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This work investigates the effect of varying the knitting structure and stitch length (SL) on various thermo-physiological and ergonomic comfort properties of the occupational graduated compression socks. Thermo-physiological comfort, ergonomic comfort and dimensional stability of theses stockings were analysed in a comparative manner. Obtained results were evaluated statistically using the technique of analysis of variance (ANOVA). A Fisher's multiple comparison test was commissioned to analyze the relationship between the alteration of stitch length (SL) on various utility functions and properties desired in the occupational compression socks. In order to examine whether the difference of stitch length is significant, p values were determined. Further the influence of knitting structures e.g., plain, 2 × 2 Rib and 1 × 3 Rib was analysed on the selected properties. The interactive effect of both stitch length (SL) and knitting structure was studied using statistical techniques. It was concluded that knitting structure has a stronger impact on thermo-physiological and ergonomic comfort properties. Results showed a significant variation in thermo-physiological and ergonomic comfort by altering stitch length by means of the statistical analysis. An innovative approach for the manufacturers has been developed for optimizing performance in compression stockings. The construction of the compression socks can thus be optimized in terms of constructional parameters to provide optimum comfort to the users.

This paper investigates the development of fabric materials using several blends of inherently fire-resistant (FR) fibers and various knitted structures. The samples are evaluated with respect to their performance and comfort-related properties. Inherently fire-resistant fibers, e.g., Nomex, Protex, carbon and FR viscose, were used to develop different structures of knitted fabrics. Cross-miss, cross-relief, and vertical tubular structures were knitted by using optimum fiber blend proportions and combinations of stitches. Several important aspects of the fabric samples were investigated, e.g., their physical, mechanical and serviceability performance. Thermo-physiological and tactile/touch-related comfort properties were evaluated in addition to flame resistance performance. An analysis of mechanical performance indicated that the knitted structure has a significant influence on the tensile strength, bursting strength and pilling resistance. The cross-relief structure proved to be the strongest followed by the cross-miss and vertical tubular structures. The FR station suits made from 70:30 Protex/Nomex exhibited the best combination of tensile and bursting strength; therefore, this material is recommended for making a stable and durable station suit. Interestingly, it was also concluded from the experimental study that knitted samples with a cross-relief structure exhibit the best fire-resistance performance. Fiber blends of 70:30 Protex/Nomex and 70:30 Nomex/carbon were found to be optimum in terms of overall performance. The best flame resistance was achieved with Nomex:carbon fiber blends. These results were confirmed with vertical flammability tests, TGA, DTGA and cone calorimetry analysis. The optimization of blend composition as well as knitting structure/architecture is a crucial finding toward designing the best FR station suit in terms of mechanical, dimensional, thermal, thermo-physiological and flame resistance performance.

The current work is focused on numerical and experimental studies of woven fabric composites modified by hybridisation with biological (cellulosic) filler materials. The mechanical performance of the composites is characterized under tensile, bending and impact loads and the effect of hybridisation is observed with respect to pure and nonhybrid composites. Numerical models are developed using computational tools to predict mechanical performance under tensile loading. The computational prediction results are compared and validated with relevant experimental results. This research is aimed at understanding the mechanical performance of basalt–epoxy composites partially reinforced with micro-/nano-sized bio-fillers from cellulose and intended for various application areas. Different weave structures, e.g., plain, twill, matt, etc., were investigated with respect to the mechanical properties of the hybrid composites. The effects of hybridizing with cellulose particles and different weave patterns of the basalt fabric are studied. In general, the use of high-strength fibres such as basalt along with cellulosic fillers representing up to 3% of the total weight improves the mechanical performance of the hybrid structures. The thermomechanical performance of the hybrid composites improved significantly by using basalt fabric as well as by addition of 3% weight of cellulosic fillers. Results reveal the advantages of hybridisation and the inclusion of natural cellulosic fillers in the hybrid composite structures. The material developed is suitable for high-end applications in components for construction that demand advanced mechanical and thermomechanical performance. Furthermore, the inclusion of biodegradable fillers fulfills the objectives of sustainable and ecological construction materials.

The paper deals with research focused on the use of fillers in the field of polymeric materials produced by additive technology SLA (stereolithography). The aim of the research is to evaluate 3D printing parameters, the mechanical properties (tensile strength, hardness), and the interaction of individual phases (polymer matrix and filler) in composite materials using SEM analysis. The tested fillers were cotton flakes and ground carbon fibres in different proportions. For the photosensitive resins, the use of cotton flakes as filler was found to have a positive effect on the mechanical properties not only under static but also under cyclic loading, which is a common cause of material failure in practice. The cyclic stress reference value was set at an amplitude of 5–50% of the maximum force required to break the pure resin in a static tensile test. A positive effect of fillers on the cyclic stress life of materials was demonstrated. The service life of pure resin was only 168 ± 29 cycles. The service life of materials with fillers increased to approximately 400 to 540 cycles for carbon fibre-based fillers and nearly 1000 cycles for cotton flake-based fillers, respectively. In this paper, new composite materials suitable for the use of SLA additive manufacturing techniques are presented. Research demonstrated the possibilities of adding cotton-based fillers in low-cost, commercially available resins. Furthermore, the importance of material research under cyclic loading was demonstrated.

In this paper, the fatigue behavior of polylactic acid (PLA) material with bamboo filler printed by 3D additive printing using fused deposition modelling (FDM) technology at different infill densities and print nozzle diameters is investigated. The mechanical test results are supported by the findings from SEM image analysis. The fatigue behavior was tested at four consecutive 250 cycles at loads ranging from 5 to 20, 30, 40, and 50% based on the limits found in the static tensile test. The results of the static tensile and low-cycle fatigue tests confirmed significant effects of infill density of 60%, 80%, and 100% on the tensile strength of the tested specimens. In particular, the research results show a significant effect of infill density on the fatigue properties of the tested materials. The influence of cyclic tests resulted in the strengthening of the tested material, and at the same time, its viscoelastic behavior was manifested. SEM analysis of the fracture surface confirmed a good interaction between the PLA matrix and the bamboo-based filler using nozzle diameters of 0.4 and 0.6 mm and infill densities of 60%, 80%, and 100%. Low-cycle testing showed no reductions in the mechanical properties and fatigue lives of the 3D printed samples.

Abstract Compression stockings/socks are one of the most essential materials to treat vascular disorders in veins. However, the comfort of wearing such stockings over prolonged period of time is a major problem. There is limited research in the area of comfort optimization while retaining the compressional performance. The current work is carried out with an aim to determine the optimum level of the input factors e.g., knitting structure, plaiting yarn linear density and main yarn linear density for achieving desired stretch recovery percentage and thermo-physiological comfort properties of compression socks used in treatment of vascular disorders. Their optimum combination was determined by using Taguchi based techniques for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution i.e., TOPIS. In this study, thickness, areal density, air permeability, thermal resistance, over all moisture management capacity (OMMC), stretch and recovery % were optimized simultaneously by using Taguchi-TOPSIS method. The results showed that linear density of plaiting and main yarn has significant influence on all the comfort related properties for compression stockings/socks. The optimum sample had linear density 20 denier for Lycra covered by 70 denier of nylon 66 in the plaiting yarn. It also suggested 120 denier nylon 66 in the main yarn knitted into a plain single jersey structure. The percentage contribution of the factors i.e., structure, plaiting yarn linear density and main yarn linear density was obtained by using ANOVA which are 7%, 31% and 42% respectively. It is worth mentioning that in case of compression stockings, the main yarn linear density has more significant effect on comfort properties as compared to other independent parameters. The results were verified by experiment, and the accuracy was relatively high (maximum error 8.533%). This study helped to select suitable knit structure with the change of linear densities of plaiting yarn and main yarn for comfortable compression stocking/sock and will fulfill the potential requirement for treatment of venous/vascular disorders. The novel methodology involving TOPSIS method helped in analyzing the cumulative contribution of the input parameters to achieve optimum compression as well as comfort performance. This modern approach is based on contemporary scientific principles and statistical approximations. This study may provide benchmark solutions to complex problems involving multiple interdependent criteria.

Abstract For a sustainable environment and to tackle the pollution problem, industrial wastes can be used in concrete composite materials. This is especially beneficial in places prone to earth quack and lower temperature. In this study, five different types of waste fibres such as polyester waste, rubber waste, rock wool waste, glass fibre waste and coconut fibre waste were used as an additive in 0.5% 1%, and 1.5% by mass in concrete mix. Seismic performance related properties of the samples were examined through evaluation of compressive strength, flexural strength, impact strength, split tensile strength, and thermal conductivity. Results showed that, impact strength of the concrete significantly improved by the addition of fibre reinforcement in concrete. Split tensile strength and flexural strength were significantly reduced. Thermal conductivity was also influenced by addition of polymeric fibrous waste. Microscopic analysis was performed to examine the fractured surfaces. In order to get the optimum mix ratio, multi response optimization technique was used to determine the desired level of impact strength at an acceptable level of other properties. Rubber waste was found to be the most attractive option followed by coconut fibre waste for the seismic application of concrete. The significance and percentage contribution of each factor was obtained by Analysis of variance ANOVA (α = 0.05) and pie chart which showed that Factor A (waste fibre type) is the main contributor. Confirmatory test was done on optimized waste material and their percentage. The order preference similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) technique was used for developed samples to obtain solution (sample) which is closest to ideal as per given weightage and preference for the decision making. The confirmatory test gives satisfactory results with error of 6.68%. Cost of reference sample and waste rubber reinforced concrete sample was estimated, which showed that 8% higher volume was achieved with waste fibre reinforced concrete at approximately same cost as pure concrete. Concrete reinforced with recycled fibre content is potentially beneficial in terms of minimizing resource depletion and waste. The addition of polymeric fibre waste in concrete composite not only improves seismic performance related properties but also reduces the environmental pollution from waste material which has no other end use.

Limited efficiency, lower durability, moisture absorbance, and pest/fungal/bacterial interaction/growth are the major issues relating to porous nonwovens used for acoustic and thermal insulation in buildings. This research investigated porous nonwoven textiles composed of recycled cotton waste (CW) fibers, with a specific emphasis on the above-mentioned problems using the treatment of silicon coating and formation of nanofibers via facile-solution processing. The findings revealed that the use of an economic and eco-friendly superhydrophobic (contact angle higher than 150°) modification of porous nonwovens with silicon nanofibers significantly enhanced their intrinsic characteristics. Notable improvements in their compactness/density and a substantial change in micro porosity were observed after a nanofiber network was formed on the nonwoven material. This optimized sample exhibited a superior performance in terms of stiffness, surpassing the untreated samples by 25–60%. Additionally, an significant enhancement in tear strength was observed, surpassing the untreated samples with an impressive margin of 70–90%. Moreover, the nanofibrous network of silicon fibers on cotton waste (CW) showed significant augmentation in heat resistance ranging from 7% to 24% and remarkable sound absorption capabilities. In terms of sound absorption, the samples exhibited a performance comparable to the commercial standard material and outperformed the untreated samples by 20% to 35%. Enhancing the micro-roughness of fabric via silicon nanofibers induced an efficient resistance to water absorption and led to the development of inherent self-cleaning characteristics. The antibacterial capabilities observed in the optimized sample were due to its superhydrophobic nature. These characteristics suggest that the proposed nano fiber-treated nonwoven fabric is ideal for multifunctional applications, having features like enhanced moisture resistance, pest resistance, thermal insulation, and sound absorption which are essential for wall covers in housing.

Current research deals with thermoplastic polyamide (PA6)-based composites reinforced with basalt and Kevlar fabrics. Hybrid composites were developed by altering the stacking sequence of basalt and two kinds of Kevlar fabrics. Pure-basalt- and pure-Kevlar-based samples were also developed for comparison purposes. The developed samples were evaluated with respect to mechanical and thermomechanical properties. Mechanical tests, e.g., tensile, flexural, and impact strength, were conducted along with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to ascertain the load-bearing and high-temperature stability of the hybrid composite samples vis-à-vis pure-basalt- and Kevlar-based samples. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was carried out to study the nature of fracture and failure of the composite samples. The pure-basalt-based PA6 thermoplastic composites exhibited the best mechanical performance. Hybridization with basalt proved to be beneficial for improving the mechanical performance of the composites using Kevlar fabrics. However, a proper stacking sequence and density of Kevlar fabric has to be selected. The thermogravimetric analysis showed minimal weight loss for basalt-based composites. Furthermore, the thermal stability of the composites using Kevlar fabric was improved by hybridization with basalt fabric. The thermomechanical characteristics of hybrid composites may be altered by changing the stacking order of the reinforcements. Differential scanning calorimetry further established that the hybrid composites with alternate layers of basalt and Kevlar can improve the heat flow rate and enable survivability at extreme temperatures. Such novel hybrid composites can be used for high-load-bearing and high-temperature applications, e.g., defense, aerospace, automotives, and energy applications.