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The objective of this article was to analyze the impact of International Financial Reporting Standard 16 (IFRS 16) and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the indicators of Brazilian lessee companies, segregated by economic sector. The effects of IFRS 16 after its entry into force and of COVID-19 simultaneously with the concession of the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) on the indicators of lessee companies, segregated by Brazilian economic sectors, were not yet known. The study contributes to the literature by providing evidence on the consequences of the accounting standard setters' decisions, as well as the COVID-19 pandemic, on the indicators of different economic sectors. The study helps both preparers and regulators to understand the impact of the accounting standardization and COVID-19 on the indicators of lessee companies according to economic activity. For investors, it shows the importance of anticipating the impact of the standards on their decision making. A comparative analysis of the indicators before and after the adoption of the new standard and the pandemic was carried out, as well as a statistical relevance analysis for the indicators of public companies, by economic sector and using the difference-in-differences method and multiple linear regression with panel data, for the period from 2010 to 2020. The study showed that the impact of IFRS 16 on the indicators was differentiated by sector, with healthcare, oil, gas, and biofuels, and cyclical consumption being the most affected. The standard was not relevant to the value of most sectors, with the exception of healthcare and non-cyclical consumption, showing that investors were positively surprised by the adoption of IFRS 16 by these sectors. The effect of COVID-19, combined with the IASB's concession to lessees, was positive for profitability and earnings before interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization (EBITDA) in the healthcare sector, but did not reverse the deterioration in leverage and profitability of the industrial goods sector and the lessees as a whole and the profitability of the cyclical consumption sector, highlighting the partial effectiveness of the measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to analyze the incorporation of Webjet by Gol, in 2011, from the perspective of the owners of each of the companies, considering the value of the transaction and the gains generated by synergies arising from the operation. The quantitative analysis used the discounted cash flow method to evaluate each companies' value vis-à-vis the amount of the transaction, and the Tobin's q, to verify if there was synergistic gain. The results indicated that (i) Webjet shareholders experienced wealth gain from the transaction and (ii) the transaction did not generate synergistic gains for Gol's shareholders. This article also contributes to the literature by expanding the knowledge applied to the airline incorporations, in addition to adding to the evidence that targeted companies are generally benefited by mergers and acquisitions even in the absence of synergistic gains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses the structure of the Brazilian credit card industry after the introduction of network interoperability and the end of exclusivity contracts between the credit card company and acquiring agents. To this end, the article exposes a stringent presentation of the mathematical models that characterize the credit card industry as a two-sided market, in which the relation between merchants and their banks have effects on the relationship between card users and their banks, and vice versa. Using those models, the article rigorously discusses the role of the interchange fee, the price that unites the two sides of the market, as a balancing factor in the credit card industry under different competition structures. Finally, and in light of the conclusions arising from the models, recent changes in the Brazilian card market are analyzed, demonstrating that greater competition promoted by the integration of networks of different card brand tends to increase the social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family agriculture has practically neither credit access nor insurance against risks. Several administrations have implemented supporting programs due to the importance of family agriculture. Programs are financed as a priority through the budget. Current analysis suggests the establishment of a guarantee credit composed of resources derived from the State and from contributions by farmers to reduce dependence of budget resources and make easy access to financial market by family agriculture farmers. The guarantee fund would guarantee interests of farmers ' debts when there are losses in production and other liabilities. During positive periods, the farmers provide resources to the fund to guarantee high actuarial results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to empirically verify the determinants of the capital structure of Brazilian publicly traded companies on the BM&FBosvepa during 2010-2017. The factors considered in the analysis are those proposed in the main theories about capital structure: profitability, risk, size, tangibility and growth opportunities. Subsidiarily to these factors, a set of sectoral dummies was included in order to highlight any specific characteristic of a given economic sector. It was used the statistical method of panel data and models with fixed effects and with variable effects. The sample is composed of 186 companies, divided into 19 economic sectors. The statistical tests evidenced the non-significance of the sectors when pointing to the estimation of a model with fixed effects. The results indicate that profitability, risk and growth opportunities induce lower indebtedness, that company size induces greater indebtedness and that tangibility had no influence on the level of indebtedness of the companies of the sample in the studied period. In spite of their theoretical justification, the results obtained together do not confirm a specific theory about the capital structure of public companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to analyze the practice of earnings management (EM) by the five largest banks in the Brazilian financial market through the manipulation of the loan loss provision (LLP). Methodology: The methodology used in this study recognizes (i) that the EM can result from both discretionary accounting records and actual decisions of companies and (ii) that, in the case of financial institutions, the calculation and registration of LLP do not comply with a detailed rule, but on general principles. Based on this recognition, it uses a sample composed of the five largest banks operating in the Brazilian market, in the period 2004-2019, with quarterly data, to estimate different panel specifications in order to test such as return, size and the use of financial derivatives affect the EM. Results: The research results suggest, from the identification of the random effects model, that the return and the use of derivatives have an inversely proportional influence, and that size has a proportional influence, on LLP, corroborating the thesis of the use of LLP as an instrument for earnings management by the largest Brazilian banks. Contributions of the Study: The general contribution of this study to the literature is in the discussion of LLP as a measure of earnings management by actual decisions and discretionary records in discretionary financial statements; the study also contributes to a better understanding of EM decisions in large Brazilian financial institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the economic-financial performance of Brazilian private health plan operators and investigate possible sources of relative variations in the studied indicators. The article also discusses the question of regulation based on an economic-financial analysis of the regulated entities. Methodology: this is an empirical, analytical study with analysis and inference based on secondary data. The methodological base of the article is comprised of standardized economicfinancial indicators, indicators adapted to the operational specificities of private healthcare plan operators and multiple range tests. The database in panel form was elaborated using information published by the National Private Healthcare Regulatory Agency and refers to a sample containing the fourteen largest health plan operators in activity in Brazil. Results: It is concluded that the health plan operators are well-situated in economic-financial terms and that the form of corporate organization, the relative size of the market and the operators' regional markets have a significant influence on their performance. It is considered opportune to discuss whether the current regulatory model for private health provision in Brazil is adequately fulfilling its declared objective of ensuring the continuity of service while charging reasonably modest rates. Study contributions: the study contributes by showing how a relatively simple technique can benefit not only the regulatory process but also the evaluation of the regulation itself. It further contributes by revealing that the healthcare plan operators in Brazil are in a good situation in economic-financial terms thereby raising the question as to whether the current regulatory model for private health provision in Brazil is adequately fulfilling its declared objective of ensuring the continuity of service while charging reasonably modest rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]