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Recent theory conceptualizes emotion regulation as occurring across three stages: (a) identifying the need to regulate, (b) selecting a strategy, and (c) implementing that strategy to modify emotions. Yet, measurement of emotion regulation has not kept pace with these theoretical advances. In particular, widely used global self-report questionnaires are often assumed to index people's typical strategy selection tendencies. However, it is unclear how well global self-reports capture individual differences in strategy selection and/or whether they may also index other emotion regulation stages. To address this issue, we examined how global self-report measures correspond with the three stages of emotion regulation as modeled using daily life data. We analyzed data from nine daily diary and experience sampling studies (total N = 1,097), in which participants provided daily and global self-reports of cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, and rumination. We found only weak-to-moderate correlations between global self-reports and average daily self-reports of each regulation strategy (indexing strategy selection). Global self-reports also correlated with individual differences in the degree to which (a) preceding affect experience predicted regulation strategies (representing the identification stage), and (b) regulation strategies predicted subsequent changes in affective experience (representing the implementation stage). Our findings suggest that global self-report measures of reappraisal, suppression, and rumination may not strongly and uniquely correlate with individual differences in daily selection of these strategies. Moreover, global self-report measures may also index individual differences in the perceived need to regulate, and the affective consequences of regulation in daily life. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved). ispartof: Emotion vol:23 issue:2 pages:357-374 ispartof: location:United States status: published

BACKGROUND Family carers of youth recovering from early psychosis experience significant stress however, access to effective family interventions is poor. Digital interventions provide a promising solution. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to evaluate across multiple Australian early psychosis services the effectiveness of a novel online early psychosis intervention for carers. METHODS In this cluster RCT conducted across multiple Australian early psychosis services, our digital moderated online social therapy for carers (Altitudes) was compared with enhanced family treatment as usual (TAU) on the primary outcome of perceived stress and secondary outcomes including mental health symptoms and family variables at 6 months follow-up. RESULTS 86 caregivers were randomized and data was available for 74 young people. Our primary hypothesis that carers randomized to Altitudes would report greater improvements in perceived stress at follow-up compared with carers randomized to TAU was not supported with the TAU group showing more improvement (p=.032). For secondary outcomes, the TAU group showed improved mindfulness over time (p=.036). Regardless of group assignment, we observed improvements in satisfaction with life (p=.043), quality of life (p=.037), emotional over-involvement (p=.012) and burden of care (p=.005). In contrast, hair cortisol concentration increased (p=.041). Post hoc analyses revealed more contact with early psychosis services in the intervention group compared to TAU (p=.006) and that improvements in perceived stress (p=.008) and social support (p=0.015) were associated with use of the intervention in the Altitudes group. 80% reported a positive experience with Altitudes and 93% would recommend it to others. CONCLUSIONS Our trial did not show a treatment effect for Altitudes in perceived stress. However, our post hoc analysis indicated that amount of use of Altitudes related to improvements in stress and social support. Additional design work is indicated to sustain users’ engagement and to significantly improve outcomes in problem solving, communication, and self-care. CLINICALTRIAL ACTRN12617000942358p

Social interaction and loneliness have received much research interest. However, the direction of their relationship is unclear—does social interaction shape loneliness, or does loneliness shape willingness to interact? We explored dynamics of these social experiences under exceptional circumstances: COVID-19 lockdowns, which were necessary for public health but impacted people’s social lives. Specifically, we investigated the relationship between social interaction and loneliness in and out of lockdown in Australia. We used experience sampling methodology to follow 233 people across one week (Mage=30; 8,495 surveys) in a period that spanned one of the longest lockdowns in the world. While loneliness did not predict subsequent social interaction, having a social interaction predicted lower subsequent loneliness, particularly in (vs. out of) lockdown. These findings suggest social interactions may limit loneliness, especially during physical isolation. In short, times when we are apart from others may be times we benefit from interacting with them most.

Emotions have a significant impact on our decision-making, learning, awareness, social interactions, and mental and physical health. Even though large efforts have been put into quantifying human emotions, their subjectivity, context-dependence, and complexity render them as being almost unpredictable. However, while different streams of research in pervasive computing and psychology have made significant progress in the quantification of emotions, the most successful research results come out of controlled laboratory studies. In this article, we present a retrospective of a series of in-the-wild studies through the lens of human emotions. We are looking at the weaknesses and strengths of traditional research methods and present lessons learned. We furthermore call for a readjustment of research rigor and describe potential new research designs specific to out-of-the-lab studies.

Researchers often combine longitudinal panel data analysis with tests of interactions (i.e., moderation). A popular example is the cross-lagged panel model (CLPM). However, interaction tests in CLPMs and related models require caution because stable (i.e., between-level, B) and dynamic (i.e., within-level, W) sources of variation are present in longitudinal data, which can conflate estimates of interaction effects. We address this by integrating literature on CLPMs, multilevel moderation, and latent interactions. Distinguishing stable B and dynamic W parts, we describe three types of interactions that are of interest to researchers: 1) purely dynamic or WxW; 2) cross-level or BxW; and 3) purely stable or BxB. We demonstrate estimating latent interaction effects in a CLPM using a Bayesian SEM in Mplus to apply relationships among work-family conflict and job satisfaction, using gender as a stable B variable. We support our approach via simulations, demonstrating that our proposed CLPM approach is superior to a traditional CLPMs that conflate B and W sources of variation. We describe higher-order nonlinearities as a possible extension, and we discuss limitations and future research directions.

Emotion regulation is inherently dynamic, unfolding iteratively over time and in reciprocal relation with other psychological processes. This makes emotion regulation a prime candidate for study using daily life methods--also known as ambulatory assessment or intensive longitudinal methods--which involve frequent active (e.g., via self-report) or passive (e.g., via sensors) sampling of experience, context, behavior, or physiology over time in naturalistic settings. In this chapter, we focus on the application of active self-report methods—i.e., ecological momentary assessment (EMA), the experience sampling method (ESM), and daily diaries—to the study of emotion regulation processes in daily life, which have grown rapidly in popularity over recent years. We hope to help readers navigate this burgeoning literature. We start with a brief overview of the “nuts and bolts” of using daily life methods to study emotion regulation. Next, we turn to motivating why researchers should bother using these methods by highlighting their key strengths. We then provide an overview of three key research questions that have been addressed using these methods, including empirical examples. Next, we propose a unified approach to jointly addressing these research questions using daily life data. And we end with a brief discussion of some challenges facing researchers investigating emotion regulation in daily life.

Our environment is in constant flux, and in response, our emotions change dynamically (Kuppens & Verduyn, 2017). Thus, when seeking to influence our emotions, we must also dynamically tune our emotion-regulation efforts. This means that successful regulation does not involve merely using particular adaptive strategies, but rather, flexibly picking the right strategy to suit ever-changing situational demands (Bonanno & Burton, 2013). This means that emotion regulation researchers must understand flexibility, often defined as systematic variation in emotion regulation processes in synchrony with the context (Aldao et al., 2015). In this chapter, we first discuss variability as a precursor to flexibility, then introduce the components of emotion regulation flexibility, and finally discuss challenges and future research directions.

Research that helps people change their behavior has the potential to improve the quality of lives, but it is too often approached in a way that divorces behavior from the people who need to enact it. In this paper, we propose a personality-informed approach to classifying behavior-change problems and designing interventions to address them. In particular, we argue that interventions will be most effective when they target the appropriate psychological process given the disposition of the participant and the desired duration of change. Considering these dimensions can help to reveal the differences among common types of behavior-change problems, and it can guide decisions about what kinds of intervention solutions will most effectively solve them. We review key concepts and findings from the personality literature that can help us understand the dynamic nature of dispositions and to identify the psychological processes that best explain both short-term variance in behavior and long-term development of personality. Drawing on this literature, we argue that different types of behavior-change problems require different forms of “trait regulation,” and we offer a series of propositions to be evaluated as potential guides for the design of intervention strategies to address them.

Adopting a detached perspective—known as distancing—while reflecting on stressors can facilitate emotional recovery. Researchers have theorized that distancing works by enabling reappraisals of negative events, yet few studies have investigated specifically how distancing impacts stressor appraisals. In this experiment, we investigated how participants’ (N=355) emotional experience and appraisals of an interpersonal conflict differed depending on whether they reflected on the event from a linguistically immersed (first-person) or distanced (second/third-person) perspective. Partly replicating previous findings, distanced reflection predicted increases in positive affect, but not reductions in negative affect, relative to immersed reflection. Linguistic distancing also predicted increases in motivational congruence appraisals (i.e., perceived advantageousness of the event), but did not influence other appraisal dimensions. We discuss how linguistic distancing may facilitate emotional recovery by illuminating the benefits of stressful experiences, enabling people to “see the good in the bad.”

Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, policy makers have tried to balance the effectiveness of lockdowns (i.e., stay-at-home orders) with their potential mental health costs. Yet, several years into the pandemic, policy makers lack solid evidence about the toll of lockdowns on daily emotional functioning. Using data from two intensive longitudinal studies conducted in Australia in 2021, we compared the intensity, persistence, and regulation of emotions on days in and out of lockdown. Participants (N = 441, observations = 14,511) completed a 7-day study either entirely in lockdown, entirely out of lockdown, or both in and out of lockdown. We assessed emotions in general (Dataset 1) and in the context of social interactions (Dataset 2). Lockdowns took an emotional toll, but this toll was relatively mild: In lockdown, people experienced slightly more negative and less positive emotion; returned to a mildly negative emotional state more quickly; and used low-effort emotion regulation strategies (i.e., distraction). There are three interpretations for our findings, which are not mutually exclusive. First, people may be relatively resilient to the emotional challenges posed by repeated lockdowns. Second, lockdowns may not compound the emotional challenges of the pandemic. Third, because we found effects even in a mostly childless and well-educated sample, lockdowns may take a greater emotional toll in samples with less pandemic privilege. Indeed, the high level of pandemic privilege of our sample limits the generalizability of our findings (e.g., to people with caregiving roles).

The synthesis of novel organic prototypes combining different functionalities is key to achieve operational elements for applications in organic electronics. Here we set the stage towards individually addressable magneto-optical transducers by the on-surface synthesis of optically active manganese-phthalocyanine derivatives (MnPc) obtained directly on a metallic substrate. We created these 2D nanostructures under ultra-high vacuum conditions with atomic precision starting from a simple phthalonitrile precursor with reversible photo-induced reactivity in solution. These precursors maintain their integrity after powder sublimation and coordinate with the Mn ions into tetrameric complexes and then transform into MnPcs on Ag(111) after a cyclotetramerization reaction. Using scanning tunnelling microscopy and spectroscopy together with DFT calculations, we identify the isomeric configuration of two bi-stable structures and show that it is possible to switch them reversibly by mechanical manipulation. Moreover, the robust magnetic moment brought by the central Mn ion provides a feasible pathway towards magneto-optical transducer fabrication. This work should trigger further research confirming such magneto-optical effects in MnPcs both on surfaces and in liquid environments., We gratefully acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministries of Economy, Industry and Competitiveness (MINECO, grants MAT2016-78293-C6-4-R and MAT2016-78293-C6-6) and of Science and Innovation (MICINN, grant no. PID2019-107338RB-C62, PID2019-107338RB-C64, PID2019-107338RB-C66/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and RED2018-102833-T), the regional Governments of Aragon (E13-20R and E12-20R), the Xunta de Galicia (Centro de Investigación de Galicia acreditation 2019–2022, ED431G 2019/03), the Dept. of Education of the Basque Government and UPV/EHU (grant no. IT1246-19), the Spanish Research Agency (AEI), the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) under the program Interreg V-A España-Francia-Andorra (contract no. EFA194/16 TNSI) and the European Union through Horizon 2020 (FET-Open project SPRING grant. no. 863098)., We acknowledge support of the publication fee by the CSIC Open Access Publication Support Initiative through its Unit of Information Resources for Research (URICI).

Real-world emotions are often more vivid, personally meaningful, and consequential than those evoked in the lab. Therefore, studying emotions in daily life is essential to test theories, discover new phenomena, and understand healthy emotional functioning; in short, to move affective science forward. The past decades have seen a surge of research using daily diary, experience sampling, or ecological momentary assessment methods to study emotional phenomena in daily life. In this paper, we will share some of the insights we have gained from our collective experience applying such daily life methods to study everyday affective processes. We highlight what we see as important considerations and caveats involved in using these methods and formulate recommendations to improve their use in future research. These insights focus on the importance of (i) theory and hypothesis-testing; (ii) measurement; (iii) timescale; and (iv) context, when studying emotions in their natural habitat. ispartof: Affective Science vol:3 issue:2 pages:505-515 ispartof: location:Switzerland status: published

Introduction The objective of this study was to evaluate pharmacy student intervention documentation during their clinical experiential rotations and to gain insight on their perceptions of this experience. Methods This was an institutional review board approved descriptive study of pharmacy student interventions documented during one academic year. Students documented interventions using a pharmacy-specific system in the electronic medical record. Pharmacy student feedback regarding the process and utility of intervention documentation was assessed using a brief anonymous, voluntary, three-min online survey tool. Results In total, 894 clinical interventions were documented by 32 students (585 by 11 fourth-year students, 309 by 21 second- and third-year students). Most interventions were categorized as other (28%), followed by change in dose, frequency or, route (26.5%). The acceptance rate was 89.5% and associated cost savings were $166,551 ($186.30 per intervention). Student survey responses were generally positive and recommended continuing the documentation process in the future. Conclusions This study provides insight into the concept of second- and third-year pharmacy student clinical intervention documentation, with comparison to fourth-year documentation. Future studies exploring pharmacy student intervention documentation may be valuable (e.g., expanding pharmacy services, demonstrating student impact on patient care, strategies to best facilitate learning).

Aim We evaluated the acceptability, usability and safety of Kindred, a novel online intervention for carers of young people with borderline personality disorder (BPD) using a pre–post pilot trial design. The secondary aim explored whether Kindred use was associated with clinical improvements for caregivers on measures of burden of caregiving, stress, expressed emotion, family communication, disability, coping and knowledge of BPD and for patients on measures of severity of BPD symptoms and level of functional impairment. Methods The trial site was the Helping Young People Early program for young people with BPD at Orygen in Melbourne, Australia. Informed consent was obtained from 20 adult carers (i.e., relatives or friends) and 10 young people aged 15–25 with BPD. Kindred, which was available for 3 months, incorporated online psychoeducation, carer-to-carer social networking and guidance from expert and peer moderators. Assessments were completed at baseline and 3 months follow-up. Multiple indicators of acceptability, usability and safety were utilized. Results Seventeen carers were enrolled in Kindred and eight young people completed baseline measures. A priori acceptability, usability and safety criteria were met. Carer burden, stress, expressed emotion, family communication, quality of life, functioning, coping and perceived knowledge of BPD improved at follow-up. Sixty-six percent of the young people (4/6) reported that they believed Kindred had improved their carers' understanding of BPD. Conclusion Kindred was shown to be acceptable, usable and safe, with encouraging improvements in both carer and young person outcomes. Kindred warrants evaluation of its efficacy via an randomized controlled trial.

People often think about how they might feel tomorrow or next week. Research on affective forecasting suggests people overestimate their future feelings, but it remains unknown whether this pattern extends to everyday affective forecasts. We aimed to test whether people can accurately forecast their daily and weekly affect, and whether accuracy is associated with emotional benefits. At baseline, participants (N=209) forecasted how they would feel over the next week. Each evening for 7-days, participants forecasted tomorrow’s affect, and rated today’s affect, emotion-focused coping, and life satisfaction. Participants were relatively accurate in predicting tomorrow’s affect but showed evidence of absolute inaccuracy by overestimating their exact affect level. Forecasting accuracy did not predict emotion-focused coping or daily life satisfaction, but experienced affect did. Thus, people may be better off focusing on managing their emotions when they arise, rather than trying to manage them in advance.

Background First-episode psychosis typically has its onset during adolescence. Prolonged deficits in social functioning are common in FEP and yet often variance in functioning remains unexplained. Developmental psychology frameworks may be useful for understanding these deficits. Eudaimonic well-being (EWB), or positive self-development, is a developmental psychology construct that has been shown to predict mental health outcomes across multiple populations but has not been systematically reviewed in FEP. Aim Our aim was to systematically review the evidence for: the predictors of EWB, the effectiveness of EWB interventions and to examine the quality of this research in FEP. Methods Selected studies measured either composite or components of EWB. A systematic search produced 2876 abstracts and 122 articles were identified for full screening which produced 17 final papers with 2459 participants. Results Studies comprised six RCTs, eight prospective follow-up studies and three case-controlled studies. Self-esteem and self-efficacy were the most commonly measured components. A meta-analysis of RCTs revealed no statistically significant effect of interventions on self-esteem. The extant research indicates that character strengths may be associated with higher EWB. Self-esteem may be lower in FEP compared with age matched controls but not different from ultra-high risk patients. Self-esteem appears to be associated with poorer insight and improved therapeutic alliance. Significant problems with both external and internal validity of reviewed studies were apparent. Conclusions The hypotheses that lowered EWB is a risk factor for both onset of FEP and for poorer functional outcomes warrant further investigation. There is currently no evidence for effective interventions for EWB in FEP.

The ability to exert control over emotions, termed emotion regulation (ER), is vital for everyday functioning. ER success may be influenced by processes relating to the anticipation (prior to active regulation) and implementation (during active regulation) of ER strategy use. We investigated whether brain activity patterns recorded using electroencephalography (EEG) during the first second of anticipation and implementation of two ER strategies—distraction and reappraisal—were related to regulation success. Participants viewed negative images that evoked disgust and sadness. Before each image was presented, participants were cued to either passively view the image or decrease their emotional responses. ER success scores were calculated from subsequent selfreported disgust and sadness ratings. Using multivariate support vector regression, ER success scores were predicted from spatiotemporal patterns of event-related potentials during the first second of anticipation and implementation phases of each ER strategy. For both sadness and disgust, reappraisal success could be predicted during anticipation, while distraction success could be predicted during implementation. These findings suggest that early anticipatory cognitive processes are a key determinant of reappraisal success, but may not be similarly important for distraction. This may be because reappraisal is more cognitively demanding than distraction, requiring enhanced preparation of mental resources.

People routinely regulate their emotions in order to function more effectively at work, to behave more appropriately in social situations, or simply to feel better. Recently, researchers have begun to examine how people shape their affective states using digital technologies, such as smartphones. In this article, we discuss the emergence of digital emotion regulation, both as a widespread behavioral phenomenon and a new cross-disciplinary field of research. This field bridges two largely distinct areas of enquiry: (a) psychological research into how and why people regulate their emotions, which has yet to systematically explore the role of digital technology, and (b) computing research into how digital technologies impact users’ emotions, which has yet to integrate psychological theories of emotion regulation. We argue that bringing these two areas into better contact will benefit both and will facilitate a deeper understanding of the nature and significance of digital emotion regulation.

Abstract. Researchers are increasingly using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to investigate how people regulate their emotions from moment-to-moment in daily life. However, existing self-report measures of emotion regulation have been designed and validated to assess habitual/trait use of emotion regulation strategies and may therefore not be suited to assessing momentary emotion regulation. The present study aimed to develop a brief, yet reliable, EMA measure of emotion regulation in daily life by adapting the Regulation of Emotion Systems Survey (RESS; DeFrance & Hollenstein, 2017 ), a recently developed global self-report questionnaire assessing habitual use of six emotion regulation strategies. We created an EMA version of the RESS by selecting 12 items from the original scale and adapting them for EMA. We investigated the psychometric properties of the new RESS-EMA scale by administering it eight times daily for 7 days via smartphones to a sample of undergraduates ( n = 112). Results of multilevel modeling analyses supported the within- and between-person reliability and validity of the RESS-EMA scale and suggest that it is a viable way to comprehensively assess momentary emotion regulation strategy use in daily life.

Neuroticism is one of the major traits describing human personality, and a predictor of mental and physical disorders with profound public health significance. Individual differences in emotional variability are thought to reflect the core of neuroticism. However, the empirical relation between emotional variability and neuroticism may be partially the result of a measurement artifact reflecting neuroticism's relation with higher mean levels-rather than greater variability-of negative emotion. When emotional intensity is measured using bounded scales, there is a dependency between variability and mean levels: at low (or high) intensity, it is impossible to demonstrate high variability. As neuroticism is positively associated with mean levels of negative emotion, this may account for the relation between neuroticism and emotional variability. In a metaanalysis of 11 studies (N = 1,205 participants; 83,411 observations), we tested whether the association between neuroticism and negative emotional variability was clouded by a dependency between variability and the mean. We found a medium-sized positive association between neuroticism and negative emotional variability, but, when using a relative variability index to correct for mean negative emotion, this association disappeared. This indicated that neuroticism was associated with experiencing more intense, but not more variable, negative emotions. Our findings call into question theory, measurement scales, and data suggesting that emotional variability is central to neuroticism. In doing so, they provide a revisionary perspective for understanding how this individual difference may predispose to mental and physical disorders. ispartof: Proceedings Of The National Academy Of Sciences Of The United States Of America vol:117 issue:17 pages:9270-9276 ispartof: location:United States status: published

While emotion regulation often happens in the presence of others, little is known about how social context shapes regulatory efforts and outcomes. One key element of the social context is social support. In two experience sampling studies (Ns = 179 and 123), we examined how the use and affective consequences of two fundamentally social emotion-regulation strategies—social sharing and expressive suppression—vary as a function of perceived social support. Across both studies, we found evidence that social support was associated with variation in people’s use of these strategies, such that when people perceived their environments as being higher (vs. lower) in social support, they engaged in more sharing and less suppression. However, we found only limited and inconsistent support for context-dependent affective outcomes of suppression and sharing: suppression was associated with better affective consequences in the context of higher perceived social support in Study 1, but this effect did not replicate in Study 2. Taken together, these findings suggest that the use of social emotion-regulation strategies may depend on contextual variability in social support, whereas their effectiveness does not. Future research is needed to better understand the circumstances in which context-dependent use of emotion regulation may have emotional benefits, accounting for personal, situational, and cultural factors.

Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is characterised by an excessive fear of negative social evaluation. There is a limited understanding of how individuals with SAD react physiologically and subjectively to social stress.The Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), an acute social stress task, was completed by 40 SAD individuals (50% female) and 41 healthy controls (matched on age, sex, and education) to examine salivary cortisol and self-reported stress reactivity. Salivary cortisol concentrations and self-reported affect (anxiety, sadness, tiredness, withdrawal, and happiness) were assessed at baseline and across nine-time points during the TSST.Bayesian salivary cortisol analyses revealed no group differences in salivary cortisol levels at baseline or during the TSST, with results comparative after the removal of 17 cortisol non-responders (21%). Contrastingly, the groups significantly differed on self-reported affect. At baseline, the SAD group (vs. controls) reported heightened negative affect and diminished happiness. In response to the TSST, the SAD group (vs. controls) displayed greater negative affect reactivity and diminished happiness reactivity, and significantly higher rates of change in their anxiety and sadness over time. After accounting for differences in the temporal resolution of self-reported versus cortisol responses, a moderate positive association was found between salivary cortisol and anxiety reactivity to social stress that was comparable between the groups.Despite elevated subjective anxiety, our findings suggest concordance in psychobiological stress reactivity in SAD and healthy controls. We discuss the possibility of heightened subjective sensitivity to social evaluative stress as a core treatment target for SAD.

The global pandemic and the uncertainty if and when life will return to normality have motivated a series of studies on human mental health. This research has elicited evidence for increasing numbers of anxiety, depression, and overall impaired mental well-being. But, the global COVID-19 pandemic has also created new opportunities for research into quantifying human emotions: remotely, contactless, in everyday life. The ubiquitous computing community has long been at the forefront of developing, testing, and building user-facing systems that aim at quantifying human emotion. However, rather than aiming at more accurate sensing algorithms, it is time to critically evaluate whether it is actually possible and in what ways it could be beneficial for technologies to be able to detect user emotions. In this workshop, we bring together experts from the fields of Ubiquitous Computing, Human-Computer Interaction, and Psychology to - long-overdue - merge their expertise and ask the fundamental questions: how do we make sense of emotion-sensing, can and should we quantify human emotions?

A prerequisite to characterize magnetic materials is the capability to describe systems containing unpaired electrons. In this study, we benchmark the one-shot GW (G0W0) on top of different unrestricted mean-field solutions for open-shell molecules using Dunning's correlation-consistent basis sets expanded in terms of Gaussian functions. We find that the G0W0 correction to hybrid functionals provides reasonably accurate results for the ionization energies of open-shell systems when compared to those obtained from high-level ab initio methods. Moreover, the quality of the G0W0 exchange–correlation approximation is evaluated by the discrepancy between the ionization energy of the neutral molecules and the electron affinity of the corresponding cations. Furthermore, we assess the capability of the GW to reproduce the correct energy ordering of molecular spin–orbitals. To such an aim, we thoroughly discuss three open-shell molecules CN, NH2, and O2, for which approximate functionals fail to correctly capture the single-electron spectrum. Particularly, we demonstrate that the overestimation of the exchange energy in the studied spin–orbitals is reduced by the GW dynamic correlation term, restoring the molecular orbital ordering. Interestingly, we find that deviations of the exchange and correlation energies, in comparison with our ab initio reference, can be very different for molecular orbitals with different symmetry, e.g. σ and π-type orbitals., Authors acknowledge support from Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Grant Nos. PID2019-107338RB-C66, PID2019-109555GB-I00 and RTC-2016-5681-7), and the Eusko Jaurlaritza and UPV/EHU (Grant Nos. PIBA19-0004 and IT1246-19). DSP also acknowledges support from the European Union (EU) through Horizon 2020 (FET-Open project SPRING Grant No. 863098).

Sensory processing sensitivity is an individual difference that captures the extent to which people show heightened emotional reactivity to, and increased cognitive processing of, their environment. Although central to its definition, there has been no research examining whether highly sensitive individuals display stronger reactivity to naturally occurring negative and positive events in everyday life. We addressed this gap by carrying out a 21-day online diary study with 239 participants, varying in sensory processing sensitivity, who reported their daily life-satisfaction, affective experiences, and self-esteem along with appraisals of the most negative and positive events of the day. Multilevel analyses demonstrated that individuals higher in sensory processing sensitivity showed greater reactivity to more subjectively intense negative events, but no difference in their reactivity to positive events. These findings provide initial insights into how sensory processing sensitivity manifests in daily emotional reactivity with greater reactivity to negative events in our study.

Research that helps people change their behavior has the potential to improve the quality of lives, but it is too often approached in a way that divorces behavior from the people who need to enact it. In this paper, we propose a personality-informed approach to classifying behavior-change problems and designing interventions to address them. In particular, we argue that interventions will be most effective when they target the appropriate psychological process given the disposition of the participant and the desired duration of change. Considering these dimensions can help to reveal the differences among common types of behavior-change problems, and it can guide decisions about what kinds of intervention solutions will most effectively solve them. We review key concepts and findings from the personality literature that can help us understand the dynamic nature of dispositions and to identify the psychological processes that best explain both short-term variance in behavior and long-term development of personality. Drawing on this literature, we argue that different types of behavior-change problems require different forms of ‘trait regulation,’ and we offer a series of propositions to be evaluated as potential guides for the design of intervention strategies to address them.

Exposure to sexual objectification is an everyday experience for many women, yet little is known about its emotional consequences. Fredrickson and Roberts' (1997) objectification theory proposed a within-person process, wherein exposure to sexual objectification causes women to adopt a third-person perspective on their bodies, labeled self-objectification, which has harmful downstream consequences for their emotional well-being. However, previous studies have only tested this model at the between-person level, making them unreliable sources of inference about the proposed intraindividual psychological consequences of objectification. Here, we report the results of Bayesian multilevel structural equation models that simultaneously tested Fredrickson and Roberts' (1997) predictions both within and between persons, using data from 3 ecological momentary assessment (EMA) studies of women's (N = 268) experiences of sexual objectification in daily life. Our findings support the predicted within-person indirect effect of exposure to sexual objectification on increases in negative and self-conscious emotions via self-objectification. However, lagged analyses suggest that the within-person indirect emotional consequences of exposure to sexual objectification may be relatively fleeting. Our findings advance research on sexual objectification by providing the first comprehensive test of the within-person process proposed by Fredrickson and Roberts' (1997) objectification theory. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).