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The H2020 Pulp&Fuel project intends to make a significant contribution to biofuel development by taking advantage of the synergy between dry gasification and supercritical water gasification. The project has chosen to demonstrate its applicability to pulp industry that have both dry and wet wastes available. The process produces sludge as wet waste and an excess of black liquor in chemical pulp mills. Supercritical water gasification (SCWG) is considered the most suitable route as no drying step is required to transform wet waste as black liquor in syngas (mainly composed of H2, CH4 and CO2). The objective is to maximize organic matter conversion of black liquor into a gas and to maximize H2 yield production. Black liquor gasification is studied in two kinds of reactors in the CEA platform: batch and continuous reactor. This paper focuses on batch experiments. Some batch experiments (55 runs) have been performed to characterize gasification efficiency, gas composition and carbon conversion in liquid, solid, and gaseous phase., Proceedings of the 29th European Biomass Conference and Exhibition, 26-29 April 2021, Online, pp. 719-722

INTRODUCTION: Information on experience/management of severe hypoglycaemic events (SHEs) among people with insulin-treated diabetes (PWD) and caregivers (CGs) providing care to PWD was sought. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An online cross-sectional survey was conducted in eight countries. INCLUSION CRITERIA: PWD (aged=18 years; self-reported type 1 [T1D] or insulin-treated type 2 [T2D] diabetes; experienced =1 SHE [hypoglycaemia requiring external assistance] in past 3 years); CGs (layperson aged =18 years; caring for PWD meeting all criteria above except age [=4 years]). This descriptive analysis provides data from Spain. SHE-associated data relate to the most recent SHE. RESULTS: Across all groups (T1D PWD, n=106; T2D PWD, n=88, T1D CG, n=87; T2D CG, n=96), 76-89% reported that the SHE occurred at home; most common cause was eating less than planned (38-53%). Most usual action during the SHE was to intake carbohydrates (67-84%); glucagon use was low (9-36%). Discussion of the SHE with their healthcare provider (HCP) was reported by 70-75% of PWD. During the SHE, 35-69% of PWD/CGs reported feeling scared, unprepared and/or helpless. CONCLUSIONS: Most SHEs occurred outside the healthcare setting; treatment therefore depends greatly on CGs. SHEs have a negative emotional impact on PWD/CGs, underscoring the need for HCPs to discuss SHEs with PWD/CGs, and to provide tools and strategies to prevent and effectively manage SHEs.

There are many misconceptions about the prevalence and effects of hypoglycemia in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D), including hypoglycemia does not occur or does not have adverse consequences in T2D. This narrative review aims to help dispel these myths. Around 25% of people with T2D taking insulin for >5 years were found to have severe hypoglycemic events, which is comparable to the severe hypoglycemia rate in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D) diagnosed within 5 years. The total number of hypoglycemic events among insulin-treated T2D, including severe hypoglycemia, is as high or higher than among those with T1D. Recent evidence suggests serious consequences of hypoglycemia may, in some respects, be greater in individuals with T2D, particularly regarding effects on the cardiovascular system. Hypoglycemia is generally patient-reported. Issues with hypoglycemia unawareness, limited glucose testing, limited recall, lack of event logging and fear of failure or shaming limits the number of hypoglycemic episodes reported by people with diabetes. Barriers to healthcare provider inquiry and reporting include lack of knowledge regarding the problem’s magnitude, competing priorities during patient visits, lack of incentives to report and limitations to documentation systems for adequate reporting. All people with diabetes should be encouraged to discuss their experiences with hypoglycemia without judgment or shame. Glucose targets, testing schedules (blood glucose or continuous glucose monitoring) and treatment plans should be reviewed often and individualized to the minimize risk of hypoglycemia. Finally, people with T2D on insulin should always be encouraged to have oral glucose and rescue medication immediately available.