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As the negative impacts of hydrological extremes increase in large parts of the world, a better understanding of the drivers of change in risk and impacts is essential for effective flood and drought risk management and climate adaptation. However, there is a lack of comprehensive, empirical data about the processes, interactions and feedbacks in complex human-water systems leading to flood and drought impacts. To fill this gap, we present an IAHS Panta Rhei benchmark dataset containing socio-hydrological data of paired events, i.e. two floods or two droughts that occurred in the same area (Kreibich et al. 2017, 2019). The contained 45 paired events occurred in 42 different study areas (in three study areas we have data on two paired events), which cover different socioeconomic and hydroclimatic contexts across all continents. The dataset is unique in covering floods and droughts, in the number of cases assessed and in the amount of qualitative and quantitative socio-hydrological data contained. References to the data sources are provided in 2023-001_Kreibich-et-al_Key_data_table.xlsx where possible. Based on templates, we collected detailed, review-style reports describing the event characteristics and processes in the case study areas, as well as various semi-quantitative data, categorised into management, hazard, exposure, vulnerability and impacts. Sources of the data were classified as follows: scientific study (peer-reviewed paper and PhD thesis), report (by governments, administrations, NGOs, research organisations, projects), own analysis by authors, based on a database (e.g. official statistics, monitoring data such as weather, discharge data, etc.), newspaper article, and expert judgement. The campaign to collect the information and data on paired events started at the EGU General Assembly in April 2019 in Vienna and was continued with talks promoting the paired event data collection at various conferences. Communication with the Panta Rhei community and other flood and drought experts identified through snowballing techniques was important. Thus, data on paired events were provided by professionals with excellent local knowledge of the events and risk management practices.

Natural and human-made disasters affect and disrupt the lives and livelihoods of people in different ways. This is at the core of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. The expected outcome of the framework is a ‘substantial reduction of disaster risk and losses in lives, livelihoods and health and in the economic, physical, social, cultural and environmental assets of persons, businesses, communities and countries’ (UNISDR, 2015, p. 12). In order to monitor this, the first two targets of the framework address the people killed or affected, because people are the most important asset to protect from risk and disaster. People are the ones we ultimately want to protect from the impact of disasters. As the Sendai Framework states, there are not only the direct and immediate impacts of hazards on people such as death or injury. There are also a number of indirect and long-term impacts on people that may not injure or kill directly, but instead may cause long-term impacts on individuals or entire societies. The impacts of disasters may deprive people of their homes, their livelihoods and impede the functioning of society as a whole. Consequently, this subchapter will address the population at risk and the potential impacts of disasters on populations by analysing the different dimensions, from the individual to society as a whole. Starting from the individual, Section 3.2.1 analyses how hazards threaten human lives in Europe, and the wider impacts of disasters on people’s health and well-being, considering how different hazards interplay with the effects beyond immediate impacts. This section addresses the relations between the disaster management cycle and hazards causing death, injury or health damage across Europe. The temporal dimension plays a central role here; the speed of hazard onset (quick/slow onset) has to be linked to the duration of effects on humans (short/long term). The section proposes new approaches such as biomonitoring methods and biomarkers for improved assessment of exposure and human health risk; it also addresses the importance of human behaviour and measures of self-protection as factors influencing impacts, illustrating this with the example of the heatwave in Europe in 2003. Section 3.2.2 enlarges the view from the individual to the immediate habitat of the people – their homes and immediate neighbourhood. It takes the housing/habitat as the asset at risk and analyses the impacts of three different disasters: the Toll Bar flood 2007 in the United Kingdom, the Grenfell Tower fire in 2017 in the United Kingdom and a series of earthquakes in Italy. The primary measure of impact analysed in this section is relocation or displacement of population from their homes. This takes into account the different spatio-temporal scales of displacement. The analysis highlights the importance of hindsight analysis and implementation of the lessons learned. Section 3.2.3 finally expands the analysis of the impact of disasters to the entire society. By ‘society’, we refer to all the people that live together, have a common history and cooperate to carry on their lives and pursue fundamental interests. This can be a local society, but also parts of a nation or the entire population of a country or region. Society has a complex structure with uncounted social and economic relationships. The structure of society is dynamic, with many external and internal factors that are constantly changing and developing it. When disasters strike, they also affect societies and may lead to disruption of the way societies function. This section explores the Van earthquake in Turkey (2011) and a toxic cloud after a technical accident in Zevekote (Belgium) in 2017 to review the impacts of different types of disasters at the community/society level based on the results of case studies, to show social reactions to disasters and to better illustrate social patterns and vulnerable groups in society.

Damaging Hydrogeological Events (DHEs) can be defined as episodes of severe weather conditions, during which meteorological phenomena -such as rainfall, wind and hail- trigger damaging landslides, floods, and sea storms. During storms, these phenomena can be triggered almost simultaneously, and may amplify economic damage and harms to people, often delaying emergency management actions. Data on current DHE impact can be obtained by the systematic review of regional daily newspapers and using a series of daily Google alerts concerning rainfall-related phenomena. Moreover, data about the impact of historical DHE can be obtained by performing specific historical research in local archives, in order to fill data gaps affecting older epochs. This work presents a series of databases concerning the impact of DHE in Calabria (Italy) and in study areas located in the Mediterranean basin. Specifically, the databases presented are the following: 1) ASICAL. It concerns DHE that occurred in Calabria in the past century, and contains about 5000 records freely available. 2) NEW ASICAL. It is similar to ASICAL in terms of contents but the study period covers the time span between 1800 and 2018, and it is available on request. 3) FLOODHYMEX. Is the database of catastrophic floods that occurred in five Mediterranean regions: Calabria, Catalonia, Balearic Islands, South France and Greece, between 1980 and 2014. It is in English and is available at the Hymex website. 4) PEOPLE. It is the database of the effects of DHE on people in Calabria between 1980 and 2016. It is in English and published on the Mendeley website. Damage severity is sorted in three levels. Fatalities, who are people killed, injured, who are people harmed, and involved people, that are people facing the accident and not killed neither hurt. 5) SLIDE-CAL. It is the database of rain-triggered landslides in Calabria. It covers the period 1921-2010, is in Italian and available on request. 6) SEA STORM CAL contains data about damage related to storm surges and it is available on request. 7) BRIDGECAL. It is the database concerning the damage caused by damaging hydrogeological events to bridges in Calabria between 1900 and nowadays. The presentation will describe the main characteristics of the listed databases and presents some published results highlighting the usefulness of collected data in the study of the impact of damaging hydrogeological events in Mediterranean countries.

Il presente documento descrive il lavoro svolto nell'ambito dell'attività "A.1.1 Dimensioni territoriali e indicatori finalizzati all'analisi dei rischi e delle condizioni di sicurezza ai fini della protezione civile" prevista dal "Programma per il supporto al rafforzamento della governance in materia di riduzione del rischio ai fini di protezione civile: rischio idrogeologico e idraulico", a valere sul PON Governance e capacità istituzionale 2014-2020 (PON idro). L'attività A.1.1 ha due obiettivi principali: il primo è finalizzato alla verifica di coerenza fra le diverse dimensioni territoriali adottate dai piani di Gestione del Rischio Alluvioni dell'Appennino meridionale e della Regione Siciliana e le aree afferenti ai centri operativi di protezione civile; il secondo alla definizione di indicatori per la dimensione territoriale adottata a riferimento finalizzati ad individuare livelli di rischio, capacità di fronteggiare condizioni di emergenza, e più in generale, livello di sicurezza in termini di protezione civile. Le attività si sono state effettuate in particolare nelle seguenti regioni destinatarie dei servizi: Regione Calabria, Regione Campania, Regione Puglia e Regione Sicilia.

As flood impacts are increasing in large parts of the world, understanding the primary drivers of changes in risk is essential for effective adaptation. To gain more knowledge on the basis of empirical case studies, we analyze eight paired floods, i.e. consecutive flood events that occurred in the same region, with the second flood causing significantly lower damage. These success stories of risk reduction were selected across different socio-economic and hydro-climatic contexts. The potential of societies to adapt is uncovered by describing triggered societal changes, as well as formal measures and spontaneous processes that reduced flood risk. This novel approach has the potential to build the basis for an international data collection and analysis effort to better understand and attribute changes in risk due to hydrological extremes in the framework of the IAHSs Panta Rhei initiative. Across all case studies, we find that lower damage caused by the second event was mainly due to significant reductions in vulnerability, e.g. via raised risk awareness, preparedness and improvements of organizational emergency management. Thus, vulnerability reduction plays an essential role for successful adaptation. Our work shows that there is a high potential to adapt, but there remains the challenge to stimulate measures that reduce vulnerability and risk in periods in which extreme events do not occur. Panta Rhei Working Group “Changes in flood risk”

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Flood risk is expected to increase in large parts of the world due to climate change and globally increasing exposure. Efficient integrated flood risk management needs to be implemented to counteract this trend. Societies can learn from floods, and consequently improve their risk management. Objective of this study is to increase our knowledge on how societies learn from floods and what measures they implement to reduce their flood risk. METHOD Societal learning can occur through 'focusing events', i.e. events that provide a sudden, strong push for action (Kreibich et al. 2011). Thus, we undertook a semi-quantitative assessment of eight paired flood events around the world, i.e. consecutive floods that occurred in the same catchments, with the second flood causing significantly lower damage. We present these eight success stories of risk reduction and unravel what risk management concepts were implemented after the first flood and how these changed the flood risk and thus the resulting damage of the second flood. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Across all case studies, we find that lower damage caused by the second event was mainly due to significant reductions in vulnerability. The role of changes in exposure is less apparent; positive and negative changes are reported. In some cases, significant investments in flood protection between the floods have played a large role in exposure and damage reduction. Reduction of vulnerability seems to be a key for better risk reduction via integrated flood risk management. Thus, efforts need to be redoubled to improve our understanding of vulnerability.

Urbanization in hazardous regions, the abandonment of rural and mountain areas, and changed agricultural and forest practices have increased the impact of landslides through the years. Hence, the changing climate variables, like rainfall, acted and will act on a human-modified landscape. In this work, we analyze the role of rainfall variation and land use/cover change in the occurrence of landslides in Calabria in the period 1921-2010. Combining rainfall and landslide information, we reconstruct and analyze a catalogue of 1466 rainfall events with landslides (i.e., the occurrence of one or more landslide during or immediately after a rainfall event). To investigate the impact of land use/cover changes in the occurrence of landslides, we consider the "Land Use Map" made by the Italian National Research Council and the Italian Touring Club in 1956, and the "CORINE Land Cover" map released in 2000. Since our landslide catalogue is at municipality scale (i.e., for each landslide we known the municipality in which it occurred), we attribute a prevailing land use/cover class to each of the 409 municipalities of Calabria. We split the catalogue in two subsets (1921-1965 and 1966-2010) and correlate the landslides occurred in the first period to the 1956 land use and the landslides occurred in the second period to the 2000 land cover. We find that: (i) the geographical and the temporal distributions of rainfall-induced landslides have changed in the observation period; (ii) land use/cover in Calabria has changed between the two periods, with a huge decrease of arable land and an increase of heterogeneous agricultural areas and forests; (iii) in both periods, most of the landslides occurred in areas characterized by forests and arable land; (iv) in the second period, there was an increase (decrease) of landslides occurred in agricultural areas (arable land).

In light of the expected increase of flood risk in large parts of the world due to climate change and globally increasing exposure, efficient integrated flood risk management needs to be implemented. Societies learn from floods, and consequently improve their risk management. Such learning can occur through 'focusing events', i.e. events that provide a sudden, strong push for action. For example, the 1953 North Sea flood triggered the Delta Works in The Netherlands and the construction of the Thames Barrier. We show how societies have learnt from focusing events in river systems, by a semi-quantitative assessment of eight paired flood events around the world, i.e. consecutive floods that occurred in the same catchments, with the second flood causing significantly lower damage. We unravel the main mechanisms underlying these eight success stories of risk reduction. Across all case studies, we find that lower damage caused by the second event was mainly due to significant reductions in vulnerability. The role of changes in exposure is less apparent; positive and negative changes are reported. In some cases, significant investments in flood protection between the floods have played a large role in exposure and damage reduction. Reduction of vulnerability seems to be a key for better risk reduction via integrated flood risk management. Thus, we need to redouble efforts to improve our understanding of vulnerability.

The NW Mediterranean region experiences every year heavy rainfall and flash floods that occasionally produce catastrophic damages. Less frequent are floods that affect large regions. Although a large number of databases devoted exclusively to floods or considering all kind of natural hazards do exist, usually they only record catastrophic flood events. This paper deals with the new flood database that is being developed within the framework of HYMEX project. Results are focused on four regions representative of the NW sector of Mediterranean Europe: Catalonia, Spain; the Balearic Islands, Spain; Calabria, Italy; and Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyr´en´ees and PACA, France. The common available 30-yr period starts in 1981 and ends in 2010. The paper shows the database structure and criteria, the comparison with other flood databases, some statistics on spatial and temporal distribution, and an identification of the most important events. The paper also provides a table that includes the date and affected region of all the catastrophic events identified in the regions of study, in order to make this information available for all audiences.

Flood risk is dynamic and influenced by many processes related to hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Flood damage increased significantly over the past decades, however, resulting overall economic loss per event is an aggregated indicator and it is difficult to attribute causes to this increasing trend. Much has been learned about damaging processes during floods at the micro-scale, e.g. building level. However, little is known about the main factors determining the amount of flood damage on event level. Thus, we analyse and compare paired flood events, i.e. consecutive, similar damaging floods that occurred in the same area. In analogy to ’Paired catchment studies’ - a well-established method in hydrology to understand how changes in land use affect streamflow – we will investigate how and why resulting flood damage in a region differed between the first and second consecutive flood events. One example are the 2002 and 2013 floods in the Elbe and Danube catchments in Germany. The 2002 flood caused the highest economic damage (EUR 11600 million) due to a natural hazard event in Germany. Damage was so high due to extreme flood hazard triggered by extreme precipitation and a high number of resulting dyke breaches. Additionally, exposure hotspots like the city of Dresden at the Elbe river as well as some smaller municipalities at the river Mulde (e.g. Grimma, Eilenburg, Bitterfeld, Dessau) were severely impacted. However, affected parties and authorities learned from the extreme flood in 2002, and many governmental flood risk programs and initiatives were launched. Considerable improvements since 2002 occurred on many levels that deal with flood risk reduction and disaster response, in particular in 1) increased flood prevention by improved spatial planning, 2) an increased number of property-level mitigation measures, 3) more effective early warning and improved coordination of disaster response and 4) a more targeted maintenance of flood defence systems and their deliberate relocation. Thus, despite higher hydrological severity damage due to the 2013 flood was significantly lower than in 2002. In our international comparative paired event study we investigate under which circumstances similar or contrasting processes occurred and hope to identify common key processes which determine flood damage on event level.

This work investigates human consequences of Damaging Hydrogeological Events (DHEs). DHEs are defined as rainy periods, lasting from one to some days, during which landslides, floods, sea storms and wind can cause economic damage and human consequences. The analysis is based on a detailed catalogue of DHEs that occurred in 24 years, between 1990-2014, in a Mediterranean region frequently affected by this kind of events (Calabria, southern Italy). We gathered data by systematically surveying a regional newspaper; then we integrated the information with additional event descriptions, interviews, witness's reports and comments posted in social networks and blogs. The result is a database named PEOPLE, containing data on Calabrian people "killed", "injured" or "involved" (but not hurt) by Damaging Hydrogeological Events. PEOPLE database is made of five sections: 1. EVENT IDENTIFICATION a. when the event happened (year, month, day, hour) b. where the event happened (region, municipality, coordinates) c. the type of phenomenon that damaged people (flood, landslide, sea storm, wind) 2. PEOPLE IDENTIFICATION a. name b. surname c. age d. gender 3. EFFECT ON PEOPLE a. killed b. injured c. involved 4. PEOPLE-EVENT INTERACTION a. place where people-event interaction occurred b. condition in which people where at the moment of the interaction c. activity in which people were involved at the moment of people-event interaction d. dynamic of people-event interaction 5. EFFECTS ON PEOPLE a. Causes of death b. Types of injuries c. Types of behaviors The aim is to understand how and why people are involved in these events, and the most dangerous among different phenomena, conditions, places, activities and dynamics of people-event interaction. The results can improve the understanding of the impacts that geo-hydrological hazards pose to the population and can increase risk awareness among administrators and citizens. The outcomes can also be used to understand and highlight similarities and differences, if existing, in the behaviors of people in other countries affected by the same kind of events, in order to strength the strategies aiming to save people and warn about risky behaviors.

Valutazione del Potenziale Geotermico delle Regioni della Convergenza La geotermia è scienza, tecnologia ed energia. È la scienza che indaga le fonti di calore endogeno della Terra; è la tecnologia (impiantistica e disciplinare) che permette di accedere a tali risorse e coltivarle; è l'energia che ne scaturisce, utilizzabile sia come calore - direttamente - sia per la produzione di energia elettrica. La geotermia è utile, difficile e... bella. È una disciplina utile, perché dall'indagine geotermica e dagli impianti deriva un approvvigionamento energetico efficiente e indipendente sia dalle forniture estere sia dalle fluttuazioni del prezzo del petrolio. È una sfida difficile: si esige competenza e perizia per attingere a una fonte di energia praticamente ubiqua, ma custodita; locale e disponibile sempre, rinnovabile e, dunque, sostenibile: un'energia bella! La geotermia è una branca del sapere e una pratica tecnologica poco compresa, perché poco nota, ancora scarsamente organizzata e, spesso, poco incentivata. Serve dunque informazione, che è raccolta di dati, divulgazione, formazione. Grazie a una sapienza (oggi lo chiamano know-how) e a un'esperienza uniche nel settore, messe in campo dal Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, in accordo con il Ministero dello Sviluppo Economico, la geotermia oggi è anche VIGOR. Un progetto quadriennale che ha permesso di calcolare il potenziale geotermico di alcune Regioni del sud Italia e integrarlo in mappe significative del territorio, di progettarne il possibile utilizzo tramite impianti tecnologicamente ed economicamente realizzabili, dipanandone l'iter autorizzativo e indagandone il grado di accettabilità sociale per, infine, condividere tutto ciò (tramite opere e carte stampate e via web), affinché un'esperienza (inter)regionale diventi patrimonio condiviso. Da qui in poi, la geotermia è progetto e investimento. Ed è futuro: il nostro. Adele Manzella Coordinatrice scientifica del progetto

The Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX; Drobinski et al., 2014) is a 10-year (2010-2020) GEWEX Hydroclimatology Panel (GHP) Regional Hydroclimate Project (RHP). Its objectives are to: (i) improve the understanding of the water cycle, with emphasis on extreme events, by monitoring and modeling the Mediterranean coupled system (atmosphere-land-ocean), its variability (from the event scale to the seasonal and interannual scales) and characteristics over one decade in the context of global change; and (ii) evaluate societal and economical vulnerability, and adaptation capacity to extreme meteorological and climate events.

A Rainfall Event and a subsequent Damage Event, resulting from floods and landslides triggered by rainfall, are the two components which characterize a Damaging Hydrogeological Event (DHE). Since the same rainfall amount can cause different degrees of damage, depending on both rivers and slopes conditions, both Rainfall and Damage Event characteristics are related to climatic, geomorphological and anthropogenic factors. Moreover, as to what concerns the damage, and specifically the damage occurrence, this also depends on the geographical distribution of damageable elements such as population, lifelines and urbanized sectors. In this paper, a methodology for the classification of the severity of the DHEs, which have been recorded in a region of southern Italy (Calabria), is proposed. The applied methodology was based on a chart which considers some indicators of both the Damage (Dscore) and the daily Rainfall values (Rscore) recorded in the study area; the chart was applied to a series of 30 DHEs which occurred between 1981 and 2010. As a result, four types of events have been identified: ordinary events, obtained by low Dscore and Rscore values; extraordinary events, with high Rscore values but low Dscore values; catastrophic events, characterized by non-exceptional rainfall (low Rscore) and severe damage (high Dscore); major catastrophic events, having high Dscore and Rscore values. Given that, media accounts and first or second-hand personal accounts fail to provide an objective classification, the aim of this study was to provide an objective classification of the severity of the DHEs through the production of a chart.

Studio di fattibilità a Lamezia-Terme Caronte: questo studio descrive la valutazione geotermica effettuata nel sito di Terme Caronte (CZ) e la proposta tecnico-economica per lo sviluppo di un progetto impiantistico relativo a risorse geotermiche a bassa entalpia per la realizzazione di un impianto geotermico per l'essiccamento dei fanghi, dimensionato sul vicino impianto di depurazione di Lamezia Terme, e un impianto geotermico per la climatizzazione dello stabilimento termale di Terme Caronte. Considerato che lo studio del sito di Terme Caronte ha riguardato un'area estesa e si riferisce alla piana di Lamezia Terme, e che l'impianto di essiccamento fanghi reflui ha preso come esempio di applicazione quello di Lamezia Terme, il sito oggetto di studio è stato rinominato Lamezia - Terme - Caronte. Dal punto di vista della risorsa geotermica, l'area è stata scelta sia per la presenza di acque termali (Terme Caronte) mineralizzate e calde con una temperatura all'uscita di circa 39°C e sia per le possibili potenzialità in termini di utilizzo delle eventuali risorse geotermiche profonde per un uso diretto nei settori produttivi dell'area. Tali manifestazioni termali si trovano in corrispondenza di alti strutturali che mostrano in finestra tettonica le unità carbonatiche appenniniche al di sotto delle unità cristalline. Alla luce dei risultati conseguiti, ottenuti attraverso rilievi geologici di superficie, indagini geochimiche, prospezioni geofisiche ed elaborazioni dei dati sismici forniti dall'ENI, l'area di Terme Caronte risulta caratterizzata dalla presenza in profondità di potenziali serbatoi geotermici in roccia fratturata, ricoperti da terreni che costituiscono un'efficace copertura impermeabile, essendo prevalentemente impermeabili o comunque a bassa permeabilità. Il contesto geologico-strutturale che caratterizza l'area di Teme Caronte evidenzia che la risalita delle acque calde, individuata in diverse sorgenti distinte ma spazialmente vicine, avvenga attraverso l'espressione congiunta del sistema di faglie orientato localmente NE-SW e quello N-S. Inoltre, la zona di contatto con i depositi impermeabili neogenici costituisce una soglia di permeabilità che tende ad ostacolare il travaso verso la Piana di Lamezia Terme. Lo studio geochimico ha evidenziato che le acque delle sorgenti di Terme Caronte non hanno elevati mescolamenti con quelle superficiali, dimostrando la presenza di una risalita rapida lungo la fascia di interferenza tra i due sistemi tettonici indicati. Vista la presenza di elementi che identificano un'origine meteorica delle acque della sorgente Terme Caronte con scambio acqua-roccia di tipo carbonatico, il modello concettuale del sistema termale prevede che il serbatoio geotermico sia alimentato dalle acque di pioggia che si infiltrano nel settore meridionale del massiccio della Sila, penetrando nelle unità metamorfiche superficiali che risulterebbero permeabili per fratturazione soprattutto lungo le zone caratterizzate da strutture tettoniche molto importanti a carattere regionale (Tansi et al., 2007). Una volta infiltratesi, le acque si approfondiscono nel serbatoio geotermico presente nel complesso carbonatico sottostante ad una profondità di 3-4 chilometri. La mancanza di dati di pozzi profondi e le conseguenti incertezze nelle quote delle unità profonde è stata parzialmente colmata dalla perforazione di un pozzo esplorativo, il primo sondaggio in Calabria continentale a raggiungere una profondità di poco inferiore a 1 km. Il sondaggio è stato posizionato tenendo conto di limitazione logistiche (accessi e topografia) e della geologia del luogo. Purtroppo il sondaggio non ha raggiunto il serbatoio geotermico, che risulta molto profondo, pertanto le proposte impiantistiche si riferiscono a risorse di bassa termalità superficiali. Le proposte impiantistiche sviluppate per Terme Caronte si riferiscono a due distinte modalità di utilizzo della geotermia: o impianto geotermico per l'essiccamento dei fanghi provenienti dalla linea di trattamento fanghi del depuratore di acque reflue presente nella zona industriale di Lamezia Terme (a circa 5 km dalla zona di Terme Caronte). Per quanto quest'applicazione non si riferisca esattamente al sito scelto, si è pensato di sviluppare una proposta impiantistica interessante per la sua applicazione in tutte le zone nelle quali sia presente un impianto di depurazione utilizzando il calore prelevato dalla risorsa geotermica a bassa entalpia. o impianto geotermico per la climatizzazione degli uffici dello stabilimento delle Terme Caronte. Sono state valutate due iverse configurazioni di impianto di essiccamento dei fanghi, considerando l'integrale ricircolo dell'aria (CASO 1) o con espulsione dell'aria umida (CASO 2).

Damaging Hydrogeological Events (DHEs) are defined as the occurrence of destructive phenomena (such as landslides and floods) that can cause damage to people and goods during periods of bad weather. These phenomena should be analysed together as they actually occur because the interactions of these phenomena can both amplify the damage and obstruct emergency management. The occurrence of DHEs depends on the interactions between climatic and geomorphological features: except for long-term climatic changes, these interactions can usually be considered constant, and for this reason, some areas are systematically affected. However, damage scenarios can change; events that occurred in the past could currently cause different effects depending on the modifications that occurred in the geographical distribution of vulnerable elements. We analysed a catastrophic DHE that affected a region of southern Italy in 1951 that resulted in 101 victims and 4500 homeless individuals. The probability that a similar event will happen again in the future is assessed using the return period of the triggering rainfall, whereas the different anthropogenic factors are taken into account by means of the population densities at the time of the event and currently. The result is a classification of regional municipalities according to the probability that events such as the one analysed will occur again in the future and the possible effects of this event on the current situation.

La gestione del rischio da frana trova importanti riferimenti nei Piani Stralcio per l'Assetto idrogeologico (PAI) adottati a livello regionale. Gli aspetti normativi definiti nei PAI presentano interazioni con la normativa urbanistica regionale e, non di rado, il quadro complessivo in cui si deve operare per la gestione del rischio da frana non è definito con la chiarezza che la problematica richiede. Considerando il quadro normativo vigente nella Regione Calabria relativamente al PAI ed alla legge urbanistica, si propone un esame dei principali riferimenti normativi finalizzato a fornire una rivisitazione integrata che ha come obiettivo l'efficacia e la strutturazione dei testi, per semplificare il lavoro di quanti sono chiamati a vario titolo alla gestione del rischio da frana. L'esame è svolto con riferimento alla Legge urbanistica regionale 19/2002 (Norme per la tutela, governo ed uso del territorio) con le modifiche e le integrazioni di cui alle leggi 23/2002, 8/2003, 8/2005, 14/2006, 9/2007, 21/2007, alle Linee guida della pianificazione regionale e schema base della carta regionale dei luoghi in attuazione della Legge Urbanistica della Calabria 19/2002, del Piano Stralcio per l'Assetto Idrogeologico (ai sensi dell'art. 1-bis della legge 365/2000, dell'art.17 della legge 183/1989 e dell'art.1 della legge 267/1998) e del Quadro Territoriale Regionale a valenza Paesaggistica. La nota evidenzia gli aspetti operativi delle norme di salvaguardia dalle frane, con riferimento agli strumenti della pianificazione, individuando le sovrapposizioni di competenze e gli elementi di complicazione. Sulla base dei punti indicati sono proposti alcuni riferimenti per la rimodulazione dei criteri di salvaguardia per le aree in frana, inquadrati in un'ipotesi di architettura normativa strutturata volta a rendere più efficace l'applicazione della stessa normativa.

The paper presents a methodology for relative damage assessment for historical Landslide Events, i.e. periods during which damage caused by rainfall-triggered landslide affected wide areas. The approach requires a minimum amount of data and it is based on the assessment of direct, indirect and intangible damage indices at municipal and regional scale. An application to major events which occurred in Calabria (Italy) highlighted roads as the most vulnerable element, even representing the source of intangible damage for people forced to use alternative roads for their daily activities. Indirect costs seems mainly tied to both displacement of people even for short periods.

The NW Mediterranean region experiences every year heavy rainfall and flash floods that occasionally produce catastrophic damages. Less frequent are floods that affect large regions. Although a large number of databases devoted exclusively to floods or considering all kind of natural hazards do exist, usually they only record catastrophic flood events. This paper deals with the new flood database that is being developed within the framework of HYMEX project. Results are focused on four regions representative of the NW sector of Mediterranean Europe: Catalonia, Spain; the Balearic Islands, Spain; Calabria, Italy; and Languedoc-Roussillon, Midi-Pyrenées and PACA, France. The common available 30-yr period starts in 1981 and ends in 2010. The paper shows the database structure and criteria, the comparison with other flood databases, some statistics on spatial and temporal distribution, and an identification of the most important events. The paper also provides a table that includes the date and affected region of all the catastrophic events identified in the regions of study, in order to make this information available for all audiences.

Bad weather periods are a source of multiple hazards, because they can trigger several types of damaging phenomena which may cause different types of impacts on several natural and manmade elements in a wide range of circumstances. The whole of all the phenomena triggered by bad weather periods have been defined as Damaging Hydro Geological Events (DHE). Phenomena which occur during DHEs can be roughly sorted in some main groups: landslides, floods, erosion processes and sea storms. Each type of phenomenon is characterized by a proper dynamic and, according to the social and economic framework in which it develops, can cause different impacts. Despite during bad weather periods all these phenomena occur at the same time (or in a short while), often strongly amplifying damage and hinting emergency management actions, the studies available in literature tend to analyse each type of phenomenon (and its impact) separately, thus supplying a fragmentary framework of the effects. In the present work, basing on a dataset concerning effects of DHEs in Calabria (southern Italy), a classification of the effects on people affected by the different types of triggered phenomena is attempted. The results is a classification of main circumstances during which the different types of phenomenon triggered can hit people. This kind of result can be useful in education programs for people living in risk prone areas, in order promote more conscious behaviours during DHEs and to avoid unnecessary risk-taking behaviour.

Vengono presentati i risultati di un'attività di ricerca avviata nel 2000 e volta a ricostruire la serie storica dei fenomeni di dissesto idrogeologico verificatisi negli ultimi secoli in Calabria. Si descrivono le principali applicazioni effettuate sulla base dei dati disponibili e le loro possibili utilizzazioni future