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Introduction: An inadequate clearance of lung fluid plays a key role in the pathogenesis of transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN)., Objectives: To evaluate if left ventricular diastolic dysfunction contributes to reduced clearance of lung fluid in TTN., Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, observational study. Echocardiography and lung ultrasound were performed at 2, 24 and 48 h of life (HoL) to assess biventricular function and calculate lung ultrasound score (LUS). Left atrial strain reservoir (LASr) provided surrogate measurement of left ventricular diastolic function., Results: Twenty-seven neonates with TTN were compared with 27 controls with no difference in gestation (36.1 ± 2 vs. 36.9 ± 2 weeks) or birthweight (2508 ± 667 vs. 2718 ± 590 g). Biventricular systolic function was normal in both groups. LASr was significantly lower in cases at 2 (21.0 ± 2.7 vs. 38.1 ± 4.4; p < 0.01), 24 (25.2 ± 4.5 vs. 40.6 ± 4.0; p < 0.01) and 48 HoL (36.5 ± 5.8 and 41.6 ± 5.2; p < 0.01), resulting in a significant group by time interaction (p < 0.001), after adjusting for LUS and gestational diabetes. A logistic regression model including LUS, birth weight and gestational diabetes as covariates, showed that LASr at 2 HoL was a predictor of respiratory support at 24 HoL, with an adjusted odds ratio of 0.60 (CI 0.36-0.99)., Conclusions: LASr was reduced in neonates with TTN, suggesting diastolic dysfunction, that may contribute to the delay in lung fluid clearance., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

Echocardiographic assessment of left ventricular function is crucial in NICU. The study aimed to compare the accuracy and agreement of global longitudinal strain (GLS) with conventional measurements. Real-life echocardiograms of neonates receiving intensive care were retrospectively reviewed. Shortening fraction (SF), ejection fraction (EF) and S' measurements were retrieved from health records. GLS was calculated offline from stored images. The association with stroke volume indexed for body weight (iSV) was evaluated by regression analysis. The diagnostic ability to identify uncompensated shock was assessed by ROC curve analysis. Cohen's κ was run to assess agreement. 334 echocardiograms of 155 neonates were evaluated. Mean ± SD gestational age and birth weight were 34.5 ± 4.1 weeks and 2264 ± 914 g, respectively. SF, EF, S' and GLS were associated with iSV with R 2 of 0.133, 0.332, 0.252 and 0.633, (all p < .001). Including all variables in a regression model, iSV prediction showed an adjusted R 2 of 0.667, (p < .001). GLS explained 73% of the model variance. GLS showed a better ability to diagnose uncompensated shock (AUC 0.956) compared to EF, S' and SF (AUC 0.757, 0.737 and 0.606, respectively). GLS showed a moderate agreement with EF (κ = .500, p < .001) and a limited agreement with S' and SF (κ = .260, p < .001, κ = .242, p < .001). GLS was a more informative index of left ventricular performance, providing the rationale for a more extensive use of GLS at the cotside., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Approximately half of very preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) fail treatment with nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) and need mechanical ventilation (MV)., Objectives: Our aim with this study was to evaluate if nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) during less invasive surfactant treatment (LISA) can improve respiratory outcome compared with NCPAP., Materials and Methods: We carried out an open-label randomized controlled trial at tertiary neonatal intensive care units in which infants with RDS born at 25 +0 -31 +6 weeks of gestation between December 1, 2020 and October 31, 2022 were supported with NCPAP before and after surfactant administration and received NIPPV or NCPAP during LISA. The primary endpoint was the need for a second dose of surfactant or MV in the first 72 h of life. Other endpoints were need and duration of invasive and noninvasive respiratory supports, changes in SpO 2 /FiO 2 ratio after LISA, and adverse effect rate., Results: We enrolled 101 infants in the NIPPV group and 99 in the NCPAP group. The unadjusted odds ratio for the composite primary outcome was 0.873 (95% confidence interval: 0.456-1.671; p = .681). We found that the SpO 2 /FiO 2 ratio was transiently higher in the LISA plus NIPPV than in the LISA plus NCPAP group, while adverse effects of LISA had similar occurrence in the two arms., Conclusions: The application of NIPPV or NCPAP during LISA in very preterm infants supported with NCPAP before and after surfactant administration had similar effects on the short-term respiratory outcome and are both safe. Our study does not support the use of NIPPV during LISA., (© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

The mini-fluid challenge (MFC) can guide individualised fluid therapy and prevent fluid overload and associated morbidity in adult intensive care patients. This ultrasound test is based on the Frank-Starling principles to assess dynamic fluid responsiveness, but limited MFC data exists for newborns. This brief report describes the feasibility of the MFC in 12 preterm infants with late onset sepsis and 5 newborns with other pathophysiology. Apical views were used to determine the changes in left ventricular stroke volume before and after a 3 ml/kg fluid bolus was given over 5 min. Four out of the 17 infants were fluid responsive, defined as a post-bolus increase in stroke volume of 15% or more.  Conclusion: The MFC was feasible and followed the physiological principles of stroke volume and extravascular lung water changes and 24% were fluid responsive. The MFC could enable future studies to examine whether adding fluid responsiveness to guide fluid therapy in newborns can reduce the risk of fluid overload. What is Known: • Fluid overload is associated with morbidity and mortality. • The mini-fluid challenge (MFC) provides a personalised approach to fluid therapy. What is New: • The MFC is feasible in newborns. • The MFC followed the physiological principles of stroke volume and extravascular lung water changes., (© 2024. Crown.)

Objectives: To assess the feasibility, accuracy, and reproducibility of tissue-tracking mitral annular displacement (TMAD) compared with other measures of left ventricular systolic function in healthy preterm and term neonates in the transitional period., Methods: This was a prospective observational study. Two echocardiograms were performed at 24 and 48 hours of life. TMAD, shortening fraction (SF), ejection fraction (EF), s', and global longitudinal strain (GLS) were measured offline. Accuracy to detect impaired GLS was tested by ROC curve analysis. DeLong test was used to compare AUCs. Intra and interobserver reproducibility of the off-line analysis was calculated., Results: Mean ± SD gestational age and weight were 34.2 ± 3.8 weeks and 2162 ± 833 g, respectively. TMAD was feasible in 168/180 scans (93%). At 24 hours the AUC (95% CI) of SF, EF, s', and TMAD (%) was 0.51 (0.36-0.67), 0.68 (0.54-0.82), 0.63 (0.49-0.77), and 0.89 (0.79-0.99) respectively. At 48 hours the AUC (95% CI) of SF, EF, s', and TMAD (%) was 0.64 (0.51-0.77), 0.59 (0.37-0.80), 0.70 (0.54-0.86), and 0.96 (0.91-1.00), respectively. The AUC of TMAD was superior to the AUC of SF, EF, s', at both timepoints (P < .02). Intraclass correlation coefficients (95% CI) of intra and interobserver reproducibility of TMAD were 0.97 (0.95-0.99) and 0.94 (0.88-0.97), respectively., Conclusion: TMAD showed improved accuracy and optimal reproducibility in neonates in the first 48 hours of life., (© 2023 American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine.)

Background: Increased left atrial volume (LAV) is a marker of cardiovascular risk. Echocardiography standards to assess LAV in adults and children are the biplane area-length method (AL) and method of disks (MOD). LAV in neonatology is usually derived as M-mode ratio between the LA and the Aorta (LAAo). The aim of this study is to determine feasibility and reliability of these methods in neonatal clinical practice., Methods: Clinically indicated echocardiograms in neonatal intensive care patients were retrospectively analyzed. Feasibility was determined with an image quality score describing insonation angle, foreshortening and wall clarity. Reliability was determined with Bland-Altman and correlation coefficient analysis of intra- and inter-observer measurements., Results: 104 infants ranging from 23 to 39 weeks gestation were included. The feasibility of LAAo, AL and MOD was comparable (median image score 4 out of 6 points). Linear regression between AL and MOD was excellent (R 2 0.99). LAAo best-fit with MOD was reached with curve-linear regression (R 2 0.28) whereby a LAAo of 1.60 correlated with 1.24 ml/kg, but with a wide 95 % CI. The correlation coefficient within and between observers for LAAo, biplane AL, biplane MOD and monoplane MOD was 0.93 (0.87-0.96), 0.98 (0.96-0.99), 0.98 (0.96-0.99), 0.99 (0.97-0.99) and 0.58 (0.11-0.81), 0.75 (0.44-0.89), 0.92 (0.88-0.98), 0.96 (0.88-0.98) respectively., Conclusion: All methods were equally feasible and reliable when repeated by the same observer, but LAAo reliability was poor when repeated by a different observer. Biplane MOD was the most reliable and thus recommended in neonatal practice. Monoplane MOD performed well and could be considered as alternative but might be less accurate., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Lung ultrasound (LU) has emerged as the imaging technique of choice for the assessment of neonates with respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) at the bedside. Scoring systems were developed to quantify RDS severity and to predict the need for surfactant administration. There is no data on the comparison of the three main LU scores (LUS) proposed by Brat, Raimondi and Rodriguez-Fanjul. Moreover, there is not enough evidence to recommend which score and which cut-off has the best ability to predict surfactant need. The three LUS were compared in terms of ability to predict the need for surfactant and reproducibility in a cohort of very preterm infants. This was an observational, retrospective, multicenter study. Neonates below 32 weeks of gestational age with RDS, on non-invasive ventilation with a LU performed prior to surfactant administration (1-3 h of life) were included. Brat, Raimondi, and Rodriguez-Fanjul's scores were calculated for each patient. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to assess the ability to predict surfactant administration. K-Cohen test, Bland-Altman, and intraclass correlation coefficients were used to assess the intra and interobserver variability. Fifty-four preterm infants were enrolled. Brat, Raimondi, and Rodriguez-Fanjul scores showed a strong ability to predict the need for surfactant: the AUCs were 0.85 (95% CI 0.74-0.96), 0.85 (95% CI 0.75-0.96), and 0.79 (95% CI 0.67-0.92), respectively. No significant differences have been found between the AUCs using the DeLong test. Brat and Raimondi's scores had an optimal cut-off value > 8, while the Rodriguez-Fanjul's score > 10. The k-Cohen values of intraobserver agreement for Brat, Raimondi, and Rodriguez-Fanjul's scores were 0.896 (0.698-1.000), 1.000 (1.000-1.000), and 0.922 (0.767-1.000), respectively. The k-Cohen values of interobserver agreement were 0.896 (0.698-1.000), 0.911 (0.741-1.000), and 0.833 (0.612-1.000), respectively.Conclusions: The three LUS had an excellent ability to predict the need for surfactant and an optimal intra and interobserver agreement. The differences found between the three scores are minimal with negligible clinical implications. Since the optimal cut-off value differed, the same score should be used consistently within the same center. What is Known: • Lung ultrasound is a useful bedside imaging tool that should be used in the assessment of neonates with RDS • Scoring systems or lung ultrasound scores allow to quantify the severity of the pulmonary disease and to predict the need for surfactant replacement therapy What is New: • The three lung ultrasound scores by Brat, Raimondi and Rodriguez-Fanjul have an excellent ability to predict the need for surfactant replacement therapy, although with different cut-off values • All three lung ultrasound scores had an excellent intra and interobserver reproducibility., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Ultrasound Superior Vena Cava (SVC) flow assessment is a common measure of systemic and cerebral perfusion, although accuracy is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether any improvements in accuracy could be achieved by measuring stroke distance from the instantaneous mean velocity, rather than from peak velocity, and by directly tracing area from images obtained with a high frequency linear probe. Paired phase contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PCMRI) and ultrasound assessments of SVC flow were performed in a pilot cohort of 7 infants. Median postnatal age, corrected gestation and weight at scan were 7 (2-74) days, 34.8 (31.7-37.2) weeks 1870 (970-2660) g. Median interval between PCMRI and ultrasound scans was 0.3 (0.2-0.5) h. The methodology trialed here showed a better agreement with PCMRI (mean bias -8 mL/kg/min, LOA -25-+8 mL/kg/min), compared to both the original method reported by Kluckow et al. (mean bias + 42 mL/kg/min, LOA -53-+137 mL/kg/min), and our own prior adaptation (mean bias + 23 mL/kg/min, LOA -25-+71 mL/kg/min). Ultrasound assessment of SVC flow volume using the modifications described led to enhanced accuracy and decreased variability compared to prior techniques in a small cohort of premature infants.

Introduction: Lung function abnormalities are common in sickle cell anaemia (SCA) but data from sub-Saharan Africa are limited. We hypothesised that children with SCA from West Africa had worse lung function than their counterparts from Europe., Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study evaluated spirometry and anthropometry in black African individuals with SCA (haemoglobin phenotype SS) aged 6-18 years from Nigeria and the UK, when clinically stable. Age-matched controls were also included in Nigeria to validate the Global Lung Initiative spirometry reference values., Results: Nigerian SCA patients (n=154) had significant reductions in both FEV 1 and FVC of ~1 z-score compared with local controls (n=364) and ~0.5 z-scores compared with the UK patients (n=101). Wasting (body mass index z-score<-2) had a prevalence of 27% in Nigerian patients and 7% in the UK ones (p<0.001). Among children with SCA, being resident in Nigeria (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 4.9), wasting (OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.0) and each additional year of age (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1 to 1.4) were independently associated with increased risk of restrictive spirometry (FVC z-score<-1.64+FEV 1 /FVC≥-1.64)., Conclusions: This study showed that chronic respiratory impairment is more severe in children with SCA from West Africa than Europe. Our findings suggest the utility of implementing respiratory assessment in African children with SCA to early identify those with chronic lung injury, eligible for closer follow-up and more aggressive therapies., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2019. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)

Background: Empathy is a key element of "Patient and Family Centered Care", a clinical approach recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics. However, there is a lack of validated tools to evaluate paediatrician empathy. This study aimed to validate the Visual CARE Measure, a patient rated questionnaire measuring physician empathy, in the setting of a Pediatric Emergency Department (ED)., Methods: The empathy of physicians working in the Pediatric ED of the University Hospital of Udine, Italy, was assessed using an Italian translation of the Visual Care Measure. This test has three versions suited to different age groups: the 5Q questionnaire was administered to children aged 7-11, the 10Q version to those older than 11, and the 10Q-Parent questionnaire to parents of children younger than 7. The internal reliability, homogeneity and construct validity of the 5Q and 10Q/10Q-Parent versions of the Visual Care Measure, were separately assessed. The influence of family background on the rating of physician empathy and satisfaction with the clinical encounter was also evaluated., Results: Seven physicians and 416 children and their parents were included in the study. Internal consistency measured by Cronbach's alpha was 0.95 for the 10Q/10Q-Parent versions and 0.88 for the 5Q version. The item-total correlation was > 0.75 for each item. An exploratory factor analysis showed that all the items load onto the first factor. Physicians' empathy scores correlated with patients' satisfaction for both the 10Q and 10Q-Parent questionnaires (Spearman's rho = 0.7189; p < 0.001) and for the 5Q questionnaire (Spearman's rho = 0.5968; p < 0,001). Trust in the consulting physician was lower among immigrant parents (OR 0.43. 95% CI 0.20-0.93)., Conclusions: The Visual Care Measure is a reliable second-person test of physician empathy in the setting of a Pediatric Emergency Room. More studies are needed to evaluate the reliability of this instrument in other pediatric settings distinct from the Emergency Room and to further evaluate its utility in measuring the impact of communication and empathy training programmes for healthcare professionals working in pediatrics.