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Purpose and background The specialized literature has a low degree of information regarding the origin of the inferior thyroid artery (ITA). Our study was performed on computed tomography angiographies (CTAs), and the following aspects were observed: the origin of the ITA from the subclavian artery (SCA) or thyrocervical trunk (TCT), taking note of the distance of the origin of the ITA in relation to the origin of the SCA or the corresponding TCT, as well as the origin of the ITA, comparing right to left and according to gender. Methods Our study was realized on a total of 108 ITA (64 on the right side and 44 on the left, with 48 in male subjects and 60 in females), analyzed on CTA. Results From the 108 arteries, we found the origin of ITA directly from the SCA in 31.48% of cases, and in 68.52% from the TCT. The distance between the origin of the right SCA and the origin of the corresponding ITA, was between 29.1–53.1 mm, while on the left side, the same distance was between 43.7–68.1 mm. The distance between the right TCT and the origin of the right SCA, was between 22.5–75.0 mm, and for the left side, it’s between 48.7–56.8 mm. Conclusions The inferior thyroid artery is one of the arteries most susceptible to variations in terms of origin and size. With differences between the two sides (right and left), as well as differences related to gender.

Introduction. Fractures of the distal radius epiphysis are the most common fractures of the upper limb, present both in the general population active following major trauma and in the elderly population in minimal trauma due to osteoporosis. Among the adjuvant therapies for orthopedic treatment of distal radius epiphyseal fracture we can list Super Inductive System (SIS), a therapy based on the interaction between the electric field and the human body with the improvement of the healing process by acting on the pathophysiological stages of bone callus. Material and method. A clinical case study was performed on a 28-year-old patient, hospitalized and treated in the neurosurgery department of the Constanta County and Emergency Hospital for a polytrauma by road accident (passenger) with amyelotic cervical vertebral trauma, thoracic trauma and trauma to the right upper limb, subsequently performing 12 SIS therapy sessions at the Balneal and Rehabilitation Sanatorium of Techirghiol. CT examination of the cervical spine reveals fractures of C4 vertebra (the blade and pedicle) and C5 vertebra (vertebral body, lamina and pedicle). Right forearm radiography reveals fracture of the right radial styloid. After conservative treatment of the cervical injury and orthopedic treatment of the upper limb injury, the clinical evolution is favorable, allowing the patient to be discharged and allowed to do 12 sessions of SIS therapy, 3 times a week, within 4 weeks. The subsequent clinical and paraclinical evolution was favorable for the outpatient orthopedic ambulatory reevaluation performed at 5 weeks. Results and discussions. Due to the type of fracture of the radial distal epiphysis (linear fracture without displacement), absence of comorbidities and young age, led to the indication of orthopedic treatment with immobilization in the antebrachio-palmarcast, which allowed subsequent physiotherapy. Keywords: radial fracture, callus, polytrauma, cervical spine, lamina, Super Inductive System

Introduction: Abdominal cystic lesions can be localized either in parenchymal or non-parenchymal organs and can be acquired or congenital. Knowing the characteristic imaging features as well as demographic data and the prevalence of cystic lesions can help radiologists in establishing the correct diagnosis. In this article, we conducted a statistical study of congenital and acquired cystic lesions of the abdomen, diagnosed by CT scan in patients hospitalized in Emergency Clinical County Hospital of Constanţa in years 2019 - 2020. Material and methods: The retrospective study included 285 patients admitted to the hospital. In the case of each patient, we recorded the following variables: Age, Sex, Localization of the lesion, Types of cysts for each localization. Results: The average age of the patients is 61.53 years. Most of the cystic lesions were localized in the liver (182 cases) and they were represented by: hydatid cysts, simple hepatic cysts, hepatic abscess, hepato-renal polycystic disease and hepatic adenocarcinoma. Cystic lesions of the kidney (56 cases) were represented by: autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease, renal carcinoma, simple renal cysts, acquired polycystic renal disease, tuberous sclerosis, clear cell renal carcinoma and von Hippel Lindau syndrome. Cystic lesions of pancreas (47 cases) were represented by: pancreatic cysts, pancreatic pseudocysts and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Conclusions: CT examination is extremely useful in establishing the location, type, imaging characteristics of cystic lesions, echo over surrounding organs, possibility of malignant transformation. The prevalence of certain types of localizations and morphologies depending on the age and organ involved always helps to obtain a correct and rapid diagnosis.

In the specialized literature, there is a low degree of information regarding the morphometric aspects of the inferior thyroid artery. The study was performed on CTAs, and the following was observed: the distance between the origin of the inferior thyroid artery in relation to the origin of the corresponding subclavian artery, as well as the artery diameter comparing right to left, according to gender and in comparison with the diameter of the subclavicular artery or thyrocervical trunk from which it originated.The study was performed on a total of 108 inferior thyroid arteries (64 on the right side and 44 on the left side, 48 in males subjects and 60 arteries in female subjects), analyzed on computed tomography angiography. Of the 108 arteries, the origin of the inferior thyroid directly from the subclavian artery was found in 34 cases, 20 cases being on the right side and 14 cases on the left side. In the other 74 cases, the origin of the inferior thyroid artery was in a thyrocervical trunk, 44 cases being on the right side, and 30 cases on the left side. The distance and mean diameters are variable between genders and the left/right side.The inferior thyroid artery is one of the arteries most susceptible to variations in terms of origin and size. With differences between the two sides (right and left), as well as differences related to gender.

The study was performed on a number of 48 plastic molds, obtained by injection of Technovit 7143. Technovite is a self-curing resin based on methyl methacrylate. Technovite no longer requires the use of dyes that can adversely affect the polymerization process and has a short polymerization time, making corrosion possible shortly after injection.

The morphometry of the placental vessels was studied on a number of 51 normal term placentas, using plastic injection (Technovit 7143), followed by sodium hydroxide corrosion. In 51 cases, we found the diameter of the umbilical vein between 6.2-10.5 mm, most commonly, in 54.90% of cases, finding it between 8.0-8.6 mm. The trunk of the umbilical vein arised from a number of 2-4 branches, most commonly, in 41.18% of cases, being made of 2 branches. We observed the umbilical arteries on a number of 42 cases. The diameter of the umbilical artery 1, was between 2.5-6.0 mm, most frequently, in 45.24% of cases, having a diameter between 4.0-4.9 mm. The ratio between the diameter of the umbilical artery 1 and the diameter of the corresponding venous trunk was most commonly between 50.0-58.82%. The diameter of the umbilical artery 2, was between 3.0-8.5 mm, most frequently, in 53.66% of cases, having a diameter between 4.0-4.8 mm. The ratio between the diameter of the umbilical artery 2 and the diameter of the corresponding venous trunk, was most commonly between 40.0-46.51%, in one case, the diameter of the umbilical artery 2 was equal to the diameter of the venous trunk. Comparing the diameters of the two umbilical arteries on 41 placentas, we found in 56.10% of cases, the diameter of the umbilical artery 2 was larger then the diameter of the umbilical artery 1 by 0.2-2.5 mm and in 39.02% of cases, the diameter of the umbilical artery 1 was larger then the diameter of the umbilical artery 2 by 0.1-0.9 mm. In 8.20% of cases the umbilical arteries had the same diameter.

Previous studies have identified variations regarding the morphology and location of the carotid sinus, a phenomenon still not commonly approached or studied on computed tomography angiography (CTA). Detailed characterization of the carotid sinus was performed on CTAs, determining its position, diameter and length.The study group included 43 patients with disease-free carotid trunks subjected to cervical CTA. We measured the terminal caliber of the common carotid artery (CCA), as well as the calibers of the internal (ICA) and external carotid arteries (ECA) at their origin. The diameters were correlated with the location and the shape of the carotid sinus. We also measured the length of the sinus dilatation (carotid bulb), in regard to its location on the terminal branches of the common carotid artery.Mean diameters of the studied arteries were 7.39 ± 1.04 mm for the CCA, 6.71 ± 1.49 mm for the ICA and, respectively, 4.27 ± 0.75 mm for the ECA. The classical position of the carotid sinus was seen in 80% of cases, the rest being considered anatomical variants. The length of the carotid bulb on the ICA was 9.99 ± 2.22 mm, showing variability between genders.The carotid sinus does not always extend to the ICA, presenting different distribution patterns that might be relevant in sinus pathology from a clinical point of view, respectively from a surgical point of view during invasive or minimally invasive interventions on the carotid axis.

Background and Objectives: Knowledge of the internal carotid artery’s (ICA) morphometric features is influential in outlining surgical and minimally invasive procedures in the neurovascular field. Many studies have shown divisive numbers regarding the ICA’s caliber, with the measuring point of the artery sometimes differing. This study presents ICA dimensions based on computed tomography angiography in each of its seven segments as per Bouthillier’s classification, correlating vascular dimensions with anthropometric parameters. Materials and Methods: A thorough CT angiography analysis was performed on 70 patients with internal carotid vessels unaffected by atherosclerotic disease. The extracranial part of the ICA was measured in four locations—carotid bulb, post-bulbar dilation, at its cervical midpoint, and below its entrance into the carotid foramen. Single landmarks were used for measurements in the intracranial segments. ICA length was assessed in the neck region and also in the cranial cavity. Craniometric measurements were performed on sagittal and coronal CT reconstructions. Patient height was taken into consideration. Results: The largest ICA portion is near its origin in the carotid sinus area (7.59 ± 1.00 mm), with a steep decline in caliber following its extracranial course. Distal ICA presented values somewhat similar to its proximal intracranial segment diameters (4.67 ± 0.47 mm). Dimensions of the ICA in the intracranial segments start from a value of 4.53 ± 0.47 mm and decrease by approximately 40% when reaching the origin of the middle cerebral artery (2.71 ± 0.37 mm), showing a marked decrease in caliber after the emergence of the most critical collateral artery, the ophthalmic branch. The length of the ICA varies between genders, with the male ICA being about 10 mm longer in total length than female ICA, this difference is also correlated with patient height and skull dimensions. Conclusions: Both intra- and extracranial ICA have variable dimensions and length related to gender and anthropometric parameters, with no significant differences obtained concerning side or age.

The aim of the present study conducted on the lumbar spine was to confirm that the pronounced decrease in resistance in the system is a phenomenon that can be eminently affected by the adaptive changes that occur at the level of the intervertebral disc at axial mechanical stresses. The biomechanical trial was carried out on 11 lumbar segments L1-L5, gathered from adult human cadavers. The dissection considered the complete keeping of all bone, disc, articulated and ligamentous components in their anatomical position. All 11 samples were frozen 24 h prior to the performance of the biomechanical measurement. The specimens were placed in the testing device, their placement being conditioned by the estimated dimensional values. Thus, to calculate the load and axial resistance, the models were placed vertically, central between the test machine ferries. The testing was carried out by applying variable forces and displacement supervision. The displacement interval was represented by a segment of 0-10 mm with surveillance every 2 mm. Mobility in the sagittal plane (flexion earlier in our case) was much higher than that in the frontal plane, obviously limiting mobility via the intervertebral disc and articular complex through the presence of arches. Statistical analysis demonstrated the lack of any correlation values between the two types of movements (R2=0.005507), underlining the absence of any prediction elements. A noteworthy aspect is that the correlations appeared low, statistically insignificant, even within the same movement in the sagittal plane between the two levels, L1-L3 and L3-L5 (R2=0.610427), which may lead to the possibility of the emergence of significant differences in mobility between respective levels. The behavior type of the monitored specimens and the results obtained allowed the mapping of objective parallelism between the values obtained and the behavior in vivo of the lumbar vertebral segment.

Osteoarthritis of the knee is one of the disabling conditions with a major impact on the quality of life of the patients. Existing therapies focus on reducing pain and disability caused by the disease. The existence of scores that evaluate the different aspects of patients quality of life are often used in monitoring the treatment and its results. The study is performed on a batch of 21 patients, between June 2017 and June 2018. They performed a complex rehabilitation program being evaluated every six months by applying the WOMAC questionnaire and performing specific maneuvers. The study has shown that by performing complex rehabilitation treatments the patients ability to perform some actions as well as their quality of life is improved and the effect following repeated treatments every six months is maintained during two treatments successive treatment.

The formation level of the inferior vena cava in the vertebral column was found to be at the level of L3 -L4 and L5 - S1, with differences between genders. The total length of the inferior vena cava ranged between 187.10 and 278.3 mm. Interiliac angle measured 48.40 and 85.80o. The length of the IVC from its formation point up to the termination of the right renal vein in the IVC ranged between 78.50 and 135.0mm, and the length of the IVC from its formation point to the termination of the left renal vein into the IVC ranged between 89.80 and 119.0mm. The length of the IVC from its formation up to the termination of the hepatic veins ranged between 197.20 and 263.70mm. The diameter of IVC at the point of its formation ranged between 18.0 and 26.20 mm, at the level of the right infrarenal level ranged between 20.10 and 28.70 mm, in 78.08% of the cases. In female cases, the diameter ranged between 18.06 and 25.69 mm, the diameter of the IVC at the level of the right suprarenal ranged between 19.82 and 31.09mm, the diameter at the level of the left infrarenal ranged between 18.59 and 32.49mm, at the level of the left suprarenal vein ranged between 19.10 and 33,80 mm, the diameter at the intrahepatic level ranged between 20.30 and 33.40mm, and the diameter of the IVC at the suprahepatic level ranged between 23.10 and 37.0mm.

SUMMARY: This study represents a morphometric assessment of the anterior segment of the lumbar spine, focused on the vertebral body - intervertebral disk assembly, calculating some specific indicators and then completing direct morphometry data with the data resulting from the imaging interpretation and subsequently correlating the same to map an anatomic-imaging model. The study was carried out with anatomic items from personal archive and images obtained from Computer Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) assessment. The morphometric assessment was carried out for intervertebral disks, the disk height in the anterior and posterior sections and correlated with the disk angle degree. Direct morphometric data was compared and correlated with the data resulting from the imaging interpretation. Direct morphometric assessment was carried out for 11 vertebral blocks; the vertebral blocks were sectioned and turned into 22 vertebral semi-blocks allowing easy access to absolutely all dimensional values pursued, including the ones covered by the posterior arc. The assessment of imaging data was made with CT, CT 3D and MRI investigations from the 120 subjects in the study. The disk sizes were assessed by direct measurements on the anatomic items and directly measured by means of the software for modern imaging examination. In case of significant differences between the vertebral bodies, the calculation of disk sizes was made indirectly, on grounds of the geometric interpretation of the vertebral body face sizes. The vertebral body / intervertebral disk (IVD) assembly represents a dynamic structure, permanently subject to changes and adaptation, IVD being capable of incurring changes for the entire life time, including growth changes; the growth, however, is not lineal, but a succession of thickening and getting thinner, in full concordance with the structural stresses and changes occurring inside.

Our study was performed by dissection on a number of 54 nervous trunks of the median nerve of the fetus. We found that the median nerve is always formed from two roots, their joining being at different levels of the upper limb, between the axilla and the elbow. The axilla nerve trunk was formed at the level of the axillary region, in 38.89% of the cases, in 22.22% of the cases the union was made at the middle part of the arm, and in 38.89% of the cases in the elbow. The lateral root of the medial nerve was formed in 55.56% of cases from a single nerve fascicle, in 44.44% of cases consisting of two nerve fascicles. The medial root was formed in 61.11% of cases from a single nerve fascicle, in 38.89% of the cases being made up of two nerve fascicles. In 27.78% of cases, the medial root passed behind the axillary artery. Regarding the volume of the two roots, we found that in 44.44% of the cases, the lateral root was more voluminous, in 27.78% of cases, the median root was larger and in 27.78% of cases, the two roots were approximately equal. We have encountered situations where a ramification for the forearms muscles emerged from the lateral root. Occasionally, a ram for the brachial muscle was detached from the medial root, and from the lateral root a ram for the biceps muscle, both muscles receiving branches also from the musculocutaneous nerve. We have encountered a single case where the median nerve inches the anterior muscles of the arm, missing the musculocutaneous nerve. In cases of low joining of the roots, we have encountered cases where a lateral root formed a ram for forearm muscles. The anastomoses between the two median nerve roots can sometimes be located just above their union or anterior to the lower portion of the axillary artery. In one case, we encountered between the two roots, above their union, the existence of three oblique anastomoses, the two upper ones from the lateral to the medial root, and the third from the medial root to the lateral root. Common are anastomoses between the roots of the roots and the root on the opposite side. The most common are the anastomosis between the medial fascicle of the lateral root and the medial root of the median nerve. In one case, we encountered a double overlap between the musculocutaneous nerve and the lateral nerve root. In one case, we encountered a strong anastomosis between the medial nerve fascicle of the medial root and the radial nerve. Common and at all levels of the upper limb are the anastomoses between the median and ulnar nerves. In the case of a low union of the two median roots, we encountered anastomoses between a root of the root and the ulnar nerve, or between a root and the ulnar nerve. I encountered a single case with an anastomosis, Martin- Gruber, which was previously passing through the ulnar and interos-like arteries and from which the anterior forearm muscles were detached.

Our study was performed by dissecting formalinized cord, aiming at:the number of bodies of each papillary muscle in the right ventricle, the shape of the muscular body, also the morphological characteristics of the tendon chordaes. The anterior papillary muscles of the right ventricle, were studied on 54 cords, finding a total of 82 papillary muscles. Unique anterior papillary was found in 59.26% of case, representing 38.10% of total anterior papillary muscles. In 29.63% of cases, the anterior papillary muscle was double and in 11.11% of cases was threefold. The conical shape we found in 57.32% of the anterior papillary muscles, and the cylindrical shape encountered in 29.27% of cases. In case of double papilaery muscles, sometimes beeing joined at various levels between them, they realized particular aspects in each 2.44 % of cases, presenting the „N” and „H” letter appearance and in 1.22% of cases one of the two papilary presented an arcuate shape. At the unique papillary in one case (1.22%) we have found pyramidal forms and reversed „V” letter. The valvular tendinous chordae of the anterior papillaries, we have pursued on a number of 78 papillary muscles and we found that most frequently they broke loose from the superior side, in 41.03% of cases detaching from the tip of conical unique papillaries romthe superior si of those cylindrical. The posterior papillar muscles of the rght ventricle we studied on 42 cords, presenting 69 papillary muscles. Single posterior papillary muscle we found in 52.38% of cases, in 33.33% of cases was double, triple in 11.90% of cases and in one case (2.38%) the posterior papillry was quadruple. Most commonly, the posterior papillary muscle presents a conical shape, aspect found in 65.22% of cases, in 27.54% of cases was cylindric, in 2.90% of cases we found a papillary muscle in reversed „Y” shape (at double papillary), and in one single case (1.54%) we found one arcuated papillary (in one double paillary), one irregular papillary (at unique papillaries) and one papillary in reversed „N” letter (between two muscular bodies of one triple papillary). Valvular chordaes of the posterior papillary muscles, most frequently broke loose from the tip or superior edge of the papillary, aspect found in 35.48% of cases. Septal papillary muscles that we studied on 43 cords, were represented either by a number of 3-5 beams, or 5-9 simpe chordae tendons, both tipes could present or not at their origin on the septomarginal strip, a muscular cone. Rarely can present 1-3 large muscular cones that sometimes can be considered true papillary muscles. We found the arterial muscle cone, present in all cases, beeing represented by chordae bundles arising from a muscular cone and rarely not showing muscular cone at his origin or can be represented by two beams of valvular chordae. We encountered one case where septal papillaries were represented by 3 conical muscular bodies, well represented, comparable in size with the anterior and posterior papillary muscles, especially the superior and inferior muscular bodies, the middle beeing shorter. We found in 13.95% of cases the existence of the posterior’s angle papillary muscle of the right ventricle, conical and cylindrical papillary muscle, that sent tendon chordae only to the septal leaflet.

Our study was conducted by consulting angioCT sites made on a CT GE LightSpeed VCT64 Slice CT and a CT GE LightSpeed 16 Slice CT, following the path and relationships of the descending thoracic aorta against the vertebral column, outside diameters thereof at the thoracic vertebrae T4, T7, T12 and posterior intercostal arteries characteristics. The origin of of the descending thoracic aorta we found most commonly on the left flank of the lower edge of the vertebral body T4, but I have encountered cases where it had come above the lower edge of T4 on level of intervertebral disc T4-T5 or even at the upper edge of T5 vertebral body. At thoracic vertebra T4, on a total of 30 cases, the descending thoracic aorta present a diameter of 20.0 to 32.6 mm, values that correspond to male gender and to females diameter ranging from 25.5 to 27, 4 mm. At level of T7 thoracic vertebra, thoracic aorta present a diameter of 19.6 to 29.5 mm, values found in men, in women the diameter being from 21.9 to 25.2 mm. At thoracic vertebra T12, on a total of 27 cases, the descending thoracic aorta present a diameter of 17.6 to 27.7 mm, in males the diameter was from 17.6 to 27.7 mm and females diameter ranging from 21.1 to 25.2. The length of the descending thoracic aorta was from 18.40 to 19.41 cm.

Our study was conducted on a total of 46 CT angiographies, performed on a GE LightSpeed VCT 64-slice CT installation. Benchmarks were followed in relation to the gender of the person examined. The origin of the superior mesenteric artery relative to the spine we found it in a range between T12 vertebra and L1-L2 intervertebral disc. The T12 vertebra origin was localized in 2 cases (4.35% of cases), both in women. Superior mesenteric artery originated at the level of L1 in 78.26% (90.91% of male cases and in 66.67% of women cases). In 8 cases (17.39% of cases) the origin of the superior mesenteric artery was located at the L1-L2 intervertebral disc. Endolumenal vertical diameter of the superior mesenteric artery orifice we found it in the range of 5.6 to 10.9 mm (6.9 to 10.9 mm in men, and 5.6 to 8.6 mm in women). Horizontal diameter sizes ranged from 4.9 to 9.7 mm, having 6.4 to 9.7 mm in men and 4.9 to 8.3 mm in women. Vertical diameter in males was higher in 59.09% of cases, with differences between 0.1 to 2.4 mm, and in 40.91% of cases the horizontal diameter was larger with differences between 0,1-2.1 mm. Vertical diameter in women was higher in 50% of cases, with differences of 0.1-2.0 mm and the other 50% the horizontal diameter was larger, with differences ranging from 0.1 to 2.2 mm. The angle that the superior mesenteric artery makes it with the aortic wall we found between 16,60-120,8o, males having values between 24,8-120,8o, and in women 16,7-120,8o. The distance between the origin of the superior mesenteric artery and celiac trunk we found it between 5.0 and 16.5 mm, males having 5.0 to 12.1 mm and women 6.9 -16.5 mm. The distance between the origin of the superior mesenteric artery and right renal artery was ranging between 6.2 to 23.5 mm, in males being 6.5 to 19.1 mm and in women from 6.2 to 23 5 mm. The distance between the origin of the superior mesenteric artery and left renal artery we found between 5.7 to 23.5 mm, in males being 5.7 to 21.2 mm, and in women from 6.2 to 23 5 mm. The distance between the aortic origin of the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries was ranging between 50.6 to 91.2 mm, in males being 50.6 to 91.2 mm and in women from 58.2 to 88.4 mm.

Our study was conducted by the examination of angioCT’s, performing external measurements of aortic arch and the exo and endoaortic measurements of its three. The diameter of the thoracic aorta prior to the origin of the brachiocephalic arterial trunk was found with an average of 31.65 mm and below the left subclavian artery origin we found an average diameter of 24.3 mm. The brachiocephalic arterial trunk had an average diameter of 11.575 mm, 6.05 at carotid artery level and 9.05 mm at the level of the left subclavian artery. The endoaortic average diameter of the brachiocephalic arterial trunk: horizontally, 13.0 mm and vertically 11.7 mm; left common carotid artery horizontal diameter was 10.5 mm and 9.7 mm vertically and the left subclavian artery have 14.1 mm horizontally and 10.8 mm vertically.

Our results were obtained by dissection of 56 cords, wich presented at the papillary muscle of the left ventricle, 106 muscular bodies and from those, 58 muscular bodies were for the anterior papillary muscle and 48 for the posterior papillary muscle. Anterior papillary muscle was studied on 32 cords, and the posterior papllary muscle on 24 cases. Of the 106 papillary muscles we analized, unique papillary muscle was incountered in 16 cases, 10 being at the anterior papillary muscle and 6 cases at the posterior papillary muscle.. The papillary muscle formed of two muscular bodies (double) presented a number of 64 muscular bodies, 36 being at the anterior papillary and 28 at the posterior papillary. In cases of triple papillary muscle, from 18 muscular bodies, 12 were from the anterior papillary and 6 were from posterior papillary. In the two cases of quadruple papillary muscle the 8 muscular bodies belonged to the posterior papillary muscle. Amoung the total muscular bodies, most frequently they had a conical hape, aspect found in 67 cases, 33 cases being seen in the anterior papillary muscle and 34 in the posterior papillary. In 20 cases the muscular bodies were cylindrical, 18 cases were found in the anterior papillary and 2 in the posterior papillary muscle. In 10 cases the muscular bodies were arcuated, 4 cases being to anterior papillary and 6 cases to the posterior papillary muscle. In 8 cases the bodies were fusiform, 4 cases being to the anterior papillary and 4 to the posterior papillary muscle. In one case to an unique posterior papillary muscle we found a particullar form of the muscular body, wich we called „the torch“ or the „beacon“ that have the muscular body thinner at the lower half and the size increasing in width, reaching a maximum width at its upper extremity, from where are detaching four extra muscles that gave birth to beams of valvular chordage. In case of papillary muscles with two muscular bodies, they can sometimes be linked by a muscular bridge, transverse or oblique, making characteristical features. Thus, in 6 cases, the muscular bridges realized the H“ letter appearance, 4 cases being at the anterior papillary muscle and 2 at the posterior papillary. In 4 cases only at the anterior papillary the bridges formed „N“ letter aspect, 2 cases were at the anterior papilllary and 2 in the posterior papillary muscle. Also in 4 cases, the presence of the bridges acheve the appearance of reversed „N“ letter, 2 cases were in the anterior papillary and 2 in the postertior papillary.

Using as study method the injection of plastic followed by corrosion, we described, on an 8 months fetal lung, a particular branching pattern of the right bronchial tree were the superior lobar bronchus arise on the right side of the trachea, at 4.1 cm cranial to tracheal bifurcation. Other features of tracheo-bronchial branching encountered in this case: the level and tracheal bifurcation site and origin and the trajectory of the main bronchi, the middle lobar bronchi of the right lung and apical bronchus of the inferior lobar bronchi. To these peculiarities of the tracheo-bronchial tree are described also the peculiarities of the pulmonary arteries branches, which accompanies bronchial ramifications.

The diameter at the origin of the internal iliac vein was found between 4.7 to 9.9 mm; for the right internal iliac vein between 4.7 to 9.7 mm; the statistical distribution groups value in ascending order being as follows: 4.7 to 5.5 mm: 4 cases (22.22% of cases); 6.9 to 7.8 mm: 6 cases (33.33% of cases); 8.4-8.8 mm: 4 cases (22.22% of cases); 9.1 to 9.7 mm: 4 cases (22.22% of cases). The diameter at the origin of the left internal iliac vein was between 4.8 to 9.9 mm, while the distribution statistics on groups of values, in ascending order, being as follows: 4.8-5.2 mm: 4 cases (22.22 % of cases); 6.8-7.1 mm: 8 cases (44.44% of cases); 8.3 to 9.9 mm: 6 cases (33.33% of cases). The diameter at the end of the internal iliac vein was between 5.9 to 10.2 mm; the diameter at the end of the right internal iliac vein was between 6.1 to 10.2 mm, the statistical distribution of values groups in ascending order being follows: 6.1 to 7.5 mm: 6 cases (33.33% of cases); 8.4 to 8.7 mm: 8 cases (44.44% of cases); 9.3 to 10.2 mm: 4 cases (22.22% of cases). The diameter at the end of the left internal iliac vein was between 5.9 to 9.9 mm, while the distribution statistics on groups of values in ascending order being as follows: 5.9 to 6.2 mm: 4 cases (22.22 % of cases); 7 to 7.6 mm: 3 cases (16.67% of cases); 8.3-8.4 mm: 5 cases (27.28% of cases); 9.1 to 9.9 mm: 6 cases (33.33% of cases). Comparing the common iliac vein caliber of the two, right and left, we found that in 10 cases (55.56% of cases), the right internal iliac vein has a greater diameter than the left one by 0.3 mm. In 8 cases (44.44% of cases), the left internal iliac vein has a larger diameter than the right one with 0.1-0.6 mm; between the two values there is a difference of 0.5 mm

The origin of the internal iliac artery, right and left, was studied in 76 cases, 58 cases of male (76.32% of all cases) and 18 female cases (23.68% of all cases). The origin of the internal iliac arteries was considered in relation to the spine (lumbar-sacral). The right internal iliac artery males originates in a range from the upper edge of L4 vertebra - the lower part of fin sacral. It is found that in males, in most cases, 43 cases (74.14% of male cases), right internal iliac artery originates at different levels of sacral fin. We considered that the right iliac artery low origin only the cases in the lower part of the fin sacral, 10 cases (17.24% of male cases). Cases of high origin of the artery, above the fin sacral we found it in 15 cases (25.86% of male cases). From high origins, in the upper edge of the L4 vertebra and intervertebral disc at L4-L5, I met only one single case. Right internal iliac artery in females originated in a range between the upper edges of L5 - the lower part of sacral fin. In females, the right internal iliac artery origin, is located within narrower than in men, but in women, most frequently, 14 cases (77.78% of female the cases) was the origin of the internal iliac located at different levels of sacral fin. The females have not met internal iliac origin above the L5 vertebra or intervertebral disc level L4-L5. High origin was met it in 4 cases (22.22% of female the cases) and low origin in 6 cases (33.33% of female the cases). The level of the left internal iliac artery origin we studied 78 cases, finding it in the same range as in males, i.e., the upper edge of L4 vertebra - the front of the sacrum. In males, on a number of 57 cases (73.08% of all cases) the origin of the left internal iliac artery was made between the upper edge of the vertebra L4 - the front face of the sacrum, most commonly, in 44 cases (77 19% of male the cases) located in the sacral fin. The artery high origin I found it in 9 cases (15.79% of male the cases) and low origin in 18 cases (31.58% of male the cases). I have not met artery origin at L5-S1 intervertebral disc. In terms of low origin, only in males, the left internal iliac artery originated from the anterior to the sacrum, something not found the right internal iliac artery. In females, the 18 cases followed, had their origins in the range lower half of the L5 - middle sacral fin, 17 cases (94.44% of female the cases), terminating at the sacral fin. It is found that in women the origin of the left internal iliac artery is within narrower than the other cases described so far, showing the highest level of origin, this artery in females do not possess low origin. The high origin is present in a small percentage, only 5.56% of cases, encountering any case the origin of the left internal iliac artery is located at the L4 vertebra or the intervertebral discs at L4-L5 or L5-S1. Internal iliac artery diameter was followed on 90 cases, 44 cases for the right internal iliac artery and 46 cases for left internal iliac artery. In males, the right internal iliac artery I found a caliber between 3 to 9.8 mm. In women the right internal iliac artery caliber found between 3.9 to 6.9 mm.

The bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk and trachea were followed on 52 cases being appreciated on the dissection and corrosion pieces and CT examinations, the arterial bifurcation being made under an very variable angle, its value ranging from 30-1080. In 82% of cases the tracheal bifurcation was done under an acute angle, with lower value than the arterial bifurcation angle. In 41 cases (78.85% of cases) the pulmonary trunk bifurcation is done under the bifurcation of the trachea, at a distance of between 0,4 - 2,8 cm, and in 8 patients (15.38% of the cases) the two bifurcations was located at the same level. Only in 3 cases (5.77% of cases), all on CT angiography, we encountered the pulmonary trunk bifurcation above tracheal bifurcation, with 0.3-0.8 cm, bifurcation of the pulmonary trunk being left lying of the tracheal bifurcation. In these cases, the bifurcation angle of the pulmonary trunk is always greater than the angle of the trachea bifurcation. On the dissected and the corrosion pieces is found that when the bifurcation is situated at different levels, the tracheal one being located cranial, the most commonly between them form a rectangular area: rhombus, more frequently, and rectangular or trapezium and rarely a pentagon or triangle. Any geometric shape to be formed between the two junctions, it is often asymmetric.

Our results were obtained on 24 cases, 12 plastic molds and 12 dissections, examining the relations between the branches of origin of the pulmonary veins, and of their roots and trunks with the corresponding bronchuses and arteries. We assessed the situation of the superior and inferior right pulmonary veins, of the superior, middle and inferior lobes pedicles, together with the general assessment of the right pulmonary pedicles. Same is on the left. We cannot speak of a general sample that applies to the broncho-pulmonary vascular pedicles or to the relations between the pulmonary veins and their branches with broncho-arterial elements, as they are quite varied; they are characteristic of each lung lobe and even segment, being unable to assess standard relations only in the hilum. When variation in number occurs, even into the hilum we may have altered relations. Also is quite common that vascular branches may pass from one lobe to another, as long as the pulmonary fissures are rarely complete.

Our study was performed on 21 cases, of which 12 were plastic casts and 9 were CT reconstruction. We found that, most frequently (68.75% of the cases), the pulmonary veins were formed by two roots, one superior and one inferior. In 28.13% of cases, the pulmonary veins were formed from three roots (superior, middle and inferior) and in only one case the superior right pulmonary vein had five roots. The venous roots confluence to form the corresponding trunk was at a distance of between 0.5-2 cm. The termination of the superior pulmonary veins was on the upper part of the anterior atrial wall, most commonly in its lateral side. The distance between the right pulmonary veins was between 0.4-3 cm. The inferior pulmonary veins ended on the infero-lateral part of the posterior atrial wall. The distance between the left pulmonary veins was 1.2-3.4 cm. Among the variation in number of the pulmonary veins we met: three cases with three right pulmonary veins and one case when the inferior right pulmonary vein joined terminally the inferior left pulmonary vein, forming a single venous trunk. Supplementary pulmonary veins were encountered only on the right; in one case there were two posterior right pulmonary veins (superior and inferior), in the second case were anterior right pulmonary veins (superior and inferior) and in a third case were three veins, superior, middle and inferior

Duplication of the ureters is a common anomaly and is frequently encountered by radiologists. Duplication may be either complete or incomplete and is often accompanied by various complications. Incomplete duplication is most often associated with ureteroureteral reflux or ureteropelvic junction obstruction of the lower pole of the kidney. Complete duplication is most often associated with vesicoureteral reflux, ectopic ureterocele, or ectopic ureteral insertion, all of which are more common in girls than in boys. Vesicoureteral reflux affects the lower pole

Objectifs L’etude du niveau et du moyen de formation des conduits hepatiques (droit, gauche, commun) et du choledoque. Materiels et methodes Notre etude a ete effectuee sur 48 des cas en utilisant comme methodes de travail la dissection de 22 preparations formolees et l’analyse des images de 26 colangiographies effectuees sur un CT General Electric Brightspeed Select 16 slice. Resultats Le conduit hepatique droit etait forme de deux rameaux en 67,86 % des cas et en 32,14 % des cas de 3 rameaux. En 53,57 % des cas il etait plus volumineux que le gauche. Le conduit hepatique gauche etait forme de deux rameaux en 75 % des cas et en 25 % des cas de 3 rameaux. En 7,14 % des cas la confluence des conduits hepatiques se faisait intrahepatique, en 50 % des cas au niveau du hile (a 1–1,5 cm, « confluence haute »), et en 42,86 % des cas nous avons constate une « confluence basse », tout pres de la moitie de la distance entre le foie et la premiere partie du duodenum. Pour la formation du conduit choledoque nous avons decrit les variantes suivantes : sous-hepatique (« haute ») a environ 1 cm sous le foie (en 28,57 % des cas) ; moyenne (en 25 % des cas) a mi-distance entre le foie et la premiere partie du duodenum ; basse (43 % des cas) avec 3 variantes : au-dessus de la premiere partie du duodenum (en 32,14 % des cas), retroduodenale (en 10,71 % des cas) et retropancreatique (en 7,14 % des cas). Discussion et conclusions Le plus souvent, l’angle forme entre les rameaux d’origine des conduits hepatiques droit et gauche etait aigu. L’angle present au niveau de la formation du conduit hepatique commun depend de la longueur des conduits hepatiques droit et gauche et sa longueur est zero dans le cas ou ses deux racines s’unissent au meme niveau avec le conduit cystique.

Objectifs La description de quelques caracteristiques anatomiques au niveau de la terminaison des veines hepatiques. Materiel et methodes Nous avons obtenu les resultats a la suite de l’examen de 128 cas des veines hepatiques, en utilisant comme methodes de travail : la dissection des foies frais et formoles, l’injection de substance de contraste sur des foies frais, l’injection de matiere plastique suivie de corrosion, l’echographie Doppler couleurs, cavographie CT. Resultats Les veines hepatiques droite et gauche se terminent dans la veine cave inferieure au niveau postero-superieure de la veine hepatique moyenne, qui se termine en 31,54 % des cas dans la veine hepatique gauche et en 68,46 % des cas dans la veine cave inferieure. Au point de vue morphometrique, la veine hepatique droite avait un diametre plus grand que la veine hepatique moyenne en 68,18 % des cas (avec des differences entre 0,26–7,87 mm) et dans 62,50 % des cas la veine avait un diametre plus grand que la veine hepatique gauche (avec des differences de 0,42 a 7,42 mm). En 68,09 % des cas la veine hepatique gauche avait le diametre plus grand que la veine hepatique moyenne (differences entre 0,22 a 7,28 mm). Nous avons trouve les veines hepatiques multiples seulement au niveau des veines droites (13,02 % des cas) et moyenne (1,56 % des cas). En ce qui concerne les veines hepatiques droites, nous avons trouve des veines hepatiques doubles en 9,90 % des cas, triples en 2,60 % des cas et quadruples en 0,52 % des cas. Dans le cas des veines hepatiques moyennes nous avons trouve que des veines doubles. Conclusions Les veines hepatiques presentent une grande variabilite morphologique de plusieurs points de vue : formation, niveau de terminaison, nombre, avec des differences en fonction du sexe et par rapport au type morphologique de l’individu.

Objectifs Nous avons poursuivi le diametre comparatif des elements qui composent le pedicule renal : l’artere renale, la veine renale et l’uretere. Materiel et methodes La morphometrie a ete determinee chez 60 personnes (28 cas de sexe feminin et 32 cas de sexe masculin), qui ne presentaient pas une pathologie renale, ayant l’âge entre 26–81 ans. Les resultats obtenus ont ete analyses et compares entre eux en fonction du sexe, aussi qu’en envisageant les deux parties du corps humain (droit et gauche). Les mesures ont ete executes sur un ultrasonographe GE–Voluson 730 Expert. Resultats Au niveau du rein gauche, l’artere renale avait un diametre entre 3,07–7,90 mm, la veine renale entre 6,26–14,30 mm et l’uretere presentait un diametre entre 2,57–6,90 mm. Au niveau du rein droit, l’artere renale avait un diametre entre 4,07–7,40 mm, la veine renale entre 6,0–13,65 mm et l’uretere present avait un diametre entre 2,40–6,23 mm. Discussions L’artere renale gauche avait un diametre moyen plus grand que la droite avec 0,29 mm ; la veine renale droite presentait un diametre moyen plus grand que la veine renale gauche avec 0,63 mm et l’uretere gauche avait un diametre moyen plus grand que le droit, seulement avec 0,7 mm. Conclusions Le diametre de l’artere et de la veine renale est plus grand chez les personnes de sexe masculins par rapport au sexe feminin, des deux cotes de l’organisme ; seule l’uretere avait un diametre plus grand chez les personnes de sexe feminin, des deux cotes du corps en comparaison avec le sexe masculin.

Objectif La comparaison du diametre de l’artere ophtalmique bilaterale a son origine de l’artere carotide interne avec le diametre de l’artere carotide interne. Methodes et materiels Notre etude a ete effectuee sur 38 angiographies carotidiennes a l’aide d’un CT General Electric Brightspeed Select 16 slice. Resultats Le diametre de l’artere ophtalmique gauche a ete trouve entre 1,2–1,7 mm et celui de l’artere ophtalmique droite entre 1,3–1,7 mm. Dans 40 % des cas l’artere ophtalmique droite avait un calibre plus grand que la gauche avec 0,1–0,4 mm et en 20 % des cas, l’artere ophtalmique gauche avait un calibre plus grand que l’artere ophtalmique droite. Dans 40 % des cas, les deux arteres ophtalmiques avaient un calibre egal. Le diametre de l’artere carotide interne gauche sous l’origine de l’artere ophtalmique se situait entre 4,0–5,8 mm et celui de l’artere ophtalmique droite se situait entre 4,1–5,3 mm. Le diametre de l’artere carotide interne gauche au-dessus l’origine de l’artere ophtalmique se situait entre 3,7–5,0 mm et le diametre de l’artere carotide interne etait entre 3,8–5,0 mm. Discussion Sous l’origine de l’artere ophtalmique les arteres carotides internes avaient un diametre plus grand de cote gauche dans 80 % des cas, avec des differences de 0,1–0,22 mm. Au-dessus de l’origine de l’artere ophtalmique les arteres carotides internes avaient un diametre plus grand de cote gauche dans 25 % des cas, avec des differences de 0,1–-0,2 mm et du cote droit entre 0,1–0,3 mm dans 20 % des cas. Selon l’origine de l’artere ophtalmique gauche le diametre de l’artere carotide interne decroit avec 0,3–0,5 mm et au niveau de l’artere carotide interne droite decroit avec 0,3–0,6 mm. Conclusion L’artere ophtalmique est un element difficile a mettre en evidence a cause de son calibre reduit, de son trajet sinueux et de ses multiples rameaux collateraux tres minces qu’il fournit.

But de l’etude Un rappel de ma participation au 79e Congres de l’Association des anatomistes francais organise a Reims en 1997. Materiel et methode Souvenirs, images du Congres et de la ville de Reims. Resultats Je suis parmi les anatomistes francais ou etrangers qui, depuis 1991 a Bruxelles, ont participe a tous les Congres organises par l’Association des anatomistes et par consequent, j’ai eu l’honneur et le bonheur de participer en 1997 au Congres organise a Reims, accompagne a l’epoque par d’autres collegues roumains. Le Congres, qui a eu lieu entre les 7 et 10 mai a jouit de la presidence du Prof. J.B. Flament, le comite d’organisation etant represente par les professeurs C. Avisse, J.P. Delattre, A. Ducasse. Six pays y ont participe, a la section d’anatomie ; la Roumanie a presente 5 communications : 2 libres et 3 affichees ; nous avons marque la delegation roumaine la plus nombreuse, formees de 10 membres presents aux travaux du Congres. Nous avons eu le plaisir et l’honneur d’etre recompenses avec un prix pour une des communications affichees. Le souvenir de la manifestation scientifique est encore present pour nous, mais aussi les sites et les monuments uniques de Reims : la celebre cathedrale, la Mairie, les marches et bien sur les Celliers Piper-Heisieck. Conclusions L’organisation du Congres de 2017 sera, j’en suis sur, l’une des meilleurs, conformement a la tradition et l’hospitalite des citoyens de Reims.

But de l’etude Etude comparative de la morphometrie du tronc coeliaque et des arteres mesenteriques superieure et inferieure, en fonction de sexe, au niveau de leur origine. Materiel et methode Nous avons obtenu les resultats en etudiant 46 angiographiesCT executees sur une installation Lighspeed VCT de 64 slices qui existe dans l’hopital clinique universitaire de Constanţa. Resultats La distance entre l’origine de l’aorte de l’artere mesenterique superieure et l’origine du tronc celiaque a ete trouvee de 5,0 a 12,1 mm pour le sexe masculin, tandis que pour le sexe feminin les valeurs etaient entre 6,9 a 13,6 mm. La distance entre l’origine de l’aorte de l’artere mesenterique superieure et l’origine de l’artere mesenterique inferieure ete de 50,6 a 91,2 mm pour le sexe masculin et de 58,2 a 88,4 mm pour le sexe feminin. Le diametre exterieur de l’artere mesenterique superieure a ete trouve entre 4,4 a 9,9 mm pour le sexe masculin et de 5,4 a 8,8 mm pour le sexe feminin. Par rapport au diametre du tronc coeliaque, l’artere mesenterique superieure avait un calibre plus grand dans 34 % des cas, avec des differences de 0,1 a 2,9 mm ; dans 21,76 % des cas, le tronc coeliaque avait un calibre plus grand avec de differences de 0,3 a 2,0 mm et dans 4,35 % des cas, les deux arteres avaient le meme calibre. Une comparaison avec le diametre de l’artere mesenterique inferieure releve que l’artere mesenterique superieure et le tronc coeliaque avaient toujours le diametre plus grand, avec des differences comprises entre 2,1 a 7,1 mm. Le pourcentage nous montre que le diametre de l’artere mesenterique inferieure represente 28,26 a 59,62 % du diametre du tronc coeliaque et de l’artere mesenterique superieure. Conclusion De tous les arteres digestives du tube digestif sous-diaphragmatique, l’artere mesenterique superieure assure le plus grand volume sanguin pour les deux sexes ; entre les deux sexes, nous avons constate des differences en ce qui concerne la distance qui existe entre les origines de l’aorte des trois troncs arteriels, mais surtout concernant leur calibre.

But de l’etude L’etude du nombre des ostiums des veines hepatiques, la forme, les dimensions et les rapports qui existent entre eux, au niveau endocave qu’exocave. Materiel et methode L’aspect endocave des ostiums des veines hepatiques a ete analyse par dissection a la suite de la section longitudinale de la veine cave inferieure ; les mesures ont ete realisees a l’aide d’un pied a coulisse ; les considerations morphologiques des veines hepatiques a leur terminaison dans la veine cave inferieure ont ete poursuivies aussi par l’injection de matiere plastique, l’echographie Doppler color, RMN et CT. Resultats Si on realise une section longitudinale de la veine cave inferieure au niveau de sa paroi posterieure, on constate que sa face interieure est parsemee d’un nombre variable (2 a 6) de grandes orifices et de nombreux petits orifices (12 a 30). La surface interieure de la veine cave inferieure criblee par ces orifices est variable, comprise entre 25–42 cm2. Pour l’ostium de la veine hepatique gauche, nous avons trouve un calibre compris entre 0,88–1,44 cm, l’orifice etant plus grand lorsque dans la veine hepatique gauche se termine la veine hepatique moyenne, etant parfois egal ou quelques fois plus grand que l’orifice de la veine hepatique droite. La forme de l’ostium de terminaison de la veine hepatique gauche etait dans 60,53 % des cas ovalaire, pour le reste des cas, etait circulaire. L’ostium de la veine hepatique gauche est eloigne de celui de la veine hepatique droite a une distance qui varie entre 0,68–2,5 cm vis-a-vis de l’ostium de la veine hepatique moyenne, celui-ci se comporte en deux modes, soit les deux orifices sont tres rapproches, etant separes par une paroi tres mince (approximatif 0,5–1 mm), soit la separation de ces deux orifices est nette et alors ceux-ci se trouvent a une distance de 0,5–1 cm. La veine hepatique droite presente a sa terminaison un ostium avec un calibre de 0,8–1,6 cm, lorsqu’il existait une seule veine hepatique, presentant des variations multiples dans les cas ou existaient plusieurs veines droites. L’ostium de la veine hepatique droite a la terminaison dans la veine cave inferieure avait une forme ovalaire, avec le grand axe oblique infero-medial et vers la gauche, dans 89,47 % des cas, dans le reste des cas etant circulaire. Lorsque la veine hepatique moyenne se terminait dans la veine cave inferieure, l’ostium avait un diametre compris entre 0,71,4 cm. L’ostium des veines du lobe caude, s’il est unique, presente un diametre entre 0,40,9 cm ; quand existent 2–3 veines, ceux-ci ont une disposition irreguliere sur la surface de la veine cave inferieure, d’habitude sur un plan posterieur aux ostiums des veines hepatiques grandes. Les ostiums du lobe carre, variables en nombre, s’ouvrent sur la face moyenne de la paroi de la veine cave inferieure, sur une surface situee entre deux verticales qui descendent entre les bords mediaux des veines hepatiques droite et gauche. Au niveau du lobe carre, il existe 2–3 veines dont l’ostium peut se situer entre 0,14–0,45 cm, etant disposes sur un plan inferieur aux ostiums des veines hepatiques grandes. Conclusion Les caracteristiques morphologiques des ostiums des veines hepatiques au niveau de la veine cave inferieure dependent de leur nombre, de sexe et du type morphologique du sujet.