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In the current 4.0 era, many fields such as medicine, cinema, architecture, etc. often use 3D models to visualize objects. However, there is not always enough information or equipment to build a 3D model. Another approach is to take multiple 2D images and convert to 3D shapes. This method requires information on images taken of objects at different angles. To get around this, we use a 2.5D sketch as an intermediary when going from 2D to 3D. A 2D photo is easier to create a 2.5D sketch than to convert directly to a 3D shape. In this paper, we propose a model consisting of three modules: The first is converting from 2D image to 2.5D sketch. The second is to go from a 2.5D sketch to a 3D shape. Finally, refine the newly created 3D shape. Experiments on the ShapeNet Core55 dataset show that our model gives better results than traditional models

Six species of the family Corinnidae Karsch, 1880 are described from China and Vietnam. Fengzhen gen. nov. is erected to accommodate F. mengla sp. nov. (♂♀) from China; Peng gen. nov. is erected to accommodate P. birmanicus (Thorell, 1897), comb. nov., P. borneensis (Yamasaki, 2017), comb. nov. and P. taprobanicus (Simon, 1897), comb. nov., transferred from Sphecotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1895. Further new species described include Allomedmassa tamdao sp. nov. (♂), Echinax baisha sp. nov. (♂), Medmassa lingshui sp. nov. (♂), and Spinirta shaoguan sp. nov. (♂). The male of P. birmanicus is described for the first time.

Baiyuerius gen. nov., a new genus of the subfamily Coelotinae F. O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1893 is described, including five new species: B. daxi sp. nov. (♀), B. pindong sp. nov. (♂), B. tamdao sp. nov. (♀), B. zhuping sp. nov. (♂) and B. zuojiang sp. nov. (♂♀), from southern China and northern Vietnam. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses support Baiyuerius gen. nov. as monophyletic and as a sister group of the newly established genus Yunguirius Li, Zhao & Li, 2023.

A species of the genus Cyclocosmia Ausserer, 1871 collected from Guizhou Province, China is diagnosed and described as new to science: Cyclocosmia liui Xu, Xu & Li, sp. n. (♀). New records of Cyclocosmia latusicosta Zhu, Zhang & Zhang, 2006 (♀) from China (Yunnan Province) and Vietnam (Vinh Phuc Province, Ninh Binh Province), and Cyclocosmia ricketti (Pocock, 1901) collected from Jiangxi Province, China are also reported in this study.

Khorata cucphuong Yao & Li sp. nov. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:35 E32171 -4605-4F27-BB8B-43CF48FB66F2 Figs 3–4 Type material. Holotype: Male, on the path to the Old Tree (20°20.972′N, 105°35.600′E, elevation 437 m), Cuc Phuong National Park, Ninh Binh, Vietnam, 20 August 2015, Q. Zhao, Y. Li and Z. Chen leg. Paratypes: 2 females, same data as holotype. Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality, and is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. This species resembles K. miaoshanensis Yao & Li, 2010 (see Yao & Li 2010: 11, figs 33A–D, 34A–D, 35A–D, 36A–C) with similar male chelicerae (Figs 4C–D) and epigynum (Fig. 4A) but can be distinguished by absence of prolateral spines and membranous processes subdistally on procursus (Figs 3A, C) and by medially narrow but anteriorly and posteriorly widened pore plates (Fig. 4B). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 1.98 (2.08 with clypeus), carapace 0.70 long, 0.84 wide, opisthosoma 1.28 long, 0.76 wide. Leg I: 17.75 (4.13 + 0.37 + 4.13 + 7.16 + 1.96), leg II: 10.68 (2.84 + 0.34 + 2.66 + 3.67 + 1.17), leg III: 8.01 (2.30 + 0.28 + 1.86 + 2.62 + 0.95), leg IV: 10.42 (2.94 + 0.30 + 2.48 + 3.88 + 0.82); tibia I L/d: 46. Habitus as in Figs 4E–F. Carapace yellowish, with black margins and wide, black median stripe; sternum black. Legs brownish, but slightly whitish on distal parts of femora and tibiae, with distinct darker rings on subdistal parts of femora and tibiae. Opisthosoma yellowish, with large black spots. Distance PME-PME 0.10, diameter PME 0.12, distance PME-ALE 0.03, AME absent. Ocular area slightly elevated and separated from rest of carapace. Thoracic furrow shallow, but distinct. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.57/ 0.46). Chelicerae (Figs 4C–D) with pair of small proximo-lateral apophyses, pair of small distal apophyses on front-lateral surface, pair of frontal apophyses (arrows in Figs 4C–D) provided with scales each, and pair of long, hooked frontal apophyses (distance between tips: 0.06). Pedipalps as in Figs 3A–D; trochanter with short retrolateral apophysis and small ventral apophysis; femur with retrolateral apophysis; patella large; procursus very simple, without spines and membranous processes (Figs 3C–D); bulb simple, no other projections except for embolus. Retrolateral trichobothria of tibia I at 12% proximally; legs with short vertical setae on metatarsi and tarsi, without spines and curved setae; tarsus I with 11 distinct pseudosegments. Female: Similar to male, habitus as in Figs 4G–H. Total length 2.10 (2.25 with clypeus), carapace 0.72 long, 0.89 wide, opisthosoma 1.38 long, 1.00 wide; tibia I: 3.59; tibia I L/d: 40. Distance PME-PME 0.08, diameter PME 0.13, distance PME-ALE 0.03, AME absent. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.54/0.39). Epigynum (Fig. 4A) brown, without pockets. Vulva (broken, another paratype as in Fig. 4B) with slightly curved anterior arch and pair of medially narrow but anteriorly and posteriorly widened pore plates. Variation: Tibia I in another female paratype: 3.48. Natural History. The species was found on its irregular web between rocks. Distribution. Vietnam (Ninh Binh, type locality; Fig. 11).

Khorata quangbinh Yao & Li sp. nov. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:20EC7128-91DB-4ECF-8458-75 E56704 EF13 Figs 9–10 Type material. Holotype: Male, Botanic Garden (17°33.15′N, 106°18.083′E, elevation 117 m), Phong Nha-ke Bang National Park, Quang Binh, Vietnam, 14 May 2016, Q. Zhao and Z. Chen leg. Paratypes: 2 males and 3 females, same data as holotype. Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality, and is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. This species resembles K. dangi Yao, Pham & Li, 2015 (see Yao et al. 2015: 12, figs 35A–D, 36A– E, 37A–D) with similar male chelicerae (Figs 10C–D) but can be distinguished by narrow median line on carapace (Fig. 10E) and by presence of two sclerites distally on procursus (arrows 1 and 2 in Fig. 9C). This species also resembles K. bachma Yao & Li sp. nov. (Figs 1–2) with similar male chelicerae (Figs 10C–D) and female genitalia (Figs 10A–B) but can be distinguished by small, narrow prolateral sclerite (arrow 1 in Fig. 9C) and nearly semicircular retrolateral sclerite (arrow 2 in Fig. 9C) on procursus. Description. Male (holotype): Total length 3.05 (3.24 with clypeus), carapace 1.10 long, 1.14 wide, opisthosoma 1.95 long, 1.28 wide. Leg I: 30.51 (7.25 + 0.50 + 7.44 + 11.99 + 3.33), leg II: 19.20 (5.33 + 0.47 + 4.58 + 7.00 + 1.82), leg III: 14.38 (4.30 + 0.41 + 3.35 + 5.13 + 1.19), leg IV: 18.27 (5.38 + 0.43 + 4.38 + 7.10 + 0.98); tibia I L/d: 55. Habitus as in Figs 10E–F. Carapace yellowish, with brown margins and narrow, dark median line; sternum black. Legs brownish, but slightly whitish on distal parts of femora and tibiae, with distinct darker rings on subdistal parts of femora and tibiae. Opisthosoma yellowish, with large black spots. Distance PME-PME 0.14, diameter PME 0.14, distance PME-ALE 0.04, AME absent. Ocular area slightly elevated and separated from rest of carapace. Thoracic furrow shallow, but distinct. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.80/0.76). Chelicerae (Figs 10C–D) with pair of small proximo-lateral apophyses, pair of small distal apophyses on front-lateral surface, pair of strong frontal apophyses (arrows in Figs 10C–D) provided with scales each, and pair of long, hooked frontal apophyses (distance between tips: 0.04). Pedipalps as in Figs 9A–D; trochanter with short retrolateral apophysis and small ventral apophysis; femur with retrolateral apophysis; patella large; procursus simple proximally but complex distally, with small, narrow prolateral sclerite and nearly semicircular retrolateral sclerite (arrows 1 and 2 in Fig. 9C); bulb simple, no other projections except for embolus. Retrolateral trichobothria of tibia I at 9% proximally; legs with short vertical setae on tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi, without spines and curved setae; tarsus I with 9 distinct pseudosegments. Female: Similar to male, habitus as in Figs 10G–H. Total length 3.06 (3.16 with clypeus), carapace 0.75 long, 0.85 wide, opisthosoma 2.31 long, 1.60 wide; leg I missing. Distance PME-PME 0.12, diameter PME 0.12, distance PME-ALE 0.04, AME absent. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.64/0.60). Epigynum (Fig. 10A) yellowish, without pockets. Vulva (Fig. 10B) with slightly curved anterior arch and pair of large, nearly triangular pore plates. Variation: Tibia I in one male paratype (leg I missing in another specimen): 7.20. Tibia I in the other female paratypes (n = 2): 6.43, 6.68. Natural History. The species was found on its irregular web between rocks. Distribution. Vietnam (Quang Binh, type locality; Fig. 11).

Khorata palace Yao & Li sp. nov. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: B77966 CE-B9B7-4B37-9BA0-7B6171C5FF14 Figs 7���8 Type material. Holotype: Male, Palace Cave (20��21.350���N, 105��36.282���E, elevation 523 m), Cuc Phuong National Park, Ninh Binh, Vietnam, 19 August 2015, Q. Zhao, Y. Li and Z. Chen leg. Paratype: 1 female, same data as holotype. Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality, and is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. This species can be easily distinguished from all known congeners by combination of following characters: strong, distally swollen frontal apophyses on male chelicerae (arrows in Figs 8C���D), presence of retrolateral spine distally on procursus (arrow in Fig. 7D) and large, nearly semicircular pore plates (Fig. 8B). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 3.32 (3.48 with clypeus), carapace 1.03 long, 1.21 wide, opisthosoma 2.29 long, 1.62 wide. Leg I: 34.68 (8.35 + 0.52 + 8.38 + 13.80 + 3.63), legs II and III missing, leg IV: 20.37 (6.10 + 0.46 + 4.83 + 7.78 + 1.20); tibia I L/d: 67. Habitus as in Figs 8E���F. Carapace yellowish, with black margins and narrow, dark median line; sternum black. Legs brownish, but slightly whitish on distal parts of femora and tibiae, with distinct darker rings on subdistal parts of femora and tibiae. Opisthosoma yellowish, with large black spots. Distance PME-PME 0.14, diameter PME 0.15, distance PME-ALE 0.04, AME absent. Ocular area slightly elevated and separated from rest of carapace. Thoracic furrow shallow, but distinct. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.83/0.78). Chelicerae (Figs 8C���D) with pair of small proximo-lateral apophyses, pair of small distal apophyses on front-lateral surface, pair of strong, distally swollen frontal apophyses (arrows in Figs 8C���D) provided with scales each, and pair of long, hooked frontal apophyses (distance between tips: 0.03). Pedipalps as in Figs 7A���D; trochanter with short retrolateral apophysis and small ventral apophysis; femur with retrolateral apophysis; patella large; procursus simple proximally but complex distally, with two ventral apophyses and retrolateral spine distally (arrow in Fig. 7D); bulb simple, no other projections except for embolus. Retrolateral trichobothria of tibia I at 7% proximally; legs with short vertical setae on tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi, without spines and curved setae; tarsus I with 7 distinct pseudosegments. Female: Similar to male, habitus as in Figs 8G���H. Total length 2.59 (2.75 with clypeus), carapace 0.89 long, 1.14 wide, opisthosoma 1.70 long, 0.99 wide; Leg I: 32.12 (7.80 + 0.49 + 7.85 + 12.58 + 3.40), leg II: 20.60 (6.05 + 0.48 + 4.95 + 7.15 + 1.97), leg III: 15.11 (4.55 + 0.43 + 3.55 + 5.15 + 1.43), leg IV: 19.45 (5.88 + 0.41 + 4.63 + 7.25 + 1.28); tibia I L/d: 68. Distance PME-PME 0.16, diameter PME 0.15, distance PME-ALE 0.03, AME absent. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.64/0.62). Epigynum (Fig. 8A) brown, without pockets. Vulva (Fig. 8B) with slightly curved anterior arch and pair of large, nearly semicircular pore plates. Variation: Unknown. Natural History. The species was found on its irregular web between rocks in the entrance zone of the Palace Cave. Distribution. Vietnam (Ninh Binh, type locality; Fig. 11)., Published as part of Nie, Lei, Yao, Zhiyuan, Pham, Dinh-Sac & Li, Shuqiang, 2018, Five new species of the spider genus Khorata Huber, 2005 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Vietnam, pp. 480-496 in Zootaxa 4486 (4) on pages 487-492, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1442282

Khorata bachma Yao & Li sp. nov. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58F63D9C-35A2-411A-A18D-281F7BD23D7B Figs 1–2 Type material. Holotype: Male, Pleasant Fall Area (16°13.763′N, 107°50.891′E, elevation 371 m), Bach Ma National Park, Thua Thien-Hue, Vietnam, 27 August 2015, Q. Zhao, Y. Li and Z. Chen leg. Paratypes: 2 males and 3 females, same data as holotype. Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality, and is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. This species resembles K. dangi Yao, Pham & Li, 2015 (see Yao et al. 2015: 12, figs 35A–D, 36A– E, 37A–D) with similar male chelicerae (Figs 2C–D) but can be distinguished by narrow median line on carapace (Fig. 2E) and by presence of two sclerites distally on procursus (arrows 1 and 2 in Fig. 1C). This species also resembles K. quangbinh Yao & Li sp. nov. (Figs 9–10) with similar male chelicerae (Figs 2C–D) and female genitalia (Figs 2A–B) but can be distinguished by large, nearly angular prolateral sclerite (arrow 1 in Fig. 1C) and nearly square retrolateral sclerite (arrow 2 in Fig. 1C) on procursus. Description. Male (holotype): Total length 2.57 (2.74 with clypeus), carapace 0.80 long, 0.83 wide, opisthosoma 1.77 long, 1.10 wide. Leg I: 28.99 (7.05 + 0.43 + 6.93 + 11.45 + 3.13), leg II: 17.36 (4.82 + 0.42 + 4.15 + 6.58 + 1.39), leg III: 12.81 (3.83 + 0.35 + 2.95 + 4.55 + 1.13), leg IV: 16.85 (5.10 + 0.38 + 3.95 + 6.38 + 1.04); tibia I L/d: 62. Habitus as in Figs 2E–F. Carapace yellowish, with black margins and narrow, dark median line; sternum black. Legs brownish, but slightly whitish on distal parts of femora and tibiae, with distinct darker rings on subdistal parts of femora and tibiae. Opisthosoma yellowish, with large black spots. Distance PME-PME 0.14, diameter PME 0.14, distance PME-ALE 0.02, AME absent. Ocular area slightly elevated and separated from rest of carapace. Thoracic furrow shallow, but distinct. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.67/0.60). Chelicerae (Figs 2C–D) with pair of small proximo-lateral apophyses, pair of small distal apophyses on front-lateral surface, pair of strong frontal apophyses (arrows in Figs 2C–D) provided with scales each, and pair of long, hooked frontal apophyses (distance between tips: 0.03). Pedipalps as in Figs 1A–D; trochanter with short retrolateral apophysis and small ventral apophysis; femur with retrolateral apophysis; patella large; procursus simple proximally but complex distally, with nearly angular prolateral sclerite and nearly square retrolateral sclerite (arrows 1 and 2 in Fig. 1C); bulb simple, no other projections except for embolus. Retrolateral trichobothria of tibia I at 9% proximally; legs with short vertical setae on tibiae, metatarsi and tarsi, without spines and curved setae; tarsus I with 10 distinct pseudosegments. Female: Similar to male, habitus as in Figs 2G–H. Total length 2.48 (2.64 with clypeus), carapace 0.74 long, 0.92 wide, opisthosoma 1.74 long, 1.08 wide; tibia I: 6.12; tibia I L/d: 61. Distance PME-PME 0.12, diameter PME 0.11, distance PME-ALE 0.02, AME absent. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.60/0.56). Epigynum (Fig. 2A) yellowish, without pockets. Vulva (Fig. 2B) with slightly curved anterior arch and pair of large, nearly triangular pore plates. Variation: Tibia I in male paratypes (n = 2): 7.08, 7.50. Tibia I in the other female paratypes (n = 2): 6.58, 6.98. Natural History. The species was found on its irregular web between rocks. Distribution. Vietnam (Thua Thien-Hue, type locality; Fig. 11).

Khorata vinhphuc Yao & li Sp. nov. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:3B9512CF-AF60-4AC9-80B4-41AB4252986C Figs 5–6 Type material. Holotype: Male, Tam Dao National Park (21°28.417′N, 105°38.083′E, elevation 1009 m), Vinh Phuc, Vietnam, 7 June 2016, Q. Zhao and Z. Chen leg. Paratypes: 2 males and 3 females, same data as holotype. Etymology. The specific name refers to the type locality, and is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. This species resembles K. ningming (see Zhang & Zhu 2009: 236, figs 8–15) with similar procursus (Figs 5C–D) but can be distinguished by more developed frontal apophyses on male chelicerae (arrows in Figs 6C– D), by presence of pair of lateral projections posteriorly on epigynum (arrows in Figs 6A–B) and by nearly triangular pore plates (Fig. 6B). Description. Male (holotype): Total length 2.75 (2.88 with clypeus), carapace 0.91 long, 1.13 wide, opisthosoma 1.84 long, 1.16 wide. Leg I: – (5.60 + 0.47 + 5.63 + 8.95 + –), leg II: 14.69 (4.08 + 0.43 + 3.40 + 5.20 + 1.58), leg III: 11.06 (3.08 + 0.37 + 2.63 + 3.85 + 1.13), leg IV missing (see variation); tibia I L/d: 42. Habitus as in Figs 6E–F. Carapace yellowish, with black margins and narrow, dark median line; sternum black but yellowish medially. Legs brownish, but slightly whitish on distal parts of femora and tibiae, with distinct darker rings on subdistal parts of femora and tibiae. Opisthosoma yellowish, with large black spots. Distance PME-PME 0.16, diameter PME 0.14, distance PME-ALE 0.02, AME absent. Ocular area slightly elevated and separated from rest of carapace. Thoracic furrow shallow, but distinct. Clypeus unmodified. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.72/ 0.65). Chelicerae (Figs 6C–D) with pair of small proximo-lateral apophyses, pair of small distal apophyses on front-lateral surface, pair of strong frontal apophyses (arrows in Figs 6C–D) provided with scales each, and pair of long, hooked frontal apophyses (distance between tips: 0.01). Pedipalps as in Figs 5A–D; trochanter with short retrolateral apophysis and small ventral apophysis; femur with retrolateral apophysis; patella large; procursus simple proximally but complex distally (Figs 5C–D); bulb simple, no other projections except for embolus. Retrolateral trichobothria of tibia I at 7% proximally; legs with short vertical setae on metatarsi, without spines and curved setae; tarsus I with 12 distinct pseudosegments. Female: Similar to male, habitus as in Figs 6G–H. Total length 3.50 (3.68 with clypeus), carapace 0.91 long, 1.13 wide, opisthosoma 2.59 long, 2.06 wide; tibia I: 4.75; tibia I L/d: 38. Distance PME-PME 0.12, diameter PME 0.13, distance PME-ALE 0.04, AME absent. Sternum slightly wider than long (0.75/0.69). Epigynum (Fig. 6A) yellowish, with brown marks laterally and pair of lateral projections posteriorly (arrows in Figs 6A–B), without pockets. Vulva (Fig. 6B) with curved anterior arch and pair of large, nearly triangular pore plates. Variation: In one male paratype: Leg I: 22.21 (5.30 + 0.45 + 5.28 + 8.55 + 2.63), Leg IV: 13.31 (3.93 + 0.40 + 3.17 + 4.88 + 0.93); in another male paratype: Tibia I: 4.98. Tibia I in the other female paratype (n = 1, leg I missing in another specimen): 4.70. Natural History. The species was found on its irregular web between rocks. Distribution. Vietnam (Vinh Phuc, type locality; Fig. 11).

Genus Khorata Huber, 2005 Khorata Huber 2005b: 79. Type species: Khorata khammouan Huber, 2005 Diagnosis and description. See Huber (2005b)., Published as part of Nie, Lei, Yao, Zhiyuan, Pham, Dinh-Sac & Li, Shuqiang, 2018, Five new species of the spider genus Khorata Huber, 2005 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Vietnam, pp. 480-496 in Zootaxa 4486 (4) on page 481, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4486.4.4, http://zenodo.org/record/1442282, {"references":["Huber, B. A. (2005 b) Revision of the genus Spermophora Hentz in Southeast Asia and on the Pacific islands, with descriptions of three new genera (Araneae: Pholcidae). Zoologische Mededelingen, Leiden, 79, 61 - 114."]}

International audience; Two new species of scorpion belonging to the family Pseudochactidae and to the genus Vietbocap are described based on specimens collected in the Thien Duong cave, which belongs to the Vom cave system, in the Phong Nha–Ke Bang National Park, Quang Binh Province, Vietnam. The previously described species from this cave, Vietbocap thienduongensis Lourenço & Pham, 2012 was collected in the initial section of the cave (1500 to 1800 m from the cave entrance) and proved to be a true troglobitic element. The diagnosis of this species, only known from males, is completed based on females collected at 750 m from the cave entrance. The two new species described here were collected respectively at 3000 and 5000 m from the cave entrance and are also true troglobitic elements, very similar to V. thienduongensis, but showing some clear morphological differences. This observed situation suggests a possible case of speciation within the cave system, the first one ever reported for scorpions. The population found at 5000 m from the entrance of the cave is a total new record of distance from a cave entrance for scorpions.; Deux nouvelles espèces de scorpion appartenant à la famille des Pseudochactidae et au genre Vietbocap sont décrites à partir d’exemplaires collectés dans la grotte Thien Duong, laquelle appartient au système des grottes Vom dans le parc national Phong Nha–Ke Bang dans la province de Quang Binh, Vietnam. La seule espèce déjà décrite de cette grotte, Vietbocap thienduongensis Lourenço & Pham, 2012, a été collectée dans la partie initiale de celle-ci (entre 1500 et 1800 mètres de l’entrée) et a été confirmée comme un véritable élément troglobie. La diagnose de cette espèce, connue uniquement à partir des mâles, est complétée à partir de femelles collectées à 750 m de l’entrée de la grotte. Les deux nouvelles espèces décrites à présent ont été collectées respectivement à 3000 et 5000 m de l’entrée de la grotte et sont également des éléments troglobies, plutôt similaires à V. thienduongensis, mais avec des différences morphologiques bien nettes. La situation observée suggère un possible cas de spéciation à l’intérieur de la grotte, le premier signalé chez les scorpions. La population trouvée à 5000 m de l’entrée de la grotte représente un record absolu de distance de l’entrée d’une grotte pour des scorpions.

Seven new species of the spider genus Pinelema Wang & Li, 2012, from Vietnam are reported: P. damtaoensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. nuocnutensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. laensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. pacchanensis Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. spirulata Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), P. xiezi Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀), and P. zhenzhuang Zhao & Li, sp. n. (♂♀). Prior to the current study, this genus contained eight species and was known only from southwestern China. The diagnosis of the genus is updated, accounting for characters found in the new species.

Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Li, Shuqiang, Pham, Dinh-Sac (2013): First description of comb-tailed spiders (Araneae: Hahniidae) from Vietnam. Zootaxa 3613 (4): 343-356, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3613.4.2

Scotospilus longus sp. nov. Figs 8 A–E, 9 A–G, 10 A–F Type material. Holotype male, VIETNAM, VINH PHUC PROVINCE, Tam Dao National Park, disturbed forest, sieving, 21 ° 31.251 ʹN, 105 ° 33.491 ʹE, 693m, 13.VI. 2007. Paratypes (8 females): 1 female, same data as holotype; 1 female, same data as holotype but 21 ° 29.029 ʹN, 105 ° 37.192 ʹE, 794m, sieving, 13.VI. 2007; 1 female, same data as holotype but 21 ° 31.251 ʹN, 105 ° 33.491 ʹE, 693m, 18.VII. 2007; 1 female, same data as preceding specimen but 19.IX. 2007; 2 females, same area as holotype, but natural forest, 21 ° 29.230 ʹN, 105 ° 37.203 ʹE, 870m, 19.X. 2007; 1 female, same place as holotype, natural forest, 21 ° 29.428 ʹN, 105 ° 37.008 ʹE, 1077m, sieving, 12.XI. 2007; 1 female, same data as preceding specimen, but 21 ° 29.428 ʹN, 105 ° 37.208 ʹE, 1077m, sieving, 11.III. 2008. Etymology. The specific name is taken from the Latin word “ longus ”, meaning long and referring to the long RTA of the male palp, adjective. Diagnosis. The new species is similar to S. nelsonensis (Forster, 1970: 149, figs 416–417) and S. planus (Forster, 1970: 147, figs 413–415) from New Zealand in having similar shape of patellar apophysis, the long and proximally extended RTA, the circular embolus; the relatively short copulatory ducts and spherical spermathecae with narrow distance from each other, but differs from the others by the absence of AME, the curved apex of the RTA (Figs 8 A, 9 A, 9 E); a single copulatory opening centrally, the wide copulatory ducts and the absence of subspermathecae (Figs 8 D–E, 10 D–F). Description. Male holotype (Figs 9 A–C): Total length 0.92. Prosoma 0.52 long, 0.43 wide; opisthosoma 0.48 long, 0.38 wide. AME absent. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.05, PME 0.04, PLE 0.06; ALE–ALE 0.02, PME–PME 0.03, PME–PLE 0.01, ALE–PLE 0.01. Clypeus height (from the anterior margin of ALE to the margin of clypeus) 0.02. Leg measurements: I 1.40 (0.43, 0.48, 0.27, 0.22); II 1.22 (0.37, 0.40, 0.24, 0.21); III 0.92 (0.30, 0.26, 0.19, 0.17); IV 1.27 (0.38, 0.41, 0.28, 0.20). Leg formula: 1423. Chelicerae with 3 promarginal and 4 retromarginal teeth. Male palp (Figs 8 A–C, 9 E–G). Patellar apophysis tuberculate, with a tip pointing retrolaterally. RTA extremely long, extending posteriorly, exceeding the base of patella, with a prolaterally curved apex. Embolus retroproximally orignated, curved along the margin of genital bulb, its end staying in the cymbial furrow near the embolic base. Median apophysis absent. Cymbial furrow longer than half of the cymbium and relatively shallow. One of female paratypes (Figs 9 D, 10 A–C) total length 1.27. Prosoma 0.56 long, 0.44 wide; opisthosoma 0.77 long, 0.63 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: ALE 0.05, PME 0.04, PLE 0.04; ALE–ALE 0.02, PME–PME 0.03, PME–PLE 0.01, ALE–PLE 0.01. Clypeus height (from the anterior margin of ALE to the margin of clypeus) 0.02. Leg measurements: I 1.19 (0.36, 0.40, 0.24, 0.19); II 1.07 (0.33, 0.35, 0.22, 0.17); III 0.98 (0.34, 0.31, 0.21, 0.13); IV 1.09 (0.38, 0.39, 0.25, 0.17). Chelicerae with 5–6 retromarginal teeth. Other characters as similar to the male holotype. Epigyne (Figs 8 D–E, 10 D–F) with a combined copulatory opening centrally. Copulatory ducts relatively wide and short. Subspermathecae indistinct. Spermathecae rounded and posteriorly located, separated by half of their diameter. Distribution. Vietnam (Vinh Phuc).

Genus Alistra Thorell, 1894, Published as part of Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Li, Shuqiang & Pham, Dinh-Sac, 2013, First description of comb-tailed spiders (Araneae: Hahniidae) from Vietnam, pp. 343-356 in Zootaxa 3613 (4) on page 344, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/218582

Genus Hahnia C.L. Koch, 1841, Published as part of Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Li, Shuqiang & Pham, Dinh-Sac, 2013, First description of comb-tailed spiders (Araneae: Hahniidae) from Vietnam, pp. 343-356 in Zootaxa 3613 (4) on page 346, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/218582

Alistra hamata sp. nov. Figs 1 A���D, 2 A���H Type material. Holotype: Male, VIETNAM, VINH PHUC PROVINCE, Tam Dao National Park, Acacia plantation, pitfall traps, 1���30.VII. 2007. Paratypes (6 males): 3 males, same data as holotype; 3 males, Tam Dao National Park, natural forest, pitfall traps, 1���30.XI. 2007. Etymology. The specific name is taken from the Latin word ��� hamatus ���, meaning hamate, hooked, and referring to the shape of RTA of male palp, adjective. Diagnosis. Male of the new species is similar to A. hippocampa (Zhang et al. 2011: 5, figs 3 A���C, 4 D���F) in having a short embolus and a rounded bulb, but can be distinguished by the relatively short patella and tibia, the retrolaterally pointing patellar apophysis, the hooked RTA and the cymbial furrow longer than half of the cymbium (Figs 1 B���C, 2 F���G). Description. Male holotype (Figs 2 A���D): Total length 1.68. Prosoma 0.90 long, 0.68 wide; opisthosoma 0.88 long, 0.55 wide. Eye sizes and interdistances: AME 0.03, ALE 0.05, PME 0.04, PLE 0.05; AME���AME 0.02, AME���ALE 0.01, PME���PME 0.06, PME���PLE 0.04, ALE���PLE 0.04. MOA 0.12 long, front width 0.09, back width 0.14. Clypeus height 0.10. Leg measurements: I 2.61 (0.76, 0.85, 0.56, 0.44); II 2.46 (0.72, 0.77, 0.54, 0.43); III 2.23 (0.63, 0.69, 0.53, 0.38); IV 2.70 (0.75, 0.87, 0.65, 0.43). Leg formula: 4123. Chelicerae with 2 promarginal and 3 retromarginal teeth. Male palp (Figs 1 A���D, 2 E���H) with a tapered patellar apophysis and a hooked RTA. Male bulb rounded. Embolus originating prolateral-proximally, tip situated in the distal part of the cymbial furrow. Cymbial furrow shallow, longer than a half of cymbium. Female unknown. Distribution. Vietnam (Vinh Phuc)., Published as part of Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Li, Shuqiang & Pham, Dinh-Sac, 2013, First description of comb-tailed spiders (Araneae: Hahniidae) from Vietnam, pp. 343-356 in Zootaxa 3613 (4) on pages 344-345, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/218582

Hahnia himalayaensis Hu & Zhang, 1990 Figs 3 A���E Hahnia himalayaensis Hu & Zhang, 1990: 165, figs 1���7; Song et al., 1999: 361, figs 210 K���L, 211 L���M; Hu, 2001: 112, figs 31.1 ��� 5; Zhang et al., 2011: 12, figs 10 A���C, 11 A���D, 12 A���I, 13 A���G. Material examined (58 males, 9 females). VIETNAM, NINH BINH PROVINCE, Cuc Phuong National Park: 10 males, 2 females, shrub-land, pitfall traps, 1���30.III. 2008; 4 males, shrub-land, pitfall traps, 1���30.V. 2007; 11 males, 1 female, natural forest, pitfall traps, 1���30. IV. 2007; 15 males, natural forest, pitfall traps, 1���30.VI. 2007; 7 males, 4 females, natural forest, pitfall traps, 1���30.VIII. 2007; 7 males, 1 female, natural forest, pitfall traps, 1���30.X. 2007; 4 males, 1 female, natural forest, pitfall traps, 1���30. XII. 2007. Description. See Zhang et al. (2011) for both sexes. Male palp shown in Figs 3 A���C. Epigyne in Figs 3 D���E. Distribution. Vietnam (Ninh Binh), China (Tibet and Yunnan)., Published as part of Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Li, Shuqiang & Pham, Dinh-Sac, 2013, First description of comb-tailed spiders (Araneae: Hahniidae) from Vietnam, pp. 343-356 in Zootaxa 3613 (4) on page 346, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/218582

Discussion on Scotospilus and S. longus sp. nov. The determination of Scotospilus longus sp. nov. is not easy. The diversity of Hahniidae is far from clear, especially in Southeast Asia. Biogeographically, spiders of Vietnam should be related with those from Oriental and Australian area. Our comparison with Asian Hahniidae spiders shows the new species has a strongly extended RTA proximally (excluded by Hahnia and Alistra) and no stridulatory files near the petiolus (rejected by Antistea and Neoantistea). The further comparison with Australian comb-tailed spiders shows that male palp of the new species is similar to that of Scotospilus nelsonensis (Forster, 1970) and S. plenus (Forster, 1970) from New Zealand. Male of these 3 species share a small tuberculate patellar apophysis with a tip, a strongly extended tibial apophysis approaching or exceeding the base of patella and a retrolaterally originated embolus extending almost a circle. But female of the new species is different from the others, which has a single copulatory opening centrally, the wide copulatory ducts and the absence of subspermathecae (second spermathecae or receptacula). A thorough check of papers for all Hahniids throughout the world was also done, but no closer species found than those from New Zealand. Epigyne of Hahniidae was thought more important for the species’ identification than male palp (Brignoli 1986), but in our mind, male palp should be of great concern for the species’ generic decision. We prefer to put this new species into Scotospilus, rather than propose a new genus for the single species. There are a lot of epigynes or vulvae of Hahniidae not given or not shown very well in the literatures due to its quite small size. The exhaustive research on this group is badly needed. The genus Scotospilus was erected by Simon (1886) for only the female of the generotype, S. bicolor Simon, 1886 from Tasmania island of Australia, which male was supplied by Hickman (1948). Lehtinen (1967) transfer the second species from Hahnia, S. maindroni (Simon, 1906), which was described only on female from India with only a small epigynal figure given by Lehtinen. Brignoli (1986) synonymized Tuana Forster, 1970 with Scotospilus based on “the similarity” of generotype and four Tuana species originally described by Foster, 1970, which were combined as: S. divisus (female), S. nelsonensis (male, female), S. plenus (male, female) and S. westlandicus (female). And Brignoli (1986) also transferred two other Tasmanian species originally placed in Hahnia and Neoaviola by Hickman (1948) in here: S. ampullarius (male, female) and S. wellingtoni (male, female). But as our opinion, judged from the descriptions and figures of Simon (1886; 1906), Hickman (1948), Lehtinen (1967) and Forster (1970), although all of them have posteriorly located tracheal spiracle, the RTA of generotype is closer to S. ampullarius than others in having the anteriorly pointing RTA and the curved copulatory ducts. Four New Zealand’s species, S. divisus, S. nelsonensis, S. plenus and S. westlandicus and the Tasmanian one, S. ampullarius seems to form a firm group in having the strongly curved RTA proximally, the relatively short copulatory ducts and the posteriorly located spermathecae with narrower distance than the diameter of it. There is no evidence to prove S. maindroni have close relationship with all other Scotospilus species. Here the new species, S. longus sp. nov. is somewhat similar to S. plenus etc. for the similar RTA and the narrow distance of spermathecae.

Genus Scotospilus Simon, 1886, Published as part of Zhang, Zhi-Sheng, Li, Shuqiang & Pham, Dinh-Sac, 2013, First description of comb-tailed spiders (Araneae: Hahniidae) from Vietnam, pp. 343-356 in Zootaxa 3613 (4) on page 351, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3613.4.2, http://zenodo.org/record/218582