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The paper gives a short overview of the global situation. The difficulty to compare a city with another one is underlined. From the analysis on the pandemic confinement, we can see that the urban discomfort is different in the different residential areas. The paper also emphasises the role of the urban plan and it looks at the Italian spending plan for #NextGenerationItalia and the potential falling back on the future urban organisation. We recall the main theories and the best practices of the near past. The strategic significance of the relationship between the future economic model and the cities., Contesti. Citt��, territori, progetti, Vol. 1 No. 1 (2021): Terrestrial

In uno scenario globale nel quale le disparità economiche e sociali si acuiscono e i diritti che apparivano definitivamente acquisiti vengono progressivamente erosi (welfare compreso) ci si chiede se la disciplina urbanistica, con gli strumenti che le sono propri, può contribuire ad orientare le dinamiche territoriali in una direzione che tuteli i soggetti deboli e rafforzi la resilienza della struttura relazionale e materica della città. Sempre maggiore deve essere l’interazione tra politiche sociali, organizzazione spaziale e accessibilità funzionale, soprattutto quando la marginalità sociale si incrocia con questioni di genere, di etnia e di sub-cultura diffusa. Nonostante il tema della marginalità sia oramai un’emergenza e nonostante la teoria urbanistica abbia da tempo dichiarato che gli insediamenti urbani devono essere strutturati per rispondere alla domanda di ogni diversità, l’attualità urbana continua a restituirci città per WASP, nelle quali ogni soggetto debole incontra difficoltà di ogni grado. Il paper, dopo una definizione dei concetti di marginalità urbana e marginalità sociale, mediante il filtro della differenza di genere, e il contributo che l’azione urbanistica può dare, si concentra sull’ager campanus con i suoi insediamenti abusivi e privi di servizi, con la periferizzazione metropolitana che lo contraddistingue, con i beni confiscati alla criminalità organizzata e malamente o non ancora riutilizzati. Un riuso di tale beni, se integrato nel processo di pianificazione urbanistica, costituisce un contributo significativo all’inclusione dei soggetti più deboli e alla qualità urbana nel suo complesso. Il piano urbanistico deve garantire accessibilità, permeabilità, spazi pubblici di qualità e deve, soprattutto, ragionare sul concetto di comunità, comprendente abitanti, bambini e anziani, donne e uomini, italiani e stranieri, ecc.

The paper shows the partial results about a research funded by Regione Campania. The purpose of research is the construction of a methodological framework to project an appropriate intercultural town planning. The research explored: immigrant italian statistic data; different country integration models; EU sponsored programs; case study; regional and national Italian laws. The construction of the methodological proposal is a multi-disciplinary approach to realize an intercultural and safe city. The Social Identity Theory (Taiffel H.; 1974; David; B.; & Turner; J. C. 1999) explained us the intergroup discrimination dynamics. This theory is important to resolve the conflicts between autochthonous and ethnic groups as well as conflicts between different ethnic and religious groups. Social identities and city spaces identity are two sides of the same medal; so it is possible to follow the same criteria to build the new kinds of urban space: an urban space where people are not feeling left out; the configuration of the urban space to have to support interactions between intergroups. The intercultural city is a resilient and safe city. Resilient city because it adapt itself at the new cultural patterns but not losing the historical identity; it adds; takes off and adjust urban elements as well as it's always been done in the past. In this process; the different speeds of the material and the social components; in their changing; should be considered. About the urban safety; we have to apply the CPTED (Crime prevention through environmental design) too. It is equally important to implement an efficient participatory process at the design project; when possible; it is important to associate and assist selfbuilding too. In this way; people behavior will improve; but overall they learn to live together; to know and respect each other and the public spaces.

This study has started from the knowledge of the juridical-normative frame regulating the foreigners’ social rights in EU and in Italy and from the reading of directives, programs and documents produced from the EU and from the Region Campania. After this, the study has moved toward the tab of around fifty national and international case studies related to the activity of inclusion and of integration of the immigrated ones. From the comparative reading of the case studies, some immediately transferable strengths have been individualized. Then, we compared the cases studies with the European, Italian and regional Program; the next step has been the examination of the weight of the population immigrated in Italy and in the Region Campania and of its burden in the variation and formation of the real estate. In this way we have had useful "suggestions" for the elaboration of Urban Plans able to support the construction of the inter-cultural city and urban community (Consiglio d’Europa, 2003). In fact, in conclusion, the paper proposes an urban design in the city of Castel Volturno, which is one of four municipalities, along with Mondragone, Sessa Aurunca and Cellole, that belongs to the Domitian coast (Caserta). Since the nineties, the migrants who arrived on Italian territory recognized in the Domitian coast a new attraction center. This immigrant’s presence has led a change in the morphology of settlement. They live in a small town where there is social, urban and environmental decay

Nowadays, the phenomenon of social exclusion is growing up, especially in the middlegreat cities. Private affairs are acquiring a greater and greater control over the choices and the projects connected to urban transformations and, at the same time, they are ignoring the collective needs. The binomial private-collective affairs risks to weaken the resiliency of the cities, in other words it risks to weaken the ability of the urban system to react to the changes in a positive way. Since the urban system is complex, the preponderance of the profit-oriented logic weakens those components that should aim to reconstruct a new and effective balance. As known, the urban plan (UP) depends on the normative choices and on the political-administrative decisions. According to this, the UP – that does not have empowerment – is not a tool that can engrave on the resiliency of the city by itself, by increasing the capacity of structuring fair and sympathetic urban systems. Since the UP is merely a tool of technical support to the political project, it is clear that the role that it can play for the realization of a resilient city strictly depends on the policy choices (about integration or expulsion, assimilation or exclusion, hybridization, solidarity, marginalization, and citizenship, etc.). In reference to the Italian context, the paper investigates if and how the UP can provide effective responses to the needs of the most vulnerable citizens and, in particular, of the immigrants’ urban life. The UP defines, in fact, the articulation of the "adapted space", which must set the conditions through which each need can be expressed and satisfied, through which a suitable offer corresponds to the social demand, not only in quantitative terms but also in symbolic, aesthetic, semantic and identity terms. Therefore, the paper explores how public spaces can be structured and organized so that even "other" cultures can identify and acquire new shared identities and how different interests that often conflict between them (as, for example, between market and welfare) can be mediated. In the end, the paper tries to figure out whether and how the UP can make a contribution to the solution of conflicts between the above contrasting interests. The last research question deals with the tools that can support the act of planning or of developing (decision support – participatory processes) since they can let us understand if they can be effectively implemented, ensuring the contribution of the weaker members and the fulfilment of their needs.

The social exclusion, especially in the middle-great cities, is growing up; the private affairs are acquiring power in the choices and in the projects connected to urban transformations, ignoring the collective needs. The binomial private-collective affairs risks to weaken the resiliency of the cities, in other words it risks to weaken the ability of the urban system to react to the changes in a positive way; since the urban system is complex, the preponderance of the profit-oriented logic weakens those components that should aim to reconstruct a new and effective balance. The urban plan (PU) depends, as it is known, on the normative choices and on the political-administrative decisions. According to this, the PU - that does not have empowerment – is not a tool that can engrave on the resiliency of the city by itself, by increasing the capacity of structuring fair and sympathetic urban systems. Since the PU is merely a tool of technical support to the political project, it is clear that the role that it can play for the realization of a city resilient is strictly dependent on the policy choices (about integration or expulsion, assimilation or exclusion, hybridization, solidarity, marginalization, and citizenship, etc.). The paper addresses whether and how the PU, in Italy, can provide effective responses to the needs of the most vulnerable citizens and, in particular, of the immigrants’ urban life. The PU defines, in fact, the articulation of the "adapted space", which must set the conditions through which each need can be expressed and satisfied, through which to the social demand corresponds a suitable offer, not only in quantitative terms but also in symbolic, aesthetic, semantic and identity terms. Therefore, the paper explores how public spaces can be structured and organized so that even "other" cultures can identify and acquire new shared identities and how different interests that often conflict between them (as, for example, between market and welfare) can be mediated. In the end, the paper tries to figure out whether and how the PU can make a contribution to the solution of conflicts between the above contrasting interests. The last research question deals with the tools that can support the act of planning or of developing (decision support – participatory processes) since they can let us understand if they can be effectively implemented, ensuring the contribution of the weaker members and the fulfillment of their needs.

In Italy, unauthorized building is a very common phenomenon. In the present paper, we show the first results of a research focused on the impact of unauthorized buildings on urban and local systems, which frustrates the city plans and the previsions done before. For a start, it is appropriate to underline that if we want to know the amount and the quality of unauthorized building in the Italian Regions we need to proceed with a direct survey since Italian institutions, both at a national and at a local level, have not publicized any datum even if nearly thirty years have passed since the first national law concerning “building sanction” (Erbani, 2003). Italian laws determining rules and conditions in order to get building indemnity have been promulgated in 1985 (L. n. 47), in 1994 (L. n. 724), and in 2003 (L. n. 326). Because of the inefficient controls and of the increasing of unauthorized building, in the Eighties, Italian Government promulgated a law establishing that it was possible to get authorization a-posteriori after reporting the unauthorized building and supporting some costs. Law n. 47/1985 established seven cases of unauthorized building and the costs where calculated according to the time when the unauthorized building was realized. Law n. 724/1994 extended the number of cases and the time-span to refer to. Law 326/2003 extended even more the time-span and included also the buildings that were realized in hedged areas. The present research focuses on the relevant unauthorized buildings in order to investigate if the typology is the same or if it changes in reference to its causes and effects. Data are referred to three municipalities in Campania Region.

Water is the basis of human and urban civilization; transport is the basis of trade and therefore of social progress. For many centuries water was by far the most important mode of transport, this is the principle reason why cities with rivers or seaports were predominant over cities without such features. Initially, industrialization, the construction of the railways, the advent of the car and the beginning of air transport challenged the hegemonic role of the cities-port. However, since the introduction of containers in the mid-1950‘s and shortly after the construction of inter-ports the role of water transport has been revitalized. The containers and the enormous ships carrying them need great surface areas and long piers, so ports were moved outside of cities and, thus, the historical relationship between city and port was definitively broken. The decline of large parts of the urban water front triggered redevelopment initiatives, which over time changed their use from industrial to leisure. These initiatives were often given names such as ‘urban recovery’, ‘renewal’, ‘regeneration’, ‘redevelopment’, Barcellona interventi 90 Territorio della Ricerca su Insediamenti e Ambiente - 11 (2/2013) and so forth. Enormous leisure areas were the common denominator and often the buildings had an exclusive and, for this reason, homologated architecture designed by “archi-star” (famous architects). The new built-up areas were out of the local character and out of the historical city-port relationship. Almost always liberated port spaces remain the property of the Port Authority and for this reason the way of making decisions is difficult. Italian law provides for a set of governing bodies to decide how to plan the interventions in the port areas. However, the law does not impose a co-ordination of the border area between city and port. Thus, the good governance of this area is left to chance and the hope that the various bodies can find mutually satisfying agreements. Some good and bad practices in various cities around the world and in Italy show how the old inner city ports and the relationship between city, port and waterfront have changed. Relazione città-porto-waterfront: complessità e complicazioni. L’acqua è alla base della civiltà umana e della civiltà urbana; il trasporto è alla base degli scambi e quindi dell’evoluzione sociale. Il trasporto su acqua ha detenuto per millenni il primato sulle altre modalità di trasporto e, pertanto, gli insediamenti umani dotati di un porto hanno svolto un ruolo predominante rispetto alle città che ne erano prive. L’industrializzazione, unitamente all’introduzione della ferrovia, dell’automobile e del trasporto aereo hanno inizialmente modificato il ruolo egemone dei porti ma l’invenzione del container a metà anni cinquanta, seguita dalla costruzione degli interporti ha rivitalizzato il ruolo del trasporto marittimo che, però, ha dovuto spostare la gran parte delle attività lontano dalla città di cui era stato l’elemento generatore, parte integrante e fulcro dell’economia urbana. La dismissione di ampie aree sui waterfont urbani ha dato vita a interventi che, di volta in volta, sono stati definiti di recupero, di rinnovo urbano, di rigenerazione, di riqualificazione, ecc. Il comune denominatore è stato di grandi insediamenti per il tempo libero che se da un lato sono stati proposti quali interventi peculiari, dall’altro lato, il ricorso alla “archi-star” del momento ha determinato una omologazione culturale che, spesso, si è dimostrata non curante del genius loci. In Italia, alla complessità progettuale di recuperare, innovando, la relazione città-porto, si affianca la complessità di realizzare un intervento unitario su di una area la cui giurisdizione è in parte dell’autorità portuale e in parte dell’autorità comunale, sulla quale i soggetti decisionali sono molteplici e le gerarchie sono poco chiare. La descrizione di alcuni interventi considerati emblematici, in città straniere e italiane, spiega come è avvenuto il cambiamento della relazione tra la città, il porto e il waterfront.

"Situato in una scala intermedia fra la città ed [il singolo] edificio, il quartiere offre potenzialità operative interessanti, perché si presta alla sperimentazione di interventi mirati alla sostenibilità dell’insediamento urbano. La dimensione quartiere, infatti,consente di andare oltre il singolo elemento ‘sostenibile’ e, allo stesso tempo, evita di affrontare, in prima istanza, la complessità della totalità di un sistema urbano. Questo studio, partendo dalla messa a punto di un metodo di analisi comparata, applicata ad alcuni casi studio internazionali, intende definire una proposta di protocollo di regole urbanistiche finalizzate a garantire l’effettiva sostenibilità nei piani attuativi di intervento"

Viene illustrato il caso relativo a una proprietà immobiliare confiscata alla "camorra" per la quale è stata attivata un'azione di recupero edilizio e funzionale.

Convegno Internazionale di Studi, Città e sedi umane fondate tra realtà ed utopia. The title of the paper states that the residential neighbourhoods (built during forty years in Italy) are by the same standards of the foundation of towns. The dissertation goes through the foundation cities and utopian theories history and stresses highlight the “new towns” invariants. If we look as the urban planners we can say that the cities planned in the last two centuries and the residential neighbourhoods built after the last world war are very similar: they were built where there weren’t human settlements, they have the same underlying theory, they the have the same plane, the same dimension, the same thickness, etc. This paper introduces Claudia de Biase’s contribution, which is titled “Residential neighbourhoods: foundation and utopian city’s”. de Biase’s contribution is the ideal completion of this one, because it offers more elements, which supports the answered hypothesis.

The urban plan (PRG) has been introduced in Italy in 1942. The first substantial innovation has been held on 1968 and, after the devolution of rules (legislative power) to the regions, the plan has occurred a lot of different names and structures. “Regolatore”, strategic, structural or operative, the urban plan is an instrument of technical support to the administrative-political items. To realize this items, we have to improve a correct and efficient design and management of the different instruments dedicated to the “territorial governance”. The system of rules of the urban plan disciplines the territorial uses and its works to arrange and ratifies the relationships between the “public” and the “private” city. About the public city, the Administrative Institutions guarantees to “all” citizens public services to move, to develop theirs activities, to welfare; on the other hand, for the private city, the government defines the rules to manage the individual freedom of every citizen without restrictions to the common well-being. The city is the place of living of the several part of the world population. Therefore, this cities are the places where the social conflicts are maximized and the percentage of immigrants from the Developing Countries, with their traditions and cultures, is increasing. The part of population with diverse customs and habits requests new kind of goods and services. Therefore, creativity is the keyword to design and to manage the city of diversities. According to an adequate political issue, the urban plans and its implementation instruments can: - introduces projects oriented to strike down the urban barriers between diversities; - realizes creative public spaces to improve orienting and participation of an inter-ethnic and inter-cultural community.

L’acqua è alla base della civiltà umana e della civiltà urbana; il trasporto è alla base degli scambi e quindi dell’evoluzione sociale. Il trasporto su acqua ha detenuto per millenni il primate sulle altre modalità di trasporto e, pertanto, gli insediamenti umani dotati di un porto hanno svolto un ruolo predominante rispetto alle città che ne erano prive. L’industrializzazione, unitamente all’introduzione della ferrovia, dell’automobile e del trasporto aereo hanno inizialmente modificato il ruolo egemone dei porti ma l’invenzione del container a metà anni cinquanta, seguita dalla costruzione degli interporti ha rivitalizzato il ruolo del trasporto marittimo che, però, ha dovuto spostare la gran parte delle attività lontano dalla città di cui era stato l’elemento generatore, parte integrante e fulcro dell’economia urbana. La dismissione di ampie aree sui waterfont urbani ha dato vita a interventi che, di volta in volta, sono stati definiti di recupero, di rinnovo urbano, di rigenerazione, di riqualificazione, ecc. Il comun denominatore è stato di grandi insediamenti per il tempo libero che se da un lato sono stati proposti quali interventi peculiari, dall’altro lato, il ricorso alla “archi-star” del momento ha determinato una omologazione culturale che, spesso, si è dimostrata non curante del genius loci. In Italia, alla complessità progettuale di recuperare, innovando, la relazione città-porto, si affianca la complessità di realizzare un intervento unitario su di una area la cui giurisdizione è in parte dell’autorità portuale e in parte dell’autorità comunale, sulla quale i soggetti decisionali sono molteplici e le gerarchie sono poco chiare. La descrizione di alcuni interventi considerati emblematici, in città straniere e italiane, spiega come è avvenuto il cambiamento della relazione tra la città, il porto e il waterfront., Territorio della Ricerca su Insediamenti e Ambiente. Rivista internazionale di cultura urbanistica, No 11 (2013): Sea and the City

Il Saggio introduce la ricerca della giovane studiosa che, tutorata da Bianca Petrella, "riordina" la miriade di strumenti urbanistici e paraurbanistici che, a partire dal 1942, sono stati introdotti nel nostro Paese dalla legislazione nazionale e regionale

Il paper tratta il tema della manutanzione urbanistica

Il volume raccoglie i risultati di una ricerca Prin che, oltre agli aspetti giuridico/legali ha voluto esplorare quali sono gli elementi della progettazione urbanistica che possono contribuire alla sicurezza e tranquillità degli spazi della città, nell'organizzazione dei qualideve trovare collocazione, reale e percettiva, la componente multiculturale