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Introduction: Clinical practice demands understanding the complexity of the root canal system to achieve desired treatment goals. The statistically detailed morphology of the tooth and root canal morphology is very important to know. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the statistical analysis of root canal morphology and morphological variations of maxillary and mandibular incisor teeth using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in Saudi patients attending King Saud University Dental Hospital. Materials and Methods: CBCT images of 480 patients were selected. Number of roots and root canal configuration were identified and categorized according to Vertucci’s classification. Tooth length, distance from cementoenamel junction (CEJ) to the area of canal division, and width of the canal at the area of division were also evaluated. Bilateral symmetry and association between gender and age with the different variables were investigated. Data were analyzed using Chi-square, multiple linear regression, and McNemar’s tests. Results: A total of 3412 teeth were evaluated. All maxillary teeth had one root with Type I canal configuration. For mandibular teeth, all exhibited one root with the majority having Type I canal configuration in central (71.2%) and lateral (75%) incisor teeth. There was a statistically significant association between number of canals and age in mandibular incisor teeth observed only in females (P < 0.001), while no association was observed between canal configuration and gender (P = 0.900 and P = 0.721, respectively). Multiple regression analyses showed that age and gender significantly explain the difference of the variance in tooth length (P < 0.001). Moreover, bilateral symmetry was observed in 98.1% of mandibular central and 97.6% of lateral incisor teeth with no statistically significant association (P = 1 and P = 0.058, respectively). Conclusion: All maxillary and most mandibular incisor teeth present with one root and Type I canal configuration. In general, males have longer teeth than females, with a significant decrease in length with each year increase in age. Mandibular lateral incisor teeth exhibited the highest mean distance from CEJ to point of canal separation and highest mean width in the area of canal division.

Abstract Background Antineoplastic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), such as trastuzumab, bevacizumab, and pertuzumab have been the mainstay of therapy in cancer patients. Despite proven efficacy of the monoclonal antibodies, cardiovascular-induced adverse events such as heart failure, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, thromboembolic events, and hemorrhage remain a major complication. The European society of cardiology address that concern with antineoplastic monoclonal antibodies issuing a guideline to manage and monitor chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity. There is limited evidence of the real-world prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) events induced by monoclonal antibodies among patients with cancer in Saudi Arabia. Objective To evaluate the prevalence of cardiovascular adverse events among patients with cancer treated with monoclonal antibodies in Saudi Arabia. Methods This is a retrospective study conducted in a tertiary care hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data were obtained from an electronic medical record of patients with cancer treated with one of the selected monoclonal antibodies, who met the inclusion criteria between January 2005 until June 2015 and have been followed up for at least one year. Patients were stratified into groups according to monoclonal antibodies treatment: trastuzumab, bevacizumab, pertuzumab, and combined mAbs. Results A total of 1067 patient were included in the study, within the pre-determined study period. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease among patients with cancer treated with monoclonal antibodies was 16.3%. The prevalence of heart failure was relatively higher in the trastuzumab group (46/626 patients, 7.3%). Among 418 patients treated with bevacizumab, hypertension was the most frequent adverse event, reported in 38 patients (9.1%), followed by thromboembolism reported in 27 patients (6.5%). Treatment discontinuation owing to cardiovascular adverse events was reported in 42/1,067 patients (3.9%). Conclusion and relevance Prevalence of antineoplastic monoclonal antibody induced cardiovascular adverse events among patients with cancer is substantially high in Saudi Arabia. There is an urgent need to streamline the practice for identifying high risk patients and flexible referral system for cardio-oncology care.

Categorical data analysis of 2 × 2 contingency tables is extremely common, not least because they provide risk difference, risk ratio, odds ratio, and log odds statistics in medical research. A χ2 test analysis is most often used, although some researchers use likelihood ratio test (LRT) analysis. Does it matter which test is used? A review of the literature, examination of the theoretical foundations, and analyses of simulations and empirical data are used by this paper to argue that only the LRT should be used when we are interested in testing whether the binomial proportions are equal. This so-called test of independence is by far the most popular, meaning the χ2 test is widely misused. By contrast, the χ2 test should be reserved for where the data appear to match too closely a particular hypothesis (e.g., the null hypothesis), where the variance is of interest, and is less than expected. Low variance can be of interest in various scenarios, particularly in investigations of data integrity. Finally, it is argued that the evidential approach provides a consistent and coherent method that avoids the difficulties posed by significance testing. The approach facilitates the calculation of appropriate log likelihood ratios to suit our research aims, whether this is to test the proportions or to test the variance. The conclusions from this paper apply to larger contingency tables, including multi-way tables.

Background: The most effective treatment for severe acne is isotretinoin. However, it carries major side effects, such as teratogenicity, depression, and increased lipid profiles. It is advised to monitor the lipid profile and to use two forms of contraception during isotretinoin use. Although it is commonly prescribed, little data are available regarding patients' understanding of isotretinoin. Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess Saudi female college students' knowledge about isotretinoin use and side effects. Methods: Data were collected by a validated online questionnaire disseminated through social media, allowing the collection of information from students from different regions of the country. Results: The total number of responses was 622. The majority of respondents were 18–24 years old, single, and college students; all were female. About 48.6% (282) of the sample used isotretinoin. Most had good knowledge of isotretinoin side effects. Medical students were more knowledgeable than students of other majors, and users were more knowledgeable than nonusers. The most common side effect was dryness. Use among married females was 2.8%, the majority of whom were instructed by their physicians to use only one method of contraception. One respondent got pregnant while using the drug. Conclusion: College-aged females generally have good knowledge of isotretinoin and its side effects. However, awareness about proper contraceptive use while on the drug is lacking.