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International audience; The partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO 2) in surface seawater is an important biogeochemical variable, influencing the direction of air-sea carbon dioxide exchange. Large-scale observations of pCO 2 are facilitated by Ships-of-Opportunity (SOOP-CO 2) equipped with underway measuring instruments that are becoming more autonomous. Here we performed a comparison between a FerryBox-integrated membrane-based sensor and a showerhead equilibration sensor installed on two SOOP-CO 2 between 2013 and 2018. We identified time-and space-adequate crossovers in the Skagerrak Strait, where the two ship routes often crossed. We found a mean total difference of 1.5 ± 10.6 μatm and a root mean square error of 11 μatm. The pCO 2 values recorded by the two instruments showed a strong linear correlation with a coefficient of 0.91 and a slope of 1.07 (± 0.14), despite the dynamic nature of the environment and the difficulty of comparing measurements from two different vessels. We showed the strength of having a sensor-based network with a high spatial coverage that can be cross-checked against conventional SOOP-CO 2 methods. Validating membrane-based sensors and using the expanded coverage and higher frequency measurements they provide can enable a thorough characterization of pCO 2 variability in both open oceans and dynamic coastal seas.

The coastal area is the most productive and dynamic environment of the world ocean with significant resources and services for mankind. JERICO-NEXT emphasizes thatthe complexity of the coastal ocean cannot be well understood if interconnection between physics, biogeochemistry and biology is not guaranteed. Such an integration requires new technological developments allowing continuous monitoring of a larger set of parameters. The objective of JERICO-NEXT consists in strengthening and enlarging a solid and transparent European network in providing operational services for the timely, continuous and sustainable delivery of high quality environmental data and information products related to marine environment in European coastal seas.The best practice of technologies, methodologies and procedures is a vital step in ensuring efficiency and optimal returns from any kind of distributed, heterogeneous, multifaceted, coastal observing infrastructure operating on a transnational level like the JERICO network. The JERICO network is always striving to increase its suite of sensors to anticipate likely future demands. As part of this effort, it is now implementing a variety of sensors for a number of bio-geochemical measurements. While Task 2.4 of JERICO-NEXT dealt with the harmonization of these sensors and their underlying technologies,this report provides information on Best Practice in the utilization of sensors used for measuring nutrients (lead: CEFAS), biology-related optical properties (lead: SYKE), variables of the marine carbonate system (lead: NIVA),and for coastal profiling (lead: CNR). This deliverable will also inform on the outcome and results of the workshopsthat weredealing with its topic during the project. Published Contributors: Naomi Greenwood , Chris Read, Agathe Laes-Huon, Anne Daniel, Karel Bakker, Daniel Blandfort , Martina Gehrung , Pasi Ylöstalo , Lumi Haraguchi , Jani Ruohola , Bengt Karlson , Felipe Artigas , Fabrice Lizon , Melilotus Thyssen , Guillaume Wacquet , Manolis Ntoumas , Veronique Créach , Pierre Jaccard , Laurent Delauney , Jukka Seppälä , Andrew L. King, Kai Sørensen, Sabine Marty , Anna Wranne Willstrand , Lauri Laakso , Carolina Cantoni , Wilhelm Petersen, Yoana Voynova, Klas Ove Möller , Michela Martinelli , Refereed Current 14.A Nutrients Inorganic carbon Best Practice Manual (incl. handbook, guide, cookbook etc)

The present deliverable gathers and reports on the outcomes of the four parts of the first JERICO-NEXT workshop on sensors for nutrients, biology-related optical properties, variables of the marine carbonate system, and for coastal profiling. It provides descriptions of such systems and the way they are run, and critically assesses their current level of development from the specific perspective of the operations carried out routinely by the JERICO observing network, and by extension, in the general European context., Ce document regroupe et rend compte des résultats des quatre parties du premier atelier JERICO-NEXT sur les capteurs pour : les nutriments, les propriétés optiques liées à la biologie, les paramètres du système carbonate marin et les systèmes de mesure en profil côtier. Il fournit des descriptions de ces systèmes et la manière dont ils sont gérés, et évalue de manière critique leur niveau actuel de développement à partir de la perspective spécifique des opérations effectuées régulièrement par le réseau d'observation de JERICO et, par extension, dans le contexte européen général.

The aim of Task 3.4 is to develop and test innovative methods for the molecular detection of phytoplankton, harmful algal blooms and pollutants through their effect on microbial communities. This will include the development of novel molecular sensors for the detection, quantification and identification of organisms, microbial markers of pollutant exposure or toxin concentrations in marine coastal waters. Bacterial species and genes which can be used as markers of high nutrient load or hydrocarbon contamination in the marine environment were identified through bacterial community analysis in contaminated environment and literature reviews. Assays using quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR) for the quantification of these organisms were developed and tested through environmental sampling campaigns and laboratory exposure studies. The most promising markers and assays were selected for further study in conjunction with other biological and chemical sensors, and will be further tested through campaigns to be performed through WP4. Complementary technologies are being developed through this task to monitor toxic algae, combining an approach based on the detection of the organisms through an autonomous sensor, and the detection of toxins using a probe. The fully automated sensor module for autonomous monitoring of toxic algae includes a remote-controlled automated filtration system coupled to a semi-automated nucleic acid biosensor based on the specific binding of a molecular. This sensor will be adapted and optimised for long term unattended operation on Ferrybox systems through this task. In parallel, for the direct detection of algae toxins, the capabilities of an in situ optical biosensor were extended. This was done to reduce the device size, increase its efficiency, and potentially extend its performance to detect more than domoic acid, which was the toxin that the sensor was initially designed for. In this first phase of the project, the sensor was successfully redesigned and is planned to be tested in laboratory conditions prior to deployment at sea. For investigating plankton diversity and harmful algal blooms rDNA meta barcoding methods were developed and evaluated by analyzing samples collected using a Ferrybox system in the Baltic Sea area. Results based on 16S and 18S rDNA show that metabarcoding reveals a much higher diversity in phytoplankton compared to microscopy. However, metabarcoding only gives results on relative abundance of genes (OTU, Operational Taxonomical Units) in samples and does not give information about biomass. Microscopy gives cell numbers and biomass based on cell volumes. The two different approaches complement each other. Metabarcoding is being further evaluated through comparison with in situ imaging flow cytometry and microscopy in a study of harmful algal blooms on the Swedish Skagerrak coast. This progress report includes the work performed during the first two years of the project. During this first phase of the project, much of the focus has been on the development and improvements of the different types of sensors and biosensors before the sensor testing through laboratory and field campains, which will involve sensor tests in a common setting and integration of the results and responses from the different devices and tools. Published Refereed Current 14.2 Phytoplankton biomass and diversity Zooplankton biomass and diversity Guide