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The European Green Deal (EGD) is an ambitious strategy. However, significant events, incidents, and demands, from democratic backsliding in the EU to the Covid-19 pandemic, are causing the ground to shift underfoot. These events go beyond ordinary changes or even individual crises, cumulatively fuelling a "new normal" of turbulence for the EU, encompassing rapid, unpredictable changes. This turbulence can help and hinder policy design and implementation, requiring policy actors to think outside the box and beyond the status quo. This article investigates how the European Commission and other key actors can engage effectively with turbulence to ensure the successful delivery and implementation of the EGD. The first half of the article strengthens and adapts turbulent governance literature (Ansell & Trondal, 2018). It delineates how turbulence differs from crisis; expands the forms of turbulence to include horizontal scalar and policy turbulence, as well as its transversal attribute; and shifts the focus to governing with turbulence rather than against turbulence. The second half undertakes an initial analysis of the EGD in light of turbulence and provides a springboard for further investigations within this thematic issue and beyond. It is apparent that the EGD is both responding and contributing to a varied landscape of turbulence. Policy actors must identify and understand the sources of turbulence - including their transversal nature and the potential for responses to increase turbulence -if they are to effectively govern with turbulence.

Cet article explore l’impact du Brexit, conceptualisé en tant que série de turbulences environnementales, organisationnelles et scalaires, sur les politiques agricoles britanniques. Il s’intéresse à la façon dont les quatre administrations britanniques ont répondu aux défis et opportunités du Brexit en deux études de cas (aides financières et minima réglementaires) et analyse les conséquences de ces choix sur la légitimité politique, angle mort des études de turbulence. Quitter la PAC offrait une opportunité de reconstruire les politiques agricoles qui n’a pas été saisie. Non seulement les politiques agricoles proposées restent très proches de la PAC (échec de légitimité output), mais le processus décisionnel a attisé les tensions entre les quatre nations et perdu le soutien des syndicats agricoles et des environnementalistes, sapant la légitimité input et throughput du gouvernement britannique., This article investigates the impact of Brexit – conceptualized as a series of environmental, organizational and scalar turbulences – on agricultural policies in the UK. It considers how the four UK administrations responded to Brexit challenges and opportunities through two case studies (subsidies and minimum standards), and analyses the consequences of these choices for UK political legitimacy, a blind spot in turbulence studies. Leaving the EU offered a key opportunity to rethink farming – which remains unfulfilled. Not only are the new policies quite similar to the CAP (output legitimacy failure), but the policy-making process has intensified tensions between the four nations and left both farming unions and environmental groups dissatisfied, undermining both input and throughput legitimacy.

Cet article explore l’impact du Brexit, conceptualisé en tant que série de turbulences environnementales, organisationnelles et scalaires, sur les politiques agricoles britanniques. Il s’intéresse à la façon dont les quatre administrations britanniques ont répondu aux défis et opportunités du Brexit en deux études de cas (aides financières et minima réglementaires) et analyse les conséquences de ces choix sur la légitimité politique, angle mort des études de turbulence. Quitter la PAC offrait une opportunité de reconstruire les politiques agricoles qui n’a pas été saisie. Non seulement les politiques agricoles proposées restent très proches de la PAC (échec de légitimité output), mais le processus décisionnel a attisé les tensions entre les quatre nations et perdu le soutien des syndicats agricoles et des environnementalistes, sapant la légitimité input et throughput du gouvernement britannique., This article investigates the impact of Brexit – conceptualized as a series of environmental, organizational and scalar turbulences – on agricultural policies in the UK. It considers how the four UK administrations responded to Brexit challenges and opportunities through two case studies (subsidies and minimum standards), and analyses the consequences of these choices for UK political legitimacy, a blind spot in turbulence studies. Leaving the EU offered a key opportunity to rethink farming – which remains unfulfilled. Not only are the new policies quite similar to the CAP (output legitimacy failure), but the policy-making process has intensified tensions between the four nations and left both farming unions and environmental groups dissatisfied, undermining both input and throughput legitimacy.

We are grateful for the opportunity to feed into the UK Trade and Business Commission’s work. This response is being submitted by Trade Justice Wales – a network of civil society stakeholders coordinated in partnership between Fair Trade Wales and a team of academics from Cardiff University’s Wales Governance Centre. The aim of the project has been to explore/take stock of the landscape for Welsh civil society input into trade policy at the Welsh and UK levels. Seeking to gauge and understand levels of cooperation and capacity - to strengthen both and to identify any challenges

In this guest briefing, Dr Mary Dobbs and Dr Ludivine Petetin provide a basis to understand, evaluate and develop Welsh agricultural policies – especially financial supports – in an evolving context. It has been produced as part of the Senedd’s knowledge exchange programme. The views are those of the authors, not those of Senedd Research or the Senedd. The content is based largely on the authors’ book Brexit and Agriculture (2022), available to Members of the Senedd through the Library.

Sustainable Farming and our Land | 3This consultation puts forward revised proposals for how the Welsh Government intends to support farmers after Brexit. It outlines and seeks views on proposals for future support designed around the principle of sustainability.