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Robert J Petrella1– 6 1Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; 2Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA; 3Emergency Departments, CharterCARE Health Partners, Providence and North Providence, RI, USA; 4Emergency Department, Boston VA Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; 5Emergency Departments, Steward Health Care Systems, Boston and Methuen, MA, USA; 6Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USACorrespondence: Robert J Petrella, Email robertjpetrella@yahoo.comAbstract: Sixth Disease (roseola infantum) and its primary causative agent, HHV-6, share names that numerically concur. This article examines and answers the question of whether that correspondence is by design or coincidental by briefly reviewing the history and nomenclature of the HHV viruses and the classic febrile rashes of childhood while highlighting some clinical and microbiologic features of HHV-6 infection.Keywords: HHV-6, HHV-7, human herpesviruses, roseola infantum, sixth disease, Kawasaki disease, viral taxonomy, nomenclature, emergency medicine, historical coincidence

A Migliore,1 G Gigliucci,1 RJ Petrella,2 RR Bannuru,3 X Chevalier,4 E Maheu,5 R Raman,6 G Herrero-Beaumont,7 N Isailovic,8 M Matucci Cerinc9 1Rheumatology Unit, San Pietro Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Rome, Italy; 2Department of Family Medicine, School of Kinesiology Western University, Western Centre for Public Health & Family, London, Ontario, Canada; 3Center for Treatment Comparison and Integrative Analysis Division of Rheumatology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA; 4Department of Rheumatology, Hôpital Henri Mondor, Creteil, France; 5Rheumatology Department, AP-HP, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Paris, France; 6Academic Department of Orthopaedics, Hull and East Yorkshire NHS Trust, Castle Hill Hospital, Cottingham, UK; 7Joint and Bone Research Unit, IIS-Fundacion Jimenez Diaz UAM, Madrid, Spain; 8Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy; 9Division of Rheumatology AOUC, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, ItalyCorrespondence: N IsailovicDivision of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Humanitas Research Hospital, Via A. Manzoni 56, Rozzano 20089, Milan, ItalyTel +39-02-8224-5118Email natasa.isailovic@humanitasresearch.itAbstract: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a rheumatic disease that affects the well-being of the patient, compromises physical and mental function, and affects other quality of life aspects. In the literature, several evidence-based guidelines and recommendations for the management of knee osteoarthritis (KOA) are available. These recommendations list the different therapeutic options rather than addressing a hierarchy between the treatments and defining the real target. Therefore, a question arises: are patients and physicians satisfied with the current management of KOA? Actually, the answer may be negative, thus suggesting a change in our therapeutic strategies. In this article, we address this challenge by suggesting that it is time to develop a “treat to target strategy” for KOA.Keywords: osteoarthritis, knee osteoarthritis, treat to target

Robert J Petrella,1,2 Craig Wakeford31Departments of Family Medicine, Medicine (Cardiology) and Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario; 2Aging, Rehabilitation & Geriatric Care Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON; 3Health Economics and Health Outcomes, Sanofi-Aventis Inc., Laval, QC, CanadaAbstract: From the Southwestern Ontario database, one of the largest primary-care datasets in Canada, 1,263 patients with osteoarthritis (OA) of one or both knees were identified who received two consecutive series of intra-articular (IA) injections of hylan G-F 20 preparation and no other prescribed OA medications, and were evaluated fully between 2006 and 2012. A cohort of 3,318 demographically matched OA patients who had not been treated with IA injection therapy was identified from the same database for comparison. Responses to therapy were assessed by means of a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS) for pain at rest and after completion of a 6-minute walk test (6MWT), while physical capacity was measured by performance in the 6MWT itself. After two cycles of hylan G-F 20 therapy, the average VAS score for pain at rest declined from 7.82±1.27 at baseline to 4.16±1.51 (average change 3.66±1.78, significantly more than the reduction of 3.12±2.03 seen in the reference group [P

Robert J Petrella,1–3 Dawn P Gill,2,3 Jean-Pascal Berrou4On behalf of the POWER survey Study Group 1Departments of Family Medicine, Medicine (Cardiology) and Kinesiology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; 2Aging, Rehabilitation and Geriatric Care Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; 3Department of Family Medicine and School of Health Studies, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada; 4Abbott Products Operations AG, Allschwil, Switzerland Objective: As part of the Physicians’ Observational Work on Patient Education According to their Vascular Risk (POWER) survey, we used Framingham methodology to examine the effect of an eprosartan-based regimen on total coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in diabetic patients recruited in Canada. Methods: Patients with new or uncontrolled hypertension (sitting systolic blood pressure [SBP] >140 mmHg with diastolic blood pressure

Robert J Petrella,1 Guy Tremblay,2 Guy De Backer,3 Dawn P Gill,4,5,6 On behalf of the POWER survey Study Group 1Department of Family Medicine and Cardiology, Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, ON, Canada; 2Centre hospitalier universitaire de Québec, Hôpital du Saint-Sacrement, Sainte-Foy, Québec, QC, Canada; 3Department of Public Health, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; 4Aging, Rehabilitation and Geriatric Care Research Centre, Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada; 5School of Health Studies, Western University, London, ON, Canada; 6Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Purpose/introduction: The Canadian Hypertension Education Program (CHEP) has identified blood pressure (BP) control as a key target for an overall reduction in cardiovascular disease risk. The POWER survey (Physicians’ Observational Work on Patient Education According to their Vascular Risk) used Framingham methodology to investigate the impact of an angiotensin-receptor-blocker-based regimen on arterial BP and total coronary heart disease (CHD) risk in a subset of patients recruited in Canada. Methods: 309 Canadian practices screened for patients with either newly diagnosed or uncontrolled mild/moderate hypertension (sitting systolic blood pressure [SBP] >140 mmHg with diastolic blood pressure [DBP]

Objective: Exercise is a cornerstone of diabetes management and the prevention of incident diabetes. However, the impact of the mode of exercise on cardiovascular (CV) risk factors in type 2 diabetes is unclear.Research Design and Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature between 1970 and October 2009 in representative databases for the effect of aerobic or resistance exercise training on clinical markers of CV risk, including glycemic control, dyslipidemia, blood pressure, and body composition in patients with type 2 diabetes.Results: Of 645 articles retrieved, 34 met our inclusion criteria; most investigated aerobic exercise alone, and 10 reported combined exercise training. Aerobic alone or combined with resistance training (RT) significantly improved HbA(1c) -0.6 and -0.67%, respectively (95% CI -0.98 to -0.27 and -0.93 to -0.40, respectively), systolic blood pressure (SBP) -6.08 and -3.59 mmHg, respectively (95% CI -10.79 to -1.36 and -6.93 to -0.24, respectively), and triglycerides -0.3 mmol/L (95% CI -0.48 to -0.11 and -0.57 to -0.02, respectively). Waist circumference was significantly improved -3.1 cm (95% CI -10.3 to -1.2) with combined aerobic and resistance exercise, although fewer studies and more heterogeneity of the responses were observed in the latter two markers. Resistance exercise alone or combined with any other form of exercise was not found to have any significant effect on CV markers.Conclusions: Aerobic exercise alone or combined with RT improves glycemic control, SBP, triglycerides, and waist circumference. The impact of resistance exercise alone on CV risk markers in type 2 diabetes remains unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the effect of exercise training on muscle strength and tendon function in healthy older adults and in those older athletes who have had total joint replacement (TJR). Recommendations for exercise prescription are addressed in these populations.Data Sources: PubMed was searched for articles published during the past 15 years identifying exercise training effects on muscle and tendon in older adults, including those after TJR. Identified studies were cross-referenced, and experts were consulted for additional articles.Data Selection: Thirteen articles described training effects on muscle and tendon in older adults. None described the effect on the post-TJR older adult. In healthy older adults, 6 studies were randomized controlled trials (RCTs); 7 were quasi-experimental designs. Three of the RCTs and 3 of the quasi-experimental studies were short-term (shorter than 12 weeks); the remaining trials lasted longer than 6 months. Most studies identified exercise prescription components. None of the studies on tendon or in patients after TJR contained prospective details of the training strategies used to make recommendations. In the latter, recommendations were based on consensus opinion.Synthesis: Outcome measures included strength and power change and adverse events. Exercise prescription components included intensity, mode, frequency, duration, and progression. Most studies found positive relationships between exercise training and these outcomes. No reliable evaluation instruments used to measure outcomes were found, and the long-term effect of interventions was not established.Conclusion: Exercise prescription recommendations for strength gains in healthy older adults are primarily for changes in muscle. Limited studies in tendon and no prospective studies post-TJR suggest areas for future research. In the latter case, general consensus suggests safety, including mode of sport used for exercise training, is paramount to any exercise prescription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: To determine the efficacy and safety of periarticular hyaluronic acid injections in acute lateral ankle sprain during 9 months at a sports injuries center. DESIGN: Randomized controlled prospective trial. SETTING: Primary sport medicine and emergency practice. PATIENTS: One hundred fifty-eight consecutive competitive athletes who suffered acute grade 1 or 2 lateral ankle sprains were randomized within 48 hours of injury. INTERVENTIONS: Patients were randomized at baseline to periarticular injection with hyaluronic acid (HA) + standard of care [rest, ice, compression, and elevation (RICE)] or placebo injection (PL) + standard of care (RICE) treatment at baseline assessment and on day 4 after injury. OUTCOMES MEASURES: Assessments at baseline and days 4, 8, 30, and 90 included Visual Analogue Scale (VAS; 0-10 cm) pain on weight bearing and walking 20 m, patient global assessment of ankle injury (five-point categorical scale), patient satisfaction with treatment (five-point categorical scale), time to return to pain-free and disability-free sport, and adverse events. Differences between groups were determined using an intent-to-treat analysis of variance. RESULTS: About 30% of the ankle sprains were 'first' events, and no differences in clinical assessments with those presenting but not volunteering for the study (n = 341) were observed. Time to intervention was 39 +/- 4 hours, with no difference between groups. No serious adverse events were recorded during the 8-day treatment period. No difference in concomitant treatment or physical therapy was observed between groups. A significant reduction in VAS pain on both weight bearing and walking was observed at day 8 for HA compared with PL (P < 0.05). Significantly greater patient satisfaction was observed for HA versus PL at days 4 (P < 0.05), 8 (P < 0.001), 30 (P < 0.001), and 90 (P < 0.05). Patient global assessment of ankle injury was significantly better compared with baseline in the HA group at day 8, but this was not different between groups. Time to pain-free and disability-free return to sport was 11 (+/-8) versus 17 (+/-8) days for HA and PL, respectively (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: HA treatment for acute ankle sprain was highly satisfactory in the short term and the long term versus PL. This was associated with reduced pain and more rapid return to sport, with few associated adverse events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: Intraarticular hyaluronic acid is indicated for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. However, clinical experience, especially efficacy and adverse events, with repeated injection series in the long term are limited. DESIGN: Patients were referred to a large primary care center for management of osteoarthritis of the knee. All were naive to intraarticular hyaluronic acid therapy and met our entry criteria, including resting visual analog scale pain of > 45 mm, radiographic confirmation of unilateral knee grade 1-3 osteoarthritis, and willingness to receive intraarticular therapy. Patients received a three-intraarticular injection series with Suplasyn (10 mg/ml, 2-ml injection) over 3 wks. Patients were instructed to return for consideration of repeat injection series based on their perception of pain restricting daily activity and a resumption of severity similar to their initial presentation. This prospective naturalistic cohort was followed for 6.7 yrs. Patients completed baseline assessment of rest and walking visual analog scale pain (primary efficacy variable), completed a 5-point categorical global satisfaction score, and recorded adverse events and concomitant therapeutic modality use at each study visit. Patients returned for consideration of a repeat injection series based on their perception of symptom severity and were eligible if their resting visual analog scale pain was > 45 mm. The three-injection series and data collection were repeated, and again, patients were given similar instructions regarding consideration of a third injection series. RESULTS: Of 897 referral patients, 537 (mean age, 68 +/- 8 yrs; mean duration of symptoms, 7.4 +/- 4.1 yrs) met our criteria, and only 21 patients did not return for a second injection series. The mean time between first and second series was 27 +/- 7 wks. The change in walking visual analog scale pain was significantly improved from baseline after the first series (81.3%, P < 0.001) and second series (86.7%, P < 0.0001). Similarly, resting visual analog scale pain was significantly decreased from baseline after the first (P < 0.001) and second (P < 0.001) series, and patient satisfaction was significantly improved with each injection series (P < 0.03 and P < 0.01). Very few adverse events were recorded and were limited to local pain and swelling. Use of concomitant therapeutic modalities at presentation for a second injection series included: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/cyclooxygenase-2 medications (37%), acetaminophen (31%), oral nutraceuticals (12%), and physical therapy and bracing (12%). CONCLUSIONS: Intraarticular hyaluronic acid injections were highly effective in improving resting and walking pain in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee on a first and a second treatment series. Duration of symptom control was about 6 mos, and the therapy was highly satisfactory to patients and was associated with very few local adverse events and limited use of concomitant therapeutic modalities. These data support the potential role of intraarticular hyaluronic acid as an effective long-term therapeutic option for patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Osteoarthritis of the great toe can lead to a progressive decrease in range of motion (ROM) and pain at the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. This condition, observed in older golfers, results in reduced participation and enjoyment of this popular activity.OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy, safety, and patient satisfaction with a series of intra-articular injections of hyaluronic acid (HA) into the first MTP joint in older patients who reported osteoarthritis-associated pain, loss of MTP joint ROM, and disability that interfered with golf participation.METHODS: Forty-seven consecutive male golfers met the inclusion criteria and were given a weekly intra-articular HA injection for 8 weeks. Baseline measures of MTP joint ROM, pain at rest and immediately after tiptoe walking for 10 m, and global patient satisfaction (GPS) were compared with measures at 9 and 16 weeks and at presentation for a second injection series.RESULTS: Adverse events (only local injection site pain was noted) were <0.01%. At 9 weeks, significant improvement in pain at rest, pain after tiptoe walking, ROM, and GPS were observed. These changes were maintained for all measures at 16 weeks. At presentation for the second series, GPS was significantly higher than at baseline and at 16 weeks. Pain at rest, tiptoe walking pain, and ROM were significantly improved from baseline, but tiptoe-walking pain was significantly reduced at 16 weeks.CONCLUSION: Intra-articular HA injection significantly improved pain tolerance at rest and with activity. Patient acceptance of the treatment was high, with very few adverse events in golfers who had osteoarthritis of the first MTP joint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The incidence of in-line skating injuries has increased with the rapid growth in the sport's popularity, but few studies have examined patterns of injuries.OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine the demographics of at-risk in-line skaters, document protective equipment use, identify contributing or precipitating factors associated with injuries, and obtain a profile of the injuries sustained.DESIGN: This prospective, descriptive study examined injuries among in-line skaters seen in emergency departments from three hospitals in Canada from August 23, 1995, to November 19, 1996. Patients completed questionnaires about their injuries, and the data were used for the analysis.RESULTS: A total of 121 skaters completed the study. The mean age of injured skaters was 24 years. The largest age-group of injured skaters (50%) were those between 18 and 35 years old. Although the ratio of male to female skaters was about equal (45% female, 55% male), twice as many males as females were younger than 18. The most common cause of injury was a loss of control with no obstacles (50% of patients), and the most common injury was forearm fracture. Most injured skaters were either experienced recreational (33.2%) or novice (37.5%), and, when injured, most skaters were wearing less protective equipment than usual.CONCLUSION: Loss of control and inexperience were factors contributing to about half the injuries. Protective equipment among skaters was underused. Future research must identify the overall incidence of injuries, optimal design and efficacy of protective equipment, and effectiveness of preventive strategies such as safety education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To review and determine the effectiveness of exercise treatment in osteoarthritis of the knee.Methods: A computerised literature search of Medline was carried out searching between June 1966 and January 2000.Results: Twenty three randomised controlled trials were identified from the literature. Only three trials were sufficiently powered. Small to moderate beneficial effects of exercise treatment were found for pain, small beneficial effects on disability outcome measures, and moderate to great beneficial effects were observed according to patient global assessment of effect. It was not possible to obtain evidence on the content of exercise interventions, as studies were hampered by lack of attention to proper concealment, reporting of adverse effects, and long term effects of exercise treatment. The lack of standard outcomes measures is also noted.Conclusions: The available evidence indicates beneficial short term effects of exercise treatment in patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. However, the number of available studies is limited, and more research is needed to expand this recommendation. Specifically, additional trials should provide information on adherence, home based interventions, interaction with pharmacological treatments, functional outcomes measures relevant to exercise treatment in these patients, and long term effects. At present, doctors should recommend exercise to all patients with mild/moderate disease. Further study should be encouraged and exercise should be continued to be recommended as a mainstay of non-pharmacological treatment of osteoarthritis of the knee. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Prefracture physical function must be accurately determined to set appropriate and attainable goals for rehabilitation following hip fracture. This is especially important for people who were living independently prior to their fracture. This study determines reliability and internal consistency of a prefracture physical function questionnaire (PFPFQ) completed by both patients and knowledgeable informants (KIs).Methods: A 20-item PFPFQ, including ambulation, transfers, balance, and self-care domains, was developed using focus groups. Community-dwelling patients with a hip fracture (N = 40, 77.9 +/- 8 years) completed the PFPFQ on two occasions during postoperative acute care. Forty KIs were identified by the patients and also completed the PFPFQ on two occasions via telephone interview. Day-to-day reliability of the patients and KIs [intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC)], and internal consistency [Kuder-Richardson coefficient (KR)] of the PFPFQ were determined.Results: Intrarater reliability was high with ICCs (95% confidence interval) of 0.94 (0.89, 0.96) for patients and 0.96 (0.93, 0.98) for KIs. Interrater reliability on occasion 1 had an ICC of 0.81 (0.69, 0.88). Internal consistency of the patient responses on the first occasion was high (KR coefficient = 0.896).Conclusions: The PFPFQ is a reliable and internally consistent instrument for determining prefracture physical function in community-dwelling people who fracture their hip. In situations where patients with a hip fracture are unable to provide this necessary information, KIs can provide reliable estimates of prefracture function to assist in setting appropriate rehabilitation goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the coming years, artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning will likely give rise to profound changes in the field of emergency medicine, and medicine more broadly. This article discusses these anticipated changes in terms of 3 overlapping yet distinct stages of AI development. It reviews some fundamental concepts in AI and explores their relation to clinical practice, with a focus on emergency medicine. In addition, it describes some of the applications of AI in disease diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment, as well as some of the practical issues that they raise, the barriers to their implementation, and some of the legal and regulatory challenges they create., (Copyright © 2024 American College of Emergency Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Resistance training (RT) is one of the most effective interventions available to older adults wishing to slow the progressive loss of muscle size and strength known to occur with age. Less is known about the ability of RT to resist the onset of an equally problematic condition related to increased age: obesity. The objective of this scoping review was to characterize current research associated with RT and weight loss in older adults, including protocols, feasibility, and gaps in current knowledge. We searched six databases using variations of the terms "resistance training," "weight loss," and "older adults" for experimental or quasi-experimental studies published in the year 2009 or later. Studies were included if they featured at least one treatment group with a mean age of > 65 years that engaged in an RT-only exercise protocol with no aerobic or high-intensity interval component. Of the 6102 references identified by the initial database search, 24 were retained for analysis. Older women and older adults with obesity or sarcopenic obesity were the most studied groups (n = 13), followed by healthy community-dwelling older adults (n = 11) and studies involving older adults and some aspect of either dietary control or pharmaceutical intervention (n = 8). Significant between-study heterogeneity was observed in the RT characteristics researchers thought optimal for improving body composition measures in older adults. Changes in body composition, rather than total body mass, were found to be the essential variables to consider when evaluating the effectiveness of an RT intervention aimed at reducing chronic disease in older adults. Weight loss alone appears to be an incomplete and problematic outcome measure for older adults, with changes in body composition (ratio of fat mass to lean mass) being the more appropriate variable to emphasize in this population. However, it is important to note that only one study, showing questionably reproducible findings, found a significant lean body mass gain. The lack of abundant high-quality evidence demonstrating combined RT and a healthy diet can lead to significant fat loss and lean body mass gain, coupled with high attrition rates observed in many of the studies reviewed, highlight the need for further rigorous research., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

Background: Previous research highlights the need for effective lifestyle interventions for men. Hockey Fans in Training (Hockey FIT) was developed as a pragmatic healthy lifestyle program tailored to men with overweight or obesity. This paper overviews the rationale, program details, and design of a recently completed cluster randomized controlled trial (RCT) of Hockey FIT. Participant engagement and baseline characteristics are also described., Methods: The RCT evaluated the effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, and implementation of Hockey FIT. Forty-two sites in Canada and the United States were randomized to either the Hockey FIT intervention group or wait-list control group. Participants were men, aged 35-65 years, with a body mass index (BMI) ≥27 kg/m 2 . Hockey FIT is a group-based, off-ice, in-person healthy lifestyle program, including both a 3-month active phase and a 9-month minimally-supported phase. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, 3, and 12 months. The primary outcome was weight loss at 12 months., Results: The design of the cluster RCT incorporates evaluations of participant health outcomes, program implementation, and broader healthcare system impact. In the RCT, 1397 participants were assessed for eligibility and 997 were enrolled. Most participants heard about the program through social media or hockey team emails. Participants averaged 49 years of age, had BMI values of 35.3 kg/m 2 , were predominately white, and had varying levels of education., Conclusion: The intended audience for Hockey FIT was recruited successfully, however, targeted recruitment to better engage diverse populations is warranted. This paper affords a useful outline for evaluating future lifestyle interventions tailored to men. This trial was registered on August 17, 2018 with ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier: NCT03636282)., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: This is a study protocol to co-create with knowledge users a core outcome set focused on middle-aged and older adults (40 years+) for use in social prescribing research., Methods: We will follow the Core Outcome Measures in Effectiveness Trials (COMET) guide and use modified Delphi methods, including collating outcomes reported in social prescribing publications, online surveys, and discussion with our team to finalize the core outcome set. We intentionally center this work on people who deliver and receive social prescribing and include methods to evaluate collaboration. Our three-part process includes: (1) identifying published systematic reviews on social prescribing for adults to extract reported outcomes; and (2) up to three rounds of online surveys to rate the importance of outcomes for social prescribing. For this part, we will invite people (n = 240) who represent the population experienced in social prescribing, including researchers, members of social prescribing organizations, and people who receive social prescribing and their caregivers. Finally, we will (3) convene a virtual team meeting to discuss and rank the findings and finalize the core outcome set and our knowledge mobilization plan., Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first study designed to use a modified Delphi method to co-create core outcomes for social prescribing. Development of a core outcome set contributes to improved knowledge synthesis via consistency in measures and terminology. We aim to develop guidance for future research, and specifically on the use of core outcomes for social prescribing at the person/patient, provider, program, and societal-level., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Esfandiari et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)