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The success that the Mongolian heavy metal band The Hu has achieved following the release of its first music videos in 2018 has been extraordinary. This chapter seeks to explore why it was so successful when previous generations of Mongolian artists were not. Analysis of the band's music and imagery suggests clear continuities with Mongolian popular music of the past. But beyond this, the band has shown a keen ability to read and react to the shifting global popular music landscape. It has created musical products and marketed them in ways ideally suited to the transnational character of new financial and media technologies and the global metal community. In short, I argue that The Hu fashioned a syncretic product that was designed from the start to “go viral” and thus bypass the hegemonic mediators of traditional media corporations that had so limited the music of previous generations of Mongolian popular artists.

The phenomenal recent success of the Mongolian heavy metal band The Hu has raised the international profile of the morin khuur or horsehead fiddle, one of the most visible and beloved symbols of Mongolian national identity. While its roots are ancient, the fiddle has only coalesced into modernized and standardized forms in the past sixty or seventy years, its development shaped by a variety of regional, cultural, political, and ideological needs of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Successive generations of Mongol youths from the 1930s on have worked to reimagine the shape and sound of the instrument, melding elements of the old and new, the traditional and the modern, the Mongol and the foreign. This chapter seeks to tell a contemporary history of the morin khuur through a series of biographical sketches of some of the most important and innovative individuals of its recent history.

This study examines the development of popular music in Mongolia over roughly four decades, focusing in particular on the emergence of globally inspired hip-hop and rap music. This is the period in which Mongolian popular musicians found their own voice within a rapidly expanding cultural mainstream. Hip-hop emerged within this mainstream as both a product of these developments and the result of the rise of a new generation of young people who defined themselves as distinct from the older, ‘socialist-era’ generations and used this music to declare this. The story of hip-hop's development provides us with a window onto the changing social, political and economic landscape of post-socialist Mongolia.

From 1986 to early 1992, we treated 214 patients with imipenem every 8 hours in our outpatient intravenous therapy clinic. Patients ranged in age from 13 to 68 years and were treated for a variety of moderate-to-severe gynecologic, skin and soft tissue, bone and joint, pulmonary, upper respiratory tract, intraabdominal, blood, and central nervous system infections. We observed an overall cure rate of 91% among those considered to be efficacy evaluable. Eleven percent reported drug-related events that required premature discontinuation. Our experience with imipenem in outpatients mirrors clinical cure rates in controlled studies in hospitalized patients. Treatment failures were more often due to side effects than to lack of efficacy or relapse.

Background: Three studies were undertaken to determine the minimum effective dosing regimen of ciprofloxacin for the treatment of acute, symptomatic, uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection. Methods: All studies were multicenter, prospective, randomized, double-blind trials. A total of 970 evaluable patients with a diagnosis of urinary tract infection received oral ciprofloxacin (200 mg to 500 mg daily in one or two divided doses for 1, 3, 5, or 7 days) or norfloxacin (400 mg twice daily [BID] for 7 days). The primary measure of efficacy was bacteriologic eradication at the end of therapy. Results: In study 1, bacteriologic eradication was reported in 95 (89%) and 101 (98%) of patients in the groups who received ciprofloxacin, 500-mg single dose and 250 mg BID for 7 days, respectively. Clinical success occurred in 101 patients (94%) who received a 500-mg single dose and in 103 patients (100%) who were administered 250 mg BID for 7 days. In study 2, eradication rates in the groups who received ciprofloxacin, 100 mg BID for 3 days, 250 mg BID for 3 days, and 250 mg BID for 7 days, were 98 (93%), 95 (90%), and 98 (93%), respectively. Clinical success was reported in 102 (97%), 105 (100%), and 104 (98%) of the patients, respectively. In study 3, the eradication rates in the groups who received ciprofloxacin in dosages of 500 mg once daily for 3 days and 500 mg once daily for 5 days and norfloxacin in a dosage of 400 mg BID for 7 days were 137 (92%), 134 (90%), and 133 (94%) of the women, respectively. Clinical success was the same (97%) in all three groups. Overall, short-course (either 3- or 5-day) therapy with ciprofloxacin was statistically equivalent to conventional (7-day) therapy with either ciprofloxacin or norfloxacin. Single-dose ciprofloxacin therapy was statistically less effective than conventional treatment. Conclusions: Ciprofloxacin at a dosage of 100 mg BID for 3 days was the minimum effective dose for the treatment of uncomplicated urinary tract infection in women. (Arch Intern Med. 1995;155:485-494)

A 31-yr-old patient presented with bloody diarrhea. Medical evaluation revealed enterocolitis. Stool cultures grew Edwardsiella tarda . Confusion regarding this organism's pathogenicity led to errors in diagnosis and therapy. Edwardsiella tarda can cause invasive intestinal infections.

A 74-year-old woman had a spherocentric arthroplasty performed on her left knee. After four postoperative weeks, she developed and swelling in the joint. An anaerobic streptococcus was isolated from a joint aspirate. The patient was treated solely with knee immobilization and intravenous penicillin G for five weeks. Joint aspirates at the end of treatment and six months posttreatment were sterile. However, after ten posttreatment months, the peptostreptococcal infection recurred. Sterile joint aspirates six months after treatment are insufficient evidence of cure in prosthetic joint infections.