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1. The balance of reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity of lists of differentially expressed genes in microarray studies

Author

Su Zhenqiang, Shippy Richard, Puri Raj K, Peterson Ron L, Mei Nan, Ma Yunqing, Luo Yuling, Li Quan-Zhen, Kawasaki Ernest S, Hong Huixiao, Herman Damir, Han Jing, Guo Xu, Fuscoe James C, Frueh Felix W, Fan Xiao-hui, Collins Patrick J, Chu Tzu-Ming, Bertholet Vincent, Cao Xiaoxi, Bao Wenjun, Barbacioru Catalin C, Amur Shashi, Qian Feng, Fang Hong, Boysen Cecilie, Croner Lisa J, Guo Lei, Goodsaid Federico M, Perkins Roger G, Harris Stephen C, Jensen Roderick V, Jones Wendell D, Shi Leming, Sun Yongming, Sun Hongmei, Thorn Brett, Turpaz Yaron, Wang Charles, Wang Sue, Warrington Janet A, Willey James C, Wu Jie, Xie Qian, Zhang Liang, Zhang Lu, Zhong Sheng, Wolfinger Russell D, and Tong Weida

Subjects
Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics, R858-859.7, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Abstract Background Reproducibility is a fundamental requirement in scientific experiments. Some recent publications have claimed that microarrays are unreliable because lists of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are not reproducible in similar experiments. Meanwhile, new statistical methods for identifying DEGs continue to appear in the scientific literature. The resultant variety of existing and emerging methods exacerbates confusion and continuing debate in the microarray community on the appropriate choice of methods for identifying reliable DEG lists. Results Using the data sets generated by the MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC) project, we investigated the impact on the reproducibility of DEG lists of a few widely used gene selection procedures. We present comprehensive results from inter-site comparisons using the same microarray platform, cross-platform comparisons using multiple microarray platforms, and comparisons between microarray results and those from TaqMan – the widely regarded "standard" gene expression platform. Our results demonstrate that (1) previously reported discordance between DEG lists could simply result from ranking and selecting DEGs solely by statistical significance (P) derived from widely used simple t-tests; (2) when fold change (FC) is used as the ranking criterion with a non-stringent P-value cutoff filtering, the DEG lists become much more reproducible, especially when fewer genes are selected as differentially expressed, as is the case in most microarray studies; and (3) the instability of short DEG lists solely based on P-value ranking is an expected mathematical consequence of the high variability of the t-values; the more stringent the P-value threshold, the less reproducible the DEG list is. These observations are also consistent with results from extensive simulation calculations. Conclusion We recommend the use of FC-ranking plus a non-stringent P cutoff as a straightforward and baseline practice in order to generate more reproducible DEG lists. Specifically, the P-value cutoff should not be stringent (too small) and FC should be as large as possible. Our results provide practical guidance to choose the appropriate FC and P-value cutoffs when selecting a given number of DEGs. The FC criterion enhances reproducibility, whereas the P criterion balances sensitivity and specificity.

Published
2008
Full Text
View/download PDF

9. The balance of reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity of lists of differentially expressed genes in microarray studies

Author

Shi, Leming, Jones, Wendell D., Jensen, Roderick V., Harris, Stephen C., Perkins, Roger G., Goodsaid, Federico M., Guo, Lei, Croner, Lisa J., Boysen, Cecilie, Fang, Hong, Qian, Feng, Amur, Shashi, Bao, Wenjun, Barbacioru, Catalin C., Bertholet, Vincent, Cao, Xiaoxi M., Chu, Tzu-Ming, Collins, Patrick J., Fan, Xiao-hui, Frueh, Felix W., Fuscoe, James C., Guo, Xu, Han, Jing, Herman, Damir, Hong, Huixiao, Kawasaki, Ernest S., Li, Quan-Zhen, Luo, Yuling, Ma, Yunqing, Mei, Nan, Peterson, Ron L., Puri, Raj K., Shippy, Richard, Su, Zhenqiang, Sun, Yongming A., Sun, Hongmei, Thorn, Brett, Turpaz, Yaron, Wang, Charles, Wang, Sue J., Warrington, Janet A., Willey, James C., Wu, Jie, Xie, Qian, Zhang, Liang, Zhang, Lu, Zhong, Sheng, Wolfinger, Russell D., Tong, Weida, and Biological Sciences

Subjects
genetic structures
Abstract

Background Reproducibility is a fundamental requirement in scientific experiments. Some recent publications have claimed that microarrays are unreliable because lists of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are not reproducible in similar experiments. Meanwhile, new statistical methods for identifying DEGs continue to appear in the scientific literature. The resultant variety of existing and emerging methods exacerbates confusion and continuing debate in the microarray community on the appropriate choice of methods for identifying reliable DEG lists. Results Using the data sets generated by the MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC) project, we investigated the impact on the reproducibility of DEG lists of a few widely used gene selection procedures. We present comprehensive results from inter-site comparisons using the same microarray platform, cross-platform comparisons using multiple microarray platforms, and comparisons between microarray results and those from TaqMan - the widely regarded "standard" gene expression platform. Our results demonstrate that (1) previously reported discordance between DEG lists could simply result from ranking and selecting DEGs solely by statistical significance (P) derived from widely used simple t-tests; (2) when fold change (FC) is used as the ranking criterion with a non-stringent P-value cutoff filtering, the DEG lists become much more reproducible, especially when fewer genes are selected as differentially expressed, as is the case in most microarray studies; and (3) the instability of short DEG lists solely based on P-value ranking is an expected mathematical consequence of the high variability of the t-values; the more stringent the P-value threshold, the less reproducible the DEG list is. These observations are also consistent with results from extensive simulation calculations. Conclusion We recommend the use of FC-ranking plus a non-stringent P cutoff as a straightforward and baseline practice in order to generate more reproducible DEG lists. Specifically, the P-value cutoff should not be stringent (too small) and FC should be as large as possible. Our results provide practical guidance to choose the appropriate FC and P-value cutoffs when selecting a given number of DEGs. The FC criterion enhances reproducibility, whereas the P criterion balances sensitivity and specificity. Published version

Published
2008

11. The MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC)-II study of common practices for the development and validation of microarray-based predictive models

Author

Shi, Leming, Campbell, Gregory, Jones, Wendell D, Campagne, Fabien, Wen, Zhining, Walker, Stephen J, Su, Zhenqiang, Chu, Tzu-Ming, Goodsaid, Federico M, Pusztai, Lajos, Shaughnessy, John D, Oberthuer, André, Thomas, Russell S, Paules, Richard S, Fielden, Mark, Barlogie, Bart, Chen, Weijie, Du, Pan, Fischer, Matthias, Furlanello, Cesare, Gallas, Brandon D, Ge, Xijin, Megherbi, Dalila B, Symmans, W Fraser, Wang, May D, Zhang, John, Bitter, Hans, Brors, Benedikt, Bushel, Pierre R, Bylesjö, Max, Chen, Minjun, Cheng, Jie, Cheng, Jing, Chou, Jeff, Davison, Timothy S, Delorenzi, Mauro, Deng, Youping, Devanarayan, Viswanath, Dix, David J, Dopazo, Joaquin, Dorff, Kevin C, Elloumi, Fathi, Fan, Jianqing, Fan, Shicai, Fan, Xiaohui, Fang, Hong, Gonzaludo, Nina, Hess, Kenneth R, Hong, Huixiao, Huan, Jun, Irizarry, Rafael A, Judson, Richard, Juraeva, Dilafruz, Lababidi, Samir, Lambert, Christophe G, Li, Li, Li, Yanen, Li, Zhen, Lin, Simon M, Liu, Guozhen, Lobenhofer, Edward K, Luo, Jun, Luo, Wen, McCall, Matthew N, Nikolsky, Yuri, Pennello, Gene A, Perkins, Roger G, Philip, Reena, Popovici, Vlad, Price, Nathan D, Qian, Feng, Scherer, Andreas, Shi, Tieliu, Shi, Weiwei, Sung, Jaeyun, Thierry-Mieg, Danielle, Thierry-Mieg, Jean, Thodima, Venkata, Trygg, Johan, Vishnuvajjala, Lakshmi, Wang, Sue Jane, Wu, Jianping, Wu, Yichao, Xie, Qian, Yousef, Waleed A, Zhang, Liang, Zhang, Xuegong, Zhong, Sheng, Zhou, Yiming, Zhu, Sheng, Arasappan, Dhivya, Bao, Wenjun, Lucas, Anne Bergstrom, Berthold, Frank, Brennan, Richard J, Buness, Andreas, Catalano, Jennifer G, Chang, Chang, Chen, Rong, Cheng, Yiyu, Cui, Jian, Czika, Wendy, Demichelis, Francesca, Deng, Xutao, Dosymbekov, Damir, Eils, Roland, Feng, Yang, Fostel, Jennifer, Fulmer-Smentek, Stephanie, Fuscoe, James C, Gatto, Laurent, Ge, Weigong, Goldstein, Darlene R, Guo, Li, Halbert, Donald N, Han, Jing, Harris, Stephen C, Hatzis, Christos, Herman, Damir, Huang, Jianping, Jensen, Roderick V, Jiang, Rui, Johnson, Charles D, Jurman, Giuseppe, Kahlert, Yvonne, Khuder, Sadik A, Kohl, Matthias, Li, Jianying, Li, Menglong, Li, Quan-Zhen, Li, Shao, Li, Zhiguang, Liu, Jie, Liu, Ying, Liu, Zhichao, Meng, Lu, Madera, Manuel, Martinez-Murillo, Francisco, Medina, Ignacio, Meehan, Joseph, Miclaus, Kelci, Moffitt, Richard A, Montaner, David, Mukherjee, Piali, Mulligan, George J, Neville, Padraic, Nikolskaya, Tatiana, Ning, Baitang, Page, Grier P, Parker, Joel, Parry, R Mitchell, Peng, Xuejun, Peterson, Ron L, Phan, John H, Quanz, Brian, Ren, Yi, Riccadonna, Samantha, Roter, Alan H, Samuelson, Frank W, Schumacher, Martin M, Shambaugh, Joseph D, Shi, Qiang, Shippy, Richard, Si, Shengzhu, Smalter, Aaron, Sotiriou, Christos, Soukup, Mat, Staedtler, Frank, Steiner, Guido, Stokes, Todd H, Sun, Qinglan, Tan, Pei-Yi, Tang, Rong, Tezak, Zivana, Thorn, Brett, Tsyganova, Marina, Turpaz, Yaron, Vega, Silvia C, Visintainer, Roberto, von Frese, Juergen, Wang, Charles, Wang, Eric, Wang, Junwei, Wang, Wei, Westermann, Frank, Willey, James C, Woods, Matthew, Wu, Shujian, Xiao, Nianqing, Xu, Joshua, Xu, Lei, Yang, Lun, Zeng, Xiao, Zhang, Jialu, Zhang, Li, Zhang, Min, Zhao, Chen, Puri, Raj K, Scherf, Uwe, Tong, Weida, Wolfinger, Russell D, Shi, Leming, Campbell, Gregory, Jones, Wendell D, Campagne, Fabien, Wen, Zhining, Walker, Stephen J, Su, Zhenqiang, Chu, Tzu-Ming, Goodsaid, Federico M, Pusztai, Lajos, Shaughnessy, John D, Oberthuer, André, Thomas, Russell S, Paules, Richard S, Fielden, Mark, Barlogie, Bart, Chen, Weijie, Du, Pan, Fischer, Matthias, Furlanello, Cesare, Gallas, Brandon D, Ge, Xijin, Megherbi, Dalila B, Symmans, W Fraser, Wang, May D, Zhang, John, Bitter, Hans, Brors, Benedikt, Bushel, Pierre R, Bylesjö, Max, Chen, Minjun, Cheng, Jie, Cheng, Jing, Chou, Jeff, Davison, Timothy S, Delorenzi, Mauro, Deng, Youping, Devanarayan, Viswanath, Dix, David J, Dopazo, Joaquin, Dorff, Kevin C, Elloumi, Fathi, Fan, Jianqing, Fan, Shicai, Fan, Xiaohui, Fang, Hong, Gonzaludo, Nina, Hess, Kenneth R, Hong, Huixiao, Huan, Jun, Irizarry, Rafael A, Judson, Richard, Juraeva, Dilafruz, Lababidi, Samir, Lambert, Christophe G, Li, Li, Li, Yanen, Li, Zhen, Lin, Simon M, Liu, Guozhen, Lobenhofer, Edward K, Luo, Jun, Luo, Wen, McCall, Matthew N, Nikolsky, Yuri, Pennello, Gene A, Perkins, Roger G, Philip, Reena, Popovici, Vlad, Price, Nathan D, Qian, Feng, Scherer, Andreas, Shi, Tieliu, Shi, Weiwei, Sung, Jaeyun, Thierry-Mieg, Danielle, Thierry-Mieg, Jean, Thodima, Venkata, Trygg, Johan, Vishnuvajjala, Lakshmi, Wang, Sue Jane, Wu, Jianping, Wu, Yichao, Xie, Qian, Yousef, Waleed A, Zhang, Liang, Zhang, Xuegong, Zhong, Sheng, Zhou, Yiming, Zhu, Sheng, Arasappan, Dhivya, Bao, Wenjun, Lucas, Anne Bergstrom, Berthold, Frank, Brennan, Richard J, Buness, Andreas, Catalano, Jennifer G, Chang, Chang, Chen, Rong, Cheng, Yiyu, Cui, Jian, Czika, Wendy, Demichelis, Francesca, Deng, Xutao, Dosymbekov, Damir, Eils, Roland, Feng, Yang, Fostel, Jennifer, Fulmer-Smentek, Stephanie, Fuscoe, James C, Gatto, Laurent, Ge, Weigong, Goldstein, Darlene R, Guo, Li, Halbert, Donald N, Han, Jing, Harris, Stephen C, Hatzis, Christos, Herman, Damir, Huang, Jianping, Jensen, Roderick V, Jiang, Rui, Johnson, Charles D, Jurman, Giuseppe, Kahlert, Yvonne, Khuder, Sadik A, Kohl, Matthias, Li, Jianying, Li, Menglong, Li, Quan-Zhen, Li, Shao, Li, Zhiguang, Liu, Jie, Liu, Ying, Liu, Zhichao, Meng, Lu, Madera, Manuel, Martinez-Murillo, Francisco, Medina, Ignacio, Meehan, Joseph, Miclaus, Kelci, Moffitt, Richard A, Montaner, David, Mukherjee, Piali, Mulligan, George J, Neville, Padraic, Nikolskaya, Tatiana, Ning, Baitang, Page, Grier P, Parker, Joel, Parry, R Mitchell, Peng, Xuejun, Peterson, Ron L, Phan, John H, Quanz, Brian, Ren, Yi, Riccadonna, Samantha, Roter, Alan H, Samuelson, Frank W, Schumacher, Martin M, Shambaugh, Joseph D, Shi, Qiang, Shippy, Richard, Si, Shengzhu, Smalter, Aaron, Sotiriou, Christos, Soukup, Mat, Staedtler, Frank, Steiner, Guido, Stokes, Todd H, Sun, Qinglan, Tan, Pei-Yi, Tang, Rong, Tezak, Zivana, Thorn, Brett, Tsyganova, Marina, Turpaz, Yaron, Vega, Silvia C, Visintainer, Roberto, von Frese, Juergen, Wang, Charles, Wang, Eric, Wang, Junwei, Wang, Wei, Westermann, Frank, Willey, James C, Woods, Matthew, Wu, Shujian, Xiao, Nianqing, Xu, Joshua, Xu, Lei, Yang, Lun, Zeng, Xiao, Zhang, Jialu, Zhang, Li, Zhang, Min, Zhao, Chen, Puri, Raj K, Scherf, Uwe, Tong, Weida, and Wolfinger, Russell D

Abstract

Gene expression data from microarrays are being applied to predict preclinical and clinical endpoints, but the reliability of these predictions has not been established. In the MAQC-II project, 36 independent teams analyzed six microarray data sets to generate predictive models for classifying a sample with respect to one of 13 endpoints indicative of lung or liver toxicity in rodents, or of breast cancer, multiple myeloma or neuroblastoma in humans. In total, >30,000 models were built using many combinations of analytical methods. The teams generated predictive models without knowing the biological meaning of some of the endpoints and, to mimic clinical reality, tested the models on data that had not been used for training. We found that model performance depended largely on the endpoint and team proficiency and that different approaches generated models of similar performance. The conclusions and recommendations from MAQC-II should be useful for regulatory agencies, study committees and independent investigators that evaluate methods for global gene expression analysis.

Published
2010
Full Text
View/download PDF

12. The MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC)-II study of common practices for the development and validation of microarray-based predictive models.

Author

DNAVision SA, Shi, Leming, Campbell, Gregory, Jones, Wendell D, Campagne, Fabien, Wen, Zhining, Walker, Stephen J, Su, Zhenqiang, Chu, Tzu-Ming, Goodsaid, Federico M, Pusztai, Lajos, Shaughnessy, John D, Oberthuer, André, Thomas, Russell S, Paules, Richard S, Fielden, Mark, Barlogie, Bart, Chen, Weijie, Du, Pan, Fischer, Matthias, Furlanello, Cesare, Gallas, Brandon D, Ge, Xijin, Megherbi, Dalila B, Symmans, W Fraser, Wang, May D, Zhang, John, Bitter, Hans, Brors, Benedikt, Bushel, Pierre R, Bylesjo, Max, Chen, Minjun, Cheng, Jie, Cheng, Jing, Chou, Jeff, Davison, Timothy S, Delorenzi, Mauro, Deng, Youping, Devanarayan, Viswanath, Dix, David J, Dopazo, Joaquin, Dorff, Kevin C, Elloumi, Fathi, Fan, Jianqing, Fan, Shicai, Fan, Xiaohui, Fang, Hong, Gonzaludo, Nina, Hess, Kenneth R, Hong, Huixiao, Huan, Jun, Irizarry, Rafael A, Judson, Richard, Juraeva, Dilafruz, Lababidi, Samir, Lambert, Christophe G, Li, Li, Li, Yanen, Li, Zhen, Lin, Simon M, Liu, Guozhen, Lobenhofer, Edward K, Luo, Jun, Luo, Wen, McCall, Matthew N, Nikolsky, Yuri, Pennello, Gene A, Perkins, Roger G, Philip, Reena, Popovici, Vlad, Price, Nathan D, Qian, Feng, Scherer, Andreas, Shi, Tieliu, Shi, Weiwei, Sung, Jaeyun, Thierry-Mieg, Danielle, Thierry-Mieg, Jean, Thodima, Venkata, Trygg, Johan, Vishnuvajjala, Lakshmi, Wang, Sue Jane, Wu, Jianping, Wu, Yichao, Xie, Qian, Yousef, Waleed A, Zhang, Liang, Zhang, Xuegong, Zhong, Sheng, Zhou, Yiming, Zhu, Sheng, Arasappan, Dhivya, Bao, Wenjun, Lucas, Anne Bergstrom, Berthold, Frank, Brennan, Richard J, Buness, Andreas, Catalano, Jennifer G, Chang, Chang, Chen, Rong, Cheng, Yiyu, Cui, Jian, Czika, Wendy, Demichelis, Francesca, Deng, Xutao, Dosymbekov, Damir, Eils, Roland, Feng, Yang, Fostel, Jennifer, Fulmer-Smentek, Stephanie, Fuscoe, James C, Gatto, Laurent, Ge, Weigong, Goldstein, Darlene R, Guo, Li, Halbert, Donald N, Han, Jing, Harris, Stephen C, Hatzis, Christos, Herman, Damir, Huang, Jianping, Jensen, Roderick V, Jiang, Rui, Johnson, Charles D, Jurman, Giuseppe, Kahlert, Yvonne, Khuder, Sadik A, Kohl, Matthias, Li, Jianying, Li, Menglong, Li, Quan-Zhen, Li, Shao, Li, Zhiguang, Liu, Jie, Liu, Ying, Liu, Zhichao, Meng, Lu, Madera, Manuel, Martinez-Murillo, Francisco, Medina, Ignacio, Meehan, Joseph, Miclaus, Kelci, Moffitt, Richard A, Montaner, David, Mukherjee, Piali, Mulligan, George J, Neville, Padraic, Nikolskaya, Tatiana, Ning, Baitang, Page, Grier P, Parker, Joel, Parry, R Mitchell, Peng, Xuejun, Peterson, Ron L, Phan, John H, Quanz, Brian, Ren, Yi, Riccadonna, Samantha, Roter, Alan H, Samuelson, Frank W, Schumacher, Martin M, Shambaugh, Joseph D, Shi, Qiang, Shippy, Richard, Si, Shengzhu, Smalter, Aaron, Sotiriou, Christos, Soukup, Mat, Staedtler, Frank, Steiner, Guido, Stokes, Todd H, Sun, Qinglan, Tan, Pei-Yi, Tang, Rong, Tezak, Zivana, Thorn, Brett, Tsyganova, Marina, Turpaz, Yaron, Vega, Silvia C, Visintainer, Roberto, von Frese, Juergen, Wang, Charles, Wang, Eric, Wang, Junwei, Wang, Wei, Westermann, Frank, Willey, James C, Woods, Matthew, Wu, Shujian, Xiao, Nianqing, Xu, Joshua, Xu, Lei, Yang, Lun, Zeng, Xiao, Zhang, Jialu, Zhang, Li, Zhang, Min, Zhao, Chen, Puri, Raj K, Scherf, Uwe, Tong, Weida, Wolfinger, Russell D, MAQC Consortium, DNAVision SA, Shi, Leming, Campbell, Gregory, Jones, Wendell D, Campagne, Fabien, Wen, Zhining, Walker, Stephen J, Su, Zhenqiang, Chu, Tzu-Ming, Goodsaid, Federico M, Pusztai, Lajos, Shaughnessy, John D, Oberthuer, André, Thomas, Russell S, Paules, Richard S, Fielden, Mark, Barlogie, Bart, Chen, Weijie, Du, Pan, Fischer, Matthias, Furlanello, Cesare, Gallas, Brandon D, Ge, Xijin, Megherbi, Dalila B, Symmans, W Fraser, Wang, May D, Zhang, John, Bitter, Hans, Brors, Benedikt, Bushel, Pierre R, Bylesjo, Max, Chen, Minjun, Cheng, Jie, Cheng, Jing, Chou, Jeff, Davison, Timothy S, Delorenzi, Mauro, Deng, Youping, Devanarayan, Viswanath, Dix, David J, Dopazo, Joaquin, Dorff, Kevin C, Elloumi, Fathi, Fan, Jianqing, Fan, Shicai, Fan, Xiaohui, Fang, Hong, Gonzaludo, Nina, Hess, Kenneth R, Hong, Huixiao, Huan, Jun, Irizarry, Rafael A, Judson, Richard, Juraeva, Dilafruz, Lababidi, Samir, Lambert, Christophe G, Li, Li, Li, Yanen, Li, Zhen, Lin, Simon M, Liu, Guozhen, Lobenhofer, Edward K, Luo, Jun, Luo, Wen, McCall, Matthew N, Nikolsky, Yuri, Pennello, Gene A, Perkins, Roger G, Philip, Reena, Popovici, Vlad, Price, Nathan D, Qian, Feng, Scherer, Andreas, Shi, Tieliu, Shi, Weiwei, Sung, Jaeyun, Thierry-Mieg, Danielle, Thierry-Mieg, Jean, Thodima, Venkata, Trygg, Johan, Vishnuvajjala, Lakshmi, Wang, Sue Jane, Wu, Jianping, Wu, Yichao, Xie, Qian, Yousef, Waleed A, Zhang, Liang, Zhang, Xuegong, Zhong, Sheng, Zhou, Yiming, Zhu, Sheng, Arasappan, Dhivya, Bao, Wenjun, Lucas, Anne Bergstrom, Berthold, Frank, Brennan, Richard J, Buness, Andreas, Catalano, Jennifer G, Chang, Chang, Chen, Rong, Cheng, Yiyu, Cui, Jian, Czika, Wendy, Demichelis, Francesca, Deng, Xutao, Dosymbekov, Damir, Eils, Roland, Feng, Yang, Fostel, Jennifer, Fulmer-Smentek, Stephanie, Fuscoe, James C, Gatto, Laurent, Ge, Weigong, Goldstein, Darlene R, Guo, Li, Halbert, Donald N, Han, Jing, Harris, Stephen C, Hatzis, Christos, Herman, Damir, Huang, Jianping, Jensen, Roderick V, Jiang, Rui, Johnson, Charles D, Jurman, Giuseppe, Kahlert, Yvonne, Khuder, Sadik A, Kohl, Matthias, Li, Jianying, Li, Menglong, Li, Quan-Zhen, Li, Shao, Li, Zhiguang, Liu, Jie, Liu, Ying, Liu, Zhichao, Meng, Lu, Madera, Manuel, Martinez-Murillo, Francisco, Medina, Ignacio, Meehan, Joseph, Miclaus, Kelci, Moffitt, Richard A, Montaner, David, Mukherjee, Piali, Mulligan, George J, Neville, Padraic, Nikolskaya, Tatiana, Ning, Baitang, Page, Grier P, Parker, Joel, Parry, R Mitchell, Peng, Xuejun, Peterson, Ron L, Phan, John H, Quanz, Brian, Ren, Yi, Riccadonna, Samantha, Roter, Alan H, Samuelson, Frank W, Schumacher, Martin M, Shambaugh, Joseph D, Shi, Qiang, Shippy, Richard, Si, Shengzhu, Smalter, Aaron, Sotiriou, Christos, Soukup, Mat, Staedtler, Frank, Steiner, Guido, Stokes, Todd H, Sun, Qinglan, Tan, Pei-Yi, Tang, Rong, Tezak, Zivana, Thorn, Brett, Tsyganova, Marina, Turpaz, Yaron, Vega, Silvia C, Visintainer, Roberto, von Frese, Juergen, Wang, Charles, Wang, Eric, Wang, Junwei, Wang, Wei, Westermann, Frank, Willey, James C, Woods, Matthew, Wu, Shujian, Xiao, Nianqing, Xu, Joshua, Xu, Lei, Yang, Lun, Zeng, Xiao, Zhang, Jialu, Zhang, Li, Zhang, Min, Zhao, Chen, Puri, Raj K, Scherf, Uwe, Tong, Weida, Wolfinger, Russell D, and MAQC Consortium

Abstract

Gene expression data from microarrays are being applied to predict preclinical and clinical endpoints, but the reliability of these predictions has not been established. In the MAQC-II project, 36 independent teams analyzed six microarray data sets to generate predictive models for classifying a sample with respect to one of 13 endpoints indicative of lung or liver toxicity in rodents, or of breast cancer, multiple myeloma or neuroblastoma in humans. In total, >30,000 models were built using many combinations of analytical methods. The teams generated predictive models without knowing the biological meaning of some of the endpoints and, to mimic clinical reality, tested the models on data that had not been used for training. We found that model performance depended largely on the endpoint and team proficiency and that different approaches generated models of similar performance. The conclusions and recommendations from MAQC-II should be useful for regulatory agencies, study committees and independent investigators that evaluate methods for global gene expression analysis.

Published
2010

13. The balance of reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity of lists of differentially expressed genes in microarray studies

Author

Biological Sciences, Shi, Leming, Jones, Wendell D., Jensen, Roderick V., Harris, Stephen C., Perkins, Roger G., Goodsaid, Federico M., Guo, Lei, Croner, Lisa J., Boysen, Cecilie, Fang, Hong, Qian, Feng, Amur, Shashi, Bao, Wenjun, Barbacioru, Catalin C., Bertholet, Vincent, Cao, Xiaoxi M., Chu, Tzu-Ming, Collins, Patrick J., Fan, Xiao-hui, Frueh, Felix W., Fuscoe, James C., Guo, Xu, Han, Jing, Herman, Damir, Hong, Huixiao, Kawasaki, Ernest S., Li, Quan-Zhen, Luo, Yuling, Ma, Yunqing, Mei, Nan, Peterson, Ron L., Puri, Raj K., Shippy, Richard, Su, Zhenqiang, Sun, Yongming A., Sun, Hongmei, Thorn, Brett, Turpaz, Yaron, Wang, Charles, Wang, Sue J., Warrington, Janet A., Willey, James C., Wu, Jie, Xie, Qian, Zhang, Liang, Zhang, Lu, Zhong, Sheng, Wolfinger, Russell D., Tong, Weida, Biological Sciences, Shi, Leming, Jones, Wendell D., Jensen, Roderick V., Harris, Stephen C., Perkins, Roger G., Goodsaid, Federico M., Guo, Lei, Croner, Lisa J., Boysen, Cecilie, Fang, Hong, Qian, Feng, Amur, Shashi, Bao, Wenjun, Barbacioru, Catalin C., Bertholet, Vincent, Cao, Xiaoxi M., Chu, Tzu-Ming, Collins, Patrick J., Fan, Xiao-hui, Frueh, Felix W., Fuscoe, James C., Guo, Xu, Han, Jing, Herman, Damir, Hong, Huixiao, Kawasaki, Ernest S., Li, Quan-Zhen, Luo, Yuling, Ma, Yunqing, Mei, Nan, Peterson, Ron L., Puri, Raj K., Shippy, Richard, Su, Zhenqiang, Sun, Yongming A., Sun, Hongmei, Thorn, Brett, Turpaz, Yaron, Wang, Charles, Wang, Sue J., Warrington, Janet A., Willey, James C., Wu, Jie, Xie, Qian, Zhang, Liang, Zhang, Lu, Zhong, Sheng, Wolfinger, Russell D., and Tong, Weida

Abstract

Background Reproducibility is a fundamental requirement in scientific experiments. Some recent publications have claimed that microarrays are unreliable because lists of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are not reproducible in similar experiments. Meanwhile, new statistical methods for identifying DEGs continue to appear in the scientific literature. The resultant variety of existing and emerging methods exacerbates confusion and continuing debate in the microarray community on the appropriate choice of methods for identifying reliable DEG lists. Results Using the data sets generated by the MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC) project, we investigated the impact on the reproducibility of DEG lists of a few widely used gene selection procedures. We present comprehensive results from inter-site comparisons using the same microarray platform, cross-platform comparisons using multiple microarray platforms, and comparisons between microarray results and those from TaqMan - the widely regarded "standard" gene expression platform. Our results demonstrate that (1) previously reported discordance between DEG lists could simply result from ranking and selecting DEGs solely by statistical significance (P) derived from widely used simple t-tests; (2) when fold change (FC) is used as the ranking criterion with a non-stringent P-value cutoff filtering, the DEG lists become much more reproducible, especially when fewer genes are selected as differentially expressed, as is the case in most microarray studies; and (3) the instability of short DEG lists solely based on P-value ranking is an expected mathematical consequence of the high variability of the t-values; the more stringent the P-value threshold, the less reproducible the DEG list is. These observations are also consistent with results from extensive simulation calculations. Conclusion We recommend the use of FC-ranking plus a non-stringent P cutoff as a straightforward and baseline practice in order to generate more repro

Published
2008

15. The role of account planning in the future of advertising agency research

Author

Barry, Thomas E., Peterson, Ron L., and Todd, W. Bradford

Subjects
Marketing research -- Management, Marketing -- Comparative analysis, Advertising -- Comparative analysis, Advertising campaigns -- Planning, Advertising research -- Innovations, Advertising, marketing and public relations, Business
Abstract

In an examination of the role of account planning (AP) in the future of advertising agency research, the inherent conflict between creative and research organizational roles is described. In the United Kingdom, AP is practiced to address this conflict, and this tool is believed to be responsible for the growing reputation of British creativity and advertising success. AP maintains communication with the consumer, but is resisted by U.S. advertising experts and researchers, because of AP's perceived threat to their expertise. A few firms, such as Livingston and Company and The Richards Group, advocate AP. A history of AP is discussed, and a U.S.-U.K. AP survey, conducted in 1986 and involving 225 U.S. agencies and 22 British agencies, is reviewed. Five benefits of AP are described, and examples of successful efforts are given: Apple Computer, Nike, Bazooka bubble gum, and Pizza Hut. Guidelines for timely and effective AP are also provided.

Published
1987

16. The balance of reproducibility, sensitivity, and specificity of lists of differentially expressed genes in microarray studies

Author

Shi, Leming, primary, Jones, Wendell D, additional, Jensen, Roderick V, additional, Harris, Stephen C, additional, Perkins, Roger G, additional, Goodsaid, Federico M, additional, Guo, Lei, additional, Croner, Lisa J, additional, Boysen, Cecilie, additional, Fang, Hong, additional, Qian, Feng, additional, Amur, Shashi, additional, Bao, Wenjun, additional, Barbacioru, Catalin C, additional, Bertholet, Vincent, additional, Cao, Xiaoxi Megan, additional, Chu, Tzu-Ming, additional, Collins, Patrick J, additional, Fan, Xiao-hui, additional, Frueh, Felix W, additional, Fuscoe, James C, additional, Guo, Xu, additional, Han, Jing, additional, Herman, Damir, additional, Hong, Huixiao, additional, Kawasaki, Ernest S, additional, Li, Quan-Zhen, additional, Luo, Yuling, additional, Ma, Yunqing, additional, Mei, Nan, additional, Peterson, Ron L, additional, Puri, Raj K, additional, Shippy, Richard, additional, Su, Zhenqiang, additional, Sun, Yongming Andrew, additional, Sun, Hongmei, additional, Thorn, Brett, additional, Turpaz, Yaron, additional, Wang, Charles, additional, Wang, Sue Jane, additional, Warrington, Janet A, additional, Willey, James C, additional, Wu, Jie, additional, Xie, Qian, additional, Zhang, Liang, additional, Zhang, Lu, additional, Zhong, Sheng, additional, Wolfinger, Russell D, additional, and Tong, Weida, additional

Published
2008
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22. Fmt Bypass in Pseudomonas aeruginosaCauses Induction of MexXY Efflux Pump Expression

Author

Caughlan, Ruth E., Sriram, Shubha, Daigle, Denis M., Woods, Angela L., Buco, Jennifer, Peterson, Ron L., Dzink-Fox, JoAnn, Walker, Susan, and Dean, Charles R.

Abstract

ABSTRACTThe intrinsic resistance of P. aeruginosaPAO1 to the peptide deformylase inhibitor (PDF-I) LBM415 was mediated by the MexAB-OprM and MexXY-OprM efflux pumps, the latter of which was strongly induced by LBM415. Single-step exposure of PAO1 deleted for mexAB-oprM(therefore lacking both MexAB-OprM and MexXY-OprM functions) to PDF-Is selected for nfxBmutants, which express the MexCD-OprJ efflux pump, indicating that these compounds are also substrates for this pump. Selection of resistant mutants by use of levels of LBM415 greater than that accommodated by efflux yielded two additional groups of mutations, in the methionyl-tRNAfmetformyltransferase (fmt) and folDgenes. Both mechanisms are known to impose an in vitro growth deficit (also observed here), presumably due to impairment of protein synthesis. We surmised that this inherent impairment of protein synthesis would upregulate expression of mexXYin a fashion similar to upregulation by LBM415 or by ribosome inhibitory compounds. Transcriptional profiling and/or mexX::luxpromoter fusion analysis revealed that fmtand folDmutants were strongly upregulated for mexXYand another gene known to be required for upregulation of the pump, PA5471. Complementation of the fmtmutation in transreversed this constitutive expression. This supports the notion that MexXY has a natural physiological function responding to impairment of ribosome function or protein synthesis and that fmtmutation (Fmt bypass) and folDmutation generate the intracellular mexXY-inducing signal.

Published
2009
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23. Murine <TOGGLE>Hoxc-9</TOGGLE> gene contains a structurally and functionally conserved enhancer

Author

Papenbrock, Thomas, Peterson, Ron L., Lee, Rachel S., Hsu, Tien, and Kuroiwa, Atsushi

Abstract

Reporter gene analysis of the Hoxc-9 genomic region in transgenic mice allowed us to identify a positional enhancer in the Hoxc-9 intron that drives expression in the posterior neural tube of midgestation mouse embryos in a Hoxc-9-related manner. Sequence comparison to the chicken Choxc-9 intron revealed the existence of two highly conserved sequence elements (CSEs) in a similar spatial arrangement. These structural similarities in the mammalian and avian lineage are mirrored by conserved function of the chicken Choxc-9 intron in transgenic mice. Deletion analysis of the two introns suggests that full activity of both enhancers depends on cooperation between the two CSEs located close to the respective 5' and 3' splice sites. Following the paradigm of phylogenetically conserved developmental control mechanisms, the Hoxc-9 intragenic enhancer was tested in Drosophila. Our data show that the mouse Hoxc-9 enhancer acts in a conserved fashion in transgenic flies, conferring posteriorly restricted reporter gene expression to the developing central nervous system in third instar larvae. This finding indicates that the Hoxc-9 intragenic enhancer is involved in transcriptional regulatory circuits conserved between vertebrates and arthropods. Dev. Dyn. 1998;212:540–547. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Published
1998
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24. The MicroArray Quality Control (MAQC)-II study of common practices for the development and validation of microarray-based predictive models.

Author

Shi L, Campbell G, Jones WD, Campagne F, Wen Z, Walker SJ, Su Z, Chu TM, Goodsaid FM, Pusztai L, Shaughnessy JD Jr, Oberthuer A, Thomas RS, Paules RS, Fielden M, Barlogie B, Chen W, Du P, Fischer M, Furlanello C, Gallas BD, Ge X, Megherbi DB, Symmans WF, Wang MD, Zhang J, Bitter H, Brors B, Bushel PR, Bylesjo M, Chen M, Cheng J, Cheng J, Chou J, Davison TS, Delorenzi M, Deng Y, Devanarayan V, Dix DJ, Dopazo J, Dorff KC, Elloumi F, Fan J, Fan S, Fan X, Fang H, Gonzaludo N, Hess KR, Hong H, Huan J, Irizarry RA, Judson R, Juraeva D, Lababidi S, Lambert CG, Li L, Li Y, Li Z, Lin SM, Liu G, Lobenhofer EK, Luo J, Luo W, McCall MN, Nikolsky Y, Pennello GA, Perkins RG, Philip R, Popovici V, Price ND, Qian F, Scherer A, Shi T, Shi W, Sung J, Thierry-Mieg D, Thierry-Mieg J, Thodima V, Trygg J, Vishnuvajjala L, Wang SJ, Wu J, Wu Y, Xie Q, Yousef WA, Zhang L, Zhang X, Zhong S, Zhou Y, Zhu S, Arasappan D, Bao W, Lucas AB, Berthold F, Brennan RJ, Buness A, Catalano JG, Chang C, Chen R, Cheng Y, Cui J, Czika W, Demichelis F, Deng X, Dosymbekov D, Eils R, Feng Y, Fostel J, Fulmer-Smentek S, Fuscoe JC, Gatto L, Ge W, Goldstein DR, Guo L, Halbert DN, Han J, Harris SC, Hatzis C, Herman D, Huang J, Jensen RV, Jiang R, Johnson CD, Jurman G, Kahlert Y, Khuder SA, Kohl M, Li J, Li L, Li M, Li QZ, Li S, Li Z, Liu J, Liu Y, Liu Z, Meng L, Madera M, Martinez-Murillo F, Medina I, Meehan J, Miclaus K, Moffitt RA, Montaner D, Mukherjee P, Mulligan GJ, Neville P, Nikolskaya T, Ning B, Page GP, Parker J, Parry RM, Peng X, Peterson RL, Phan JH, Quanz B, Ren Y, Riccadonna S, Roter AH, Samuelson FW, Schumacher MM, Shambaugh JD, Shi Q, Shippy R, Si S, Smalter A, Sotiriou C, Soukup M, Staedtler F, Steiner G, Stokes TH, Sun Q, Tan PY, Tang R, Tezak Z, Thorn B, Tsyganova M, Turpaz Y, Vega SC, Visintainer R, von Frese J, Wang C, Wang E, Wang J, Wang W, Westermann F, Willey JC, Woods M, Wu S, Xiao N, Xu J, Xu L, Yang L, Zeng X, Zhang J, Zhang L, Zhang M, Zhao C, Puri RK, Scherf U, Tong W, and Wolfinger RD

Subjects
Animals, Breast Neoplasms diagnosis, Breast Neoplasms genetics, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Gene Expression Profiling methods, Gene Expression Profiling standards, Guidelines as Topic, Humans, Liver Diseases etiology, Liver Diseases pathology, Lung Diseases etiology, Lung Diseases pathology, Multiple Myeloma diagnosis, Multiple Myeloma genetics, Neoplasms diagnosis, Neuroblastoma diagnosis, Neuroblastoma genetics, Predictive Value of Tests, Quality Control, Rats, Survival Analysis, Liver Diseases genetics, Lung Diseases genetics, Neoplasms genetics, Neoplasms mortality, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis methods, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis standards
Abstract

Gene expression data from microarrays are being applied to predict preclinical and clinical endpoints, but the reliability of these predictions has not been established. In the MAQC-II project, 36 independent teams analyzed six microarray data sets to generate predictive models for classifying a sample with respect to one of 13 endpoints indicative of lung or liver toxicity in rodents, or of breast cancer, multiple myeloma or neuroblastoma in humans. In total, >30,000 models were built using many combinations of analytical methods. The teams generated predictive models without knowing the biological meaning of some of the endpoints and, to mimic clinical reality, tested the models on data that had not been used for training. We found that model performance depended largely on the endpoint and team proficiency and that different approaches generated models of similar performance. The conclusions and recommendations from MAQC-II should be useful for regulatory agencies, study committees and independent investigators that evaluate methods for global gene expression analysis.

Published
2010
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