Guide constitutes almost 500 pages, the material presented is substantially reduced compared to information and links presented on the website. It provides a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates. The full contents of this section can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.16178. Ion channels are one of the six major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being: G protein-coupled receptors, nuclear hormone receptors, catalytic receptors, enzymes and transporters. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. The landscape format of the Concise Guide is designed to facilitate comparison of related targets from material contemporary to mid-2023, and supersedes data presented in the 2021/22, 2019/20, 2017/18, 2015/16 and 2013/14 Concise Guides and previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in close conjunction with the Nomenclature and Standards Committee of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (NC-IUPHAR), therefore, providing official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate.

COVID-19 virus proved to be very contagious resulting in a public health emergency by the World Health Organization (WHO), posing overall public health system and governance challenges. Amid the pandemic period and the unprecedented increase in healthcare demands, pharmacy services are an important mainstay to combat the COVID-19 virus pandemic. However, not all pharmacies have inventive and adaptive pharmacist practices, particularly pharmacists working in rural areas. In the present article, we observed how pharmaceutical swiftly acted response in to marketing during the COVID-19 period. The populations of focus were employees in marketing divisions with an emphasis on product sales. The data were obtained through in depth interviews and documentative observations. The findings showed, that the communication transition from offline to online is the emergent strategy followed by establishing and promoting remote pharmacy services. The information and suggestions offered in this manuscript could help in the restructuring of existing pharmacy services by governments, public health bodies, and policymakers in response to a pandemic.

Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate three species of Dunaliella microalgae (Dunaliella salina, Dunaliella viridis, and Dunaliella sp.) indigenous to Iran as new sources of natural chemical and bioactive compounds for exploring pharmaceutical and nutraceutical potential applications. The results showed that the fat, carbohydrate (mono‐ and di‐saccharide), dietary fiber, and protein content of Dunaliella were in the range of 13.19–25.02, 7.59–12.37, 42.10–48.82, and 17.68–22.50 (%), respectively. Dunaliella salina contained a pigment fraction of 11.50%, which was largely composed of carotenoid (7.41%) and chlorophyll (4.09%). Antioxidant capacity and inhibition of 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) of Dunaliella salina were 34.54 mg/1000 g and 55.63%, respectively. The lipid profile also revealed that three isolated Dunaliella are remarkable sources of polyunsaturated fatty acids (25.42%–40.13%). Further, the ratios of ∑n‐3/∑n‐6 (2.79%), docosahexaenoic acid (6.15%), and eicosapentaenoic acid (11.26%) were the highest in Dunaliella salina. The results, thus, proved that Dunaliella spp., especially Dunaliella salina (IBRC‐M 50030), which originates from a lake in Semnan province, Iran, has potential applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries due to its appropriate biopigment, protein, lipid, antioxidant activity, long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid.

A new polymorph of the diuretic chlorothiazide, 6-chloro-1,1-dioxo-2H-1,2,4-benzothiazine-7-sulfonamide, C7H6ClN3O4S2, is described. Crystallized from basic aqueous solution, this monoclinic polymorph is found to be less thermodynamically favoured than the known triclinic polymorph and to feature only N—H...O type intermolecular hydrogen bonds as opposed to the N—H...O and N—H...N type hydrogen bonds found in the P1 form.

Abstract Pharmaceutical pollutants, a group of emerging contaminants, have attracted outstanding attention in recent years, and their removal from aquatic environments has been addressed. In the current study, a new sponge-based moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) was developed to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD) and the pharmaceutical compound Ibuprofen (IBU). A 30-L pilot scale MBBR was constructed, which was continuously fed from the effluent of the first clarifier of the Southern Tehran wastewater treatment plant. The controlled operational parameters were pH in the natural range, Dissolved Oxygen of 1.5–2 mg/L, average suspended mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS), and mixed liquor volatile suspended solids (MLVSS) of 1.68 ± 0.1 g/L and 1.48 ± 0.1 g/L, respectively. The effect of hydraulic retention time (HRT) (5 h, 10 h, 15 h), filling ratio (10%, 20%, 30%), and initial IBU concentration (2 mg/L, 5 mg/L, 10 mg/L) on removal efficiencies was assessed. The findings of this study revealed a COD removal efficiency ranging from 48.9 to 96.7%, with the best removal efficiency observed at an HRT of 10 h, a filling ratio of 20%, and an initial IBU concentration of 2 mg/L. Simultaneously, the IBU removal rate ranged from 25 to 92.7%, with the highest removal efficiency observed under the same HRT and filling ratio, albeit with an initial IBU concentration of 5 mg/L. An extension of HRT from 5 to 10 h significantly improved both COD and IBU removal. However, further extension from 10 to 15 h slightly enhanced the removal efficiency of COD and IBU, and even in some cases, removal efficiency decreased. Based on the obtained results, 20% of the filling ratio was chosen as the optimum state. Increasing the initial concentration of IBU from 2 to 5 mg/L generally improved COD and IBU removal, whereas an increase from 5 to 10 mg/L caused a decline in COD and IBU removal. This study also optimized the reactor’s efficiency for COD and IBU removal by using response surface methodology (RSM) with independent variables of HRT, filling ratio, and initial IBU concentration. In this regard, the quadratic model was found to be significant. Utilizing the central composite design (CCD), the optimal operating parameters at an HRT of 10 h, a filling ratio of 21%, and an initial IBU concentration of 3 mg/L were pinpointed, achieving the highest COD and IBU removal efficiencies. The present study demonstrated that sponge-based MBBR stands out as a promising technology for COD and IBU removal.

Presently, most of the reported infections are of a bacterial origin; however, this leads to a limit within the literature and research around infections caused by fungal pathogens, which are now developing resistance to antibiotic medicines. Of the natural antimicrobial agents, honey has been observed with demonstrable and highly exploitable antimicrobial and infection control related to wound healing properties; therefore, it has been incorporated into many standard pharmaceutical formulations. Generally, these products utilize a pure sample of honey as a bioactive ingredient in a product which has been purposely designed for the convenience of application. This article aims to review information available from published reports on various bioactivities of a variety of medical-grade honey products, including manuka and other conventional non-manuka types sourced from different floral types and geographical regions. Additionally, this review highlights the antibiotic activities of various types of honey products tested against pathogenic strains of bacteria, yeast and fungi, and their applications in the formulation of healthcare products.

Abstract Background Unused pharmaceuticals are currently a public health problem. This study aimed to identify unused pharmaceuticals, research practices about the disposal methods, classify the medicines according to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical codes (ATC) and, to determine the number of unused medicines. Methods The study was designed as a cross-sectional study. Data were collected between April and August 2023 in Burdur-Türkiye by non-probability sampling technique (convenience method). Pharmaceuticals were classified according to ATC. Statistical Package for Social Science SPSS (V.24) package program was used for data analysis. Results A total of 1120 people, 1005 in the first sample group and 115 in the second sample group, participated in the study. Findings of first sample group: A total of 4097 boxes of unused pharmaceuticals (4.7 ± 4.3 boxes/per capita) were detected. It was found that pharmaceuticals were stored in areas such as kitchens (59.1%) and refrigerators (38.6%), the reason for keeping them was reuse (41%), and the disposal practice was household garbage (81%). Paracetamol (648 boxes), Other cold preparation (303 boxes), Dexketoprofen (239 boxes), Diclofenac (218 boxes), Amoxicillin and beta-lactamase inhibitor (190 boxes) were found to be the most frequently unused pharmaceuticals. Using the unused medicines at home without consulting a physician was 94.1% (self-medication). Findings of second sample group: Of the 6189 dosage forms in 265 boxes pharmaceutical, 3132(50.6%) dosage forms were used and 3057(49.4%) were found to be unused. Conclusion There is a significant amount and number of unused medicines in households, and self-medication is common. Medicines are not properly disposed of and some of them expire. Public information is needed. A “drug take-back system” for unused medicines can be useful in solving this problem.

Abstract The pattern of poisoning varies in different societies. In this study, we investigated the clinical-epidemiological features and outcomes of poisoned patients based on the substances involved, whether pharmaceutical or non- pharmaceutical toxins. This cross-sectional study involved a retrospective chart review of all poisoned patients who presented to the poisoning emergency hospital in the center of Iran between January 2015 and December 2019. We collected data on socio-demographics, the nature of the poisoning, and the outcomes. Backward stepwise binary regression analysis was conducted to predict the mortality. Throughout the study period, 5777 patients with acute poisoning met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 3524 cases (61%) were attributed to pharmaceutical, and 2253 cases (39%) were due to non-pharmaceutical poisoning. The majority of pharmaceutical poisonings (82.9%) were intentional, whereas non-pharmaceutical poisonings accounted for 46.2% of intentional exposures (P

The frequent drugs prescribed for type 2 diabetes patients are linagliptin (LNG) and empagliflozin (EMG) in different drug formulations. The objective of this research is to create and validate selective and simple methods to evaluate both medications in their dosage forms. Method A for the assay of LNG is based on the drug oxidation using an iodate/iodide mixture, while Method B involves the determination of EMG using permanganate oxidation. The regression graphs had good linearity in the ranges of 0.25–20 and 0.20–1.5 µg·ml−1 for the two drugs, respectively. The limits of detection were 0.082 and 0.065 µg·ml−1 for LNG and EMG, respectively. The two methods were validated and applied for the assay of the drugs in dosage forms successfully.