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The access of non-resident patients to the deceased donor waiting list (DDWL) poses different challenges. The European Committee on Organ Transplantation of the Council of Europe (CD-P-TO) has studied this phenomenon in the European setting. A questionnaire was circulated among the Council of Europe member states to inquire about the criteria applied for non-residents to access their DDWL. Information was compiled from 28 countries. Less than 1% of recipients of deceased donor organs were non-residents. Two countries never allow non-residents to access the DDWL, four allow access without restrictions and 22 only under specific conditions. Of those, most give access to non-resident patients already in their jurisdictions who are in a situation of vulnerability (urgent life-threatening conditions). In addition, patients may be given access: (i) after assessment by a specific committee (four countries); (ii) within the framework of official cooperation agreements (15 countries); and (iii) after patients have officially lived in the country for a minimum length of time (eight countries). The ethical and legal implications of these policies are discussed. Countries should collect accurate information about residency status of waitlisted patients. Transparent criteria for the access of non-residents to DDWL should be clearly defined at national level.

This study compares the amount of available biomass for wild herbivores (red deer (Cervus elaphus L.), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.), and hare (Lepus europaeus Pallas)) depending on three different types of forest silvicultural systems-presented using the example of beech and spruce stands in wintertime. During the winter period, spruce provided ten times more biomass for herbivores than beech. However, beech provided more metabolizable energy, 7.38 MJ/kg on average, whereas spruce only provided 6.57 MJ/kg. From the point of view of "risk of damage by herbivores", artificial regeneration suffered the worst damage after using the Clear Cutting method of forest regeneration, as there was the least amount of biomass available, and thus, herbivores caused the greatest damage. On average, 12% of shoots were damaged in clearings. Most at risk was young forest vegetation up to 1 m tall. In summer, the area was overgrown with available plants, but in winter, the herbivores focused mainly on eating woody shoots. Damage to the natural regeneration when using the Shelterwood Cutting and Strip Cutting regeneration methods ranged up to 3%. At the same time, a high amount of available biomass was measured there, most likely due to its frequent natural regeneration. Thus, both types of trees regenerated in this way were not as susceptible to damage by herbivores as when regenerated using the Clear Cutting method. info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess

The photoinduced self-cleaning and super-hydrophilic properties of titania (TiO2) coated glasses are considered to be utilized in many applications. The photocatalytic activity of titania is inherent to the glass composition and to the deposition method. Particularly sodium ions diffused to the titania film from the substrate have tremendous impact on its crystallinity. The deposition method influences surface, structure, and the density of the film. This study aims to provide new findings regarding the mechanism of crystallization of sol–gel synthesized titania and its thin films deposited by means of two different methods (dip-coating and spin-coating) onto the glass substrate with a high content of sodium ions (soda-lime glass) and without sodium ions (quartz glass). The main attention is devoted to Raman spectroscopy and Raman point-to-point mapping of the films. The content and the chemical state of the sodium ions were judged using the XPS. It is shown that the dip-coating method led to dense compact material. In this case the crystallization is localized in randomly distributed centers of nucleation. Contrary the spin-coated samples embodied a web-like pattern of cracks, from which the crystallization proceeds throughout the film. Additionally SEM, AFM, XRD, GDS, UV–VIS methods were performed to support the results.

Na + ions have a detrimental effect on the photocatalytic activity of thin sol gel films deposited on soda lime glass due to their diffusion into the film during the calcination process. Given that the content of sodium in glass substrate might be the crucial parameter in determining the activity of a photocatalyst, the aim of the present work was the comparison of the photoinduced properties of a thin TiO 2 film prepared on three different glass substrates namely on quartz (Q) glass, borosilicate (BS) glass and soda lime (SL) glass which have different sodium content. The prepared layers were characterised by X-ray diffraction and UV–vis spectroscopy. The diffusion of Na + from the substrate into the layers was determined by Glow Discharge Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activities of the films were assessed using two model pollutant test systems (resazurin/resorufin ink and stearic acid film), which appeared to correlate reasonably well. It was observed that TiO 2 layer on SL glass has a brookite crystalline structure while the TiO 2 layer on BS and Q glass has an anatase crystalline structure. On the other hand, the photodegradation of the model dye on TiO 2 films deposited on Q and BS glass is about an order higher than on SL glass. The low sodium content of BS glass makes it the most suitable substrate for the deposition of photoactive sol gel TiO 2 films.

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are often used as precursors for mixed-oxide catalysts and the deposition of a LDH layer on supporting materials would be advantageous because of better utilization of active components. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the formation of LDHs on Al2O3/Al supports prepared by the anodic oxidation of aluminum foil in dilute aqueous solutions of Co, Mn, and/or Ni nitrates. The LDH deposition was carried out under hydrothermal conditions at 80–180°C for periods ranging from 8 h to 7 days. In the initial stages of the reaction, a surface alumina hydration was observed. The LDH phase was detected after long-term deposition (3–7 days) at 120–160°C and only a small amount of Mn was incorporated in the LDHs deposited. In solutions containing only Co and Mn cations, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show a gradual growth of platy crystals resulting in the formation of discrete bulky aggregates with sizes up to several tens of micrometers. The adhesion of aggregates to the support probably decreased with increasing size and oversized aggregates fell away; none was found in SEM images of the samples obtained after prolonged reaction times. When Ni cations were present in the solution, they were incorporated preferentially into the LDH phase; an homogeneous layer was formed, with single platy crystals oriented perpendicular to the support. After calcination at 500°C, the products formed on Al2O3/Al support exhibited a shift of reduction maxima to higher temperatures in comparison with mixed oxides obtained by thermal decomposition of coprecipitated LDHs.

TiO 2 films modified either with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) or SiO 2 were prepared by a sol–gel method combined with dip-coating. TiO 2 /PDMS films have a lower abrasion resistance and are more hydrophobic than the TiO 2 /SiO 2 ones. As the TiO 2 /PDMS films calcined at 350–450 °C exhibit developed micro-mesoporosity, they adsorb considerable amounts of methylene blue from its water solution. However, their photocatalytic activity in the decomposition of this dye is very low. On the contrary, these films are highly active in the degradation of the layers of methyl stearate. This efficiency variation is explained by the film-developed porosity. The films modified with SiO 2 have very good abrasion resistance and can be easily converted by weak UV-illumination into substantially stable superhydrophilic state. Furthermore, they exhibit good photocatalytic properties in both test reactions.

International audience; Effects of strongly radioactive primary minerals (mainly monazite) on the surroundings are compared in various rocks of similar chemical and mineral composition (mainly granites and paragneisses) of the Moldanubian area in the Bohemian massif. All these rocks cooled to ,150 C at similar time (300-250 Ma B.P.). Aureoles of secondary phases formed which extend up to 20 mm from the monazite surface (the thickness probably corresponds to the zone of most intense damage by a-particles). They mainly consist of low temperature clay minerals usually mixed with Fe-hydroxides; in some samples pyrite is common too. Pyrrhotite and pyrite also penetrate into the monazite and locally partly replace it. In a granite affected by strongly oxidizing alteration, monazite was finally replaced by a complicated hydrated phosphate. The halos of secondary phases most commonly occur around monazite in cordierite, but also in plagioclase and in quartz. It is unimportant if the monazite is included in one mineral grain or is located at grain boundaries. Compared to previous studies in similar rocks with similar cooling ages (e.g., in Erzgebirge and Massif Central, as documented in literature), quartz was destroyed relatively easily. In most cases the alteration of primary minerals close to radioactive grains cannot be explained in a conservative way that the radiation damage only helps to precipitation of secondary phases during a ''ubiquitous'' fluid alteration. It seems that the radioactivity promotes reactions of the primary minerals with fluid (fluid inclusions and H 2 O in channels of the cordierite structure) even at ''static'' conditions. The volume changes (caused by hydration or amorphization) make easier a later import of external fluid. The reason why these phenomena are observed in some regions and not in very similar rocks in other regions is not understood yet, but it is likely that the rocks of the Moldanubian area are mostly above-averagely rich in aqueous fluids. The frequent association of monazite with hydrated secondary phases may contribute significantly to resetting monazite ages during metamorphism and partial melting. In addition, the neglecting of the chemical transformation of the nuclear energy for the calculations of radioactive heat production and heat budgets of rocks is questioned.

The degradation processes of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), an important pollutant, are rather slow and do not lead to the complete decomposition. In the present work the photocatalytic degradation of dibutyl phthalate in the presence of TiO2 was studied. Experiments were carried out in suspensions and with immobilized layers, prepared from powder suspensions and by sol-gel technique. Two different polychromatic light sources (band maxima at 350nm and 365nm) were used for irradiation. The results confirmed that the photocatalytic degradation of DBP using TiO2 is an efficient degradation process and proceeds even at very low concentration of photocatalyst (0.001gdm−3). Reaction rates were significantly higher in the case of the lamp with the maximum at 365nm, which is due to the higher light intensity of this lamp. At comparable TiO2 amount P25 layers exhibit about 50% of photoactivity using TiO2 suspension.

Eksplicitinis straipsnio tikslas yra pristatyti kiekybinį požiūrį į genetinę baltų-slavų kalbų klasifikaciją. Implicitinį straipsnio tikslą, straipsnio autorių teigimu, galima apibūdinti kaip bandymą reabilituoti vadinamąjį glotochronologijos metodą. Straipsnis gali pasitarnauti taip pat kaip įrodymas, jog įmanoma suderinti archeologijos ir istorijos duomenis. Straipsnyje išsamiai aptariama: radioaktyviojo anglies izotopo metodas, "klasikinė glotochronologija" pagal Morrisą Swadeshą, "modernesnė glotochronologija" pagal Sergejų Starostiną, leksinės statistikos ir glotochronologijos taikymas slavų kalbose, leksinės statistikos ir glotochronologijos taikymas baltų ir baltų-slavų kalbose, ryšiai tarp nekalbinių disciplinų -- istorijos ir archeologijos. Apibendrinant straipsnio mintis rekonstruojama baltų-slavų kalbinio kontinuumo priešistorė ir ankstyvoji istorija tokiais laiko etapais: XV/XIV a. pr. Kr. -- protoslavų susikristalizavimas pietinėje protobaltų kontinuumo periferijoje, kuri tęsėsi nuo Silezijos iki centrinės Ukrainos. X/VIII a. pr. Kr. -- pietvakarinių baltų dialekto atsiskyrimas nuo centrinio baltų dialekto. 200 m. po Kr. -- V a. po Kr. slavų ir kai kurių rytinių germanų genčių (gotų?) sambūvis teritorijoje nuo Vistulos iki Dniepro vidurio. VI a. po Kr. -- slavų ekspansija ir pirmasis dialektų išsiskyrimas tarp rytinių slavų ir kitų slavų. VI a. po Kr. -- latvių atsiskyrimas nuo kitų centrinių baltų dialektų. The explicit aim of the article is to present the quantitative view of the genetic classification of Baltic – Slavic languages. The implicit aim, according to the authors, can be characterized as an attempt to rehabilitate the so-called glottochronology method. The article can be used as evidence that one can match the data of archeology and history. The article provides a comprehensive discussion of the following: the radioactive coal isotope method, the "classic glottochronology” according to Morris Swadesh, the "modern glottochronology" according to Sergey Starostin, application of lexical statistics and glottochronology in the Slavic languages, application of lexical statistics and glottochronology in the Baltic and Baltic-Slavic languages, the relations between the non-language subjects, i. e. history and archeology. To summarize the ideas, expressed in the article, the pre-history and the early history of the Baltic-Slavic language continuum is reconstructed according to the following phases: the 15th – 14th century BC – crystallization of proto-Slavs in the Southern periphery of the proto-Baltic continuum, which laid from Silesia to the central Ukraine. The 10th – 8th century BC – separation of the Southwestern Balts’ dialect from the central Balts’ dialect. The coexistence of Slavic and certain Eastern German tribes (Goths?) during the time period from 200 AD – 5th century AD on the territory from Vistula to mid-Dnieper. The 6th century AD – the Slavic expansion and the first distinguishing of dialects between the Eastern and other Slavs and separation of Latvian from other central Baltic dialects.

A reversed-phase HPLC method has been developed for identification and quantitation of nine natural quinone dyes and applied to historical textile fibres. A Purospher RP18e column was used with a convex gradient of methanol in a mobile phase of 0.1 M aqueous citrate buffer (pH 2.5) and spectrophotometric diode-array detection at 270 nm. For identification of alizarin, purpurin and xanthopurpurin, occurring together in the madder plant, an isocratic method was used with a methanol-0.2 M acetate buffer (pH 4.3) (75:25) as the mobile phase. After an acid extraction of textile fibres and the analysis of the extracts, alizarin and purpurin were identified and quantitated in three fibres.