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A new species of ant-resembling sac spider of the subfamily Castianeirinae, Grismadox elsneri sp. nov., is described from the Sub-Andean area of the Bolivian orocline. The species was collected from savanna grass along the edges of the Chiquitano forest and is a putative mimic of the carpenter ants Camponotus cf. crassus or C. cf. blandus.

Grismadox elsneri sp. nov. (LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 01D3DC32-0C88-458A-8440-48012FFCE6A3) Figs 2–5 Type material. Holotype ♂ from BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz department, Santa Cruz de la Colina, Urubo (-17.7608°; -63.24°), 432 m a.s.l., 28 Dec 2019, leg. R. Perger, Cerrado-like savanna grass adjacent to fragment of Chiquitano forest (IBSI-Ara 1710). Paratypes: 1♂, 1♀, same data as holotype (IBSI-Ara 1711); 1♂, 5♀, same location as holotype, 25-30 Apr 2021, leg. R. Perger (CBF). Etymology. The specific epithet, elsneri, is a patronym in honor of Hans-Peter Elsner in recognition of his efforts to operate an ecologically sustainable and employee-friendly ranch in the Beni department, Bolivia, and his support of several research projects on his property. One such project led to the discovery of an unknown Grismadox species that was described by Pett et al. (2022). Diagnosis. Grismadox elsneri sp. nov. can be readily separated from congeners by having a comparably short and obovate abdomen (abdominal index 60–67.5; in congeners 38–50) with an indistinct to moderate constriction (Figs 2, 4). The reproductive structures of specimens of G. elsneri sp. nov. differ from other Grismadox species by the following combination of characters: dRTA small, vRTA blunt and rounded in ventral view (Fig. 3A, B), E slender and pointed, coils less conspicuous (Fig. 3D), and ST breast-shaped (Fig. 5). Description of male holotype. Body length 3.97; carapace length 1.96, width 1.11, carapace width index 56.63; cephalic width 0.67, cephalic width index 60.36; sternum length 0.81, width 0.61, sternum index 75.3; abdomen length 1.75, width 1.05, abdominal index 60; petiole length 0.14, width 0.25; dorsal sclerite length and width as in abdomen; epigastric sclerite length 0.48, width 0.63; ventral sclerite length 0.85, width 0.58; inframamillary sclerite length 0.19, width 0.41. AER 0.44; AME–AME 0.08; AME–ALE 0.03; PER 0.61; PME–PME 0.15; PME–PLE 0.10. Color and microsculpture. Dorsal integument dark-grey blackish (faded to dark-brown due to storage in ethanol), weakly shiny, smooth; microsculpture reticulate, with evenly distributed fine pits; chelicerae brown, moderately shiny; microsculpture of abdomen reticulate, with evenly distributed pits that are denser and larger than on carapace; coxae II and III translucent white, remainder of coxae dark brown; trochanters I–III translucent whitish-yellow, with dark-brown margins; femora I and II translucent whitish, broad black bands along edges, proximal fifth somewhat darker, particularly on femur I; remainder of leg I and II yellowish to light-brown; femora and tibiae III and IV dark brown, edges lined with bands of short, appressed, white feathery setae, patellae III and IV translucent white ventrally, metatarsi and tarsi III and IV light brown. Setation. Integument densely covered by appressed, whitish, simple and feathery setae except two rounded, bare areas on thoracic part, setae providing an anthracite-greyish, somewhat silvery appearance in live condition (Fig. 7B) (setae mostly abraded due to storage in ethanol), several relatively long, forward-pointing, dark setae on front of cephalic area. Anterior pair of abdominal setae simple, not sclerotized to spines, dark, first pair strongly reduced, almost as short as feathery setae, second pair short, indistinct; abdomen with three transverse bands of light grey, feathery setae, two on proximal half of abdomen and one broader band at the middle, with feathery setae larger and denser than in the other bands, posteriorly followed by broad, bare area, and distal fourth with separate, long, erected light grey/whitish and brassy/goldish setae. Carapace. Obovate, with cephalic area somewhat narrowed laterally, front slightly convex; carapace widest in middle, evenly narrowing in posterior direction, posterior margin straight (Fig. 2A, C). Eyes. Eight sub-equal eyes formed in two rows; PER and AER slightly recurved. Chelicerae. Two retromarginal teeth and two promarginal teeth, all very small, denticle-like. Abdomen. Obovate; anterior margin of petiole concave; petiole and proximal area of dorsal sclerite with transverse wrinkles, dorsal sclerite completely covering abdomen dorsally and laterally, indistinct transverse constriction medially; ventral sclerite fully developed, covering area between ventro-lateral margins of dorsal scutum and between epigastric and inframamillary sclerites; inframamillary sclerite narrow, subrectangular (Fig. 2). Palp. Tibia with two pointed retrolateral apophyses, vRTA projected disto-laterally, blunt, rounded in ventral view, dRTA shorter and distally oriented (Fig. 3A, B). Palpal bulb with basally three loops in sperm duct (Fig. 3C). E slender and pointed, screw-like, with four shallow coils, very thin and sharp apex (Fig. 3D). Female paratype. Body length 5.00; carapace length 2.46, width 1.31; carapace width index 53.25; cephalic width 0.90, cephalic width index 68.7; sternum length 1.09, width 0.74, sternum index 67.88; abdomen length 2.34, width 1.58, abdominal index 67.52; dorsal sclerite length 1.23, width 1.13; epigastric sclerite length 0.67, width 1.00; inframamillary sclerite length 0.13; width 0.29. AER 0.50; AME–AME 0.14; AME–ALE 0.05; PER 0.72; PME–PME 0.20; PME–PLE 0.13. Lateral carapace border slightly convex at height of coxae II, III and IV (Fig. 4A); abdomen broader than in male, particularly anterior half, dorsal sclerite orbicular, 53% of abdomen length, slight constriction posterior to dorsal sclerite, constriction more pronounced than in male, ventral sclerite absent, white setae on distal half of abdomen arranged in two loosely defined bands (Figs 6B, 7A); coxae II–IV translucent white; remaining somatic characters as in male. Chelicerae. Two retromarginal teeth and two promarginal teeth. Epigyne. Epigynal plate forming part of the epigastric sclerite. COs and CDs situated anterior to ST, COs directed laterally, subapical to CDs; ST breast-shaped, posteriorly wider than anteriorly. Inconspicuous separation between ST I and ST II; FDs dorsal, situated at postero-lateral margin of ST I (Fig. 5). Variation. Females were larger (BL 4.73–5.29 mm) than males (BL 3.71–3.98 mm). Sexual dimorphism in coxae color (coxae II–III translucent whitish in male, II–IV in female). The density of the light feathery setae on the carapace varied between the specimens. Considering that the setae may have been abraded in some specimens under live conditions (e.g., see Fig. 6B), more samples are needed to assess the variability of this character. The extent of the constriction in the female abdomen varied according to the nutritional status; a female with a narrow abdomen and distinct constriction was also observed. In males, the shape of the abdomen is determined by the strongly sclerotized dorsal sclerite, which results in a narrower abdomen than in females. Except for the variability of the carapace setae, abdominal constriction and sexual dimorphism, there was no visible intraspecific variation in adult spiders. Geographical and ecological distribution. This species is only known from the type locality in Santa Cruz de la Colina, Urubo, Santa Cruz department, Bolivia. Specimens were collected on savanna grass plants and the ground between those plants along an edge of Chiquitano forest (Fig. 6A). The grass plants were about between 0.5–1.2 m high and formed a relatively continuous layer, concealing the sandy soil. The spiders became visible only after moving the grass plants slowly aside. On the ground, the recently redescribed Castianeira spinipalpis Mello-Leitão, 1945 (see: Pett & Perger 2022) and Mazax akephaloi Perger & Pett, 2022 were observed. Another Bolivian species of Grismadox, G. mazaxoides, was found about 300 meters away from the forest edge in more open grassland in close co-occurrence with its putative ant models, Camponotus cf. melanoticus Emery, 1894 or C. cf. punctulatus Mayr, 1868. Despite high sampling effort in several Bolivian forest ecoregions (Perger & Perger 2017; Perger & Rubio 2020a, b, 2021), including the adjacent fragment of Chiquitano forest (unpubl. data), G. elsneri sp. nov. was not observed in forest habitats. Ant mimicry. Two carpenter ant species, Camponotus cf. crassus Mayr, 1862 (mean BL 4.89 mm in minor workers, n=11) (Fig. 7C) and C. cf. blandus (F. Smith, 1858) (mean BL 5.1 mm in minor workers, n=15) (Fig. 7D), and Pseudomyrmex termitarius (F. Smith, 1855) were observed foraging together with specimens of G. elsneri sp. nov. on the grass plants. Apart from having a similar BL, minor workers of the two carpenter ants and G. elsneri sp. nov. (mean BL adults 4.43 mm, max. BL 5.3 mm) shared an obovate abdomen, a weakly shiny, blackish integument with anthracite-greyish tinge, and white and brassy/goldish setae on the abdomen (Fig. 7B, D). The reddish parts of leg I and II of the spiders resembled the antennae and front legs of the ants. However, the brassy/goldish pubescence on the abdomen of C. cf. blandus was denser than in G. elsneri sp. nov. Pseudomyrmex termitarius is unlikely a model for G. elsneri sp. nov., as this ant species has a distinctly more elongated body with a reddish thorax and pointed abdomen. The remaining co-occurring ants were considerably smaller or larger than G. elsneri sp. nov. The larger ants (Camponotus leydigi Forel, 1886, Ectatomma permagnum Forel, 1908 and Odontomachus sp.) had a more elongated body and different body color. After approaching individuals of G. elsneri sp. nov., they ran at a comparably slow speed, with short stops and frequent changes in direction, even towards the potential threat, which agreed with the behavior observed in their potential ant models. Other co-occurring spiders escaped with fast sprints (e.g., lycosid spiders) or jumps (salticid spiders) and/or tried to hide. Individuals of G. elsneri sp. nov. proceeded with the same locomotory behavior after being placed in a vial to photograph their live habitus.

Genus Grismadox Pett, Rubio & Perger, 2022 Type species: Grismadox karugua Pett, Rubio & Perger, 2022 (by original designation) Diagnosis. COs anterior to ST, male palp with two distinct RTAs, embolus with several coils, carapace relatively continuous (not constricted), and mostly elongated abdomen, rarely obovate (modified from Pett et al. 2022).

Perger, Robert, Pett, Brogan L. (2022): Mazax akephaloi sp. nov.-a new Neotropical spider species resembling 'headless' Ectatomma ants (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae). Zootaxa 5150 (4): 579-590, DOI: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5150.4.6

Mazax akephaloi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 3EEEAAC0-7000-4A34-BBD7-CA2D4E2609DE Figs 2–5 Type material. Holotype ♂: BOLIVIA: Santa Cruz department, Santa Cruz de la Colina, Urubo, 17.760833°S, 63.24°W, 432 m a.s.l., 21–28.XII.2019, leg. R. Perger, edge of Chiquitano forest (ZMH-A0015362). Allotype ♀: same data as for preceding (CBF). Paratypes: 1♂, same data as for preceding (ZMH-A0015360); 6♂ 10♀, same data as for preceding (CBF); 3♂ 4♀, Santa Cruz department, La Guardia, 17.8830°S, 63.3177°W, 480 m a.s.l., 9.IX.2015, leg. R. Perger, edge of Chiquitano forest (CBF). PARAGUAY : 1♂, Alto Paraguay department, Parque Nacional Defensores del Chaco, Misión Cué, Tribu Nueva, 20.1227°S, 60.3246°W, 6.IX.1982, leg. J.A. Kochalka (MNHNP: IBNP-JAK-CR 000.00.2.717); 1♂; Presidente Hayes department, 25 Laguas, 22.924°S, 59.486°W, 11–12.XII.1983, leg. J.A. Kochalka (MNHNP: IBNP-JAK-CR 000.00.2.719). Other material examined. 1 subadult ♂: PARAGUAY: Parque Nacional Defensores del Chaco, Misión Cué, Tribu Nueva, 20.1227°S, 60.3246°W, 1–6.IX.1982, leg. J.A. Kochalka (MNHNP: IBNP-JAK-CR 000.00.2.718). Diagnosis. Mazax akephaloi sp. nov. can be separated from all known congeners by a combination of the following characters: tibia I ventral spination 5– 4 in males (5 at prolateral margin) and 5– 5 in females, feathery setae on carapace, and embolus sub-apical with spatulate extension (males of all known congeners have the embolus tapering evenly, either twisted or straight, see Reiskind (1969)). Females can be diagnosed by a combination of lung-shaped ST II and slightly undulating CDs. White feathery setae on the carapace are only shared with M. pax (tibia I spination 3–3) and M. ramirezi (tibia I spination 4–4) (Reiskind 1969). Mazax spinosa (Simon, 1898) and M. xerxes Reiskind, 1969 have a tibia I ventral spination of 5–5, but no feathery setae on the carapace (Reiskind 1969).The lung-shaped ST II of females of M.akephaloi sp. nov. are only shared with M. ramirezi (CDs more twisted) and the nearly straight CDs with M. chickeringi Reiskind, 1969 (ST II globose), but neither have both characters combined (Reiskind 1969; Rubio & Danişman 2014). Remarks. Apochinomma acanthaspis and A. armatum possibly belong to Mazax but were not included in the most recent taxonomic works on this genus (Reiskind 1969; Rubio & Danişman 2014). The types of both species were not available for study. The type of A. armatum was likely destroyed in a recent fire (A. Kury, unpublished data) and the type of A. acanthaspis is likely lost (C. Rollard, personal communication). According to the original descriptions and illustration by Simon (1896), the holotype female of A. acanthaspis has a considerably less pronounced abdominal constriction and flatter ventral sclerite, lacks the first pair of abdominal setae (present in M. akephaloi sp. nov.), and has the metatarsus I with spine formula 3–3 (2– 2 in M. akephaloi sp. nov.). The female holotype of A. armatum has a tibia I spine formula of 2–2 and whitish coxae II–III (Mello-Leitão 1922) (M. akephaloi sp. nov. with tibia I with spine formula of 5– 5 in females and brownish coxae). Etymology. The specific epithet, akephaloi, means "headless ones" (ἀκέφαλοι) in Greek, mythical headless men who were rumored, in antiquity and later, to inhabit remote parts of the world (Syropoulos 2018). One hypothesis for the origin of the myth of the akephaloi is the observation of the combat tactic of the North African Blemmyae tribe in which they keep their heads pressed close to the chest (Dijkstra 2013). The epithet refers to the observation that M. akephaloi sp. nov. lack a structure resembling the head of their ant model E. permagnum and have a skull-shaped sternum. Male holotype. Body length 6.79; carapace length 2.96, width 1.5, carapace index 50.6; cephalic width 0.84, cephalic index 55.85; abdomen length 3.32, maximum width anterior part 1.21, maximum width posterior part 1.39, abdominal index 41.8; dorsal sclerite length 2.66, maximum width same as maximum abdomen width. Eyes: AER 0.55; AME–AME 0.09; AME–ALE 0.02; PER 0.64; PME–PME 0.14; PME–PLE 0.07. Color and microsculpture. Dorsum dark blackish-brown in life, with purplish tinge when seen in sunlight (color faded to reddish-brown in ethanol; Figs 2A, 3A); carapace and posterior part of sclerite posterior of constriction weakly shiny, smooth, microsculpture finely reticulate, with evenly distributed, fine pits; petiole and anterior part of sclerite heavily wrinkled and shiny, wrinkles on petiole transverse and on anterior sclerite longitudinal, abdomen posterior of dorsal sclerite glabrous, shiny; legs glabrous, shiny, with regularly arranged narrow, transverse ridges from which emerge setae, dark brown; femora I–II translucent, yellowish to white prolateral to ventrally; tarsi I–IV cream with dark brown tips. Setation. Dorsum with separate white feathery setae, forming dense transverse band in abdominal constriction; separate, erect, simple, moderately long yellowish-brassy setae all over dorsum, denser and longer on posterior part of abdomen, similar simple and feathery setae on legs. First pair of abdominal setae simple, indistinct, second pair of abdominal spines heavily sclerotized, emerging from two distinct tubercles (Fig. 4A). Carapace. Long pyriform, front slightly convex, cephalic area laterally somewhat narrowed, broadening towards middle, widest in middle, narrowing posteriorly, posterior margin truncate (Figs 2A, 3A). Eyes. Both eye rows slightly recurved, eyes approximately equal, with narrow, slightly darker rings, remaining characters as in genus diagnosis. Chelicerae. Two teeth on both the pro- and retromargins. Promargin with distal tooth about twice the size of basal tooth. Retromargin with two subequal teeth, slightly smaller than largest promarginal tooth. Sternum. Skull-shaped, narrowing posteriorly with conspicuous indentation just anterior to coxa III. Abdomen. Petiole conspicuous, elongated, with anterior margin concave; abdomen roughly obovate, distinctly constricted dorsally and laterally at about middle, anterior part dorsally bulged out to transverse elliptic bead, posterior part orbicular, broader than anterior part; dorsal sclerite completely covering abdomen laterally, sclerite length 80% of abdomen length, slightly convex posteriorly; ventral sclerite not reaching to level of inframamillary sclerite, latter narrow, subrectangular, broader than long (Figs 2A, 3A). Palp. Tibia with two distinct, long setae and several shorter setae, margin distinctly edged, RTA absent; maximum width of tibia 58% of maximum width of bulb when viewed retrolaterally; tarsus with globose genital bulb drawn out into moderately long, broad neck, with short, sclerotized embolus, sub-apical with spatulate extension, embolus ending in pointed tip with apical twist; sperm ducts with two loops, one retrolateral and one median to embolus tube (Fig. 4). Female allotype. Body length 6.23; carapace length 3.05, width 1.59, carapace index 52.13; cephalic width 0.89, cephalic index 56; abdomen length 2.58, width 1.58, abdominal index 61.24; dorsal sclerite length (width agrees with abdominal width) 1.26; Eyes: AER 0.58, AME–AME 0.09, AME–ALE 0.04, PER 0.69, PME–PME 0.13, PME–PLE 0.14. Color, microsculpture, setation, carapace shape and eye characteristics as in male. Abdomen larger, lateral constriction of abdomen much less pronounced as in male (cf. Figs 2, 3), dorsal sclerite suboval, only extending to abdominal constriction, ventral sclerite absent. Epigyne. ST II large, lung-shaped, about four to five times the diameter of very small circular ST I. CD joins posterior end of ST II, almost straight and projected laterally leading to small oval CO that are posterolateral to ST II. FD arises at anterior margin of ST I (Fig. 5). Variation. While the abdominal constriction of the male is determined by the shape of the large dorsal sclerite, it varied in females according to the nutritional or reproductive state. Geographical and ecological distribution. Mazax akephaloi sp. nov. is known from the Bolivian locations of La Guardia and Santa Cruz de la Colina in the Santa Cruz Department and the Paraguayan locations of Misión Cué, Tribu Nueva (Alto Paraguay Department) and 25 Laguas (Presidente Hayes Department). According to the ecoregion delineation by Olson et al. (2001), the locations are situated in the Chiquitano dry forest (Santa Cruz de la Colina), the Chaco dry forest (La Guardia, Misión Cué, Tribu Nueva) and the Humid Chaco (25 Laguas) (Fig. 1). In Bolivia, individuals of M. akephaloi sp. nov. were observed foraging diurnally on the ground and leaf litter along the edges of Chiquitano forest fragments that were surrounded by Cerrado-like forests and savanna grass (Fig. 6A). Despite several surveys employing beating tray sampling and manual search (Perger & Perger 2017; Perger & Rubio 2018, 2020a, b), the species was not observed in arboreal habitats or in other Bolivian forest ecoregions. Considering the distribution (Fig. 1) and observations in open habitats, this species is likely typical for Chaco dry forests. Mazax akephaloi sp. nov. is the only species of Mazax that is currently known from Bolivia and Paraguay. This species is possibly replaced by M. ramirezi south of the Chaco area in Argentina (Buenos Aires province), making it unlikely that the latter species occurs in Bolivia (as reported by Perger & Perger 2017). Ant mimicry. Seven ant species - Ectatomma permagnum Forel, 1908, Acromyrmex sp., Odontomachus sp., Camponotus crassus Mayr, 1862, C. sericeiventris (Guérin-Méneville, 1838), Neoponera apicalis (Latreille, 1802) and N. villosa (Fabricius, 1804) - with a similar or larger body length than adults of M. akephaloi sp. nov. (body length 6.23–7.24) were found in the investigated ground habitats in the two Bolivian locations. Among the grounddwelling ants, only the two Neoponera spp., Odontomachus sp. and E. permagnum had an elongated metasoma. Characters that increased the ant resemblance in M. akephaloi sp. nov., but were not specific for this mimetic species pair (e.g., also found in the mimetic pair N. villosa and Sphecotypus niger (Perger 2021)), included long, erected yellowish-brassy setae on the abdomen, a horizontal band of hairs increasing the illusion of an abdominal segmentation between the ant post-petiole and tergite IV, and several transversal bulges posterior to the dorsal sclerite resembling the ant tergites (Fig. 7). Ethological similarities between E. permagnum and M. akephaloi sp. nov., such as relatively slow foraging speed, with frequent stops in which the ants lifted their heads and conspicuously moved their antennae (imitated by the spiders by moving the prolegs in a similar fashion), were also observed in the mimetic pair N. villosa / S. niger (Perger 2021) and appear to be typical for poneromorph ants and their mimetic spiders., Published as part of Perger, Robert & Pett, Brogan L., 2022, Mazax akephaloi sp. nov. - a new Neotropical spider species resembling ' headless' Ectatomma ants (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae), pp. 579-590 in Zootaxa 5150 (4) on pages 582-586, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6626882, {"references":["Reiskind, J. (1969) The spider subfamily Castianeirinae of North and Central America (Araneae, Clubionidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 138, 163 - 325.","Simon, E. (1896) Descriptions d'arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Clubionidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique, 40, 400 - 422.","Mello-Leitao, C. F. de (1922) Novas clubionidas do Brasil. Archivos da Escola Superior de Agricultura e Medicina Veterinaria, Rio de Janeiro, 6, 17 - 56.","Syropoulos, S. (2018) A bestiary of monsters in Greek mythology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 139 pp.","Dijkstra, J. H. F. (2013) Blemmyes. In: Erskine, A., Bagnall, R. S., Brodersen, K., Champion, C. B. & Huebner, S. R. (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of Ancient History. Wiley, pp. 1145 - 1146. https: // doi. org / 10.1002 / 9781444338386","Olson, D. M., Dinerstein, E., Wikramanayake, E. D., Burgess, N. D., Powell, G. V. N., Underwood, E. C., D'Amico, J. A., Itoua, I., Strand, H. E., Morrison, J. C., Loucks, C. J., Allnutt, T. F., Ricketts, T. H., Kura, Y., Lamoreux, J. F., Wettengel, W. W., Hedao, P. & Kassem, K. R. (2001) Terrestrial Ecoregions of the World: A New Map of Life on Earth. BioScience, 51, 933 - 938.","Perger, R. & Perger, Y. N. (2017) A species richness hotspot of ant-mimicking sac spiders (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae) at the Bolivian Orocline, with new country records for three genera and nine species. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 110 (4), 403 - 408. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / sax 040","Perger, R. & Rubio, G. D. (2018) A wolf in sheep's clothing: The description of a fly resembling jumping spider of the genus Scoturius Simon, 1901 (Araneae: Salticidae: Huriini). PLoS ONE, 13 (1), e 0190582. https: // doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0190582","Perger, R. & Rubio, G. D. (2020 a) Contributions to the knowledge of Neotropical ant-like spiders: Myrmecotypus tahyinandu sp. n. from Bolivian Chiquitano forest, a new country record for M. niger, and indirect evidence for species-specific mimicry (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae). Zootaxa, 4790 (1), 151 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4790.1.9"]}

Genus Mazax O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 Type species: Mazax pax Reiskind, 1969, replacement name for Mazax spinosa O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1898 (Reiskind 1969). Diagnosis (modified from Reiskind (1969) and Rubio & Danişman (2014)). Abdomen with distinct, rugose petiole, second pair of abdominal spines sclerotized to spine-like tubercles and/or spines (except in M. ajax), AER recurved, PER slightly recurved to straight, eyes moderately large and approximately equal, with AME slightly smaller than ALE. Remarks. A rugose petiole and abdominal spines can be found in the Asian genus Serendib Deeleman-Reinhold, 2001, but Serendib species have a sub-globose abdomen, a strongly recurved posterior eye row with widely separated eyes, and AME larger than ALE (Deeleman-Reinhold 2001). Species of Grismadox resemble Mazax in their habitus, subequal eyes and the sclerotized second abdominal setae, but can be separated from the latter by a short, smooth petiole, the male palp with both dRTA and vRTA, and females with anterior COs (Pett et al. 2022)., Published as part of Perger, Robert & Pett, Brogan L., 2022, Mazax akephaloi sp. nov. - a new Neotropical spider species resembling ' headless' Ectatomma ants (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae), pp. 579-590 in Zootaxa 5150 (4) on page 581, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5150.4.6, http://zenodo.org/record/6626882, {"references":["Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1898) Arachnida. Araneida. In: Biologia Centrali-Americana, London, Zoology, 1, 233 - 288.","Reiskind, J. (1969) The spider subfamily Castianeirinae of North and Central America (Araneae, Clubionidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 138, 163 - 325.","Deeleman-Reinhold, C. L. (2001) Forest spiders of South East Asia: with a revision of the sac and ground spiders (Araneae: Clubionidae, Corinnidae, Liocranidae, Gnaphosidae, Prodidomidae and Trochanterriidae [sic]). Brill, Leiden, 591 pp.","Pett, B. L., Rubio, G. D. & Perger, R. (2022) Grismadox gen. nov., a new Neotropical genus of ant-resembling spiders (Araneae, Corinnidae, Castianeirinae), including the description of two new species from Bolivia and Paraguay. Zoosystematics & Evolution, 98 (1), 1 - 11. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zse. 98.76677"]}

We report on four new country records of tiger beetles in Paraguay and 22 new departmental records based on specimens in Paraguayan collections. We also provide substantial increases to the knowledge on distributions of numerous species in the country through additional specimen records. The first tiger beetle records from south- western Ñeembucú are also provided. New country records are illustrated and comments on previous works dealing with the Paraguayan Cicindelid fauna are summarised., Fragmenta entomologica, Vol. 54 No. 1 (2022)

Genus Copa Simon, 1885 Type species: Copa flavoplumosa Simon, 1885, by monotypy. Diagnosis. Recognised from other cryptic lycosiform Castianeirinae by the presence of fine proximal and distal dorsal setae on the anterior patellae and proximal and distal spines on the posterior patellae that are clearly shorter than the particular leg segment. Additionally, the AME are ca. 1.25-1.50 times ALE diameter and the carapace is typically 3.30-3.75 times broader than PER (Haddad, 2013)., Published as part of Pett, Brogan L. & Rabemananjara, Paul Bienvenu, 2022, A new species of Copa (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae) from dry forests in the north west of Madagascar, pp. 281-287 in Zootaxa 5115 (2) on page 283, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5115.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/6352464, {"references":["Simon E (1885) Etudes arachnologiques. 18 e Memoire. XXVI. Materiaux pour servir a la faune des Arachnides du Senegal. (Suivi d'une appendice intitule: Descriptions de plusieurs especes africaines nouvelles). Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France (6) 5, 345 - 396.","Haddad, C. R. (2013 a) A revision of the continental species of Copa Simon, 1885 (Araneae, Corinnidae) in the Afrotropical region. ZooKeys, 276, 1 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 276.4233"]}

Copa sakalava Pett, sp. nov. http://zoobank.org/81d387d6-dc60-481a-a22a-0c47100f7985 Figs 2���10 Material Examined. Holotype ♂. MADAGASCAR: -15.504529, 46.708601, Mariarano, 19 June 2018, forest, 21:07h, Brogan L. Pett leg (RMCA _ARA_ 247355). Paratypes: 2 ♀, MADAGASCAR: -15.478513, 46.683486, Mariarano, 17 June 2018, forest patch near riverbank, 20:00h, Brogan L. Pett leg (RMCA _ARA_247356). Etymology. The species epithet honours the Sakalava ethnic group of Madagascar from the region of the type locality. It is a noun in apposition. Diagnosis. Copa sakalava sp. nov. is readily distinguished from all other Copa by: broad embolus with 1.5 turns, with the final half turn directed prolaterally, extending around 1/3 rd to �� of the length back across the basal embolus coil (rather than long, thin, and extending to apex of cymbium in C. flavoplumosa, or relatively straight and medium width, extending to cymbial apex in C. kei Haddad, 2013). Additionally, Copa sakalava sp. nov. has a sharp but stubby paracymbial spine retrolaterally. Females are distinguished primarily by the lateral chamber of the CD that joins the median path of CD mid-way between the CO and connection between ST and CD, in ventral view the large semi-circular epigynal hood is also unique in the genus. Taxonomic notes. Copa sakalava sp. nov. is the only species in the genus currently known to have a mostly uniform orangish brown habitus and, at present, it may be utilised as a diagnostic character. However, with a revision with more than 40 new species from Madagascar pending, we consider the apparent uniqueness of this character may quickly lose value. Description Male (holotype: RMCA _ARA_ 247355) Measurements. TL 5.30, CL 2.68, CW 2.07, CH 1.12, SL 1.34, SW 1.12, AL 2.62, AW 1.72, chelicera length 0.77, chelicera width 0.43. Legs. I: 1.76, 0.71, 1.42, 1.36, 1.16. II: 1.69, 0.48, 1.20, 1.38, 1.10. III: 1.80, 0.79, 1.24, 1.67, 0.98. IV: 2.50, 1.02, 1.90, 2.58, 1.17. Eyes: AME���0.10, ALE���0.08, PME���0.09, PLE���0.08. Colouration: Carapace orange to brownish-orange (Figs. 2, 4), slightly darker at margins and lighter around fovea. Ocular region black. Broad, indistinct line of feathery black setae from PER to posterior slope of carapace. Black erect setae in line extending straight from just posterior of PME to just anterior to fovea. Sternum bright yellowish-orange (Fig. 3), coxae all paler. Dorsal sclerite deep reddish-orange, otherwise abdomen dorsally beige to greyish, venter beige to cream, epigastric region orangish. Legs I & II generally yellowish-brown, legs III & IV generally brownish-orange and clearly darker than first two pairs. Mt III & IV deep orangish-red. Carapace: Broad, width about 4/5 th length. Highest point at fovea, sloping abruptly posterior to fovea. Sternum: Broad, shield-shaped, anterior ridge straight. Widest between coxae II and III. Eyes: AER procurved with AMEs largest, close to touching ALE. PER strongly procurved, with PME slightly larger larger than PLE. Strong, short, ocular setae in horizontal rows of six between PLE and PME. Legs: Dorsal, prolateral and retrolateral spines absent from tibiae I, II. All femora with sparse erect ventral setae, patellae with and fine, long setae dorsally. Femur IV distinctly broader than others. Ti, Mt and Ta with dorsal, prolateral and retrolateral trichobothria. Chelicerae: Covered with relatively long, erect setae on anterior face. Two teeth on retromargin, well-spaced, about equal-sized, distal tooth slightly larger. Abdomen: Six strong straight setae on anterior margin of dorsal sclerite. Dorsal sclerite around half length of abdomen and posterior margin bifid. Dorsum covered by short straight black setae and feathery black setae, denser at lateral margins. Venter with sparser black setae. Inframamillary sclerite small, circular, with dense short setae. Epigastric region with moderate sclerotisation and straight black setae medially, absent laterally. Palp: (Figs. 8, 9) Cymbium orange to brown. One large prolateral spine on tibia, one on prolateral edge of cymbium. Retrolateral paracymbial spine sharp but stubby. Tegulum pear-shaped with sperm duct deep purple to black. Embolus with relatively broad basal ridge around 2/3 width of cymbium, distally to ridge-embolic turn broader, around �� width of cymbium, turning 1�� times with embolus tip directed prolaterally and extending between 1/3 and �� length of distal coil. Several thicker short setae at apex of cymbium. Leg spination: I: F = pl1 do3 rl1, P = d1, Ti = plv2 rlv2 (one additional much smaller spine plv), Mt = plv2 rlv2. II: F = pl1 do3 rl1, P = d1, Ti = plv2 rlv2 (one additional much smaller spine plv), Mt = plv2 rlv2. III: F = pl2 do3 rl2, P = do1, Ti = pl2 d1 rl3 plv3 rlv3, Mt = pl1 do4 rl1 plv2 rlv2. IV: F = pl2 d3 rl2, P = d1, Ti = pl2 d1 rl3 plv2 rlv2, Mt = pl2 d4 rl2 plv2 rlv2. Female (paratype) Measurements. TL 6.36, CL 2.82, CW 2.12, CH 1.12, SL 1.42, SW 1.24, AL 3.54, AW 2.68, chelicera length 1.00, chelicera width 0.52. Legs. I: 1.82, 0.78, 1.48, 1.28, 1.00. II: 1.78, 0.70, 1.36, 1.30, 0.86. III: 1.73, 0.70, 1.22, 1.60, 0.88. IV: 2.04, 0.80, 1.44, 2.38, 1.10. Eyes: AME���0.10, ALE���0.08, PME���0.10, PLE 0.08. AME���ALE 0.02, PLE���PME���0.05, AME-PME���0.14, ALE-PLE���0.04. Shape, colouration, details of eyes, legs and chelicerae all as in male, except: dorsal sclerite very small, covering only around 1/8 th of dorsum, light brownish orange. Epigyne: (Figs. 10, 11). Roughly square due to lateral chamber of CD, large semi-circular external ridges with lightly translucent hood around midpoint of epigyne, hood margin anteriorly at lateral margin of ST and touching at their mid-point for 1/3 their length posteriorly; CO just posterior to anterior apex of hood, CD highly distinctive, directed dorsally and slightly obliquely toward both ventral portion of CD and lateral chamber of CD (in anterior view) situated between CO and distinctive looped connection of CD to posterior end of ST II. Leg spination: I: Ti = plv2 rlv2 (one additional much smaller spine at plv apex), Mt = plv2 rlv2. II: F = pl1 do3 rl1, P = d1, Ti = plv1 rlv2 (one additional much smaller spine at plv apex), Mt = plv2 rlv2. III: F = pl2 do3 rl2, P = d1, Ti = pl2 d1 rl2 plv3 rlv2, Mt = pl3 d4 rl1 plv2 rlv2 (4 distal spines around apex of segment). IV: F = pl2 do3 rl2, P = d1, Ti = pl2 d1 rl3 plv3 rlv2, Mt = pl2 d4 rl2 plv2 rlv2., Published as part of Pett, Brogan L. & Rabemananjara, Paul Bienvenu, 2022, A new species of Copa (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae) from dry forests in the north west of Madagascar, pp. 281-287 in Zootaxa 5115 (2) on pages 283-287, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5115.2.7, http://zenodo.org/record/6352464, {"references":["Haddad, C. R. (2013 a) A revision of the continental species of Copa Simon, 1885 (Araneae, Corinnidae) in the Afrotropical region. ZooKeys, 276, 1 - 37. https: // doi. org / 10.3897 / zookeys. 276.4233"]}

Castianeira spinipalpis Mello-Leit��o, 1945 Figs 2���5 Castianeira spinipalpis Mello-Leit��o, 1945: 259, fig. 44. Type material. Holotype ♀: ARGENTINA: Misiones Province, San Ignacio, 1941, leg. Birab��n (MACN-Ar 16.570) (examined by photos, Figs 1A���F). Material examined. PARAGUAY: 4♂, 2 juv., Alto Paraguay department, Parque Nacional Defensores del Chaco, Madrej��n, -20.633, -59.866, 10.xi.1982, ���undisturbed low forest���, leg. J.A. Kochalka (IBNP-JAK-CR 000.00.2.742); 2♀, Alto Paraguay department, Parque Nacional Defensores del Chaco, 1-6.ix.1982 (IBNP-JAK-CR 000.00.2.744); 1♂, 3♀, Alto Paraguay department, Parque Nacional Defensores del Chaco, Cerro Le��n, -20.423, -60.309, 19���27.xi.1984, leg. J.A. Kochalka (IBNP-JAK-CR 000.00.2.747 and IBNP-JAK-CR 000.00.2.748); 3♀, ��eembuc�� department, Pilar military base, -26.844, -58.305, 17.vi.2020, ���pasture grassland���, leg. B.L. Pett & V. Vladimirova (CIPLT-Ar 689); 2♂, Itap��a department, Distrito Alto Ver��, Cangue Cu��, Estancia Mendieta, -26.578, -55.653, 9���12.ii.1999, leg. J.A. Kochalka (IBNP-JAK-CR 000.00.2.723). BOLIVIA: 3♂, 4♀, Santa Cruz department, Santa Cruz de la Colina, Urubo, ��� Cerrado-like grassland in urbanization���, -17.760, -63.24, 432 m a.s.l., 21���28 Dec. 2019, leg. R. Perger (CBF). Remarks. The conspecificity of the males and females cited in the material is supported by the collection of a series of male and females co-occurring in the same microhabitats in Paraguayan and Bolivian locations. Diagnosis. Castianeira spinipalpis can be distinguished from other known Neotropical Castianeira by the following combination of characters: tibia I with 4-4 ventral spines (Figs 2C, D, 4B); relatively long and erect setae covering abdomen (Figs 3A, B, 4A); eyes all equal and relatively large (i.e. larger eye diameter / cephalic region surface area than other Castianeira) (Fig. 2B). Males can be recognized by the prolaterally-projected hook-like embolus with four coils (Figs 5A, B), largest and thickest coil at the basal curvature of the embolus, to very fine coils at apex. Sperm ducts convoluted. Females can be recognized by the ventral spines of tibia I strongly developed (Figs 2C, 3B), the conspicuous paddle-shaped ST with wide, longitudinal slit-like CO positioned postero-laterally to ST II (Figs 3C���F); CDs with one moderately well-sclerotized twist. Remarks. Castianeira vittatula Roewer, 1951 (replacement name for Castianeira vittata Keyserling, 1891) and C. luteipes Mello-Leit��o, 1922 (both species described from Brazil) are the only other new world Castianeira with tibia I ventral spination 4-4. These species additionally have erect abdominal setae. However, since the descriptions of those species cite AME twice as large as the ALE (Keyserling 1891; Mello-Leit��o 1922), they clearly could not be synonymous with C. spinipalpis. Description. Female (IBNP-JAK-CR 000.00.2.744) Measurements. Total length 6.04. Carapace: length 2.42, width 1.60, index 66. Cephalic region: width 0.77, index 32. Sternum: length 1.10, width 0.92. Abdomen: length 3.62, width 2.59. Clypeus height 0.45. Chelicerae: length 0.82, width 0.36. Eyes: AME 0.15, ALE 0.13, PME 0.14, PLE 0.14. Legs: formula 4132; I = 6.60 (1.83, 0.61, 1.71, 1.33, 1.12); II = 5.86 (1.50, 0.60, 1.41, 1.35, 1.00); III = 6.15 (1.92, 0.56, 1.42, 1.27, 0.98); IV = 8.18 (2.23, 0.72, 2.14, 2.29, 0.80). Carapace: Long and wide, ranging from deep orangish-brown (Figs 2B, D) to brown, with quite intense black mottling (Figs 3A, B), narrowed anteriorly and ocular region darkest. Eyes: Medium to large, all roughly equal in diameter. PER procurved, AER row recurved. Chelicerae: Chelicerae with two retromarginal teeth, two teeth on promargin, with distal one about twice the size, one very small denticle present just distal from larger tooth. Sternum: Shield-shaped, with dark edges (Fig. 2F). Legs: Coxae all pale (Fig. 2F). Femora I dark brown, otherwise all leg segments brown to orange, darkening at apices of tibiae. With 4-4 tibial spines on anterior legs (Fig. 2C). Abdomen: Oval, light brown to grey, with pale spots (areas without pigment showing pale cuticle underneath) throughout entire surface of abdomen (Figs 2B, E, F, 3A, B). Dorsal sclerite brown, sub-rectangular, around �� abdomen length. Relatively long, erect setae throughout abdomen giving hairy appearance (Figs 3A, B), hairs longer at final 1/3 of abdomen. Two roughly triangular white patches just posterior to dorsal sclerite (Figs 2B, 3A, B). Two strong spines present at anterior margin of dorsal sclerite. Venter lighter, with faint white markings where ventral sclerite is present in males (Fig. 2F). Epigastric sclerite weakly sclerotized, translucent orangish-brown. Epigyne: Clearly visible externally (Fig. 2E). ST appear paddle-like, with large anterior ST II oval, posteriorly extending into narrower and smaller ST I, with indistinct separation. COs distinct, slit-like and longitudinal, situated lateral of posterior end of ST II, directed posterolaterally (Figs 3C���F). Leg spination: I: F = d2 pl1 (rlv7 macrosetae), T = plv4 rlv4, Mt = plv2 rlv2; II: F = d3 (plv8 rlv8 macrosetae), T = plv4 rlv3, Mt = plv2 rlv2; III: F = d2 (plv9 rlv10 macrosetae), T = plv3 rlv4, Mt = plv2 rlv2; IV: F = d2, T = d3 (pl1), plv3 rlv3, Mt = d1, pld1 rld1, plv1 rlv2., Published as part of Pett, Brogan L. & Perger, Robert, 2021, Contributions to the knowledge of Neotropical Castianeirinae (Araneae: Corinnidae): redescription of Castianeira spinipalpis Mello-Leit��o, 1945, with first description of the male, and description of a new Myrmecotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 from the Bolivian Moxos plains, pp. 145-158 in Zootaxa 5082 (2) on pages 147-148, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5785377, {"references":["Mello-Leitao, C. F. de (1945) Aranas de Misiones, Corrientes y Entre Rios. Revista del Museo de La Plata, New Series, Zoology, 4, 213 - 302.","Keyserling, E. (1891) Die Spinnen Amerikas. Brasilianische Spinnen. Vol. 3. Bauer & Raspe, Nurnberg, 278 pp. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 64832","Mello-Leitao, C. F. de (1922) Novas clubionidas do Brasil. Archivos da Escola Superior de Agricultura e Medicina Veterinaria, Rio de Janeiro, 6, 17 - 56."]}

Genus Myrmecotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 Type species: Myrmecotypus fuliginosus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 (by original designation). Diagnosis (following Perger & Rubio 2020a, 2021). Cephalic region wide (cephalic index range 64���89), carapace narrowed (carapace index �� 60), without thoracic groove but with slight depression instead; PER wider than AER and almost straight to moderately recurved, AME larger than ALE, PME���PME greater than PME���PLE, PLE situated close to lateral margin of cephalic area; abdomen only very slightly petiolated; tibia I ventral spines paired in 2���2, 3���2, 3���3 or 4���4 arrangement; trochanter IV notch usually absent, with only a tiny one, if present., Published as part of Pett, Brogan L. & Perger, Robert, 2021, Contributions to the knowledge of Neotropical Castianeirinae (Araneae: Corinnidae): redescription of Castianeira spinipalpis Mello-Leit��o, 1945, with first description of the male, and description of a new Myrmecotypus O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1894 from the Bolivian Moxos plains, pp. 145-158 in Zootaxa 5082 (2) on page 153, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5082.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/5785377, {"references":["Pickard-Cambridge, O. (1894) Arachnida. Araneida. In: Godman, F. D. & Salvin, O. (Eds.), Biologia Centrali-Americana, Zoology. Dulau and Co., Ltd, London, pp. 121 - 144.","Perger, R. & Rubio G. D. (2020 a) Contributions to the knowledge of Neotropical ant-like spiders: Myrmecotypus tahyinandu sp. n. from Bolivian Chiquitano forest, a new country record for M. niger, and indirect evidence for species-specific mimicry (Araneae: Corinnidae: Castianeirinae). Zootaxa, 4790 (1), 151 - 164. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4790.1.9"]}

Myrmecotypus rubioi sp. nov. (LSID: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 351AA423-91AC-427E-A60C-86BEA6DD2D0A) Figs 7, 8 Type material. Holotype ♂: BOLIVIA: Beni department, José Ballivián province, Espiritu (-14.216, -66.666), vegetation, 9.ix.1986, leg. W. Hanagarth & J. Sarmiento (SMNK-ARA 13318). Other material examined. 1 subadult ♂, 1 subadult ♀: same data as holotype (SMNK-ARA 13318). Diagnosis. Myrmecotypus rubioi sp. nov. is distinguished from all other congeners by having tibia I spination of 3-2 and coxa II white (the remaining coxae dark) (Figs 7A–C). Additionally, the new species has a unique male palpal embolus with two broad embolic discs basal to embolus tip (Figs 8A, B), subapical disc well-sclerotized, forming part of the embolus, turning 1.5 times to a tapered, retrolaterally-directed point; and the RTA sharp, thornlike, ventrally projected (Fig. 8B). Remarks. Rubio & Arbino (2009) and Perger & Rubio (2020a) hypothesized that some Neotropical species of Apochinomma Pavesi, 1881 may belong to Myrmecotypus. Amongst those species, A. formicoides Mello-Leitão, 1939 is the only species with a sub-globose abdomen and light coxa II (remaining coxae dark) (Mello-Leitão 1939). Unfortunately, the female holotype of A. formicoides was not available for study, and it is probably lost (World Spider Catalog 2021; A. Kury, pers. comm.). According to the description and illustration that were provided by Mello-Leitão (1939), A. formicoides can be distinguished from M. rubioi sp. nov. by a carapace index of ~42 (59 in the new species), the cephalic area with lateral borders subparallel (narrowing in anterior direction in the new species), and tibia I spination of 3-3 (3- 2 in the new species). Etymology. The species epithet is a genitive patronym in honour of Argentinian arachnologist, Dr. Gonzalo D. Rubio (Argentina), for his substantial contributions to the knowledge on Neotropical ant-like spiders. Description. Measurements. Total length 3.63. Carapace: length 1.74, width 1.03, index 59, height 0.67. Cephalic region: width 0.62, index 60. Abdomen: length 1.80 (1.89 incl. pedicel), width 1.10, index 58. Sternum: length 0.81, width 0.60, index 74. Chelicerae: length 0.51, width 0.35. Eyes: AME 0.09, ALE 0.06, PME 0.07, PLE 0.06. Legs: I = 3.04 (0.82, 0.32, 0.81, 0.62, 0.47); II = 3.11 (0.81, 0.30, 0.75, 0.67, 0.58); III = 2.73 (0.78, 0.26, 0.68, 0.63, 0.38); IV = 4.25 (1.20, 0.38, 1.04, 1.05, 0.58). Carapace: Broad oval-shaped dorsally (Fig. 7A), subtruncate anteriorly. Deep reddish-brown, with longish simple white hairs laterally and frontally, absent medially. No depression, highest point just posterior to fovea, slope towards cephalic region very gentle, slope posterior towards pedicel abrupt (Fig. 7B). Sparse short setae near lateral margins. Sternum: Concolorous with carapace, roughly shield-shaped, parallel straight lateral margins at region of coxae II (Fig. 7C). Short, fine silver setae present, sparse. Anteriorly truncated. Coxae II white, other coxae dark brown, right coxae III with lighter basal 1/3 and may be aberrant. Eyes: AER weakly recurved, AME about 2x larger than ALEs, ALE and PME clearly the smallest eyes. PER almost straight, weakly recurved in dorsal view, very weakly recurved in frontal view. AME clearly larger than other eyes. Long ocular setae. Legs: Legs I and II light yellow, with femora I and II with basal 1/3 dark, legs III and IV dark brown to reddish, with basal ½ of patellae III and IV light yellow. Femora with pair of strong dorsal spines, basal one about twice as long and thicker (spines on femora III and IV about ½ femur length). Basal portion of femora with mix of very short fine simple and feathery silver setae, more abundant on F III and IV. Tibia I with 3-2 spines, metatarsus I with 2-2 tibial spines. Chelicerae: Lighter than carapace, orange. Two small teeth on retromargin, distal one slightly larger, two teeth on promargin, distal one about twice the size of basal tooth, both promarginal teeth larger than retromarginal teeth. One tiny denticle more distal than distal tooth on promargin. Abdomen: Pyriform, broadest at posterior half, without constriction (Figs 7A–C). Deep red, darkest at anterior 1/3. Lateral regions not covered by sclerites, pale orangish-brown. Dorsal sclerite covering 4/5 of dorsum, moderately shiny, with sparse shallow punctures. Short, feathery fine silvery setae throughout, sparser further from anterior portion, long and straight erect simple white setae sparse dorsally, density highest in indistinct band at ¼ abdomen length. Two pairs of thick pedicellate setae, first pair at anterior margin of dorsum, rising at 10’30 position, just posterior to this are a second thicker and spine-like pair, projecting at 1 o’clock position. Venter with sclerite occupying middle ½, barrel-shaped, with wide posterior margins and recurved posterior edge. Small wedge-shaped inframamillary sclerite just anterior to spinnerets. Ventral and inframamillary sclerites light reddish-orange. Wellsclerotized full epigastric sclerite wrapping around pedicel and anterior portion of abdomen. Lateral regions not covered by sclerites, pale orangish-brown. Palp: Bulb drawn out into long neck that weakly narrows medially before broadening towards apex. Basal ridge of embolic region obvious as retrolateral protrusion, one broad unsclerotized basal embolic disc proximal to sclerotized embolus. Distal sub-apical disc sclerotized and forms embolus, with retrolaterally directed apex, turning 1.5 times. Sperm duct with two median loops and one more distal lateral loop on retrolateral side. Sharp thorn- like ventrally directed RTA. Long prolateral spine on palpal tibia (Figs 8A, B). Leg spination: I: F = d3 pl1, T = plv3 rlv2, Mt = plv2 rlv2; II: F = d2, P = d1, T = rlv2 plv2, Mt = rlv2 plv2; III: F = d2 pl1, P = d1, T = pl2 rl2 plv2, Mt = plv2 rlv2, 1 distal whorl; IV: F = d2, T = pl2 rl2 plv1, Mt = d1 pl2 rl2 plv2 rlv1, 1 distal whorl. Geographical and ecological distribution. This species is only known from the type locality in Espiritu, José Ballivián province, Beni Department, Bolivia. According to the ecoregion delineation by Olson et al. (2001), the locality is situated in Beni savanna (widely recognized as Moxos Plains Flooded Savannas (see Ibisch & Merida 2003). This savanna is comprised of a mosaic of grasslands, swamplands and forest islands (Navarro & Ferreira 2011). Based on the approximated GPS data of the collection locality (according to the information by the owner of Espiritu Ranch), it was not possible to determine the accurate ecosystem or habitat associations of M. rubioi sp. nov. Further studies are needed to determine this. Ant mimicry. In the other Bolivian species of Myrmecotypus, the colour of body parts and the colour and distribution of setae increases the resemblance to specific ant models of the tribes Camponotini or Dolichoderini (Perger & Rubio 2020a, 2021a). Unfortunately, the live habitus of M. rubioi sp. nov. and co-occurring ants were not documented and the loss of setae due to the storage in ethanol hampered the assessment of mimetic relationships. However, as in other congeners, the body size, sub-oval carapace and abdomen mostly resemble ants of Camponotini or Dolichoderini. Additional field observations are needed to identify potential ant models.

Knowledge on spiders in Paraguay is abysmal, even in Salticidae, the most diverse spider family. Prior to this study, 40 species were registered for Paraguay, which may be underestimating the true species diversity in the country by five times or more. This study provides the first baseline for jumping spiders in Paraguay from the evaluation of three salticid collections. We provide 32 new country records (a remarkable 76% of the total number of species included in the study) including the description of a new species of Pachomius Peckham & Peckham, 1896, Pachomius rubrogastrus sp. nov., from Paraguay and Argentina. Thus, the salticid fauna of Paraguay is raised from 40 species to 72. We provide images of 21 new records and diagnose and illustrate the new species of Pachomius. Through this publication, we have begun to fill in the immense knowledge gap of the spider fauna of Paraguay. We also provide brief directions to further Salticidae knowledge in Paraguay.

Xevioso cepfi sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 500CF91F-7D90-466F-88 F 3-1 E 48938DF676 Figs 1���3, 4A, D, 5, 8 Diagnosis Males of X. cepfi sp. nov. can be recognized by the axel-shaped, dark dorsal asetose process of the palpal T, which is thin and transparent in X. jocquei, combined with the pronounced, blunt DP (Figs 1 C, 3 B���C, 4 A) and the palpal bulb with sharp bifid tegular process on TA 3 which is shorter and blunt in X. jocquei. Females are characterized by the double coil of the copulatory duct, the anterior median duct of the spermathecae being almost twice as large as the posterolateral duct, also the anterior median duct converging centrally and almost touching (Fig. 5 B���C). Etymology Named after the Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund (CEPF), funders of the Njesi BINCO expedition, during which this species was discovered. Material examined Holotype MOZAMBIQUE ��� ♂; Niassa Region, Sanga Plateau; 12��22.580 S, 35��20.013 E; 1724 m a.s.l.; 18 Nov. 2016; L. Geeraert and M. Jocqu�� leg.; forest; pitfall with fence; RMCA _ ARA _245493. Paratypes MOZAMBIQUE ��� 1 ♀; Niassa Region, Sanga Plateau; 12��22.5802 S; 35��20.0132 E; 1724 m a.s.l.; 15 Nov. 2016; L. Geeraert and M. Jocqu�� leg.; forest; pitfall with fence; RMCA _ ARA _246405 ��� 3 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; RMCA _ ARA _245506 ��� 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; MHNM ��� 1 ♀; Niassa Region, Sanga Plateau; 12��24.007��� S, 35��20.070��� E; 16 Nov. 2016; L. Geeraert and M. Jocqu�� leg.; montane forest; pitfall with fence; RMCA_ ARA _245496 ��� 2 ♂♂; Niassa Region, Chitagal Plateau; 12��35.4952 S, 35��15.1342 E, 1624 m a.s.l.; Nov. 2016; montane forest; pitfall for herpetology; L. Geeraert and M. Jocqu�� leg. RMCA_ARA_245487. Other material MOZAMBIQUE ��� 2 ♂♂; Niassa Region, Sanga Plateau; 12��24.0072 S, 35��20.0702 E; 16 Nov. 2016; montane forest; L. Geeraert and M. Jocqu�� leg.; pitfall for herpetology; RMCA_ARA_246548 ��� 2 ♂♂; Niassa Region, Sanga Plateau; 12��22.5802 S, 35��20.0132 E; 1724 m a.s.l.; 14 Nov. 2016; forest; pitfall; L. Geeraert and M. Jocqu�� leg.; RMCA_ARA_246550 ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; RMCA_ARA_246551 ��� 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; 18 Nov. 2016; RMCA_ARA_246552 ��� 2 ♂♂; same collection data as for preceding; RMCA_ARA_246553 ��� 1 ♂; Niassa Region, Chitagal Plateau; 12��35.495��� S, 35��15.134��� E; 1624 m a.s.l.; 8 Nov. 2016; L. Geeraert and M. Jocqu�� leg.; montane forest; pitfall; RMCA_ARA_246554 ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; RMCA_ARA_246549 ��� 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 11 Nov. 2016; RMCA_ ARA_246555 ��� 1 ♂; Niassa Region, Njesi Plateau; 12��49.5332, S, 35��11.1002 E; 24 Nov. 2016; L. Geeraert and M. Jocqu�� leg.; montane forest; pitfall with fence; RMCA_ARA_246556. Description Male holotype TOTAL LENGTH. 4.60. Carapace: length 2.15, width 1.68, height 1.63. COLOUR (Fig. 1 A���B). Carapace light yellowish-brown, lighter posteriorly, shading to dark brownishorange at pars cephalica, blackened around eyes and between AME. Co and Tr concolorous with posterior region of carapace, remainder of legs darkened to pale brownish-orange at tip of each metatarsus. Chelicerae darkest part of body, dark red-brown, with clypeus orange-brown. Sternum cream yellow. Dorsum of abdomen grey, venter pale grey, with some paler areas, pedicel concolorous with sternum. CARAPACE. Margins weakly sinuate, with very sparse short setae. Carapace with highest point in cephalic area, 1.5 times higher than at fovea (1.63 vs 1.04). EYES. ALE 0.11; AME 0.10; PLE 0.06; PME 0.06; ALE-AME 0.05; AME-AME 0.03; PME-PME 0.12. CHELICERAE. Promargin with six teeth, three smallest distally and three larger proximally, with the median of the larger teeth being largest. Retromargin with four small and one large tooth. ABDOMEN. With short black setae, denser laterally and longest at posterior apex. Venter with dispersed setae, longest at posterior apex. LEGS. Formula 1423, F I thicker, weakly undulated. P with small but distinct retrolateral process/ protrusion. Mt I with very weak pl concavity �� towards apex (fig. 4D). LEG MEASUREMENTS. F P T Mt t Total I 2.52 0.88 2.24 2.04 0.87 8.55 II 1.88 0.72 1.52 1.42 0.84 6.38 III 1.68 0.68 1.24 1.32 0.75 5.67 IV 2.16 0.64 2.08 1.81 0.80 7.49 SPINATION. Leg I: F = pl1, T = v3, Mt = v4; Leg II: F = pl1, T = pl1 v2, Mt = pl1 rl1 v3; Leg III: T = pl2 rl2 v2; Leg IV: T = pl1 d2 rl1 v3. STERNUM (Fig. 1A). 1.2 long, 0.92 wide. Shield-shaped, with slightly sinuous lateral margins. Black setae longer at margins and without setae centrally. No precoxal sclerites. PALP (Figs 1 C���D, 2A���C, 3A���C, 4A). F with two short stout anterobasal thorns. T with strong, dark axle-shaped process and pronounced DP, delimiting concavity with narrow opening. Palpal bulb simple, not divided into basal and retrobasal lobes. Embolus broadest at base but tapered apically into slender corkscrew, with three coils. TA3 with two acutely pointed prongs, TA2 lobate with short, blunt tip. EBS tri-partite, EBA1 sub-quadrate with weak posterior point, EBA2 recurved and slender, EBA3 fine and serrated with apex curving dorsally. Conductor with rl transverse ridge, basocentral lobe distad of embolus, and lateral and apical fringe. Female paratype TOTAL LENGTH. 4.45. Carapace length 2.04. Carapace width 1.45. Carapace height 1.12. COLOUR. Carapace uniform, creamy yellow-brown. Clypeus from AME���s darker, orange-brown, thin line around margin of clypeus black. Chelicerae substantially darker, a deep reddish brown. Legs concolorous with carapace, except leg I: darkening at Mt a deep orange. Abdomen grey with short black setae, venter paler grey, creamy at anterior margin with pedicel concolorous with carapace base. CARAPACE. Margins very weakly sinuate, if at all. Sparse black setae reach highest abundance medially, anterior of the fovea. EYES. ALE 0.08; AME 0.09; PLE 0.07; PME 0.06; ALE-AME 0.06; AME-AME 0.04; PME-PME 0.12 CHELICERAE. Promargin with four teeth, retromargin with six small teeth ABDOMEN. Venter light grey to cream at anterior, with short black setae uniform throughout, getting only marginally longer at the posterior end. LEGS. Formula 143? (missing leg II). F I undulates weakly �� of length toward apex. As in males, distinct but small rl process/ protrusion at pa. Females lack pl concavity at the mt present in males. LEG MEASUREMENTS. F P T Mt t Total I 1.73 0.72 1.60 1.34 1.01 6.40 II ��� ��� ��� ������ ��� III 1.40 0.57 0.93 0.91 0.63 4.44 IV 1.67 0.73 1.58 1.48 0.83 6.29 SPINATION. Leg I: F = pl1, T = v1, Mt = v3; Leg III: F = pl2 rl1 v1, Mt = 3disp, 4dw; Leg IV: T= rl1 v1, Mt = 4disp, 4dw. STERNUM. Roughly shield-shaped, straight at anterior margin. Black setae at margins but without setae centrally. 1.10 long and 0.94 wide. EPIGYNE (Fig. 5 A���D). Posterior median lobe of epigyne twice as wide as long, widest at lateral midpoint. Vulva with spermathecae cylindrical, with external spiral of three turns. Anterior median duct of spermathecae converge slightly at anterior apex, towards touching from lateral. Dorsal posterior chambers face laterally., Published as part of Pett, Brogan L. & Jocqu��, Rudy, 2020, Description of two new species of Xevioso (Araneae: Phyxelididae) from Southern Africa, with the northernmost localities for the genus, pp. 1-18 in European Journal of Taxonomy 636 on pages 3-9, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.636, http://zenodo.org/record/3775907, {"references":["Griswold C. E. 1990. A revision and phylogenetic analysis of the spider subfamily Phyxelidinae (Araneae, Amaurobiidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 196: 1 - 206."]}

Xevioso megcummingae sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: DD398E33-4DA0-45C2-9079-B009CD955541 Figs 4C, 6���8 Diagnosis Males of X. cummingae sp. nov. can be distinguished from others in the genus by the following character combination: (1) Mt I modified, with strong and broad d process �� towards apex, about double the height of Mt apex; (2) palpal T with dorsal hyaline process thin, slightly curved, appearing nail-like in rl view; (3) palpal DP broad and sub-triangular; (4) TA3 tegular processes short and blunt; TA1 absent. Females are recognized by the CO far apart and the longitudinal axis of the spermathecae diverging anteriad. Etymology The species name is a matronym in honour of Zimbabwean naturalist, Meg Cumming, collector of the type material. Material examined Holotype ZIMBABWE ��� ♂; Harare, Walmer Drive; 17��48.4802 S, 31��05.8202 E; 1535 m a.s.l.; 19 Oct. 2002; M. Cumming leg.; garden; RMCA_ARA_236654. Paratype ZIMBABWE ��� 1 ♀; same collection data as for holotype; 19 Apr. 2005; RMCA_ARA_236655. Other material MALAWI ��� 1 ♂; Viphya Plateau, Chikangawa; 11��522 S, 33��482 E; 1817 m a.s.l.; Oct. 1977 ��� Feb. 1978; R. Jocqu�� leg.; young pine plantation; pitfall: RMCA_ARA_153025. Description Male holotype TOTAL LENGTH. 6.85. Carapace length 2.92. Carapace width 2.44. Carapace height 1.36. COLOUR (Fig. 6A). Carapace light yellowish-orange, darkened anteriorly at pars cephalica, chelicerae deep reddish-brown, darkest part of the body; black pigment around eyes, PME without black pigment, AME���s joined by dark pigment. Sternum light yellow, margins darkened to deep reddish-brown. Co and Tr I brownish-orange, darker than others, cream yellow. F I orange, to brownish-orange up to Mt; other legs light brownish-yellow to orange at Mt. Abdomen and venter cream to white entirely. CARAPACE. Margin weakly sinuate. Short black setae dispersed in irregular and sparse patches. Fovea deeply concave, carapace flat throughout, clypeus height 1.1 �� height of carapace at fovea. EYES. ALE 0.10; AME 0.10; PLE 0.10; PME 0.08; AME-AME 0.04; PME-PME 0.17. ABDOMEN. Black setae regularly spaced throughout (both dorsally and ventrally), setae longer posteriorly, reaching 0.4. LEGS (Fig. 6 B���C). Formula 1423, with leg III distinctly shortened. Leg I modified at metatarsus, with strong kink extending dorsally, creating metatarsal process at least twice as high as apical end of metatarsus. LEG MEASUREMENTS. F P T Mt T Total I 3.68 1.21 3.72 3.16 1.31 13.08 II 2.85 1.08 2.52 2.60 1.30 10.35 III 2.68 0.91 2.18 2.28 0.93 8.98 IV 3.20 1.20 3.44 3.20 1.13 12.17 SPINATION. Leg I: F = pl1, T = pl2 rl1 v1, Mt = pl2 v2; Leg II: F = pl1, T = pl2 r2 v5, Mt = pl1 d1 rl4 v2; Leg III: F = pl1 d3 rl1, T = d2 rl2 v2, Mt = 3disp 6dw; Leg IV: F = pl1, T = pl2 r2 v3, Mt = 2d, 5dw. STERNUM. Roughly oval and distinctly jagged at coxae. 1.61 long and 1.32 wide. Black setae interspersed laterally, with very few medially. PALP (Figs 4C, 6 D���E, 7A���C). F with dorsal hyaline asetose process slender, curved at extremity, with broad DP delimiting widely open, shallow concavity (Figs 4C, 6E). Embolus turning three times, tapering to acutely pointed corkscrew apex; thickest just before first turn. Tegulum simple, without basal or retrobasal lobes. TA3 with two short, blunt projections; EBS poorly sclerotized, tripartite, EBA1 narrower at apex, almost touching embolus, EBA2 rounded. Female paratype TOTAL LENGTH. 5.18. Carapace length 2.19. Carapace width 1.51. Carapace height 1.30. COLOUR. Carapace creamy yellow throughout, darkening to light-orange at clypeus dorsally. Chelicerae boss orange to brown, darkest part of body. Femora lightest, darkening to a deep orange-brown at metatarsi. Abdomen uniform light grey to cream. CARAPACE. Weakly sinuate with short black setae posterior of the fovea. Fovea moderately depressed. EYES. ALE 0.07; AME 0.05; PLE 0.04; PME 0.07; ALE-AME 0.08; AME-AME 0.04; PME-PME 0.12 CHELICERAE. Strong, 1.30 long, seven teeth present on both promargin and retromargin, promargin with two larger proximal teeth, retromargin all teeth small. Endites with translucent subdecumbent setae. ABDOMEN. Dorsum with very few setae anteriorly, denser on posterior part. Venter with minimal short fine setae. LEGS. Formula 123? (legs IV are missing), without pl concavity on metatarsi I as in male. LEG MEASUREMENTS. F P T Mt T Total I 2.13 0.81 1.91 1.62 0.82 7.29 II 1.81 0.66 1.37 1.20 0.71 5.75 III 1.30 0.45 1.05 1.22 0.74 4.76 IV ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� ��� SPINATION. Leg I: F = pl1, T = pl2 v3, Mt = pl2 rl1 v5; Leg II: F = pl1 d1, T = pl2 v1, Mt = pl2 rl1 v3; Leg III: F = pl1 rl1, T = pl3 d1 rl1 v2, Mt = disp3 dw4. STERNUM. 1.21 long, 0.91 wide. Shield-shaped; with some short black setae. PALP. With dense procurved setae and toothless claw. EPIGYNE (Figs 6 F���G, 7D). PML of epigyne wider than long. Copulatory openings far apart, situated on lateral side of epigyne; spermathecae diverging anteriad; fertilization duct leading medially and posteriad from spermathecae. Variation The male specimen from Malawi (RMCA_ARA_ 153025) is smaller and paler than the holotype. Total length 3.12 (the abdomen has shrunk); carapace length 1.99, width 1.35, height 0.92., Published as part of Pett, Brogan L. & Jocqu��, Rudy, 2020, Description of two new species of Xevioso (Araneae: Phyxelididae) from Southern Africa, with the northernmost localities for the genus, pp. 1-18 in European Journal of Taxonomy 636 on pages 9-13, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.636, http://zenodo.org/record/3775907

Key to the species of Xevioso (modified from Griswold 1990) Note: figures denoted ���*fig.��� refer to figures in Griswold (1990). 1. Males................................................................................................................................................. 2 ��� Females........................................................................................................................................... 12 2. Metatarsus I without dorsomedian projection.................................................................................. 3 ��� Metatarsus I with dorsomedian projection (*figs 33, 44)................................................................. 5 3. Tegulum (*fig. 34a) divided into basal lobe and projecting TA 3; TA 1 present; apex of EBS simple............................................................................................................. X. orthomeles Griswold, 1990 ��� Tegulum (*fig. 46a) simple, without basal lobe, TA 3 not protruding; TA 1 absent; apex of EBS tripartite............................................................................................................................................. 4 4. Modification of Mt I subtle, hardly discernable (Fig. 4D); TA 3 with two sharp prongs (Figs 1 C���D, 3A���B), dorsal apophysis of palpal tibia axe-shaped, delimiting rounded invagination with narrow opening (Figs 1C, 3 B���C, 4A).................................................................................... X. cepfi sp. nov. ��� Mt I clearly narrowed in center (Fig. 4E); TA 3 with blunt prongs; dorsal apophysis of palpal tibia sinuous, delimiting oval invagination with broad opening (Fig. 4B)....... X. jocquei Griswold, 1990 5. Tegulum (Figs 6D, 7A) simple, without basal lobe, TA 3 not protruding; apex of EBS tripartite): apophysis of palpal tibia sinuous (Figs 4C, 7 B���C) delimiting oval invagination with broad opening................................................................................................................. X. megcummingae sp. nov. ��� Tegulum (*fig. 34a) divided into basal lobe and projecting TA 3.................................................... 6 6. Palpal tibia with no more than 1 elongate apical process, DA unmodified; embolic spiral much narrower than width of cymbium; conductor without hook; metatarsus I with 1 distinct dorsal process.............................................................................................................................................. 7 ��� Palpal tibia with 2 widely separated processes (*fig. 37b): an elongate DA and acutely pointed median D process; embolus a broad spiral covering width of cymbium (*fig. 37a); conductor with proximal median hook; metatarsus I with 2 distinct dorsal processes (*fig. 33a)............................................................................................................................................ X. zuluana (Lawrence, 1939) 7. Metatarsus I with an acute dorsal spur (*fig. 40a���d); palpal tibia with DAS produced into a long, sharp point (*fig. 41b); embolus making less than 1 full turn......................................................... 8 ��� Metatarsus I dorsal projection broad and triangular; palpal tibia with DA rounded and unmodified (*fig. 29c); embolus making more than 1 full turn (*fig. 29b)......................................................... 9 8. Palpal tibia with hyaline D reduced to a vestige or lost, DAS extending far beyond margin of hyaline D (*fig. 39b); TA 3a very long, pointed (*fig. 39c); TA 1 present, slender; proximal margin of conductor transverse, unmodified (*fig. 39a); metatarsus I with fine spinules....... X. aululata Griswold, 1990 ��� Palpal tibia with hyaline D extending for full length of DA, reaching apex of DAS; TA 3a short, conical (*fig. 41c); TA 1 absent; proximal margin of conductor with an acute, proximad-directed flange (*fig. 41a); metatarsus I with stout spinules................................ X. colobata Griswold, 1990 9. Palpal tibia with hyaline D broad, margin gently curved or angled (*fig. 45b); apex of EBS bifid (*fig. 42a); embolus with lamella for much of length (*fig. 45a); TAI slender and elongate (*fig. 42c)....................................................................................................................................... 10 ��� Palpal tibia with hyaline D having a slender median flange (Df) projecting distally (*figs 29c, 32b); apex of EBS simple (*fig. 29b); embolus with lamella only at base; TA 1 broad (*figs 29e, 32a)...11 10. Conductor with acute proximal flange (*fig. 45c); palpal tibia with hyaline D angled (*fig. 45b)........................................................................................................................ X. kulufa Griswold, 1990 ��� Conductor without proximal projection (*fig. 42c); palpal tibia with hyaline D evenly curved (*fig. 42b).......................................................................................... X. lichmadina Griswold, 1990 11. Tegulum with TA 3a broad, short, conical, apex bifid (*figs 32a, c)........................................................................................................................................................... X. tuberculata (Lawrence, 1939) ��� Tegulum with TA 3a narrow, elongate, apex acutely pointed (*figs 36a, c)............................................................................................................................................................. X. amica Griswold, 1990 12. Ratio of PML length to width greater than 1.................................................................................. 13 ��� Ratio of PML length to width less than 1....................................................................................... 14 13. Ratio of PML length to width greater than 2 (*fig. 43a)................... X. lichmadina Griswold, 1990 ��� Ratio of PML length to width less than 2 (*fig. 43b)................................ X. kulufa Griswold, 1990 14. Epigynum simple, without paired lobes or secondary depressions; copulatory duct small, straight or curved and horn shaped.................................................................................................................. 15 ��� Epigynum with paired raised median lobes and shallow paired anterior depressions; copulatory duct very large, spherical, length nearly equal to that of spermathecal capsule (*fig. 38b)..................................................................................................................................... X. zuluana (Lawrence, 1939) 15. Epigynum flat to convex, with lateral margins of PML curved outward posteriorly; spermathecae with spiral duct............................................................................................................................... 16 ��� Epigynum with transverse median ridge, lateral margins of PML straight; spermathecae with simple spherical chamber (*figs 12d, 38c)......................................................... X. aulutata Griswold, 1990 16. Copulatory duct large, hornlike, expanded proximally.................................................................. 17 ��� Copulatory duct small, ringlike...................................................................................................... 19 17. Diameter of copulatory duct much greater than that of spiral spermathecal chamber (*fig. 35e)........................................................................................................................... X. amica Griswold, 1990 ��� Diameter of copulatory duct about equal to that of spiral spermathecal chamber......................... 18 18. Spiral spermathecal chamber almost touching medially with anterior bulbus spherical spermathecae (Fig. 6 F���G). CO far apart....................................................................... X. megcummingae sp. nov. ��� Spiral spermathecal chamber not close to touching medially, without bulbus spherical spermathecae head (*fig. 35d)................................................................................... X. orthomeles Griswold, 1990 19. Spermathecal chamber with 4-5 turns, copulatory duct small and thin (*fig.39f)..................................................................................................................................... X. tuberculata (Lawrence, 1939) ��� Epigyne with copulatory opening with distinct sinuation posteriorly (Fig. 5A). Spermathecal chamber with 3 turns (Fig. 5C), copulatory duct expanding widely, wider than spermathecae (Fig. 5 B���C)....................................................................................................................................... X. cepfi sp. nov., Published as part of Pett, Brogan L. & Jocqu��, Rudy, 2020, Description of two new species of Xevioso (Araneae: Phyxelididae) from Southern Africa, with the northernmost localities for the genus, pp. 1-18 in European Journal of Taxonomy 636 on pages 13-15, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.636, http://zenodo.org/record/3775907, {"references":["Griswold C. E. 1990. A revision and phylogenetic analysis of the spider subfamily Phyxelidinae (Araneae, Amaurobiidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 196: 1 - 206."]}

Xevioso jocquei Griswold, 1990 Figs 4B, E, 8 Material examined MALAWI ��� holotype ♂; Mt Mulanje, Lichenya Plateau; 16��00��� S, 35��30��� E; 2000 m a.s.l.; 7���23 Nov. 1981; R. Jocqu�� leg.; seepage area with grassy vegetation; pitfalls; RMCA_ARA_156494., Published as part of Pett, Brogan L. & Jocqu��, Rudy, 2020, Description of two new species of Xevioso (Araneae: Phyxelididae) from Southern Africa, with the northernmost localities for the genus, pp. 1-18 in European Journal of Taxonomy 636 on page 13, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2020.636, http://zenodo.org/record/3775907, {"references":["Griswold C. E. 1990. A revision and phylogenetic analysis of the spider subfamily Phyxelidinae (Araneae, Amaurobiidae). Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 196: 1 - 206."]}

Pett, Brogan L. (2019): First confirmed locality record of Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900 (Araneae: Salticidae: Salticinae: Scopocirini) from Paraguay. Peckhamia 193 (1): 1-3, DOI: http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5093414, {"references":["Bedoya-Roqueme, E., W. Galvis and L. Martinez. 2018. First record of the genus Gypogyna Simon, 1900 (Araneae: Salticidae: Scopocirini) from Colombia. Peckhamia 161.1: 1-4.","Galiano, M. E. 1958. Novedades sobre los generos Scopocira Simon y Gypogyna Simon (Araneae, Salticidae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 20: 21-32.","Roget, L. 2017. Research grade observation of Gypogyna forceps, online at https://www.inaturalist. org/observations/16019503, accessed 19 SEP 2019.","Maddison, W. 2015. A phylogenetic classification of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae). Journal of Arachnology. 43: 231-292.","Raizer, J., A. D. Brescovit, A.D., U. de Oliveira and A. J. Santos. 2017. Diversidade e composiCAo da araneofauna do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil (Diversity and composition of the spider fauna of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil). Iheringia, Serie Zoologia 107 (supl e2017109): 1-9.","Simon, E. 1900. Descriptions d'arachnides nouveaux de la famille des Attidae. Annales de la Societe Entomologique de Belgique 44: 381-407."]}