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The compositional composition of oil from the Uzen field has been studied by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For the analysis, we used the oil sampled at the central oil treatment station on February 26, 2020, as well as its fraction up to 60 °C, obtained by simple distillation of the original oil. It was found that in addition to the traditional main components of oil, it contains a high content of valuable unsaturated carboxylic acids and their esters. The composition of the studied oil and its fraction up to 60 °C contains a large amount of methyl esters of Z, Z-9,12-octadecadienoic (7.04 and 1.33 mass%) and Z-6-octadecenoic acids (1.33 and 0.68 mass%), respectively. These substances are the basis for the production of acidol and mylonaft. Also, these acids are the basis for dietary supplements - they belong to ω-acids. A table of valuable oil components has been compiled and the price of some of them is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are one of the important sources of fatty acids. Various types of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are widely used in food industry, health, plant ecophysiology and chemotaxonomy. This study aimed to investigate the oil content, fatty acid profile, and chemotaxonomic relationships of some plant species of the Apiaceae family collected from Fars, Isfahan, Chaharmalal and Bakhtiari provinces in Iran. Oil extraction was done by soxhlet method and compounds were separated by gas chromatography after derivatization in the form of methyl ester. Species cluster analysis was done with a distance algorithm between two data and Euclidean similarity matrix using PAST 3.17 software. Based on the results, the average oil yield of plant species was estimated between 5.1% and 26.18% and there was a high positive correlation between the altitude of the habitats and the oil yield. Petroselinic acid (C18:1(n-6)) and alpha-linolenic acid (C18:3(n-3)) were the main compositions of fatty acids of all species. Oleic acid and gamma-linolenic acid were detected only in Ferula and Pimpinella species respectively. The rate of total omega-3 fatty acids varied from %10.42 to %17.99 among species. Smyrnium cordifolium, Ferulago angulata, Tetrataenium lasiopetalum and Conium maculatum were rich in petroselinic acid (60-78%). Chemical dendrogram based on eighteen fatty acids with high similarity coefficient distinguished Ferula species in one group and Conium in a separate group similar to botanical classification. The results show that the fatty acid composition of the seeds of some genera of the Apiaceae family, together with the morphological and molecular characteristics, can be used as a tool to solve the taxonomic complexities between the tribes and genera of the Apiaceae family to be used in the flora of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on characterizing the seed oil of Thapsia garganica (Apiaceae), a medicinal plant native to Laghouat, Algeria, and evaluating its antioxidant properties. Various solvent systems were employed to extract and fractionate the lipid content of T. garganica seeds oil. Chemical indices were determined, and fatty acids methyl esters were analyzed using GC/MS. Tocopherol composition was assessed via HPLC, and antioxidant activity was evaluated using the 2,2-diphényl 1-picrylhydrazyle (DPPH) method. The GC/MS analysis revealed distinct fatty acid profiles across various fractions, highlighting a notable presence of petroselinic acid and higher-than-usual levels of pentadecanoic acid in all fractions. T. garganica oil exhibited richness in tocopherols, particularly with α-tocopherol being the predominant homolog. The antioxidant activity assessment of different lipid fractions indicated potent activity within polar lipids (glycolipids and phospholipids). Furthermore, T. garganica oil was abundant in unsaturated fatty acids, notably petroselinic acid, displaying significant radical scavenging activity in its polar fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to determine the fatty oil ratio and fatty acid components of 19 taxa, of which 6 are endemic and belong to the Apiaceae family, naturally distributed in the Isparta and Burdur provinces. In the study, the fruits of the Ammi visnaga, Angelica sylvestris, Bifora radians, Echinophora tournefortii, Echinophora tenuifolia subsp sibthorpiana, Echinophora trichophylla (endemic), Foeniculum vulgare, Ferulago cassia, Ferulago pauciradiata (endemic), Glaucosciadium cordifolium, Heracleum platytaenium (endemic), Hippomarathrum cristatum, Hippomarathrum microcarpum, Laser trilobum, Opopanax hispidus, Pastinaca sativa subsp urens, Peucedanum chryseum (endemic), Prangos platychlaena (endemic), and Prangos uechtritzii (endemic) were used as materials. The fatty oil ratios of the species were determined by NMR, and the fatty acid components were determined by the GC/FID instrument. In the study, the fatty oil ratios of the species varied from 4.0% to 27.6%. A total of 43 different fatty acids were identified, mainly palmitic acid, stearic acid, petroselinic acid, oleic acid, and cisvaccinic acid fatty acids. Most of the fatty oils of the taxa consisted of oleic acid, linoleic acid, and petroselinic fatty acids. Therefore the taxa investigated in the study are believed to be rich in fatty oil content and unsaturated fatty acids and can be used as an oil source in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Petroselinic fatty acid (PeFA) is considered a rare fatty acid and one of the most important fatty acids in the Apiaceae family. Its content varies depending on plant species, geographical origin, extraction method, ripeness, etc. Indeed, reported levels of petroselinic fatty acid range from 10.4 to 75.6% (in anise seed oil), 1 to 81.9% (in coriander seed oil), 28.5 to 57.6% (in caraway seed oil), 49.4 to 75.6% (in celery seed oil), 41.3 to 61.8% (in caraway seed oil), 79.9 to 87.2% (in dill seed oil), 43.1 to 81.9% (in fennel seed oil), and 35 to 75.1% (parsley seed oil). In this review, we also show current knowledge about genes encoding biosynthesis, from the desaturation of 16:0-ACP to petroselinic acid stored in triacylglycerol in the seeds. Furthermore, petroselinic acid is not related to the synthesis of ABA. PeFA was successfully isolated from Apiaceae family plant seeds in order to study their reactivity and biological activities. Several investigations showed that this fatty acid has a wide range of biological potentials, including antidiabetic, antibacterial, and antifungal activities. In cosmetics, PeFA alone or in association with other active compounds has interesting applications as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of skin, hair, and nail disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted to determine the proximate composition, mineral content, fatty acid profile, phytosterol, and tocopherol composition of seven Apiaceae seeds (Coriandrum sativum, Petroselinum crispum, Carum carvi, Pimpinellla anisum, Foeniculum vulgare, Cuminum cyminum , and Ammodaucus leucotrichus), grown in four different regions of Morocco. The proximate composition (moisture, ash, oil, and protein contents), energy value, and mineral profile were determined from the seed powder. While fatty acid, phytosterol, and tocopherol composition were determined from the soxhlet extracted oils. The results obtained during this study showed significant difference between the seven analyzed seeds. Moisture content varied between (6.76±0.03 and 8.68±0.08 g/100g), ash content ranged between (5.17 ± 0.05 g/100g and 6.64 ± 0.02 g/100g), oil content varied between (10.63 ± 0.53 and 14.38 ± 0.37 g/100g), protein content ranged between (7.68 ± 0.18 and 13.65 ± 0.12), carbohydrate content varied from (57.35 ± 0.52 to 67.21 ± 0.92 g/100g), and energy value varied from (385.37 ± 1.66 to 408.14 ± 1.94 kcal/100g). The major macroelement detected in all samples was S (1199.71 ± 0.42 to 2232.77 ± 7.72 mg/kg) followed by K (118.773 ± 0.7 to 199.812 ± 0.002 mg/kg), Ca (69.14 ± 0.18 to 121.23 ± 0.63 mg/kg), and P (21.96 ± 0.01 to 52.46 ± 0.08 mg/kg), while Fe (0.82 ± 0.01 to 7.36 ± 0.03 mg/kg) was the main microelement detected. Total phenol content ranged from 10.51 ± 0.64 mg GAE/g DM to 28.51 ± 1.81 mg GAE/g DM. Among the tested seeds, Foeniculum vulgare, Cuminum cyminum, Coriandrum sativum , and Carum carvi exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. Eleven fatty acids were detected in our samples with a dominance of petroselinic acid (53.15 ± 0.05 to 80.65 ± 0.05 g/100g), and linoleic acid (7.7 ± 0.1 to 31.25 ± 0.05 g/100g). Total tocopherol contents ranged from (102.81 ± 0.79 to 359.07 ± 0.13 mg/100g) with dominance of γ-tocopherol, ⍺-tocotrienol, and β-tocopherol. Total sterol content varied between (2556.24 ± 9.34 to 9339.33 ± 1.48 mg/kg). The major compound was β-sitosterol (997.55 ± 4.2 to 4362.15 ± 7.28 mg/kg), and the second was Δ-5-stigmasterol (632.73 ± 3.9 to 2908.36 ± 7.04 mg/kg). Moroccan Apiaceae seeds can be considered as a good source of energy, minerals, petroselinic acid, phytosterol, and tocopherol, which suggests an interesting nutritional, cosmetic, and medicinal applications. [Display omitted] • Nutritional value, and mineral profile of seven Apiaceae seeds, commonly used in Morocco. • Moroccan Apiaceae seed oils are characterized by the presence of petroselinic acid as main fatty acid. • Detection of β-sitosterol as major phytosterol in all studied seed oil. • Identification of γ-tocopherol, ⍺-tocotrienol, and β-tocopherol as dominance tocopherols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PeAc exhibits antifungal effects both in vitro and in vivo. • PeAc synergizes with fluconazole against drug-resistant C. albicans. • Fba1p is the target of PeAc and PeAc exhibits antifungal effects through Fba1p. • Regarding effectiveness, safety and broad-spectrum, Fba1p is an attractive antifungal target. The incidence of invasive fungal diseases (IFDs), represented by Candida albicans infection, is increasing year by year. However, clinically available antifungal drugs are very limited and encounter challenges such as limited efficacy, drug resistance, high toxicity, and exorbitant cost. Therefore, there is an urgent need for new antifungal drugs. This study aims to find new antifungal compounds from plants, preferably those with good activity and low toxicity, and reveal their antifungal targets. In vitro antifungal activities of compounds were investigated using broth microdilution method, spot assay, hyphal growth assay and biofilm formation assay. Synergistic effects were assessed using broth microdilution checkerboard technique. In vivo antifungal activities were evaluated using Galleria mellonella and murine candidiasis models. Cytotoxicity of compounds was investigated using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Discovery and validation of antifungal targets of compounds were conducted by using monoallelic knockout library of C. albicans , haploinsufficiency profiling (HIP), thermal shift assay (TSA), enzyme inhibitory effect assay, molecular docking, and in vitro and in vivo antifungal studies. 814 plant products were screened, among which petroselinic acid (PeAc) was found as an antifungal molecule. As a rare fatty acid isolated from coriander (Coriandrum sativum), carrot (Daucus carota) and other plants of the Apiaceae family, PeAc had not previously been found to have antifungal effects. In this study, PeAc was revealed to inhibit the growth of various pathogenic fungi, exhibited synergistic effects with fluconazole (FLC), inhibited the formation of C. albicans hyphae and biofilms, and showed antifungal effects in vivo. PeAc was less toxic to mammalian cells. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate aldolase (Fba1p) was identified as a target of PeAc by using HIP, TSA, enzyme inhibitory effect assay and molecular docking methods. PeAc exerted antifungal effects more effectively on fba1Δ/FBA1 than wild-type (WT) strain both in vitro and in vivo. PeAc is an effective and low toxic antifungal compound. The target of PeAc is Fba1p. Fba1p is a promising target for antifungal drug development. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen that secretes several toxins associated with the pathogenesis of sepsis and pneumonia. Its antibiotic resistance is notorious, and its biofilms play a critical role in antibiotic tolerance. We hypothesized fatty acids might inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation and the expressions of its virulence factors. Initially, the antibiofilm activities of 27 fatty acids against a methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strain were investigated. Of the fatty acids tested, three C18 unsaturated fatty acids, that is, petroselinic, vaccenic, and oleic acids at 100 μg/mL, inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation by more than 65% without affecting its planktonic cell growth (MICs were all > 400 μg/mL). Notably, petroselinic acid significantly inhibited biofilm formation of two methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains and two methicillin-sensitive S. aureus strains. In addition, petroselinic acid significantly suppressed the production of three virulence factors, namely, staphyloxanthin, lipase, and α-hemolysin. Transcriptional analysis showed that petroselinic acid repressed the gene expressions of quorum sensing regulator agrA, effector of quorum sensing RNAIII, α-hemolysin hla, nucleases nuc1 and nuc2, and the virulence regulator saeR. Furthermore, petroselinic acid dose-dependently inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces and porcine skin. These findings suggest that fatty acids, particularly petroselinic acid, are potentially useful for controlling biofilm formation by S. aureus. IMPORTANCE Fatty acids with a long carbon chain have recently attracted attention because of their antibiofilm activities against microbes. Here, we report the antibiofilm activities of 27 fatty acids against S. aureus. Of the fatty acids tested, three C18 unsaturated fatty acids (petroselinic, vaccenic, and oleic acids) significantly inhibited biofilm formation by S. aureus. Furthermore, petroselinic acid inhibited the production of several virulence factors in S. aureus. The study also reveals that the action mechanism of petroselinic acid involves repression of quorum-sensing-related and virulence regulator genes. These findings show that natural and nontoxic petroselinic acid has potential use as a treatment for S. aureus infections, including infections by methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains, and in food processing facilities.

Increasing evidence has shown that a major periodontal pathobiont, Porphyromonas gingivalis , triggers oral dysbiosis leading to deterioration not only of periodontal health, but also of several systemic conditions. In the present study we identified remarkable anti- P. gingivalis activity of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), an herbal plant used in Asian cuisine as well as in traditional medicine, by screening of 92 extracts prepared from 23 edible plants. The n-hexane-extracted fennel (HEF) showed a rapid lethal action toward P. gingivalis , while it was rather ineffective with a wide range of other oral commensal bacterial species. Morphological analysis using both high-speed atomic force microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that a low concentration of HEF (8 μg/mL) resulted in formation of protruding nanostructures composed of outer membrane vesicle (OMV)-like particles, while a high concentration of HEF (64 μg/mL) induced bacteriolysis with overproduction of OMVs with unusual surface properties. Interestingly, HEF treatment resulted in deprivation of two outer membrane transporter proteins, RagA and RagB, which is essential for nutrient acquisition in P. gingivalis , by extracellularly releasing RagA/RagB-enriched OMVs. Furthermore, HEF showed gingipain-inhibitory activity toward both arginine-specific (Rgps) and lysine-specific (Kgp) gingipains, resulting in blocking oral epithelial cell rounding and the subsequent detachment from culture dishes. Finally, we isolated petroselinic acid as a major bactericide as well as a gingipain inhibitor through a bioassay-guided fractionation of HEF. Taken together, our findings suggest clinical applicability of HEF and petroselinic acid for periodontitis therapy to eliminate P. gingivalis and its major virulence factors on the basis of the dual anti- P. gingivalis activity, i.e., rapid bacteriolysis and gingipain inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Intestinal ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a grave surgical event with high morbidity and mortality. Preoperative fasting might confer protection against intestinal I/R injury by altering the composition of gut microbiota and their respective metabolites.Methods: An intestinal I/R mouse model was established and subjected to preoperative fasting for 24 h or fed ad libitum. Intestinal I/R injury was assessed using histological examination and survival analysis. Faecal samples were collected for 16S rDNA sequencing and metabolomic analysis. Faecal transplantation of fasted and non-fasted mice and humans was conducted to evaluate the effects of gut microbiota on intestinal I/R. Murine small intestinal cells wecre subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation as an in vitro I/R model.Results: Preoperative fasting protected against intestinal I/R injury and improved survival in mice (P<0.001). In addition, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that preoperative fasting increased the diversity and restructured the composition of the gut microbiota after intestinal I/R. Mice that received microbiota from fasted mice and humans showed less intestinal damage than those that received microbiota from fed subjects. Metabolomic analysis showed that the profiles of gut microbial metabolites differed between fasted and fed groups. Specifically, the concentration of petroselinic acid was significantly higher in the fasted group (P=0.009). Treatment of intestinal I/R mice with petroselinic acid alleviated intestinal injury in vivo and decreased cell apoptosis by mediating AMP-activated protein kinase-mammalian target of rapamycin-P70S6K signaling in vitro.Conclusions: Preoperative fasting protected against intestinal I/R injury by modulating gut microbiota and petroselinic acid, suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing evidence has shown that a major periodontal pathobiont, Porphyromonas gingivalis, triggers oral dysbiosis leading to deterioration not only of periodontal health, but also of several systemic conditions. In the present study we identified remarkable anti-P. gingivalis activity of Foeniculum vulgare (fennel), an herbal plant used in Asian cuisine as well as in traditional medicine, by screening of 92 extracts prepared from 23 edible plants. The n-hexane-extracted fennel (HEF) showed a rapid lethal action toward P. gingivalis, while it was rather ineffective with a wide range of other oral commensal bacterial species. Morphological analysis using both high-speed atomic force microscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed that a low concentration of HEF (8 μg/mL) resulted in formation of protruding nanostructures composed of outer membrane vesicle (OMV)-like particles, while a high concentration of HEF (64 μg/mL) induced bacteriolysis with overproduction of OMVs with unusual surface properties. Interestingly, HEF treatment resulted in deprivation of two outer membrane transporter proteins, RagA and RagB, which is essential for nutrient acquisition in P. gingivalis, by extracellularly releasing RagA/RagB-enriched OMVs. Furthermore, HEF showed gingipain-inhibitory activity toward both arginine-specific (Rgps) and lysine-specific (Kgp) gingipains, resulting in blocking oral epithelial cell rounding and the subsequent detachment from culture dishes. Finally, we isolated petroselinic acid as a major bactericide as well as a gingipain inhibitor through a bioassay-guided fractionation of HEF. Taken together, our findings suggest clinical applicability of HEF and petroselinic acid for periodontitis therapy to eliminate P. gingivalis and its major virulence factors on the basis of the dual anti-P. gingivalis activity, i.e., rapid bacteriolysis and gingipain inhibition.

Angelica glauca Edgew. and Chenopodium album Linn. are medicinally important plants with aromatic, nutritious and flavor-enhancing properties. In this study the fatty acid composition of petroleum ether seed extracts (PE) of processed plants were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The PE consisted mainly of unsaturated fatty acids, such as petroselinic acid 74.26% and oleic acid 7.37% for A. glauca and linoleic acid 53.05% and oleic acid 20.74% for C. album. The de-fatted seed extracts were screened for their antioxidant activities using 2,2-di-phenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging assay. Almost all the assays resulted in defatted seed extracts showing powerful radical scavenging activity. These findings suggest that the processed plants could be used as ingredients (as a source of natural antioxidants and unsaturated fatty acids) for the formulation of functional foods.

Smoke-dried fish is an integral protein source in many Nigerian diets, processed by smoke-drying and sold for income. The study aimed to describe the fatty acid yield of smoke-dried African mudfish (average weight of 350 ± 100 g) using traditional drum kiln (TDK) and eco-friendly kiln (EFK) while storing at ambient (280C) and control (140C) temperatures. In the smoke-dried mudfish, a total of 25 fatty acids (7 Saturated, 9 Monounsaturated and 9 polyunsaturated) were identified. Under ambient temperature storage, saturated fatty acid (SFA) was found to be higher in fish smoked with TDK than fish smoked with EFK. Palmitic acid was the main component of saturated fatty acid followed by stearic acid. Under control temperature, unsaturated fatty acid content was found to be higher in EFK-smoked fish than in TDK-smoked fish, and these values were higher compared to those of SFAs. Petroselinic acid has been noted as a dominant MUFA in both TDK (16.08 ± 0.23 %) and EFK-smoked (16.98 ± 0.19 %) samples. Among the PUFAs, docosahexaenoic, arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids were the dominant in the smoke-dried fish. The results indicate that kiln type and different storage temperature affect the fatty acid composition of Clarias gariepinus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oil (CEO) has many beneficial features, including antimicrobial and antifungal properties along with good aroma. It also has an important role in food processing and preservation. However, CEO is highly volatile and sensitive to external factors (heat, light and oxygen), as well as susceptible to lipid oxidation due to environmental and general processing conditions. This limits water solubility, making it difficult to incorporate CEO into aqueous food matrices, which further limits their industrial application. Spray-drying encapsulation may prevent CEO oxidation, increase CEO oxidative stability and improve their physicochemical properties. In this study, spray-dried CEO (SDCEO) was prepared using a mini laboratory-scale spray-dryer and the processing conditions were optimized. The SDCEO were characterized in respect to free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide values (PV), fatty acid (FA) profiles, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and physical morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results indicated that the maximum value of FFA, PV, fatty acid composition (including petroselinic, linoleic and oleic acids) in SDCEO were observed at the following spray-drying conditions: an inlet-air temperature (IAT) of 140 °C, needle speed (NS) of 2 s and the wall-material (WM) at 25%. The minimum values were observed at an IAT of 180 °C, NS of 4 s and WM of 30%. Analysis of variance and the interaction effects of independent factors showed that IAT and WM significantly positively influenced the response for good oxidative stability. Thus, SDCEO is likely to be used as a natural active ingredient in the food processing, cosmetic, nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries with high stability, and may be stored for a long time without evaporation or oxidation. [Display omitted] • Characterization of coriander (seed) essential oil shows that it contains high amounts of monounsaturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids. • Spray-dried coriander essential oil showed that the maximum fatty acids were obtained at 140 °C, while the minimum was observed at 180 °C. A similar trend was observed for peroxide values and free fatty acids. • Spray-dried coriander essential oil can be used in various industries as active ingredient with high stability and may be stored for a long-time without evaporation or oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasound is one of emerging technique's which is being investigated extremely on food applications and extraction process. In this study, ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction was employed to extract vegetable oil from coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds. A response surface model was applied to determine the best condition of extraction concerning the independent factors (COY % and DPPH %). In addition, ultrasound variables were the sample solvent ratio, amplitude level, temperature and time. The best condition of extraction was obtained for sample solvent ratio of 1:13 (g/mL), amplitude level of 82 (%), temperature of 45 (°C) and extraction time of 9 (min), being the maximum point of oil yield and antioxidant activity (30.74-72.05%), respectively. Fatty acid profile of oil has been shown as a rich source of petroselinic acid (C18:1)-12, making up 76% of all fatty acids. TGA analyses revealed that 82% (by weight) of oil is thermally stable up to 224 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spices and herbs are well-known for being rich in healthy bioactive metabolites. In recent years, interest in the fatty acid composition of different foods has greatly increased. Thus, the present study was designed to characterize the fatty acid composition of 34 widely used spices and herbs. Utilizing gas chromatography (GC) flame ionization detection (FID) and GC mass spectrometry (MS), we identified and quantified 18 fatty acids. This showed a significant variation among the studied spices and herbs. In general, oleic and linoleic acid dominate in seed spices, whereas palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, and α-linolenic acids are the major constituents of herbs. Among the studied spices and herbs, the ratio of n−6/n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was recorded to be in the range of 0.36 (oregano) to 85.99 (cumin), whereas the ratio of PUFAs/saturated fatty acids (SFAs) ranged from 0.17 (nutmeg) to 4.90 (cumin). Cumin, coriander, fennel, and dill seeds represent the healthiest fatty acid profile, based upon fat quality indices such as the ratio of hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (h/H) fatty acids, the atherogenic index (AI), and the thrombogenic index (TI). All these seed spices belong to the Apiaceae family of plants, which are an exceptionally rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) in the form of petroselinic acid (C18:1n12), with a very small amount of SFAs.

The triacylglycerol (TAG) structure and the regio-stereospecific distribution of fatty acids (FA) of seed oils from most of the Apiaceae family are not well documented. The TAG structure ultimately determines the final physical properties of the oils and the position of FAs in the TAG molecule affects the digestion; absorption and metabolism; and physical and technological properties of TAGs. Fixed oils from the fruits of dill (Anethum graveolens), caraway (Carum carvi), cumin (Cuminum cyminum), coriander (Coriandrum sativum), anise (Pimpinella anisum), carrot (Daucus carota), celery (Apium graveolens), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), and Khella (Ammi visnaga), all from the Apiaceae family, were extracted at room temperature in chloroform/methanol (2:1 v/v) using percolators. Crude lipids were fractionated by solid phase extraction to separate neutral triacylglycerols (TAGs) from other lipids components. Neutral TAGs were subjected to transesterification process to convert them to their corresponding fatty acids methyl esters (FAMES) using 1% boron trifluoride (BF3) in methanol. FAMES were analyzed by gas chromatography-quadrupole time of flight (GC-QTOF) mass spectrometry. Triglycerides were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight (LC-QTOF) mass spectrometry. Petroselinic acid was the major fatty acid in all samples ranging from 57% of the total fatty acids in caraway up to 82% in fennel. All samples contained palmitic (16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1n-9), stearic (C18:0), petroselinic (C18:1n-12), linoleic (C18:2n-6), linolinic (18:3n-3), and arachidic (C20:0) acids. TAG were analyzed using LC-QTOF for accurate mass identification and mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques for regiospesific elucidation of the identified TAGs. Five major TAGs were detected in all samples but with different relative concentrations in all of the tested samples. Several other TAGs were detected as minor components and were present in some samples and absence in the others. Regiospecific analysis showed a non-random fatty acids distribution. Petroselinic acid was predominantly located at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions.

To evaluate the accumulation of oil and fatty acids in coriander during fruit ripening, a field experiment was conducted under organic cultivation conditions in Auch (near Toulouse, southwestern France) during the 2009 cropping season. The percentage and composition of the fatty acids of coriander were determined by gas chromatography. Our results showed that rapid oil accumulation started in early stages (two days after flowering, DAF). Twelve fatty acids were identified. Saturated and polyunsaturated acids were the dominant fatty acids at earlier stages (2–12 DAF), but decreased after this date. After this stage, petroselinic acid increased to its highest amount at 18 DAF. In contrast, palmitic acid followed the opposite trend. Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased markedly and monounsaturated fatty acids increased during fruit maturation. It appears that the fruit of coriander may be harvested before full maturity.

We evaluated the chemical variability of cumin oil produced in different regions of Morocco to verify if a geographic origin label represents useful information to depictcumin (Cuminum cyminum) fixed-oil quality oil composition, assessed by chromatographic analysis, revealed significant differences among regions for some investigated traits. Petroselinic acid was consistently shown to be the main fatty acid with amounts between 54.9% and 60.9%. The variation for linoleic acid was a little smaller ranging between 30.1% and 31.3%. The oil is characterised by high content of α-tocopherol (20.9-50.3 mg/100 g) and α-tocotrienol (37.2 – 72.4 mg/100 g). In addition, our results showed that oil content varies between 16.3% and 25.7%. The oil showed a high oxidative stability in the Rancimat test at 110°C varying from 25 – 34 h, depending on the region of harvest. Combining our results and literature data, we suggest that information on seed quality would be more useful for consumers or industrials than the geographic origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Super critical fluid extraction (SC-CO2) of essential oil from coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds was performed. The effects of various parameters such as pressure (200-350 bar), temperature (30-45°C) and SC-CO2 flow rate (10-16 g/min) were investigated. The optimum condition was observed at pressure of 350 bar, temperature of 35°C and SC-CO2 flow rate of 14 g/min. The maximum extraction yield 4.55% was obtained under optimized conditions. ANOVA analysis showed that extraction pressure was the most significant factor on the essential oil yield. The morphology of coriander seeds was examined by SEM technique. The functional groups and chemical composition of coriander oil was analyzed by FT-IR and GC-MS. Petroselinic acid, myristic acid, linalool, 4-bromo-2-adamantanol, cis-isoapiole and (-)-carvone were the major components in the essential oil of coriander seed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-biofilm and anti-virulence properties of petroselinic acid (PSA) against the environmental pathogen Serratia marcescens. PSA significantly inhibited the quorum sensing (QS)-dependent virulence factors such as prodigiosin, protease productions, and biofilm formation in S. marcescens. The antibiofilm potential of PSA was also confirmed through light, confocal laser scanning, and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Furthermore, PSA effectively inhibited the biofilm-related phenomena such as exopolysaccharide production, hydrophobicity production, swimming, and swarming motility without affecting the bacterial growth. In FT-IR analysis, the PSA treated S. marcescens cells displayed a reduction in cellular components compared to the untreated controls. The real-time analysis revealed the downregulation of QS-controlled virulence genes such as bsmB, fimA, fimC, and flhD in S. marcescens on treatment with PSA. The obtained results strongly suggested that PSA could be further explored as an antipathogenic drug to treat QS-mediated infections caused by S. marcescens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sapphire is widely used in production of optical windows for various devices due to its mechanical and optical properties. However, during operation the surface can be affected by fats, oils, and other organic contaminations. Therefore, it is important to improve the oleophobic properties of sapphire windows. In this study, we investigate the interaction of a supersmooth sapphire surface with oleic acid droplets, which imitate human finger printing. It is established that chemical-mechanical polishing with additional annealing in air, which leads to the formation of an atomically smooth sapphire surface, makes it possible to significantly improve the oleophobic properties of the surface. The results are analyzed using the Ventsel-Deryagin homogeneous wetting model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined and compared the contents of bioactive components in plant seed oils extracted with n -hexane (Soxhlet method) and chloroform/methanol (Folch method) from coriander, caraway, anise, nutmeg and white mustard seeds. Oleic acid dominated among unsaturated fatty acids in nutmeg and anise seed oils while petroselinic acid was present in coriander and caraway oils. Concerning sterols, β-sitosterol was the main component in seed oils extracted with both methods. The content of total phenolics in nutmeg, white mustard and coriander seed oils extracted with chloroform/methanol was higher than in their counterparts prepared with n -hexane. The seed oil samples extracted according to the Folch method exhibited a higher ability to scavenge DPPH radicals compared to the oil samples prepared with the Soxhlet method. DPPH values of the methanolic extracts derived from oils produced with the Folch method were also higher than in the oils extracted with n -hexane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corrosion inhibitors are widely used to control corrosion under the sweet and sour environments in the oil and gas industry. More effective and environmentally friendly corrosion inhibitors need to be developed. This paper studies a new gemini imidazoline (GIM) corrosion inhibitor, in which two hydrocarbon chains and two head groups are linked by a rigid spacer. The GIM was synthesized through the reaction of oleic acid with triethylene tetramine at 2:1 molar ratio. The performance of the GIM on inhibition of carbon dioxide (CO2) corrosion was evaluated by linear polarization resistance in sparged-beaker testing. Rotating-wheel testing was performed to evaluate the film persistency of the test inhibitors. The results showed that corrosion inhibition of the GIM was more effective at lower concentration than that of conventional imidazoline. The mixture of GIM and fatty acid also showed better film persistency than conventional imidazoline. The emulsion tendency of the GIM was less than that of conventional imidazoline. The mechanism of the highly effective GIM was studied. It showed that GIM has much-higher surface activity than conventional imidazoline. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of GIM is several times lower than that of conventional imidazoline. Hence, the new GIM corrosion inhibitor and its mixture give more-effective corrosion inhibition at low concentration; there is also a lesser environmental effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]