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The global reach of the COVID-19 pandemic and the ensuing localized policy reactions provides a case to uncover how a global crisis translates into linguistic discourse. Based on the JSI Timestamped Web Corpora that are automatically POS-tagged and accessible via SketchEngine, this study compares French, German, Dutch, and English. After identifying the main names used to denote the virus and its disease, we extracted a total of 1,697 associated terms (according to logDice values) retrieved from news media data from January through October 2020. These associated words were then organized into categories describing the properties of the virus and the disease, their spatio-temporal features and their cause–effect dependencies. Analyzing the output cross-linguistically and across the first 10 months of the pandemic, a fairly stable semantic discourse space is found within and across each of the four languages, with an overall clear preference for visual and biomedical features as associated terms, though significant diatopic and diachronic shifts in the discourse space are also attested.

As universidades sempre desempenharam papel formativo de extrema relevância social. Mas novas demandas sociais surgem exigindo condições mais inclusivas de acesso ao ensino superior de qualidade. Este trabalho objetivou analisar o desempenho acadêmico dos estudantes dos cursos de graduação presenciais da UFU após a implementação da Lei de Cotas. Foram analisados 7548 estudantes e 110 opções de cursos de graduação. Os resultados demonstraram que não cotistas apresentaram maior desempenho nas grandes áreas de Ciências Agrárias, Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, Engenharias, Linguística, Letras e Artes e Multidisciplinares. Já os cotistas obtiveram maiores desempenhos nas áreas de Ciências Biológicas, Ciências da Saúde e Ciências Humanas.

O trabalho analisa a qualidade do emprego e as condições de vida das famílias dos empregados agrícolas nas três principais culturas geradoras de emprego (café, cana-de-açúcar e milho) e não agrícolas na mesorregião Norte de Minas. Para os cálculos do Índice de Qualidade do Emprego (IQE) e Índice das Condições de Vida (ICV), foram utilizados dados do Censo Demográfico de 2000 e 2010, que tomou como referência de construção a metodologia desenvolvida por Kageyama e Rehder (1993) e Balsadi (2000 e 2007). Os resultados apontam para o aumento do emprego qualificado na década de 2000 nas culturas analisadas, queda de emprego não qualificado nas mesmas culturas e aumento do emprego não agrícola no meio rural, evidenciando o deslocamento de trabalhadores de atividades agrícolas para as não agrícolas na mesorregião. Já a qualidade do emprego (IQE) piorou no café, para os empregos qualificados e não qualificados, e para os qualificados na cana-de-açúcar e milho, enquanto os indicadores de ICV melhoraram para todas as atividades agrícolas e não agrícolas em diferentes proporções.

Resumo: Este artigo investiga a evolução e a qualidade do emprego rural dos residentes nos setores urbano e rural de Minas Gerais. O recorte analisado compreende as mesorregiões separadas pelo grau de modernização nas culturas de café, cana-de-açúcar e milho, envolvendo os diferentes tipos de empregados agrícolas. Foram investigadas as mesorregiões do Triângulo Mineiro e Alto Paranaíba, Noroeste de Minas, Jequitinhonha, Vale do Mucuri e Rio Doce e Zona da Mata. Para tanto, foram utilizados dados do Censo Demográfico de 2000 e 2010, do Censo Agropecuário de 2006 e da Pesquisa Agrícola Municipal (PAM) para análises em geral e construção do Índice de Qualidade do Emprego (IQE), que tomou como referência de construção a metodologia desenvolvida por Kageyama e Rehder (1993) e Balsadi (2000). Os resultados demonstraram queda no volume total do emprego rural e que as mesorregiões mais modernizadas tendem a possuir maior qualidade do emprego, assim como a presença maior de empregados qualificados, em contraste com as mesorregiões menos modernizadas, em que a significativa maioria dos empregados é constituída por não qualificados. Nesse aspecto, a modernização pode estar acentuando as desigualdades ao ser mais aplicada nas regiões mais desenvolvidas.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar os resultados do processo de transformação e autotransformação dos agentes envolvidos que participaram de ações extensionistas. Para isso, apresentamos aqui três casos que foram selecionados dentre as ações de extensão ocorridas em um Campus Universitário da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia de caráter eminentemente tecnológico (engenharias e biotecnologia) e as ações conseguirem envolver aproximadamente 70 estudantes distribuídos em três casos distintos: Casa Lar Meninas dos Olhos de Deus, Lar de Idosas Eurípedes Barsanulfo e Lar Vicentino Padre Alaor. Os resultados apontaram para a identificação de três tipos de transformações. A primeira transformação foi relacionada aos resultados identificados no público-alvo e organizações participantes dos casos. A segunda transformação está relacionada ao processo de autotransformação dos estudantes que foi constatado inicialmente pelo entendimento por parte dos estudantes da diferença entre assistência e extensão, seguido da necessidade de envolvimento, comprometimento e aprendizado sobre dialogicidade, presentes no processo de planejamento e elaboração de um projeto de extensão. A terceira e última transformação está relacionada ao início do debate sobre a necessidade do Campus criar e implementar uma agenda de extensão que venha ao encontro das demandas sociais mais importantes e relevantes da comunidade que a cerca.

BACKGROUND Key genes control the infectivity of the Schistosoma haematobium causing schistosomiasis. A method for understanding the regulation of these genes might help in developing new disease strategies to control schistosomiasis, such as the silencing mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs). The miRNAs have been studied in schistosome species and they play important roles in the post-transcriptional regulation of genes, and in parasite-host interactions. However, genome-wide identification and characterisation of novel miRNAs and their pathway genes and their gene expression have not been explored deeply in the genome and transcriptome of S. haematobium. OBJECTIVES Identify and characterise mature and precursor miRNAs and their pathway genes in the S. haematobium genome. METHODS Computational prediction and characterisation of miRNAs and genes involved in miRNA pathway from S. haematobium genome on SchistoDB. Conserved domain analysis was performed using PFAM and CDD databases. A robust algorithm was applied to identify mature miRNAs and their precursors. The characterisation of the precursor miRNAs was performed using RNAfold, RNAalifold and Perl scripts. FINDINGS We identified and characterised 14 putative proteins involved in miRNA pathway including ARGONAUTE and DICER in S. haematobium. Besides that, 149 mature miRNAs and 131 precursor miRNAs were identified in the genome including novel miRNAs. MAIN CONCLUSIONS miRNA pathway occurs in the S. haematobium, including endogenous miRNAs and miRNA pathway components, suggesting a role of this type of non-coding RNAs in gene regulation in the parasite. The results found in this work will open up a new avenue for studying miRNAs in the S. haematobium biology in helping to understand the mechanism of gene silencing in the human parasite Schistosome.

O programa Desenvolvimento Integrado e Sustentável do Território (DIST) é uma experiência do Fundo Socioambiental do Banco Caixa Econômica Federal realizada no território brasileiro, que tem por objetivo promover o desenvolvimento integrado e sustentável do território e dos sujeitos que o compõem. São famílias em situação de vulnerabilidade social, de baixa renda, baixa escolaridade, além do grande número de pessoas com deficiência. Ideologicamente, todo o projeto foi realizado a partir do processo de dialogicidade no âmbito coletivo, participativo e democrático. Durante a implementação da oficina, novos temas emergiram e verificamos a importância de se fazer o aprofundamento e desenvolvimento em finanças de médio e longo prazo. Após a realização da oficina, fizemos uma avaliação com os participantes e, posteriormente, avaliamos algumas possíveis mudanças e transformações na vida da comunidade a partir do projeto. Os resultados apontam para um processo duplo de aprendizado e transformação entre a comunidade e a universidade. A dinâmica da atividade, com participação ativa dos moradores, fez com que o empoderamento gerado pudesse ser replicado tanto em suas famílias, quanto nos grupos sociais dos quais participam. Os moradores não saíram apenas informados, mas tornaram-se formadores.

Background: The aim of this study was to compare the benefit of beta-blockers (BB) in heart failure (HF) with preserved versus reduced ejection fraction (EF).Methods and Results: This was a retrospective study of insured patients who were hospitalized for HF from January 2000 to June 2008. Pharmacy claims were used to estimate BB exposure over 6-month rolling windows. The association between BB exposure and all-cause hospitalization or death was tested with the use of time-updated proportional hazards regression, with adjustment for baseline covariates and other HF medication exposure. The groups were compared by stratification (EF <50% vs ≥50%) and with the use of an EF-group × BB exposure interaction term. A total of 1,835 patients met the inclusion criteria, 741 (40%) with a preserved EF. Median follow-up was 2.1 years. In a fully adjusted multivariable model, BB exposure was associated with a decreased risk of death or hospitalization in both groups (EF <50%: hazard ratio [HR] 0.53 [P < .0001]; EF ≥50%: HR 0.68 [P = .009]). There was no significant difference in this protective association between groups (interaction: P = .32).Conclusions: BB exposure was associated with a similar protective effect regarding time to death or hospitalization in HF patients regardless of whether EF was preserved or reduced. An adequately powered randomized trial of BB in HF with preserved EF is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rationale: Adherence to inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) medication is known to be low overall, but tends to be lower among African-American patients when compared with white patients.Objectives: To understand the factors that contribute to ICS adherence among African-American and white adults with asthma.Methods: Eligible individuals had a prior diagnosis of asthma, one or more ICS prescriptions, and were members of a large health maintenance organization in southeast Michigan. Individuals were sent a survey that included questions about internal factors (e.g., patient beliefs, knowledge, and motivation) and external factors (e.g., socioeconomic status, barriers to care, social support, and stressors) potentially related to ICS adherence. Adherence was calculated using electronic prescription and fill data. Stepwise regression was used to identify factors associated with adherence before and after stratifying by race-ethnicity.Measurements and Main Results: Surveys were returned by 1,006 (56.3%) of 1,787 eligible patients. Adjusting for internal factors, but not external factors, diminished the relationship between race-ethnicity and ICS adherence. Among African-American patients, readiness to take ICS medication was the only internal or external factor significantly associated with ICS adherence; it explained 5.6% of the variance in adherence. Among white patients, perceived ICS necessity, ICS knowledge, doctors being perceived as the source of asthma control, and readiness to take medication were the internal factors associated with ICS adherence; these accounted for 19.8% of the variance in adherence.Conclusions: Factors associated with ICS adherence appear to differ between African-American and white patients, suggesting that group-specific approaches are needed to improve adherence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Community surveys have assessed post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in relation to traumatic events designated by respondents as the worst they have ever experienced. An assessment of PTSD in relation to all reported traumas would impose too great a burden on respondents, a considerable proportion of whom report multiple traumas. The 'worst event' method is efficient for identifying persons with PTSD, but may overestimate the conditional probability of PTSD associated with the entire range of PTSD-level traumas. In this report, we evaluate this potential bias. METHOD: The Detroit Area Survey of Trauma (n = 2181) estimated the PTSD risk from two samples of traumas: (1) a representative sample of traumas formed by selecting a random trauma from each respondent's list of traumas; and (2) traumas designated by respondents as the worst (the standard method). RESULTS: Both estimation methods converged on key findings, including identifying trauma types with the highest probability of PTSD and sex differences in the risk of PTSD. Compared to the random events, the 'worst event' method yielded a moderately higher conditional probability for PTSD (0.136 v. 0.092). The bias was due almost entirely to the deviation of the distribution of the worst events from expected values, if all event types had equal prior selection probabilities. Direct adjustment, setting the distribution equal to expected values and applying the observed probabilities of PTSD associated with individual event types brought the estimate close to the unbiased estimate, based on the randomly selected traumas. CONCLUSIONS: Only the 'worst event' method can be used as a short-cut to assessing all traumas. The bias in the estimated risk of PTSD is modest and is attenuated by direct adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This population-based case-control study evaluated nutrient intake as a risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) among people aged > or =50 years in metropolitan Detroit.Methods: Cases (n = 126) were diagnosed between 1991 and 1995 and neurologist-confirmed. Controls (n = 432) were frequency-matched for sex, age (+/-5 years) and race. Using a standardized food frequency questionnaire, subjects reported the foods they ate within the past year.Results: Estimating the association between PD and risk of being in the highest versus the lowest intake quartile, there were elevated odds ratios for total fat (OR 1.94, 95% confidence interval [CI] : 1.05-3.58), cholesterol (OR 2.11, 95% CI: 1.14-3.90), lutein (OR 2.52, 95% CI: 1.32-4.84) and iron (OR 1.88, 95% CI: 1.05-3.38).Conclusions: These results suggest an association of PD with high intake of total fat, saturated fats, cholesterol, lutein and iron. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Bioelectrical impedance analysis was used to develop descriptive models of gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters in 30 adult in-patients receiving therapy with gentamicin. 2. Serial blood samples obtained from each subject at steady state were analyzed and used to derive gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters. 3. Multiple regression equations were developed for clearance, elimination rate constant and volume of distribution at steady state and were all statistically significant at P less than 0.05. 4. Clinical validation of this innovative technique is warranted before clinical use is recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Among the methods of retrospective occupational exposure assessment, expert review is considered the most accurate. Although expert review provides a more objective measure of exposure, depending on the exposure of interest it may still result in a significant degree of misclassification.Methods: To evaluate the reliability in occupational metal exposure assessment by expert review, we analysed job history data from a case-control study of a neurological disease. First, one industrial hygienist (IH) did an initial exposure assessment of the metals copper, iron and lead, blinded to case-control status, for 608 subjects who had 3033 total jobs. We then compared exposure assessments from the original review with a second blinded review of 60 job histories (306 jobs) by the same IH (intra-rater) and of 64 job histories (361 jobs) by a different IH (inter-rater).Results: The per cent agreements for the intra-IH comparisons were 89.6 for copper, 87.9 for iron and 94.6 for lead, whereas the inter-IH per cent agreements were 86.4 for copper, 81.1 for iron and 76.2 for lead. Based on the assumption that reliability is related to validity, we calculated an estimate of misclassification of metal exposure by one IH. Our exposure misclassification estimates show a sizable attenuation of the odds ratio, with the expected bias similar for copper and iron when using either intra- or inter-reliability results to estimate misclassification.Conclusion: Our results suggest that variation in the expert assessment of metal exposure is due mainly to the difficulties involved in transforming an occupational history into an estimate of exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O presente artigo considera a escassez de postos de trabalho formais e analisa o problema da reinserção social dos egressos do sistema prisional no mercado de trabalho. Como alternativa ao referido problema, os autores desenvolvem um estudo de caso compreendendo a possibilidade do interesse da iniciativa privada pela força de trabalho de apenados objetivando inicialmente a diminuição dos custos do processo produtivo e conseqüentemente dando oportunidade de inclusão desses detentos no mercado de trabalho.

A emergência e a legitimação dos empreendimentos solidários vêm ocorrendo em diversos setores, tais como educação, saúde, transporte, todos com o objetivo de promover ações de interesse geral. A economia solidária e a economia social, conceitos que surgem no contexto europeu, particularmente, francês, fundamentam-se em experiências de iniciativas da comunidade capazes de gerar formas alternativas de ação pública, não se constituindo nem em uma forma de organização capitalista, nem em uma ação do Estado. Este artigo analisa a influência desses novos arranjos socioprodutivos no contexto da economia solidária que contribuem para a construção do processo de territorialização de uma comunidade sob o ponto de vista de sua identidade, de sua história e de suas relações sociais, conforme alguns parâmetros de avaliação presentes em projetos de economia solidária. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza qualitativa com uso de recursos quantitativos. Utiliza-se de um estudo de caso da comunidade rural Córrego do Açude de Ituiutaba, Minas Gerais, a título de ilustração. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas com membros da comunidade e documentos disponibilizados pela mesma. A partir da análise de quatro categorias, os resultados apontam que os fundamentos da economia solidária influenciam no território quanto aos aspectos de sua história, de suas relações sociais e de sua identidade.

Este breve relato contempla as ações desenvolvidas a partir de 2010, explicitando algumas dificuldades, os desafios enfrentados, as ações de alinhamento ocorridas no ano de 2011 e algumas soluções criativas e inovadoras para 2012.

Este artigo trata do processo de constituição da Incubadora de Empreendimentos Solidários (INES) no âmbito da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU). Em primeiro lugar, é discutida a base conceitual, com atenção a conceitos-chave como Economia Solidária e Cooperativismo, situando esses elementos na bibliografia recente sobre o tema. Em seguida, é analisado o processo de constituição da Incubadora, com destaque para o histórico desse processo, a metodologia construída para atuação, os principais grupos envolvidos e resultados preliminares. Neste contexto, destaca-se o processo de incubação de uma cooperativa - a Cooperdoce - considerando a realidade social em que estão inseridas as cooperadas. Os resultados do estudo indicam que a metodologia para desenvolvimento desses empreendimentos não é algo previamente delimitado, mas tende a ser aberta, construída ao longo do próprio processo. Além disso, a análise da experiência em curso aponta para o potencial desses empreendimentos como alternativa de geração de emprego e renda, em que pesem as dificuldades inerentes ao processo.

Abstract Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding RNAs that direct post-transcriptional regulation of protein coding genes. Recent studies have shown miRNAs are important for controlling many biological processes, including nervous system development, and are highly conserved across species. Given their importance, computational tools are necessary for analysis, interpretation and integration of high-throughput (HTP) miRNA data in an increasing number of model species. The Bioinformatics Resource Manager (BRM) v2.3 is a software environment for data management, mining, integration and functional annotation of HTP biological data. In this study, we report recent updates to BRM for miRNA data analysis and cross-species comparisons across datasets. Results BRM v2.3 has the capability to query predicted miRNA targets from multiple databases, retrieve potential regulatory miRNAs for known genes, integrate experimentally derived miRNA and mRNA datasets, perform ortholog mapping across species, and retrieve annotation and cross-reference identifiers for an expanded number of species. Here we use BRM to show that developmental exposure of zebrafish to 30 uM nicotine from 6–48 hours post fertilization (hpf) results in behavioral hyperactivity in larval zebrafish and alteration of putative miRNA gene targets in whole embryos at developmental stages that encompass early neurogenesis. We show typical workflows for using BRM to integrate experimental zebrafish miRNA and mRNA microarray datasets with example retrievals for zebrafish, including pathway annotation and mapping to human ortholog. Functional analysis of differentially regulated (p Conclusions BRM provides the ability to mine complex data for identification of candidate miRNAs or pathways that drive phenotypic outcome and, therefore, is a useful hypothesis generation tool for systems biology. The miRNA workflow in BRM allows for efficient processing of multiple miRNA and mRNA datasets in a single software environment with the added capability to interact with public data sources and visual analytic tools for HTP data analysis at a systems level. BRM is developed using Java™ and other open-source technologies for free distribution (http://www.sysbio.org/dataresources/brm.stm).

Abstract Background MRSA prevalence in nursing homes often exceeds that in hospitals, but reasons for this are not well understood. We sought to measure MRSA burden in a large number of nursing homes and identify facility characteristics associated with high MRSA burden. Methods We performed nasal swabs of residents from 26 nursing homes to measure MRSA importation and point prevalence, and estimate transmission. Using nursing home administrative data, we identified facility characteristics associated with MRSA point prevalence and estimated transmission risk in multivariate models. Results We obtained 1,649 admission and 2,111 point prevalence swabs. Mean MRSA point prevalence was 24%, significantly higher than mean MRSA admission prevalence, 16%, (paired t-test, p In multivariate models, higher MRSA point prevalence was associated with higher admission prevalence (p=0.005) and higher proportions of residents with indwelling devices (p=0.01). Higher estimated MRSA transmission risk was associated with higher proportions of residents with diabetes (p=0.01) and lower levels of social engagement (p=0.03). Conclusions MRSA importation was a strong predictor of MRSA prevalence, but MRSA burden and transmission were also associated with nursing homes caring for more residents with chronic illnesses or indwelling devices. Frequent social interaction among residents appeared to be protective of MRSA transmission, suggesting that residents healthy enough to engage in group activities do not incur substantial risks of MRSA from social contact. Identifying characteristics of nursing homes at risk for high MRSA burden and transmission may allow facilities to tailor infection control policies and interventions to mitigate MRSA spread.

Abstract Background The procedural aspects of genome sequencing and assembly have become relatively inexpensive, yet the full, accurate structural annotation of these genomes remains a challenge. Next-generation sequencing transcriptomics (RNA-Seq), global microarrays, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based proteomics have demonstrated immense value to genome curators as individual sources of information, however, integrating these data types to validate and improve structural annotation remains a major challenge. Current visual and statistical analytic tools are focused on a single data type, or existing software tools are retrofitted to analyze new data forms. We present Visual Exploration and Statistics to Promote Annotation (VESPA) is a new interactive visual analysis software tool focused on assisting scientists with the annotation of prokaryotic genomes though the integration of proteomics and transcriptomics data with current genome location coordinates. Results VESPA is a desktop Java™ application that integrates high-throughput proteomics data (peptide-centric) and transcriptomics (probe or RNA-Seq) data into a genomic context, all of which can be visualized at three levels of genomic resolution. Data is interrogated via searches linked to the genome visualizations to find regions with high likelihood of mis-annotation. Search results are linked to exports for further validation outside of VESPA or potential coding-regions can be analyzed concurrently with the software through interaction with BLAST. VESPA is demonstrated on two use cases (Yersinia pestis Pestoides F and Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002) to demonstrate the rapid manner in which mis-annotations can be found and explored in VESPA using either proteomics data alone, or in combination with transcriptomic data. Conclusions VESPA is an interactive visual analytics tool that integrates high-throughput data into a genomic context to facilitate the discovery of structural mis-annotations in prokaryotic genomes. Data is evaluated via visual analysis across multiple levels of genomic resolution, linked searches and interaction with existing bioinformatics tools. We highlight the novel functionality of VESPA and core programming requirements for visualization of these large heterogeneous datasets for a client-side application. The software is freely available at https://www.biopilot.org/docs/Software/Vespa.php.

Abstract Background We describe reproductive health issues among pregnant women in a rural area of Kenya with a high coverage of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) and high prevalence of HIV (15%). Methods We conducted a community-based cross-sectional survey among rural pregnant women in western Kenya. A medical, obstetric and reproductive history was obtained. Blood was obtained for a malaria smear and haemoglobin level, and stool was examined for geohelminths. Height and weight were measured. Results Of 673 participants, 87% were multigravidae and 50% were in their third trimester; 41% had started antenatal clinic visits at the time of interview and 69% reported ITN-use. Malaria parasitemia and anaemia (haemoglobin < 11 g/dl) were detected among 36% and 53% of the women, respectively. Geohelminth infections were detected among 76% of the 390 women who gave a stool sample. Twenty percent of women were underweight, and sixteen percent reported symptoms of herpes zoster or oral thrush in the last two months. Nineteen percent of all women reported using a contraceptive method to delay or prevent pregnancy before the current pregnancy (injection 10%, pill 8%, condom 0.4%). Twenty-three percent of multigravidae conceived their current pregnancy within a year of the previous pregnancy. More than half of the multigravidae (55%) had ever lost a live born child and 21% had lost their last singleton live born child at the time of interview. Conclusion In this rural area with a high HIV prevalence, the reported use of condoms before pregnancy was extremely low. Pregnancy health was not optimal with a high prevalence of malaria, geohelminth infections, anaemia and underweight. Chances of losing a child after birth were high. Multiple interventions are needed to improve reproductive health in this area.

Nursing assistants (NAs) who work in nursing and personal care facilities are twice and five times more likely, respectively, to suffer a musculoskeletal disorder compared to service industries and other health care facilities, respectively. The purpose of this study was to develop an ergonomics training program for selected NAs at a state-run veterans' home to decrease musculoskeletal disorders by 1) developing questionnaires to assess musculoskeletal stress, 2) evaluating the work environment, 3) developing and using a training package, and 4) determining the application of the information from the training package by NAs on the floor. Results show two new risk factors not previously identified for nursing personnel in the peer-reviewed literature. Quizzes given to the nursing personnel before and after training indicated a significant improvement in understanding the principles of ergonomics and patient-handling techniques. Statistical analysis comparing the pre-training and post-training questionnaires indicated no significant decrease in musculoskeletal risk factors and no significant reduction in pain or discomfort or overall mental or physical health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to determine if adoption of a user-friendly algorithm for individualized opioid prescribing at discharge would decrease the number of opioids prescribed after cesarean delivery., Study Design: As part of a quality initiative, we developed and implemented an algorithm for opioid prescribing at discharge for patients after cesarean delivery. The intervention group comprised patients delivering by cesarean in the 6 months following initiation of the intervention. The intervention group was divided into three groups based on inpatient opioid needs 24 to 48 hours after delivery. Oxycodone tablets were prescribed at discharge based on inpatient group. The control group comprised patients delivering at the same institution in the 6 months prior to initiation of the intervention. The primary outcome was number of oxycodone tablets prescribed at discharge. The secondary outcome was the proportion of patients with a pain-related encounter or additional oxycodone prescription up to 6 weeks after delivery., Results: From July to December 2020, a total of 382 subjects met criteria for the intervention. The comparison group consisted of 391 subjects discharged from January to June 30, 2020, after cesarean. Baseline characteristics and inpatient opioid use 24 to 48 hours after delivery did not differ between the groups. Compared with the control group, subjects in the intervention group had fewer oxycodone tablets prescribed at discharge (11.1 vs. 15.8, p  < 0.001). The number of pain-related encounters within 6 weeks of delivery did not differ between the intervention and comparison groups (10.5 vs. 10.3%, p  = 0.82). There was no increase in the additional number of oxycodone prescriptions after discharge (4.7% in the intervention group vs. 4.3% in the control group, p  = 0.81)., Conclusion: Discharge opioid prescribing based on inpatient use after cesarean reduces the number of opioids prescribed without increasing the number of pain-related encounters after discharge. A simple algorithm may ensure compliance from prescribers., Key Points: · Previous research has shown that most opioids prescribed after cesarean delivery are unused after discharge. We implemented an algorithm for opioid discharge prescribing after cesarean delivery based on inpatient opioid consumption.. · Implementing an individualized approach to opioid prescribing reduced the number of tablets prescribed at discharge after cesarean delivery. The decrease in discharge prescribing did not correspond to an increase in pain-related encounters or additional narcotic prescriptions in the 6 weeks following delivery.. · The overprescription of opioids at discharge after cesarean delivery is well-established, and previous authors have found success in prescribing opioids at discharge based on inpatient use. Our study proposes a simple, reproducible algorithm for opioid prescribing at discharge after cesarean.., Competing Interests: None declared., (Thieme. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The primary goal of this study was to determine in patients with normohormonal primary hyperparathyroidism (NHHPT) what percent reduction in post-excision intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) from baseline would yield a rate of cure comparable to that in patients with classical primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT)., Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent parathyroidectomy between July 2013 and February 2020. Demographic data, preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative metrics were collected. Patients with NHHPT were compared to those with classical PHPT. Subgroup analyses were performed., Results: Of the 496 patients included in the study, 66 (13.3%) were of the normohormonal variant based on preoperative intact parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels and 28 (5.6%) based on baseline IOPTH levels. The cure rates in the two normohormonal groups were not significantly different from their classical counterparts (98.4% and 100.0% vs. 97.1%, p = 1.000). The median percent decline in post-excision IOPTH from baseline that achieved cure in the normohormonal groups were 82.6% and 80.4% compared to their respective controls at 87.3%, p = 0.011 and p = 0.001. Although the rate of multiglandular disease was higher in one of the normohormonal variant groups, this difference was due to a higher rate of double adenomas, not four-gland hyperplasia., Conclusion: Patients with NHHPT undergoing parathyroidectomy can expect cure rates similar to that in patients with classical PHPT. The results of this study indicate that achieving an 80% drop or more in IOPTH levels predicts a high likelihood of cure. This is true irrespective of whether the patient is deemed normohormonal based on preoperative or intraoperative testing., Level of Evidence: 3 Laryngoscope, 134:2480-2484, 2024., (© 2023 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.)

Introduction: Virtual care utilization has increased in recent years bringing questions of how to best inform patients regarding their use. Decision aids (DAs) are tools created to assist patients in making informed decisions about their health care. This study seeks to determine whether a DA or previous experience could better educate and influence patient's preference on virtual care., Methods: One hundred fifty participants from an orthopedic clinic of a multi-hospital system were divided into three groups. Group 1 (Virtual Care Cohort) had at least one previous virtual care visit and was surveyed with the Telemedicine Satisfaction Questionnaire (TSQ). Group 2 (In-person with Decision Aid) and Group 3 (In-person without Decision Aid) had no virtual care experience. Group 2 received a validated virtual care DA with a knowledge test. Both groups were also administered the TSQ., Results: After the DA, patients improved their score on 3 of 4 virtual care knowledge questions. Each cohort demonstrated a positive perception of virtual care; however, the specific reasons for their favorable views varied. The DA cohort did not show increased preference toward virtual care compared with the non-DA group and only responded significantly higher regarding encounter comfort. Patients with previous experience in virtual care responded most favorably to the majority of survey questions regarding their virtual care preferences when compared with both virtual care naive cohorts., Discussion and Conclusion: We found that patient experience was the most important factor in influencing patient preference toward virtual care. Although the DA increased their virtual care knowledge it did not increase their preference; therefore, efforts should be placed at encouraging patient to experience virtual care., Competing Interests: No competing financial interests exist., (© Aaron R. Prater et al., 2024; Published by Mary Ann Liebert, Inc.)

Patients with pre-existing immunity to adeno-associated virus (AAV) are currently unable to receive systemic gene transfer therapies. In this nonhuman primate study, we investigated the impact of immunosuppression strategies on gene transfer therapy safety and efficacy and analyzed plasmapheresis as a potential pretreatment for circumvention of pre-existing immunity or redosing. In part 1, animals received delandistrogene moxeparvovec (SRP-9001), an AAVrh74-based gene transfer therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Cohort 1 (control, n = 2) received no immunosuppression; cohorts 2-4 (n = 3 per cohort) received prednisone at different time points; and cohort 5 (n = 3) received rituximab, sirolimus, and prednisone before and after dosing. In part 2, cohorts 2-4 underwent plasmapheresis before redosing; cohort 5 was redosed without plasmapheresis. We analyzed safety, immune response (humoral and cell-mediated responses and complement activation), and vector genome distribution. After 2 or 3 plasmapheresis exchanges, circulating anti-AAVrh74 antibodies were reduced, and animals were redosed. Plasmapheresis was well tolerated, with no abnormal clinical or immunological observations. Cohort 5 (redosed with high anti-AAVrh74 antibody titers) had hypersensitivity reactions, which were controlled with treatment. These findings suggest that plasmapheresis is a safe and effective method to reduce anti-AAV antibody levels in nonhuman primates prior to gene transfer therapy. The results may inform human studies involving redosing or circumvention of pre-existing immunity., Competing Interests: R.A.P., E.L.P., D.G., G.C.O., S.L., K.C., and L.R.R.-K. are employees of Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc. J.R.M. has received grants from Parent Project Muscular Dystrophy and personal fees from Sarepta Therapeutics Inc. and Nationwide Children’s Hospital outside the submitted work and holds a pending patent for a micro-dystrophin cassette for gene therapy and an issued patent for rAAV.SGCA delivery isolated limb infusion., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Objectives: Unilateral clear thin rhinorrhea (UCTR) can be concerning for a nasal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak. Beta-2 transferrin electrophoresis has been the gold standard for initial non-invasive confirmatory testing for CSF rhinorrhea, but there can be issues with fluid collection and testing errors. Ipratropium bromide nasal spray (IBNS) is highly effective at reducing rhinitis-related rhinorrhea, and should presumably not resolve CSF rhinorrhea. This study assessed whether different clinical features and IBNS response helped predict presence or absence of CSF rhinorrhea., Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted where all patients with UCTR had nasal fluid tested for beta-2 transferrin, and were prescribed 0.06% IBNS. Patients were diagnosed with CSF rhinorrhea or other rhinologic conditions. Clinical variables like IBNS response (rhinorrhea reduction), positional worsening, salty taste, postoperative state, female gender, and body-mass index were assessed for their ability to predict CSF rhinorrhea. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values and odds ratios were calculated for all clinical variables., Results: Twenty patients had CSF rhinorrhea, and 53 had non-CSF etiologies. Amongst clinical variables assessed for predicting CSF absence or presence, significant associations were shown for IBNS response (OR = 844.66, p = 0.001), positional rhinorrhea worsening (OR = 8.22, p = 0.049), and body-mass index ≥30 (OR = 2.92, p = 0.048). IBNS response demonstrated 96% sensitivity and 100% specificity, and 100% positive and 91% negative predictive values for predicting CSF rhinorrhea., Conclusions: In patients with UCTR, 0.06% IBNS response is an excellent screening tool for excluding CSF rhinorrhea, and should be considered in the diagnostic workup of CSF rhinorrhea., Level of Evidence: 2 Laryngoscope, 134:56-61, 2024., (© 2023 The American Laryngological, Rhinological and Otological Society, Inc.)

Key Points: Autonomic nerve densities were equivalent in posterior nasal (PNN), posterolateral nasal (PLNN), and anterior ethmoid nerves (AEN). Rhinitis studies should explore the utility of PLNN and/or AEN transection over PNN alone., (© 2023 ARS-AAOA, LLC.)

Purpose: Among patients in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on beta-adrenergic blockade (βB) therapy, this study describes the frequency for which target heart rate (THR) values computed using a predicted maximal heart rate (HR max ), correspond to a THR computed using a measured HR max in the guideline-based heart rate reserve (HR reserve ) method., Methods: Before CR, patients completed a cardiopulmonary exercise test to measure HR max , with the data used to determine THR via the HR reserve method. Additionally, predicted HR max was computed for all patients using the 220 - age equation and two disease-specific equations, with the predicted values used to calculate THR via the straight percent and HR reserve methods. The THR was also computed using resting heart rate (HR) +20 and +30 bpm., Results: Mean predicted HR max using the 220 - age equation (161 ± 11 bpm) and the disease-specific equations (123 ± 9 bpm) differed ( P < .001) from measured HR max (133 ± 21 bpm). Also, THR computed using predicted HR max resulted in values that were infrequently within the guideline-based HR reserve range calculated using measured HR max . Specifically, 0 to ≤61% of patients would have had an exercise training HR that fell within the guideline-based range of 50-80% of measured HR reserve . Use of standing resting HR +20 or +30 bpm would have resulted in 100% and 48%, respectively, of patients exercising below 50% of HR reserve ., Conclusions: A THR computed using either predicted HR max or resting HR +20 or +30 bpm seldom results in a prescribed exercise intensity that is consistent with guideline recommendations for patients in CR., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

In patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), individual responses to beta-blockers vary. Candidate gene pharmacogenetic studies yielded significant but inconsistent results, and they may have missed important associations. Our objective was to use an unbiased genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify loci influencing beta-blocker survival benefit in HFrEF patients. Genetic variant × beta-blocker exposure interactions were tested in Cox proportional hazards models for all-cause mortality stratified by self-identified race. The models were adjusted for clinical risk factors and propensity scores. A prospective HFrEF registry (469 black and 459 white patients) was used for discovery, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) clumped variants with a beta-blocker interaction of p < 5 × 10 -5 , were tested for Bonferroni-corrected validation in a multicenter HFrEF clinical trial (288 black and 579 white patients). A total of 229 and 18 variants in black and white HFrEF patients, respectively, had interactions with beta-blocker exposure at p < 5 × 10 -5 upon discovery. After LD-clumping, 100 variants and 4 variants in the black and white patients, respectively, remained for validation but none reached statistical significance. In conclusion, genetic variants of potential interest were identified in a discovery-based GWAS of beta-blocker survival benefit in HFrEF patients, but none were validated in an independent dataset. Larger cohorts or alternative approaches, such as polygenic scores, are needed.

Purpose: To describe the findings of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for a series of orbital lesions and provide a systematic review of relevant literature., Methods: A retrospective review of 20 patients with orbital lesions who underwent MRI with DWI at two academic institutions between 2015 and 2020 was performed. Lesion diagnosis was histopathologically confirmed except a presumed cavernous hemangioma. Echoplanar diffusion-weighted images had been acquired using 2 or 3 b values (b=0 and 1000 or b=0, 500, and 1000) at 1.5T or 3T. Lesions with significant artifacts were excluded. DWI sequences were analyzed by neuro-radiologists blinded to the diagnosis. Mean ADC values of lesions were calculated from a single region of interest. An independent two-tailed t test was used to compare categories of lesions with p < 0.05 considered significant. A systematic review of the literature was performed., Results: Our study included 21 lesions. ADC values were significantly lower for malignant lesions (0.628 ± 0.125 × 10 -3 mm 2 /s) than inflammatory lesions (1.167 ± 0.381 × 10 -3 mm 2 /s) ( p < 0.001). ADC values were significantly lower for orbital lymphoma (mean 0.621 ± 0.147 × 10 -3 mm 2 /s) than idiopathic orbital inflammation (mean 1.188 ± 0.269 × 10 -3 mm 2 /s) with no overlap ( p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Orbital malignancies demonstrated lower ADC values, while inflammatory processes demonstrated higher ADC values, except IgG4-related disease. DWI and ADC values differentiated idiopathic orbital inflammation from orbital lymphoma. This study highlights the role of DWI in evaluating orbital pathology., Competing Interests: The authors have no financial or conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2023 The American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Inc.)

Background: Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential for effective odontogenic sinusitis (ODS) management. One point of debate has been the optimal timing of primary dental treatment and endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), but differences in time to completion of these treatment pathways have not been studied., Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on ODS patients from 2015 to 2022. Demographic and clinical variables were recorded, and various durations of time were analyzed from rhinologic consultation through treatment completion. Resolution of sinusitis symptoms and purulence on endoscopy was also recorded., Results: Eighty-nine ODS patients were analyzed (47.2 % male, median 59 years-old). Of the 89 ODS patients, 56 had treatable dental pathology, and 33 had no treatable dental pathology. Median time to treatment completion for all patients was 103 days. Of 56 ODS patients with treatable dental pathology, 33 had primary dental treatment, and 27 (81 %) required secondary ESS. In patients who underwent primary dental treatment followed by ESS, median time from initial evaluation to treatment completion was 236.0 days. If ESS was pursued primarily followed by dental treatment, median time from initial evaluation to treatment completion was 112.0 days, which was significantly shorter than if dental treatment was pursued primarily (p = 0.002). Overall symptomatic and endoscopic resolution was 97.8 %., Conclusions: After dental and sinus surgical treatment, ODS patients experienced 97.8 % resolution of symptoms and purulence on endoscopy. In patients with ODS due to treatable dental pathology, primary ESS followed by dental treatment resulted in a shorter overall treatment duration than primary dental treatment followed by ESS., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest None., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Investigate the use of nasal endoscopy, sinus imaging, and neurologic evaluation in patients presenting to a rhinologist primarily for craniofacial pain., Methods: This was a retrospective analysis of consecutive outpatients presenting to a rhinologist between 2016 and 2019 with chief complaints of craniofacial pain with or without other sinonasal symptoms, who were then referred to and evaluated by headache specialists. Data analyzed included sinusitis symptoms, Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) scores (and facial pain subscores), pain location, nasal endoscopy, computed tomography (CT) findings, and headache diagnoses made by headache specialists., Results: Of the 134 patients with prominent craniofacial pain, the majority of patients were diagnosed with migraine (50%) or tension-type (22%) headache, followed by multiple other non-sinogenic headache disorders. Approximately 5% of patients had headaches attributed to sinusitis. Amongst all patients, 90% had negative nasal endoscopies. Patients with negative endoscopies were significantly less likely to report smell loss ( P  = .003) compared to those with positive endoscopies. Poor agreement was demonstrated between self-reported pain locations and sinus findings on CT (kappa values < 0.20). Negative nasal endoscopy showed high concurrence with negative CT findings (80%-97%)., Conclusions: Patients presenting with chief complaints of craniofacial pain generally met criteria for various non-sinogenic headache disorders. Nasal endoscopy was negative in 90% of patients, and CT demonstrated poor agreement with pain locations. Nasal endoscopy and CT shared high concurrence rates for negative sinus findings. The value of nasal endoscopy over sinus imaging in craniofacial pain evaluation should be explored in future studies.

Objective: The aim of this research was to examine predictors and characterize causes of suicide death in people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and conduct sensitivity analyses with and without people whose first diagnosis of TBI occurred within 3 days of their suicide death., Methods: This case-control study examined suicide risk for people with TBI in eight Mental Health Research Network-affiliated healthcare systems. Sample 1 included 61 persons with TBI who died by suicide and their 75 matched controls with TBI who did not die by suicide between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2013. Sample 2 excluded the 34 persons with TBI whose first TBI diagnosis occurred within 3 days of their suicide death and their 46 matched controls. Descriptive statistics characterized the sample stratified by cases and controls, while conditional logistic regression models estimated the adjusted odds of suicide., Results: Over half of suicide deaths occurred within 3 days of a person's first diagnosis of TBI in the larger sample. After excluding these persons, people with TBI were 2.84 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.15-2.73) times more likely to die by suicide than were people without TBI. Among those with TBI, men were 16.39 times (95% CI: 1.89-142.15) more likely to die by suicide than were women., Conclusions: Accounting for TBI as a potential consequence of suicide attenuates the association between TBI and suicide, but a robust association persists-especially among men. Ultimately, all people with TBI should be carefully screened and monitored for suicide risk.HIGHLIGHTSPeople with traumatic brain injury (TBI) were at considerably elevated risk for suicide deathMen with TBI had significantly increased risk of suicide death compared to women with TBITBI timing suggests confusion of risk factors for and consequences of suicide.

The concept of admixture is currently widely being used, both in population genetics research and in DNA ancestry testing discourse. It is assumed to describe the process of gene flow between 2 previously distinct populations that eventually become admixed because of this flow. The concept per se does not require pure or unadmixed populations; the changes are relative and what matters is the level of admixture before and after the event under consideration. However, in this paper, we argue that the concept of admixture as currently used assumes the existence of pure or unadmixed categories. These do not need to have actually existed but to be able to exist in principle. We argue that this is a problematic notion that accrues from the racialist origins of the term admixture, which, as a result, is based on assumptions about purity. We suggest that scientists should be very cautious in their use of this term, especially in science education and communication. We also suggest that the term admixture should be better replaced by terms denoting similarity rather than difference., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Genetics Society of America.)