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4. Ethiopia and the Running Sores of Ethnic Federalism: The Antithetical Forces of Statehood and Nationhood

Author

Ogbazghi, Petros B.

Subjects
Ethiopia -- Social aspects -- Political aspects, Federalism -- Social aspects, National state -- Social aspects, Ethnic relations -- Political aspects, Social sciences
Abstract

Ethnic federalism in Ethiopia proved non-viable in practice because it came to be widely seen as a political tool used by the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF)-dominated Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), whose ideological foundation was inspired by Soviet system of 'democratic centralism': a benign facade that veneered an authoritarian vanguard party operating under a token parliament. This article examines the dynamics of statehood and nationhood: antithetical forces of integration and differentiation, which play out around the commonly shared albeit highly contested polity of the nation-state. The need to dialectically resolve these antagonistic though mutualistic stakes lies at the epicentre of political debate in contemporary Ethiopia, ultimately pointing to the constitutional reform dilemmas it now faces. By drawing on literature on political theory, the article argues that the federal constitution proved antagonistic to the inherited politico-cultural orientations that posited the nation-state as the principal supranational identity. By redefining narrow forms of collective identity that were anchored precisely on ethnic sentiments that grew largely in reaction to perceived injustices, the federal constitution appeared neither to embrace, as a system of legitimation, the characteristic and authoritative dimensions of 'Ethiopian' identity as a supra-national universal habitus of loyalty and identification. Nor did it provide integrative cohesion to an otherwise essentially differentiated primordial ethnic and linguistic identity features that now came to be diffused and indeed accentuated at sub-national regions as rigid and hermetic sites of conflict and strife, rather than discursive, reflexive, and interactive domains of cultural and social life. Key words: Ethiopia, ethnicity, nationhood, statehood, federalism, constitution., Introduction This article tries to examine the dynamics of statehood and nationhood: antithetical forces of integration and differentiation, which play out around the commonly shared albeit highly contested polity of [...]

Published
2022

9. An open dataset of Plasmodium vivax genome variation in 1,895 worldwide samples.

Author

MalariaGEN, Adam, I, Alam, MS, Alemu, S, Amaratunga, C, Amato, R, Andrianaranjaka, V, Anstey, NM, Aseffa, A, Ashley, E, Assefa, A, Auburn, S, Barber, BE, Barry, A, Batista Pereira, D, Cao, J, Chau, NH, Chotivanich, K, Chu, C, Dondorp, AM, Drury, E, Echeverry, DF, Erko, B, Espino, F, Fairhurst, R, Faiz, A, Fernanda Villegas, M, Gao, Q, Golassa, L, Goncalves, S, Grigg, MJ, Hamedi, Y, Hien, TT, Htut, Y, Johnson, KJ, Karunaweera, N, Khan, W, Krudsood, S, Kwiatkowski, DP, Lacerda, M, Ley, B, Lim, P, Liu, Y, Llanos-Cuentas, A, Lon, C, Lopera-Mesa, T, Marfurt, J, Michon, P, Miotto, O, Mohammed, R, Mueller, I, Namaik-Larp, C, Newton, PN, Nguyen, T-N, Nosten, F, Noviyanti, R, Pava, Z, Pearson, RD, Petros, B, Phyo, AP, Price, RN, Pukrittayakamee, S, Rahim, AG, Randrianarivelojosia, M, Rayner, JC, Rumaseb, A, Siegel, SV, Simpson, VJ, Thriemer, K, Tobon-Castano, A, Trimarsanto, H, Urbano Ferreira, M, Vélez, ID, Wangchuk, S, Wellems, TE, White, NJ, William, T, Yasnot, MF, Yilma, D, MalariaGEN, Adam, I, Alam, MS, Alemu, S, Amaratunga, C, Amato, R, Andrianaranjaka, V, Anstey, NM, Aseffa, A, Ashley, E, Assefa, A, Auburn, S, Barber, BE, Barry, A, Batista Pereira, D, Cao, J, Chau, NH, Chotivanich, K, Chu, C, Dondorp, AM, Drury, E, Echeverry, DF, Erko, B, Espino, F, Fairhurst, R, Faiz, A, Fernanda Villegas, M, Gao, Q, Golassa, L, Goncalves, S, Grigg, MJ, Hamedi, Y, Hien, TT, Htut, Y, Johnson, KJ, Karunaweera, N, Khan, W, Krudsood, S, Kwiatkowski, DP, Lacerda, M, Ley, B, Lim, P, Liu, Y, Llanos-Cuentas, A, Lon, C, Lopera-Mesa, T, Marfurt, J, Michon, P, Miotto, O, Mohammed, R, Mueller, I, Namaik-Larp, C, Newton, PN, Nguyen, T-N, Nosten, F, Noviyanti, R, Pava, Z, Pearson, RD, Petros, B, Phyo, AP, Price, RN, Pukrittayakamee, S, Rahim, AG, Randrianarivelojosia, M, Rayner, JC, Rumaseb, A, Siegel, SV, Simpson, VJ, Thriemer, K, Tobon-Castano, A, Trimarsanto, H, Urbano Ferreira, M, Vélez, ID, Wangchuk, S, Wellems, TE, White, NJ, William, T, Yasnot, MF, and Yilma, D

Abstract

This report describes the MalariaGEN Pv4 dataset, a new release of curated genome variation data on 1,895 samples of Plasmodium vivax collected at 88 worldwide locations between 2001 and 2017. It includes 1,370 new samples contributed by MalariaGEN and VivaxGEN partner studies in addition to previously published samples from these and other sources. We provide genotype calls at over 4.5 million variable positions including over 3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), as well as short indels and tandem duplications. This enlarged dataset highlights major compartments of parasite population structure, with clear differentiation between Africa, Latin America, Oceania, Western Asia and different parts of Southeast Asia. Each sample has been classified for drug resistance to sulfadoxine, pyrimethamine and mefloquine based on known markers at the dhfr, dhps and mdr1 loci. The prevalence of all of these resistance markers was much higher in Southeast Asia and Oceania than elsewhere. This open resource of analysis-ready genome variation data from the MalariaGEN and VivaxGEN networks is driven by our collective goal to advance research into the complex biology of P. vivax and to accelerate genomic surveillance for malaria control and elimination.

Published
2022

10. A molecular barcode and web-based data analysis tool to identify imported Plasmodium vivax malaria

Author

Trimarsanto, H, Amato, R, Pearson, RD, Sutanto, E, Noviyanti, R, Trianty, L, Marfurt, J, Pava, Z, Echeverry, DF, Lopera-Mesa, TM, Montenegro, LM, Tobon-Castano, A, Grigg, MJ, Barber, B, William, T, Anstey, NM, Getachew, S, Petros, B, Aseffa, A, Assefa, A, Rahim, AG, Chau, NH, Hien, TT, Alam, MS, Khan, WA, Ley, B, Thriemer, K, Wangchuck, S, Hamedi, Y, Adam, I, Liu, Y, Gao, Q, Sriprawat, K, Ferreira, MU, Laman, M, Barry, A, Mueller, I, Lacerda, MVG, Llanos-Cuentas, A, Krudsood, S, Lon, C, Mohammed, R, Yilma, D, Pereira, DB, Espino, FEJ, Chu, CS, Velez, ID, Namaik-larp, C, Villegas, MF, Green, JA, Koh, G, Rayner, JC, Drury, E, Goncalves, S, Simpson, V, Miotto, O, Miles, A, White, NJ, Nosten, F, Kwiatkowski, DP, Price, RN, Auburn, S, Trimarsanto, H, Amato, R, Pearson, RD, Sutanto, E, Noviyanti, R, Trianty, L, Marfurt, J, Pava, Z, Echeverry, DF, Lopera-Mesa, TM, Montenegro, LM, Tobon-Castano, A, Grigg, MJ, Barber, B, William, T, Anstey, NM, Getachew, S, Petros, B, Aseffa, A, Assefa, A, Rahim, AG, Chau, NH, Hien, TT, Alam, MS, Khan, WA, Ley, B, Thriemer, K, Wangchuck, S, Hamedi, Y, Adam, I, Liu, Y, Gao, Q, Sriprawat, K, Ferreira, MU, Laman, M, Barry, A, Mueller, I, Lacerda, MVG, Llanos-Cuentas, A, Krudsood, S, Lon, C, Mohammed, R, Yilma, D, Pereira, DB, Espino, FEJ, Chu, CS, Velez, ID, Namaik-larp, C, Villegas, MF, Green, JA, Koh, G, Rayner, JC, Drury, E, Goncalves, S, Simpson, V, Miotto, O, Miles, A, White, NJ, Nosten, F, Kwiatkowski, DP, Price, RN, and Auburn, S

Abstract

Traditionally, patient travel history has been used to distinguish imported from autochthonous malaria cases, but the dormant liver stages of Plasmodium vivax confound this approach. Molecular tools offer an alternative method to identify, and map imported cases. Using machine learning approaches incorporating hierarchical fixation index and decision tree analyses applied to 799 P. vivax genomes from 21 countries, we identified 33-SNP, 50-SNP and 55-SNP barcodes (GEO33, GEO50 and GEO55), with high capacity to predict the infection's country of origin. The Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) for an existing, commonly applied 38-SNP barcode (BR38) exceeded 0.80 in 62% countries. The GEO panels outperformed BR38, with median MCCs > 0.80 in 90% countries at GEO33, and 95% at GEO50 and GEO55. An online, open-access, likelihood-based classifier framework was established to support data analysis (vivaxGEN-geo). The SNP selection and classifier methods can be readily amended for other use cases to support malaria control programs.

Published
2022

11. Breaking the Mould of Centralization? Path Dependence and Local Government Reform in Ireland: 1898–2014

Author

Petros B. Ogbazghi

Subjects
Public Administration, media_common.quotation_subject, 05 social sciences, Local democracy, language.human_language, Independence, 0506 political science, Extension (metaphysics), Irish, Path dependency, Local government, Political economy, Political science, 0502 economics and business, 050602 political science & public administration, language, Business and International Management, 050203 business & management, Path dependence, media_common
Abstract

The landmark Local Government (Ireland) Act, 1898, with its extension of local democracy, presented Irish nationalists with an opportunity to advance the cause of national independence by curbing B...

Published
2020

13. Depression levels influence the rate of asthma exacerbations in females

Author

Anastasia, P. Eleni, T. Eleftheria, M. Xenia, N. Eygenia, P. Kyriakos, S. Katerina, D. Petros, B. Stelios, L. Georgios, H.

Abstract

Background: Anxiety and depression are common psychological disturbances among asthmatic patients. The aim of the present study is the assessment of anxiety and depression in asthmatic patients and their correlation with symptoms control level and number of exacerbations per year. Methods: One hundred patients with asthma diagnosis, according to the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA), aged > 18 years old, having a stable disease, were included. Emotional status was evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HADS). Patients were followed up for a year to assess the number and severity of exacerbations. Results: Most of our patients were female (58%), middle-aged (mean = 54 ± 13), and married (81%), with low frequency of smoking habits (smokers, ex-smokers and non-smokers were 26%, 30% and 37%, respectively) and low levels of both anxiety and depression [median (interquartile range (IQR)) = 4(2) and median (IQR) = 4(2), respectively]. At the low and moderate level of the depression subscale, female patients experienced asthma exacerbations more frequently compared to male patients (adjusted Incidence Rate Ratio (aIRR) = 4.30; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.94–9.53 and aIRR = 1.82; 95% CI: 1.07–3.13, respectively). Conclusions. Clinicians should evaluate asthma patients for depression, as gender differentially influences outcomes among those with low and moderate levels of depression, with female asthmatics presenting more frequent exacerbations. © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.

Published
2021

14. Personal rule in Africa: the case of Eritrea

Author

Ogbazghi, Petros B.

Subjects
Eritrea -- Social aspects -- History -- Political aspects, Dictatorship -- Analysis -- Political aspects -- Social aspects, Democratization -- History -- Analysis -- Political aspects -- Social aspects, Presidents -- Practice -- Military policy -- Political aspects -- Social aspects -- Analysis, Social sciences
Abstract

Notwithstanding the on-going struggles for democratic transformation, many African countries still lack rudimentary principles of the rule of law and legitimate political institutions. Contemporary Eritrea exemplifies this type of situation in which personal rule is the embodiment of the political system. The article argues that the perpetuation of personal rule in Eritrea is explained by the political strategy of unleashing sheer coercive force against citizens by the military whose loyalty is bought off by providing its top echelons control over substantial state economic resources. This is facilitated by a culture of impunity fostered by a legacy of three decades of guerrilla conflict, and by deliberately keeping the rest of society off-balance in an economic situation characterized by rampant poverty. The regimenting of civil-society institutions within the power structures and chapters of party-controlled organizations has reduced them into instruments of social control in order to diffuse any form of organized resistance. Finally, the party and the bureaucracy as agents of the state function to accentuate the symbolic dimensions of socioeconomic activities to which the entire society is mobilized in order to wedge the immense legitimacy gap and make the system appear popular. (1), Introduction In the 1990s, the promising transition in many African countries from dictatorship and authoritarianism to democracy seemed to be echoed in the apparent commitment of Eritrea to a similar [...]

Published
2011

18. Breaking the Mould of Centralization? Path Dependence and Local Government Reform in Ireland: 1898–2014.

Author

Ogbazghi, Petros B.

Subjects
ADMINISTRATIVE reform, LOCAL government, POLITICAL stability, POLITICAL culture, FEDERAL government
Abstract

The landmark Local Government (Ireland) Act, 1898, with its extension of local democracy, presented Irish nationalists with an opportunity to advance the cause of national independence by curbing British influence at the local level. Post-independence local government reforms stressed the consolidation of central government institutions because of the need for regime security and stability. The introduction of the 'County-Manager' reforms, centred on the notions of bureaucratic professionalism, efficiency, and coordination of local services, further entrenched centralism. Using historical institutionalism as a framework for analysis, this article argues that in the period under review local government reforms in Ireland exemplify a perpetuation of the legacy of centralization. This legacy has two sources: the exogenous 1898 Act, and the perceived need to subvert its provisions to the greater goal of national independence, and the continuity in post-independence reforms, which left undisturbed the institutional processes of the inherited political order. This article concludes that notwithstanding reform efforts, the impetus for change was neutralized by constitutive features of Irish political culture, conventional practices, and established elite interests. While critical of existing arrangements, politicians found it impossible to accomplish change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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21. Genomic analysis of plasmodium vivax in southern Ethiopia reveals selective pressures in multiple parasite mechanisms

Author

Auburn, S, Getachew, S, Pearson, R, Amato, R, Miotto, O, Trimarsanto, H, Zhu, S, Rumaseb, A, Marfurt, J, Noviyanti, R, Grigg, M, Barber, B, William, T, Goncalves, S, Drury, E, Sriprawat, K, Anstey, N, Nosten, F, Petros, B, Aseffa, A, McVean, G, Kwiatkowski, D, and Price, R

Subjects
Male, Adolescent, Genotype, Adaptation, Biological, Infant, Newborn, malaria, Infant, Article, Child, Preschool, parasitic diseases, Prevalence, genomics, Malaria, Vivax, Humans, Animals, Female, Parasites, Ethiopia, Selection, Genetic, Child, Plasmodium vivax, Duffy
Abstract

The Horn of Africa harbors the largest reservoir of Plasmodium vivax in the continent. Most of sub-Saharan Africa has remained relatively vivax-free due to a high prevalence of the human Duffy-negative trait, but the emergence of strains able to invade Duffy-negative reticulocytes poses a major public health threat. We undertook the first population genomic investigation of P. vivax from the region, comparing the genomes of 24 Ethiopian isolates against data from Southeast Asia to identify important local adaptions. The prevalence of the Duffy binding protein amplification in Ethiopia was 79%, potentially reflecting adaptation to Duffy negativity. There was also evidence of selection in a region upstream of the chloroquine resistance transporter, a putative chloroquine-resistance determinant. Strong signals of selection were observed in genes involved in immune evasion and regulation of gene expression, highlighting the need for a multifaceted intervention approach to combat P. vivax in the region.

Published
2019

29. Eritrea's politics and governance crisis as political culture epiphenomena

Author

Petros B. Ogbazghi

Subjects
Geography, Planning and Development, Authoritarianism, Development, Power (social and political), Politics, Political economy, Law, Political Science and International Relations, National identity, Body politic, Political culture, Sociology, Personal Rule, Legitimacy
Abstract

The emergence of Eritrea as a new nation apparently required the government to transcend inherited forms of identity. It has tried to do this by forging a new political culture out of collective memories of war, but this attempt was only partially successful. Largely steeped in political symbolism and populist rhetoric of sacrifice and self-reliance, the regime's attempt to socialise the Eritrean society with valorised revolutionary values is designed to camouflage the political reality of repression. By taking the concept of political culture as a framework for analysis, this article argues that Eritrea's double tragedy has two major causes. Firstly, it emanates from the surreal, tightly controlled personal rule of Isaias Afeworki who, in the face of declining legitimacy and a tenuous grip on power, has raised the level of repression to new heights. Secondly, it has its origins in the chasm in political orientations and belief systems between the body politic and society, resulting in a culture o...

Published
2015

30. Repellent Effects of Aloe pirottae (Aloaceae) Gel Extract and Brassica nigra (Brassicaceae) Essential Oil against the Malaria Vector, Anopheles arabiensis Patton (Diptera: Culicidae)

Author

Petros B and Bekele D

Subjects
Cost effectiveness, Brassica, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, 010309 optics, DEET, chemistry.chemical_compound, law, parasitic diseases, 0103 physical sciences, Botany, medicine, Bioassay, Essential oil, Traditional medicine, biology, fungi, Anopheles, Brassicaceae, General Medicine, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, chemistry, 0210 nano-technology, Malaria
Abstract

Malaria continues to be one of the major public health challenges in the world, particularly in Africa, despite the fact that numerous studies have identified effective methods of control. The plant species that include Brassica nigra (seeds) and Aloe pirottae (leaves) in Ethiopia were used traditionally as mosquito repellent and selected for the mosquito repellent activity test. The present study was undertaken to scientifically evaluate the repellent activity of two extracts from Aloe pirottae and Brassica nigra, respectively on forearms of human volunteers against Anopheles arabiensis mosquito under laboratory conditions. Four concentrations: 2.5, 5, 10 and 20% of the repellents were evaluated. The safety of these extracts was tested to make a further research and results showed no dermal irritation actions. In the course of our test for repellents against Anopheles arabiesnis, the oil extract of Brassica nigra was found to exhibit more remarkable repellent activity than gel extract of Aloe prottae with ED50 of 1.468% and 16.689%, respectively after 6 h exposure. The Chi-square values were significant at p

Published
2017

31. Differences in PCR reactivity between HIV proviruses from individuals in Ethiopia and Sweden

Author

Ayehunie, S., Sonnerborg, A., Johansson, B., Fehniger, T.E., Zewdie, D. Work, Yeamane-Berhan, T., Petros, B., Abens, J., Britton, S., and Strannegard, O.

Subjects
HIV infection -- Ethiopia, HIV infection -- Sweden, HIV (Viruses) -- Analysis, HIV infection -- Demographic aspects, Health
Abstract

The pattern of spread of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is not the same in Africa as it is in Europe and North America. In Africa, approximately 75 percent of the cases of infection have occurred by heterosexual transmission. In Europe and North America, the majority of the cases have occurred in homosexual men and intravenous drug users. Reasons for the differences in the epidemiology of HIV-1 in the two areas of the world are not understood. Theories include differences in: the timing of the epidemic; sexual behavior; exposure to other sexually transmitted diseases; and immune responses to the virus by individuals. However, the strains of virus present in various areas of the world may not be the same and may account for the differences in routes of transmission. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), which amplifies nucleic acid to quantities that are needed for analysis, the DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) from HIV-1-infected white blood cells was analyzed. The white blood cells were obtained from individuals from Ethiopia and Sweden. A larger amount of virus was found in samples from patients with more advanced disease than in samples from patients with earlier-stage disease. The polymerase chain reactions in samples from Ethiopian subjects were much weaker than in those from Sweden, indicating that less virus is present in individuals from Ethiopia. Therefore, the PCR can be used to detect HIV-1 infection in Europe and North America but is not always suitable for detection of HIV-1 infection in Ethiopia. The difference in the levels of HIV infection may be the result of different host responses controlling the ability of the virus to multiply, but is more likely due to genetic characteristics of the strains of HIV-1, allowing for more rapid replication. Further analysis of the differences between the viruses is necessary in order to understand the characteristics which contribute to the epidemiology of HIV infection in various regions of the world. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Published
1990

33. State Absolutism and Moral Agency in the Political Philosophy of Thomas Hobbes and Niccolò Machiavelli: Implications for Eritrea.

Author

OGBAZGHI, PETROS B.

Subjects
*DICTATORSHIP, *POLITICAL philosophy, *TOTALITARIANISM, *POLITICAL community, *SOCIAL forces
Abstract

In the progression of Western political philosophy from Aristotle to the Enlightenment, even the most statist thinkers such as Hobbes and Machiavelli, who saw organized society as a necessary evil, never accepted the notion of absolutism that sucks man's free development. Central to Hobbes' conceptualization of the state is that an artificially created sovereign is owed the total submission of his subjects who are faced with an immanent existential threat. Subjects, nonetheless, exist as individual moral agents whose values of justice and liberty--the products of social thought and common conviction--are realized in civil society of the Commonwealth. With Machiavelli's principality, by contrast, while the success and survival of the state is closely tied together with that of the prince and his subjects, the political community could still be judged in terms of moral committal to the civic virtues of prudence, legitimacy, and order, constituting a venerated political and social force contributing consequentially to individual development. This article entails a comparative study of moral agency in light of Hobbes' Leviathan and Machiavelli's The Prince and examines its implications for Eritrea against the backdrop of its downward spiral into totalitarianism. It argues that both proponents of absolutism offer a critique of the state particularly pertinent to Eritrea where individual development is embedded on a single supreme moral authority. While notions of real or imagined existential threats, which affords regimes to roll state-society into one, enabled Eritrea to maintain a semblance of national unity, its flip side, the exercise and preservation of personal power through sheer repression, has subjected the state to idiosyncratic political attributes that militate against free agency: a nihilistic image to which neither Hobbes' sovereign nor Machiavelli's prince would wish to subscribe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019

34. Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Finchaa Sugar Estate: Public health Problem Assessment based on Clinical Records and Parasitological Surveys, Western Ethiopia

Author

Dufera, M, Petros, B, Erko, B, Berhe, N, and Gundersen, S G

Subjects
Egg per gram, Finchaa Sugar Estate, Kato-katz, Schistosomiasis, S. mansoni, Public health
Abstract

The survey of Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni) in Finchaa Sugar Estate, Western Ethiopia, was conducted to investigate the prevalence and health problems of schistosomiasis with some of the risk factors. The examination was undertaken based on the analysis of retrospective clinical data from the health center and a cross-sectional parasitological examinations using Kato-thick smear slides in April-June 2012/2013. Over the period 2008 to 2013 average prevalence among suspected patients at the health centre was 30.9%. Examination of double kato-thick smear slides from a random sample of 602 individuals from most schistosomiasis affected camp 7 revealed the prevalence of 37.5%. S. mansoni infection is become a year-round public health problem in Finchaa, Sugar Estate possibly due to permanent streams, water bodies and water contact behaviors and also reduced effectiveness of current control measures. Among the 7th camps, village A (camp 7) is the most schistosomiasis affected area (37.5%) followed by Kuyisa (25%). This is attributed to the presence of permanent stream (Fekerie stream) near camp 7. The present finding shows that the prevalence and intensity of schistosomiasis in the more affected camp 7 of Finchaa Sugar Estate was significantly higher among males than in females and its prevalence and intensity was found to be higher among study population within the age group of 11-20 years old. This study indicates that schistosomiasis is a major health problem in Finchaa Sugar Estate with moderate prevalence. The study results will provide an additional clinical and parasitological data on the current status of S. mansoni in Finchaa Sugar Estate and could serve as a guide in designing, developing and implementing intervention strategies to mitigate morbidity due to S. mansoni especially in highly risk groups under the Ethiopian health service system.Keywords: Egg per gram; Finchaa Sugar Estate; Kato-katz; Schistosomiasis; S. mansoni; Public health

Published
2014

35. Larvicidal effects of Jatropha curcas L. against Anopheles arabiensis (Diptera: Culicidea)

Author

Tomass, Z, Hadis, M, Taye, A, Mekonnen, Y, and Petros, B

Abstract

Crude and column chromatographic fractions of methanol leaf extract of Jatropha curcas were tested for their larvicidal activities against laboratory reared late third instar larvae of Anopheles arabiensis. Crude methanol leaf extract of J .curcas had similar larvicidal activity to 0.5 ppm Temephos (positive control) at test concentrations ranging from 125 -1000 ppm while column chromatographic fractions (F1 and F2 ) of the crude methanol leaf extract of J.curcas showed similar larvicidal activities to 0.5 ppm Temephos at 62.5 and 125 ppm test concentrations. Column chromatographic fraction three (F3) showed similar larvicidal activity to 0.5 ppm Temephos at 125 ppm test concentration. The LC50 and LC90 values of crude methanol leaf extract of J.curcas were found to be 92.09 and 241.09 ppm, respectively. Toxic activities of column chromatographic fraction one (F1) (LC50=28.65 ppm; LC90 = 49.20 ppm) were nearly equal to that of column chromatographic fraction two [F2] (LC50= 30.40 ppm; LC90 = 49.80 ppm). Least toxicity on the test larvae was observed by column chromatographic fraction three [F3] (LC50 = 80.70 ppm; LC90 = 123.70 ppm). Thus, the larvicidal activity of crude methanol leaf extract was not due to the synergistic effects of its fractions. Further studies are recommended to identify larvicidal active ingredients from the active column chromatographic fractions of crude methanol leaf extract of J. curcas. Key words: Malaria vector control, Anopheles arabiensis, Botanical larvicides J. curcas

Published
2011

37. Late disease stage at presentation to an HIV clinic in the era of free antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa

Author

Rajesh L, G. Meintjes, Elkhoury Eb, Paniago Am, de Cherif Tk, Lin Ys, A Maheshwari, Swaminathan S, Narayanan Pr, Cleary S, Petros B, Kigozi Im, Domingos H, Nicholas D, Kimaiyo S, Nneka Emenyonu, A M Siika, Jittamala P, Schoeman Jh, Elvin Geng, Martins Dm, Ankit Parakh, Maartens G, Nguessan J, Livesley N, Hahn Ja, Wools-Kaloustian K, Rebe K, Anand Prakash Dubey, Jeffrey N. Martin, Ajay Kumar, Karunaianantham R, Dobkin Lm, Bangsberg Dr, Puthanakit T, Braitstein P, Mwangi A, Muyindike W, Ayuo P, Adamu H, Musick B, da Cunha Rv, Sirisanthana, and Chaiinseeard S

Subjects
Program evaluation, Adult, Male, Delayed Diagnosis, Adolescent, Anti-HIV Agents, Voluntary counseling and testing, Population, HIV Infections, Decentralization, Article, Young Adult, Nursing, Risk Factors, Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active, Health care, Medicine, Humans, Pharmacology (medical), Uganda, education, Hospitals, Teaching, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, education.field_of_study, Data collection, business.industry, Middle Aged, Infectious Diseases, Cross-Sectional Studies, Data quality, Technical report, Female, business
Abstract

Access to free antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa has been steadily increasing, and the success of large-scale antiretroviral therapy programs depends on early initiation of HIV care. However, little is known about the stage at which those infected with HIV present for treatment in sub-Saharan Africa.We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of initial visits to the Immune Suppression Syndrome Clinic of the Mbarara University Teaching Hospital, including patients who had their initial visit between February 2007 and February 2008 (N = 2311).The median age of the patients was 33 years (range 16-81 years), and 64% were female. More than one third (40%) were categorized as late presenters, that is, World Health Organization disease stage 3 or 4. Male gender, age 46-60 years (vs. younger), lower education level, being unemployed, living in a household with others, being unmarried, and lack of spousal HIV status disclosure were independently associated with late presentation, whereas being pregnant, having young children, and consuming alcohol in the prior year were associated with early presentation.Targeted public health interventions to facilitate earlier entry into HIV care are needed, as well as additional study to determine whether late presentation is due to delays in testing vs. delays in accessing care.

Published
2009

38. Entomological studies on the impact of a small-scale irrigation scheme on malaria transmission around Ziway, Ethiopia

Author

Kibret, S., Petros, B., Boelee, Eline, and Tekie, H.

Subjects
Anopheles pharoensis, Irrigation schemes, Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies, Ziway, Surveys, Malaria, Anopheles arabiensis, Health Economics and Policy, parasitic diseases, Small scale systems, Ethiopia, International Development, Entomology, Research Methods/ Statistical Methods
Abstract

To evaluate the impact of a small-scale irrigation scheme on the level of malaria transmission in a semi-arid area, entomological studies were conducted in Zeway area, Central Ethiopia. Larval and adult anophelines were sampled during the dry and short-rainy seasons from irrigated and non-irrigated villages. Overall, significantly higher density of Anopheles larvae were found during the dry season in the irrigated village (Mean = 38.3 larvae/100 dips) than the non-irrigated village (7.4 larvae/100 dips). Canal leakage pools, irrigated fields and irrigation canals were the major sources of Anopheles mosquitoes. Larval and adult Anopheles pharoensis and An. arabiensis, principal malaria vectors in Ethiopia, were more abundant in the irrigated village than the non-irrigated village throughout the study period. Hourly light trap catches revealed that peak indoor and outdoor biting activities of An. arabiensis and An. pharoensis occurred during the early period of the night before the local inhabitants retire to bed. The majority of blood-engorged An. arabiensis (0.78) and An. pharoensis (0.69) had fed on humans, suggesting that their highly anthropophilic nature in Zeway area. Plasmodium falciparum infection rates of 1.02% and 0.54% were determined for An. arabiensis and An. pharoensis, respectively, in the irrigated village. This study demonstrated that due to poorly maintained irrigation structures, the irrigation scheme created conducive breeding grounds for malaria vector species, particularly during the dry season. Consequently, the period of malaria transmission might possibly extend from seasonal to year-round, involving the dry season. Proper water management coupled with environmental management such as source reduction could reduce vector abundance and hence malaria transmission in the irrigation schemes., In Awulachew, Seleshi Bekele; Loulseged, Makonnen; Yilma, Aster Denekew (Comps.). Impact of irrigation on poverty and environment in Ethiopia: draft proceedings of the symposium and exhibition, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 27-29 November 2007. Colombo, Sri Lanka: International Water Management Institute (IWMI).

Published
2008
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39. HIV-1 subtype C in commerical sex workers in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Author

Hussein, M., Abebe, A., Pollakis, G., Brouwer, M., Petros, B., Fontanet, A. L., Rinke de Wit, T. F., and Other departments

Abstract

In this study, we have investigated the diversity of the current HIV-1 strains circulating in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; in addition, we have evaluated the applicability of peptide enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) for HIV-1 subtyping. Previous studies have indicated that HIV-1 subtype C is the major subtype present in HIV-positive samples collected from various risk groups between 1988 and 1995 in Addis Ababa. To assess the possible influx of new HIV-1 subtypes, 150 commercial sex workers (CSW) reporting in 1997 to two Health Centers in Addis Ababa were enrolled in an unlinked anonymous cross-sectional study. Subtyping was performed according to the World Health Organization algorithm of peptide ELISA, followed by HMA and DNA sequencing. As a result, the HIV-1 prevalence among these CSWs was found to be 45% (67 of 150). Of the 67 samples, 66 contained HIV-1 of subtype C and only one was of subtype D. This confirms the persistent overall presence of HIV-1 subtype C in Addis Ababa and a low influx of other subtypes into this location

Published
2000

40. HIV-1 Subtype C gag-specific T-cell responses in relation to human leukocyte antigens in a diverse population of HIV-infected Ethiopians

Author

Tsegaye, A., Ran, L., Wolday, D., Petros, B., Dorigo, W., Piriou, E., Messele, T., Sanders, E.A.M., Tilahun, T., Eshetu, D., Schuitemaker, H., Coutinho, R.A., Miedema, F., Borghans, J.A.M., van Baarle, D., Tsegaye, A., Ran, L., Wolday, D., Petros, B., Dorigo, W., Piriou, E., Messele, T., Sanders, E.A.M., Tilahun, T., Eshetu, D., Schuitemaker, H., Coutinho, R.A., Miedema, F., Borghans, J.A.M., and van Baarle, D.

Published
2007

42. Stable pattern of HIV-1 subtype C gag-specific T-cell responses coincides with slow rate of CD4 T-cell decline in HIV-infected Ethiopians

Author

Infection & Immunity, CTI, Tsegaye, A., Ran, L.J., Wolday, D., Petros, B., Nanlohy, N.M., Meles, H., Girma, M., Hailu, E., Borghans, J.A.M., Miedema, F., van Baarle, D., Infection & Immunity, CTI, Tsegaye, A., Ran, L.J., Wolday, D., Petros, B., Nanlohy, N.M., Meles, H., Girma, M., Hailu, E., Borghans, J.A.M., Miedema, F., and van Baarle, D.

Published
2007

43. HIV-1 Subtype C gag-specific T-cell responses in relation to human leukocyte antigens in a diverse population of HIV-infected Ethiopians

Author

Infection & Immunity, Immunologie/Reumatologie, CTI, Tsegaye, A., Ran, L., Wolday, D., Petros, B., Dorigo, W., Piriou, E., Messele, T., Sanders, E.A.M., Tilahun, T., Eshetu, D., Schuitemaker, H., Coutinho, R.A., Miedema, F., Borghans, J.A.M., van Baarle, D., Infection & Immunity, Immunologie/Reumatologie, CTI, Tsegaye, A., Ran, L., Wolday, D., Petros, B., Dorigo, W., Piriou, E., Messele, T., Sanders, E.A.M., Tilahun, T., Eshetu, D., Schuitemaker, H., Coutinho, R.A., Miedema, F., Borghans, J.A.M., and van Baarle, D.

Published
2007

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