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1. Experimental bluetongue virus infection of Culicoides austropalpalis, collected from a farm environment in Victoria, Australia

Author: Jean-Bernard Duchemin, John R White, Antonio Di Rubbo, Shunin Shi, Gert Johannes Venter, Ian Holmes, and Peter J Walker
Subjects: Australia, Bluetongue virus, Culicoides, oral susceptibility, quantitative PCR, vector competence, Animal culture, SF1-1100, Veterinary medicine, SF600-1100
Abstract: Following the emerging bluetongue virus transmission in European temperate regions, we question the vector competence of the abundant Culicoides austropalpalis Lee and Reye in South-East temperate Australia. Field collected Culicoides midges were membrane fed with a bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV-1). The average feeding rate was 50%. After 13 days, survival rate was 25% and virus RNA presence was checked by quantitative PCR targeting viral genome segment 10. Virus RNA was found in 7.4% of individually tested females with relative viral RNA load values lower than freshly fed females, indicating that viral replication was low or null. A second qPCR targeting viral genome segment 1 confirmed the presence of virus RNA in only four out of 29 previously positive specimens. After 10 days culture on Culicoides cells, none of these four confimed positive samples did show subsequent cytopathogenic effect on Vero cells or BTV antigen detection by ELISA. As control for this virus activity detection, 12 days after microinjection of BTV-1, Culex annulirostris mosquitoes showed, after culture on Kc cells, cytopathogenic effect on Vero cells, with ELISA-confirmed infection. Despite its abundance in farm environment of the temperate Australian regions, the results of this study make C. austropalpalis of unlikely epidemiological importance in the transmission of BTV in Australia.
Published: 2021
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2. Cullin4 Is Pro-Viral during West Nile Virus Infection of Culex Mosquitoes.

Author: Prasad N Paradkar, Jean-Bernard Duchemin, Julio Rodriguez-Andres, Lee Trinidad, and Peter J Walker
Subjects: Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: Although mosquitoes serve as vectors of many pathogens of public health importance, their response to viral infection is poorly understood. It also remains to be investigated whether viruses deploy some mechanism to be able to overcome this immune response. Here, we have used an RNA-Seq approach to identify differentially regulated genes in Culex quinquefasciatus cells following West Nile virus (WNV) infection, identifying 265 transcripts from various cellular pathways that were either upregulated or downregulated. Ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway genes, comprising 12% of total differentially regulated genes, were selected for further validation by real time RT-qPCR and functional analysis. It was found that treatment of infected cells with proteasomal inhibitor, MG-132, decreased WNV titers, indicating importance of this pathway during infection process. In infection models, the Culex ortholog of mammalian Cul4A/B (cullin RING ubiquitin ligase) was found to be upregulated in vitro as well as in vivo, especially in midguts of mosquitoes. Gene knockdown using dsRNA and overexpression studies indicated that Culex Cul4 acts as a pro-viral protein by degradation of CxSTAT via ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway. We also show that gene knockdown of Culex Cul4 leads to activation of the Jak-STAT pathway in mosquitoes leading to decrease viral replication in the body as well as saliva. Our results suggest a novel mechanism adopted by WNV to overcome mosquito immune response and increase viral replication.
Published: 2015
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3. Discovery of novel rhabdoviruses in the blood of healthy individuals from West Africa.

Author: Matthew H Stremlau, Kristian G Andersen, Onikepe A Folarin, Jessica N Grove, Ikponmwonsa Odia, Philomena E Ehiane, Omowunmi Omoniwa, Omigie Omoregie, Pan-Pan Jiang, Nathan L Yozwiak, Christian B Matranga, Xiao Yang, Stephen K Gire, Sarah Winnicki, Ridhi Tariyal, Stephen F Schaffner, Peter O Okokhere, Sylvanus Okogbenin, George O Akpede, Danny A Asogun, Dennis E Agbonlahor, Peter J Walker, Robert B Tesh, Joshua Z Levin, Robert F Garry, Pardis C Sabeti, and Christian T Happi
Subjects: Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has the potential to transform the discovery of viruses causing unexplained acute febrile illness (UAFI) because it does not depend on culturing the pathogen or a priori knowledge of the pathogen's nucleic acid sequence. More generally, it has the potential to elucidate the complete human virome, including viruses that cause no overt symptoms of disease, but may have unrecognized immunological or developmental consequences. We have used NGS to identify RNA viruses in the blood of 195 patients with UAFI and compared them with those found in 328 apparently healthy (i.e., no overt signs of illness) control individuals, all from communities in southeastern Nigeria. Among UAFI patients, we identified the presence of nucleic acids from several well-characterized pathogenic viruses, such as HIV-1, hepatitis, and Lassa virus. In our cohort of healthy individuals, however, we detected the nucleic acids of two novel rhabdoviruses. These viruses, which we call Ekpoma virus-1 (EKV-1) and Ekpoma virus-2 (EKV-2), are highly divergent, with little identity to each other or other known viruses. The most closely related rhabdoviruses are members of the genus Tibrovirus and Bas-Congo virus (BASV), which was recently identified in an individual with symptoms resembling hemorrhagic fever. Furthermore, by conducting a serosurvey of our study cohort, we find evidence for remarkably high exposure rates to the identified rhabdoviruses. The recent discoveries of novel rhabdoviruses by multiple research groups suggest that human infection with rhabdoviruses might be common. While the prevalence and clinical significance of these viruses are currently unknown, these viruses could have previously unrecognized impacts on human health; further research to understand the immunological and developmental impact of these viruses should be explored. More generally, the identification of similar novel viruses in individuals with and without overt symptoms of disease highlights the need for a broader understanding of the human virome as efforts for viral detection and discovery advance.
Published: 2015
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4. Evolution of genome size and complexity in the rhabdoviridae.

Author: Peter J Walker, Cadhla Firth, Steven G Widen, Kim R Blasdell, Hilda Guzman, Thomas G Wood, Prasad N Paradkar, Edward C Holmes, Robert B Tesh, and Nikos Vasilakis
Subjects: Immunologic diseases. Allergy, RC581-607, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract: RNA viruses exhibit substantial structural, ecological and genomic diversity. However, genome size in RNA viruses is likely limited by a high mutation rate, resulting in the evolution of various mechanisms to increase complexity while minimising genome expansion. Here we conduct a large-scale analysis of the genome sequences of 99 animal rhabdoviruses, including 45 genomes which we determined de novo, to identify patterns of genome expansion and the evolution of genome complexity. All but seven of the rhabdoviruses clustered into 17 well-supported monophyletic groups, of which eight corresponded to established genera, seven were assigned as new genera, and two were taxonomically ambiguous. We show that the acquisition and loss of new genes appears to have been a central theme of rhabdovirus evolution, and has been associated with the appearance of alternative, overlapping and consecutive ORFs within the major structural protein genes, and the insertion and loss of additional ORFs in each gene junction in a clade-specific manner. Changes in the lengths of gene junctions accounted for as much as 48.5% of the variation in genome size from the smallest to the largest genome, and the frequency with which new ORFs were observed increased in the 3' to 5' direction along the genome. We also identify several new families of accessory genes encoded in these regions, and show that non-canonical expression strategies involving TURBS-like termination-reinitiation, ribosomal frame-shifts and leaky ribosomal scanning appear to be common. We conclude that rhabdoviruses have an unusual capacity for genomic plasticity that may be linked to their discontinuous transcription strategy from the negative-sense single-stranded RNA genome, and propose a model that accounts for the regular occurrence of genome expansion and contraction throughout the evolution of the Rhabdoviridae.
Published: 2015
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5. Seasonal drivers of the epidemiology of arthropod-borne viruses in Australia.

Author: Jemma L Geoghegan, Peter J Walker, Jean-Bernard Duchemin, Isabelle Jeanne, and Edward C Holmes
Subjects: Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Arthropod-borne viruses are a major cause of emerging disease with significant public health and economic impacts. However, the factors that determine their activity and seasonality are not well understood. In Australia, a network of sentinel cattle herds is used to monitor the distribution of several such viruses and to define virus-free regions. Herein, we utilize these serological data to describe the seasonality, and its drivers, of three economically important animal arboviruses: bluetongue virus, Akabane virus and bovine ephemeral fever virus. Through epidemiological time-series analyses of sero-surveillance data of 180 sentinel herds between 2004-2012, we compared seasonal parameters across latitudes, ranging from the tropical north (-10°S) to the more temperate south (-40°S). This analysis revealed marked differences in seasonality between distinct geographic regions and climates: seasonality was most pronounced in southern regions and gradually decreased as latitude decreased toward the Equator. Further, we show that both the timing of epidemics and the average number of seroconversions have a strong geographical component, which likely reflect patterns of vector abundance through co-varying climatic factors, especially temperature and rainfall. Notably, despite their differences in biology, including insect vector species, all three viruses exhibited very similar seasonality. By revealing the factors that shape spatial and temporal distributions, our study provides a more complete understanding of arbovirus seasonality that will enable better risk predictions.
Published: 2014
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6. Dicer-2-dependent activation of Culex Vago occurs via the TRAF-Rel2 signaling pathway.

Author: Prasad N Paradkar, Jean-Bernard Duchemin, Rhonda Voysey, and Peter J Walker
Subjects: Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine, RC955-962, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract: Despite their importance as vectors of human and livestock diseases, relatively little is known about innate antiviral immune pathways in mosquitoes and other insects. Previous work has shown that Culex Vago (CxVago), which is induced and secreted from West Nile virus (WNV)-infected mosquito cells, acts as a functional homolog of interferon, by activating Jak-STAT pathway and limiting virus replication in neighbouring cells. Here we describe the Dicer-2-dependent pathway leading to WNV-induced CxVago activation. Using a luciferase reporter assay, we show that a NF-κB-like binding site in CxVago promoter region is conserved in mosquito species and is responsible for induction of CxVago expression following WNV infection. Using dsRNA-based gene knockdown, we show that the NF-κB ortholog, Rel2, plays significant role in the signaling pathway that activates CxVago in mosquito cells in vitro and in vivo. Using similar approaches, we also show that TRAF, but not TRAF-3, is involved in activation of Rel2 after viral infection. Overall the study shows that a conserved signaling pathway, which is similar to mammalian interferon activation pathway, is responsible for the induction and antiviral activity of CxVago.
Published: 2014
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7. RNA-binding domain in the nucleocapsid protein of gill-associated nidovirus of penaeid shrimp.

Author: Chumporn Soowannayan, Jeff A Cowley, Wojtek P Michalski, and Peter J Walker
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Gill-associated virus (GAV) infects Penaeus monodon shrimp and is the type species okavirus in the Roniviridae, the only invertebrate nidoviruses known currently. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) using His(6)-tagged full-length and truncated proteins were employed to examine the nucleic acid binding properties of the GAV nucleocapsid (N) protein in vitro. The EMSAs showed full-length N protein to bind to all synthetic single-stranded (ss)RNAs tested independent of their sequence. The ssRNAs included (+) and (-) sense regions of the GAV genome as well as a (+) sense region of the M RNA segment of Mourilyan virus, a crustacean bunya-like virus. GAV N protein also bound to double-stranded (ds)RNAs prepared to GAV ORF1b gene regions and to bacteriophage M13 genomic ssDNA. EMSAs using the five N protein constructs with variable-length N-terminal and/or C-terminal truncations localized the RNA binding domain to a 50 amino acid (aa) N-terminal sequence spanning Met(11) to Arg(60). Similarly to other RNA binding proteins, the first 16 aa portion of this sequence was proline/arginine rich. To examine this domain in more detail, the 18 aa peptide (M(11)PVRRPLPPQPPRNARLI(29)) encompassing this sequence was synthesized and found to bind nucleic acids similarly to the full-length N protein in EMSAs. The data indicate a fundamental role for the GAV N protein proline/arginine-rich domain in nucleating genomic ssRNA to form nucleocapsids. Moreover, as the synthetic peptide formed higher-order complexes in the presence of RNA, the domain might also play some role in protein/protein interactions stabilizing the helical structure of GAV nucleocapsids.
Published: 2011
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8. 2022 taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author: Jens H. Kuhn, Scott Adkins, Sergey V. Alkhovsky, Tatjana Avšič-Županc, María A. Ayllón, Justin Bahl, Anne Balkema-Buschmann, Matthew J. Ballinger, Martina Bandte, Martin Beer, Nicolas Bejerman, Éric Bergeron, Nadine Biedenkopf, Laurent Bigarré, Carol D. Blair, Kim R. Blasdell, Steven B. Bradfute, Thomas Briese, Paul A. Brown, Rémy Bruggmann, Ursula J. Buchholz, Michael J. Buchmeier, Alexander Bukreyev, Felicity Burt, Carmen Büttner, Charles H. Calisher, Thierry Candresse, Jeremy Carson, Inmaculada Casas, Kartik Chandran, Rémi N. Charrel, Yuya Chiaki, Anya Crane, Mark Crane, Laurent Dacheux, Elena Dal Bó, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Xavier de Lamballerie, William M. de Souza, Rik L. de Swart, Nolwenn M. Dheilly, Nicholas Di Paola, Francesco Di Serio, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Michele Digiaro, J. Felix Drexler, W. Paul Duprex, Ralf Dürrwald, Andrew J. Easton, Toufic Elbeaino, Koray Ergünay, Guozhong Feng, Claudette Feuvrier, Andrew E. Firth, Anthony R. Fooks, Pierre B. H. Formenty, Juliana Freitas-Astúa, Selma Gago-Zachert, María Laura García, Adolfo García-Sastre, Aura R. Garrison, Scott E. Godwin, Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez, Joëlle Goüy de Bellocq, Anthony Griffiths, Martin H. Groschup, Stephan Günther, John Hammond, Jussi Hepojoki, Melanie M. Hierweger, Seiji Hongō, Masayuki Horie, Hidenori Horikawa, Holly R. Hughes, Adam J. Hume, Timothy H. Hyndman, Dàohóng Jiāng, Gilda B. Jonson, Sandra Junglen, Fujio Kadono, David G. Karlin, Boris Klempa, Jonas Klingström, Michel C. Koch, Hideki Kondō, Eugene V. Koonin, Jarmila Krásová, Mart Krupovic, Kenji Kubota, Ivan V. Kuzmin, Lies Laenen, Amy J. Lambert, Jiànróng Lǐ, Jun-Min Li, François Lieffrig, Igor S. Lukashevich, Dongsheng Luo, Piet Maes, Marco Marklewitz, Sergio H. Marshall, Shin-Yi L. Marzano, John W. McCauley, Ali Mirazimi, Peter G. Mohr, Nick J. G. Moody, Yasuaki Morita, Richard N. Morrison, Elke Mühlberger, Rayapati Naidu, Tomohide Natsuaki, José A. Navarro, Yutaro Neriya, Sergey V. Netesov, Gabriele Neumann, Norbert Nowotny, Francisco M. Ochoa-Corona, Gustavo Palacios, Laurane Pallandre, Vicente Pallás, Anna Papa, Sofia Paraskevopoulou, Colin R. Parrish, Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa, Janusz T. Pawęska, Daniel R. Pérez, Florian Pfaff, Richard K. Plemper, Thomas S. Postler, Françoise Pozet, Sheli R. Radoshitzky, Pedro L. Ramos-González, Marius Rehanek, Renato O. Resende, Carina A. Reyes, Víctor Romanowski, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Luisa Rubino, Artemis Rumbou, Jonathan A. Runstadler, Melanie Rupp, Sead Sabanadzovic, Takahide Sasaya, Heike Schmidt-Posthaus, Martin Schwemmle, Torsten Seuberlich, Stephen R. Sharpe, Mang Shi, Manuela Sironi, Sophie Smither, Jin-Won Song, Kirsten M. Spann, Jessica R. Spengler, Mark D. Stenglein, Ayato Takada, Robert B. Tesh, Jana Těšíková, Natalie J. Thornburg, Nicole D. Tischler, Yasuhiro Tomitaka, Keizō Tomonaga, Noël Tordo, Kenta Tsunekawa, Massimo Turina, Ioannis E. Tzanetakis, Anna Maria Vaira, Bernadette van den Hoogen, Bert Vanmechelen, Nikos Vasilakis, Martin Verbeek, Susanne von Bargen, Jiro Wada, Victoria Wahl, Peter J. Walker, Anna E. Whitfield, John V. Williams, Yuri I. Wolf, Junki Yamasaki, Hironobu Yanagisawa, Gongyin Ye, Yong-Zhen Zhang, Arnfinn Lodden Økland, Virology, NIH - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (Estados Unidos), Battelle National Biodefense Institute, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES) (Estados Unidos), United States Department of Agriculture. National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH)-National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), U.S. Horticultural Research Laboratory ( Fort Pierce, USA), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre N.F. Gamaleya Federal Research Centre of Epidemiology and Microbiology (Gamaleya), University of Ljubljana, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria = National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort [ANSES], Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Biologie du fruit et pathologie (BFP), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Lyssavirus, épidémiologie et neuropathologie - Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Centre National de Référence de la Rage - National Reference Center Rabies (CNR), Virologie UMR1161 (VIRO), École nationale vétérinaire - Alfort (ENVA)-Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Laboratoire Départemental d’Analyses du Jura (LDA39), Virologie des archées - Archaeal Virology, Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-Microbiologie Intégrative et Moléculaire (UMR6047), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Pharmaq Analytiq, This work was supported in part through Laulima Government Solutions, LLC prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. This work was also funded in part by Contract No. HSHQDC-15-C-00064 awarded by DHS S&T for the management and operation of The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, a federally funded research and development center operated by the Battelle National Biodefense Institute (V.W.), and NIH contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 and grant R24AI120942 (N.V., R.B.T.). S.S. acknowledges support from the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), USDA-ARS project 58-6066-9-033 and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project, under Accession Number 1021494., Ayllón, María A., Casas, I., Navarro Bohigues, J.A., and Pallas, V.
Subjects: Biointeractions and Plant Health, Virology, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Viruses, Life Science, Humans, 630 Landwirtschaft, General Medicine, Mononegavirales, Phylogeny, Virology & Molecular Biology, Virologie & Moleculaire Biologie
Abstract: 50 Pág., In March 2022, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratifcation vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. The phylum was expanded by two new families (bunyaviral Discoviridae and Tulasviridae), 41 new genera, and 98 new species. Three hundred forty-nine species were renamed and/or moved. The accidentally misspelled names of seven species were corrected. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV, This work was supported in part through Laulima Govern ment Solutions, LLC prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Gov ernment Solutions, LLC under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. This work was also funded in part by Contract No. HSHQDC 15-C-00064 awarded by DHS S&T for the management and operation of The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center, a federally funded research and development center operated by the Battelle National Biodefense Institute (V.W.); and NIH contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 and grant R24AI120942 (N.V., R.B.T.). S.S. acknowledges support from the Mississippi Agri cultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), USDA-ARS pro ject 58-6066-9-033 and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project, under Accession Num ber 1021494.
Published: 2022
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9. Delineation of the population genetic structure of Culicoides imicola in East and South Africa

Author: Maria G. Onyango, George N. Michuki, Moses Ogugo, Gert J. Venter, Miguel A. Miranda, Nohal Elissa, Appolinaire Djikeng, Steve Kemp, Peter J. Walker, and Jean-Bernard Duchemin
Subjects: Culicoides imicola, Culicoides bolitinos, Bluetongue virus, Mitochondrial DNA, Arboviruses, Population structure, Infectious and parasitic diseases, RC109-216
Abstract: Abstract Background Culicoides imicola Kieffer, 1913 is the main vector of bluetongue virus (BTV) and African horse sickness virus (AHSV) in Sub-Saharan Africa. Understanding the population genetic structure of this midge and the nature of barriers to gene flow will lead to a deeper understanding of bluetongue epidemiology and more effective vector control in this region. Methods A panel of 12 DNA microsatellite markers isolated de novo and mitochondrial DNA were utilized in a study of C. imicola populations from Africa and an outlier population from the Balearic Islands. The DNA microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA were also used to examine a population of closely related C. bolitinos Meiswinkel midges. Results The microsatellite data suggest gene flow between Kenya and south-west Indian Ocean Islands exist while a restricted gene flow between Kenya and South Africa C. imicola populations occurs. Genetic distance correlated with geographic distance by Mantel test. The mitochondrial DNA analysis results imply that the C. imicola populations from Kenya and south-west Indian Ocean Islands (Madagascar and Mauritius) shared haplotypes while C. imicola population from South Africa possessed private haplotypes and the highest nucleotide diversity among the African populations. The Bayesian skyline plot suggested a population growth. Conclusions The gene flow demonstrated by this study indicates a potential risk of introduction of new BTV serotypes by wind-borne infected Culicoides into the Islands. Genetic similarity between Mauritius and South Africa may be due to translocation as a result of human-induced activities; this could impact negatively on the livestock industry. The microsatellite markers isolated in this study may be utilised to study C. bolitinos, an important vector of BTV and AHSV in Africa and identify sources of future incursions.
Published: 2015
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10. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile

Author: Peter J, Walker, Juliana, Freitas-Astúa, Nicolas, Bejerman, Kim R, Blasdell, Rachel, Breyta, Ralf G, Dietzgen, Anthony R, Fooks, Hideki, Kondo, Gael, Kurath, Ivan V, Kuzmin, Pedro Luis, Ramos-González, Mang, Shi, David M, Stone, Robert B, Tesh, Noël, Tordo, Nikos, Vasilakis, Anna E, Whitfield, and Ictv Report Consortium
Subjects: Birds, Mammals, Fishes, Virion, Animals, Reptiles, Genome, Viral, Rhabdoviridae, Virus Replication
Abstract: The family
Published: 2022

11. 2020 taxonomic update for phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author: Amadou A. Sall, Christopher F. Basler, Gary P. Kobinger, Amy J. Lambert, Rodrigo Jardim, John V. da Graça, Yong-Zhen Zhang, Víctor Romanowski, Massimo Turina, John W. McCauley, Lin-Fa Wang, Paul A. Rota, Olga Dolnik, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Gabriele Neumann, Natalie J. Thornburg, Tomohide Natsuaki, Jin Won Song, Kartik Chandran, Carol D. Blair, Michael A. Drebot, Guohui Zhou, Rémi N. Charrel, Heather L. Wells, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Bernadett Pályi, Arnfinn Lodden Økland, Ian Crozier, Gael Kurath, Gilda B. Jonson, Robert R. Martin, Xuejie Yu, Anthony R. Fooks, Renato O. Resende, Ali Mirazimi, Bernadette G. van den Hoogen, Scott Adkins, Colin R. Parrish, Alexander Bukreyev, Anthony Griffiths, Timothy H. Hyndman, Peter Simmonds, Rachel Breyta, Zhìqiáng Wú, Ralf Dürrwald, Jorlan Fernandes, Biao Chen, Udo Hetzel, Alexandro Guterres, Jessica R. Spengler, Michael J. Buchmeier, Rayapati A. Naidu, Janusz T. Paweska, Keizō Tomonaga, Kamil Sarpkaya, Ivan V. Kuzmin, Jens H. Kuhn, Piet Maes, Marco Marklewitz, Masayuki Horie, Arvind Varsani, Shin-Yi Lee Marzano, Ursula J. Buchholz, Jean-Paul Gonzalez, Angelantonio Minafra, Daniela Alioto, Simon J. Anthony, Florian Pfaff, Brian H. Bird, Peter J. Walker, Robert A. Lamb, Noël Tordo, Rainer G. Ulrich, Sergio H. Marshall, Eric M. Leroy, Ayato Takada, Kirsten Spann, Xavier de Lamballerie, John M. Dye, Inmaculada Casas, Manuela Sironi, J. Christopher S. Clegg, Paul Brown, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Yan Liu, Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes, Tatjana Avšič-Županc, Martin Verbeek, Andrew J. Easton, Beatriz Navarro, Hideki Ebihara, Benhur Lee, Pierre Formenty, Qi Jin, Hideki Kondō, Eric Bergeron, Sébastien Massart, Daniel R. Perez, S. V. Alkhovsky, Charles H. Calisher, Anna Papa, Xīnglóu Yáng, José A. Navarro, Xifeng Wang, Taiyun Wei, Kim R. Blasdell, Lucie Dufkova, Renata Carvalho de Oliveira, Elba Regina Sampaio de Lemos, Nikos Vasilakis, Pedro Luis Ramos-González, Tong Zhang, Holly R. Hughes, Leonie Forth, Serpil Karadağ, F. Murilo Zerbini, Xueping Zhou, María Laura García, Tomáš Bartonička, Sandra Junglen, Aziz ul Rahman, Petra Straková, Karen E. Keller, William G. Dundon, Jiří Salát, Dexin Li, Jussi Hepojoki, Maria S. Salvato, Hui Wang, Justin Bahl, Bernd Hoffmann, Alberto M. R. Dávila, Jonathan S. Towner, Wénwén Liú, Mifang Liang, Yuri I. Wolf, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Jianwei Wang, Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa, Anna Maria Vaira, Roy A. Hall, William Marciel de Souza, Thomas Briese, Felicity J. Burt, Valerian V. Dolja, Boris Klempa, Satu Hepojoki, Mengji Cao, Selma Gago-Zachert, Il-Ryong Choi, Rik L. de Swart, Jan Felix Drexler, Gabriel Robles Luna, Igor S. Lukashevich, Maria Minutolo, Amara Jambai, Nihal Buzkan, Steven B. Bradfute, Are Nylund, Ioannis E. Tzanetakis, Xiǎohóng Shí, Stephan Günther, Aura R. Garrison, Takahide Sasaya, Mart Krupovic, Victoria Wahl, Seiji Hongo, Matthew J. Ballinger, María A. Ayllón, Jonas Klingström, David M. Stone, Sead Sabanadzovic, Tracey Goldstein, George Fú Gāo, Aiah Gbakima, Norbert Nowotny, Vicente Pallás, Carina Andrea Reyes, W. Paul Duprex, Roger Hewson, Muhammad Zubair Shabbir, Sophie J. Smither, John V. Williams, Hans Peter Mühlbach, John Chamberlain, Yukio Shirako, Elke Mühlberger, Lies Laenen, Martin Beer, Jiànróng Lǐ, Giovanni P. Martelli, Gustavo Palacios, Sina Bavari, Natalya Yutin, Elena Dal Bó, Michele Digiaro, Jonathan A. Runstadler, John Hammond, Martin Schwemmle, Robert B. Tesh, Dirk Höper, Martin H. Groschup, Francesco Di Serio, Teemu Smura, Sheli R. Radoshitzky, Juliana Freitas-Astúa, Susan Payne, Dennis A. Bente, Anne Balkema-Buschmann, Adolfo García-Sastre, Eugene V. Koonin, Nicholas Di Paola, Bertus K. Rima, Mark D. Stenglein, Mohamed Hassan, Michela Chiumenti, Koray Ergünay, Patrick L. Di Bello, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Anna E. Whitfield, Toufic Elbeaino, Xin Yang, Nicole Mielke-Ehret, Jana Širmarová, Daniel Ruzek, Dàohóng Jiāng, Stanley L. Langevin, Sergey V. Netesov, Zhengli Shi, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort [ANSES], Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), Unité des Virus Emergents (UVE), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Virologie des archées - Archaeal Virology, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs : écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud]), Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Centre collaborateur de l'OMS Arbovirus et Fièvres Hémorragiques virales - Stratégies antivirales (CC-OMS), Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Les Mandinaux, 16450 Le Grand Madieu, This work was supported in part through Laulima Government Solutions, LLC prime contract with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. J.H.K. performed this work as an employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC under Contract No. HHSN272201800013C. This project has been funded in whole or in part with federal funds from the National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), under Contract No. 75N91019D00024, Task Order No. 75N91019F00130 to I.C., who was supported by the Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Lab for Cancer Research, sponsored by NCI. This work was also funded in part by Contract No. HSHQDC-15-C-00064 awarded by the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Science and Technology Directorate (S&T) for the management and operation of The National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC), a federally funded research and development center operated by the Battelle National Biodefense Institute (V.W.), and NIH contract HHSN272201000040I/HHSN27200004/D04 and grant R24AI120942 (N.V., R.B.T.). S.S. acknowledges partial support from the Special Research Initiative of Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES), Mississippi State University, and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project 1021494., We thank W. Ian Lipkin and Rafal Tokarz (Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA) for providing/approving new names for 'blacklegged tick phleboviruses 1 and 3' and Edward Holmes (University of Sydney, Australia) for providing/approving a new name for 'Norway phlebovirus'. Many authors are current members of 2017-2020 International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Study Groups: Arenaviridae (Jens H. Kuhn, Michael J. Buchmeier, Rémi N. Charrel, J. Christopher S. Clegg, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Jean-Paul J. Gonzalez, Stephan Günther, Mark D. Stenglein, Jussi Hepojoki, Manuela Sironi, Igor S. Lukashevich, Sheli R. Radoshitzky, Víctor Romanowski, Maria S. Salvato), Artoviridae (Jens H. Kuhn, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Dàohóng Jiāng, Nikos Vasilakis), Aspiviridae (John V. da Graça, Elena Dal Bó, Selma Gago-Zachert, María Laura García, John Hammond, Tomohide Natsuaki, José A. Navarro, Vicente Pallás, Carina A. Reyes, Gabriel Robles Luna, Takahide Sasaya, Ioannis Tzanetakis, Anna Maria Vaira, Martin Verbeek), Bornaviridae (Jens H. Kuhn, Thomas Briese, Ralf Dürrwald, Masayuki Horie, Timothy H. Hyndman, Norbert Nowotny, Susan Payne, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Mark D. Stenglein, Keizō Tomonaga), Bunyavirales (Jens H. Kuhn, Scott Adkins, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Sandra Junglen, Amy J. Lambert, Piet Maes, Marco Marklewitz, Gustavo Palacios, Takahide Sasaya, Yong-Zhen Zhang), Filoviridae (Jens H. Kuhn, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Christopher Basler, Sina Bavari, Alexander Bukreyev, Kartik Chandran, Ian Crozier, Olga Dolnik, John M. Dye, Pierre B. H. Formenty, Anthony Griffiths, Roger Hewson, Gary Kobinger, Eric M. Leroy, Elke Mühlberger, Sergey V. Netesov, Gustavo Palacios, Bernadett Pályi, Janusz T. Pawęska, Sophie Smither, Ayato Takada, Jonathan S. Towner, Victoria Wahl), Fimoviridae (Michele Digiaro, Toufic Elbeaino, Giovanni P. Martelli, Nicole Mielke-Ehret, Hans-Peter Mühlbach), Hantaviridae (Steven Bradfute, Charles H. Calisher, Boris Klempa, Jonas Klingström, Lies Laenen, Piet Maes, Jin-Won Song, Yong-Zhen Zhang), Jingchuvirales (Nicholas Di Paola), Monjiviricetes (Jens H. Kuhn, Ralf G. Dietzgen, W. Paul Duprex, Dàohóng Jiāng, Piet Maes, Janusz T. Pawęska, Bertus K. Rima, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Peter J. Walker, Yong-Zhen Zhang), Mymonaviridae (María A. Ayllón, Dàohóng Jiāng, Shin-Yi L. Marzano), Nairoviridae (Jens H. Kuhn, Sergey V. Alkhovsky, Tatjana Avšič-Županc, Dennis A. Bente, Éric Bergeron, Felicity Burt, Nicholas Di Paola, Koray Ergünay, Aura R. Garrison, Roger Hewson, Ali Mirazimi, Gustavo Palacios, Anna Papa, Amadou Alpha Sall, Jessica R. Spengler), Negarnaviricota (Jens H. Kuhn, Eugene V. Koonin, Mart Krupovic, Yuri I. Wolf), Nyamiviridae (Jens H. Kuhn, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Dàohóng Jiāng, Nikos Vasilakis), Orthomyxoviridae (Justin Bahl, Inmaculada Casas, Adolfo García-Sastre, Seiji Hongo, Sergio H. Marshall, John W. McCauley, Gabriele Neumann, Colin R. Parrish, Daniel R. Pérez, Jonathan A. Runstadler, Martin Schwemmle), Paramyxoviridae (Anne Balkema-Buschmann, William G. Dundon, W. Paul Duprex, Andrew J. Easton, Ron Fouchier, Gael Kurath, Benhur Lee, Bertus K. Rima, Paul Rota, Lin-Fa Wang, Robobert A. Lamb), Peribunyaviridae (Scott Adkins, Sergey V. Alkhovsky, Martin Beer, Carol D. Blair, Charles H. Calisher, Michael A. Drebot, Holly R. Hughes, Amy J. Lambert, William Marciel de Souza, Marco Marklewitz, Márcio R. T. Nunes, Xiǎohóng Shí), Phasmaviridae (Matthew J. Ballinger, Roy A. Hall, Sandra Junglen, Stanley L. Langevin, Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa), Phenuiviridae (Thomas Briese, Rémi N. Charrel, Xavier De Lamballerie, Hideki Ebihara, George Fú Gāo, Martin H. Groschup, Márcio R. T. Nunes, Gustavo Palacios, Takahide Sasaya, Jin-Won Song), Pneumoviridae (Paul A. Brown, Ursula J. Buchholz, Rik L. de Swart, Jan Felix Drexler, W. Paul Duprex, Andrew J. Easton, Jiànróng Lǐ, Kirsten Spann, Natalie J. Thornburg, Bernadette van den Hoogen, John V. Williams), Rhabdoviridae (Kim R. Blasdell, Rachel Breyta, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Anthony R. Fooks, Juliana Freitas-Astúa, Hideki Kondō, Gael Kurath, Ivan V. Kuzmin, David M. Stone, Robert B. Tesh, Noël Tordo, Nikos Vasilakis, Peter J. Walker, Anna E. Whitfield), Sunviridae (Timothy H. Hyndman, Gael Kurath), Tenuivirus (Il-Ryong Choi, Gilda B. Jonson, Takahide Sasaya, Yukio Shirako, Tàiyún Wèi, Xueping Zhou), and Tospoviridae (Scott Adkins, Amy J. Lambert, Rayapati Naidu, Renato O. Resende, Massimo Turina, Anna E. Whitfield), or are ICTV Executive Committee Members: the 2017–2020 ICTV Chair of the Fungal and Protist Viruses Subcommittee (Peter Simmonds), the 2018–2020 ICTV Proposal Secretary (Peter J. Walker), the 2017–2020 ICTV Chair of the Plant Viruses Subcommittee (F. Murilo Zerbini), the 2017–2020 ICTV Chair of the Animal dsRNA and ssRNA- Viruses Subcommittee (Jens H. Kuhn), and 2017–2020 Elected Members (Sead Sabanadzovic, Arvind Varsani). We would like to thank Anya Crane (NIH/NIAID/DCR/IRF-Frederick) for critically editing the manuscript., NIH - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) (Estados Unidos), NIH - National Cancer Institute (NCI) (Estados Unidos), United State Department of Homeland Security (Estados Unidos), National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center (NBACC) (Estados Unidos), Battelle National Biodefense Institute, Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES) (Estados Unidos), Mississippi State University (Estados Unidos), United States Department of Agriculture. National Institute of Food and Agriculture, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Virology, H Kuhn, Jen, Adkins, Scott, Alioto, Daniela, V Alkhovsky, Sergey, K Amarasinghe, Gaya, J Anthony, Simon, Avšič-Županc, Tatjana, A Ayllón, María, Bahl, Justin, Balkema-Buschmann, Anne, J Ballinger, Matthew, Bartonička, Tomáš, Basler, Christopher, Bavari, Sina, Beer, Martin, A Bente, Denni, Bergeron, Éric, H Bird, Brian, Blair, Carol, R Blasdell, Kim, B Bradfute, Steven, Breyta, Rachel, Briese, Thoma, A Brown, Paul, J Buchholz, Ursula, J Buchmeier, Michael, Bukreyev, Alexander, Burt, Felicity, Buzkan, Nihal, H Calisher, Charle, Cao, Mengji, Casas, Inmaculada, Chamberlain, John, Chandran, Kartik, N Charrel, Rémi, Chen, Biao, Chiumenti, Michela, Choi, Il-Ryong, S Clegg, J Christopher, Crozier, Ian, V da Graça, John, Dal Bó, Elena, R Dávila, Alberto M, Carlos de la Torre, Juan, de Lamballerie, Xavier, L de Swart, Rik, L Di Bello, Patrick, Di Paola, Nichola, Di Serio, Francesco, G Dietzgen, Ralf, Digiaro, Michele, V Dolja, Valerian, Dolnik, Olga, A Drebot, Michael, Felix Drexler, Jan, Dürrwald, Ralf, Dufkova, Lucie, G Dundon, William, Paul Duprex, W, M Dye, John, J Easton, Andrew, Ebihara, Hideki, Elbeaino, Toufic, Ergünay, Koray, Fernandes, Jorlan, R Fooks, Anthony, H Formenty, Pierre B, F Forth, Leonie, M Fouchier, Ron A, Freitas-Astúa, Juliana, Gago-Zachert, Selma, Fú Gāo, George, Laura García, María, García-Sastre, Adolfo, R Garrison, Aura, Gbakima, Aiah, Goldstein, Tracey, J Gonzalez, Jean-Paul, Griffiths, Anthony, H Groschup, Martin, Günther, Stephan, Guterres, Alexandro, A Hall, Roy, Hammond, John, Hassan, Mohamed, Hepojoki, Jussi, Hepojoki, Satu, Hetzel, Udo, Hewson, Roger, Hoffmann, Bernd, Hongo, Seiji, Höper, Dirk, Horie, Masayuki, R Hughes, Holly, H Hyndman, Timothy, Jambai, Amara, Jardim, Rodrigo, Jiāng, Dàohóng, Jin, Qi, B Jonson, Gilda, Junglen, Sandra, Karadağ, Serpil, E Keller, Karen, Klempa, Bori, Klingström, Jona, Kobinger, Gary, Kondō, Hideki, V Koonin, Eugene, Krupovic, Mart, Kurath, Gael, V Kuzmin, Ivan, Laenen, Lie, A Lamb, Robert, J Lambert, Amy, L Langevin, Stanley, Lee, Benhur, S Lemos, Elba R, M Leroy, Eric, Li, Dexin, Lǐ, Jiànróng, Liang, Mifang, Liú, Wénwén, Liú, Yàn, S Lukashevich, Igor, Maes, Piet, Marciel de Souza, William, Marklewitz, Marco, H Marshall, Sergio, P Martelli, Giovanni, R Martin, Robert, L Marzano, Shin-Yi, Massart, Sébastien, W McCauley, John, Mielke-Ehret, Nicole, Minafra, Angelantonio, Minutolo, Maria, Mirazimi, Ali, Mühlbach, Hans-Peter, Mühlberger, Elke, Naidu, Rayapati, Natsuaki, Tomohide, Navarro, Beatriz, A Navarro, José, V Netesov, Sergey, Neumann, Gabriele, Nowotny, Norbert, T Nunes, Márcio R, Nylund, Are, L Økland, Arnfinn, C Oliveira, Renata, Palacios, Gustavo, Pallas, Vicente, Pályi, Bernadett, Papa, Anna, R Parrish, Colin, Pauvolid-Corrêa, Alex, T Pawęska, Janusz, Payne, Susan, R Pérez, Daniel, Pfaff, Florian, R Radoshitzky, Sheli, Rahman, Aziz-Ul, L Ramos-González, Pedro, O Resende, Renato, A Reyes, Carina, K Rima, Bertu, Romanowski, Víctor, Robles Luna, Gabriel, Rota, Paul, Rubbenstroth, Denni, A Runstadler, Jonathan, Ruzek, Daniel, Sabanadzovic, Sead, Salát, Jiří, Alpha Sall, Amadou, S Salvato, Maria, Sarpkaya, Kamil, Sasaya, Takahide, Schwemmle, Martin, Z Shabbir, Muhammad, Shí, Xiǎohóng, Shí, Zhènglì, Shirako, Yukio, Simmonds, Peter, Širmarová, Jana, Sironi, Manuela, Smither, Sophie, Smura, Teemu, Song, Jin-Won, M Spann, Kirsten, R Spengler, Jessica, D Stenglein, Mark, M Stone, David, Straková, Petra, Takada, Ayato, B Tesh, Robert, J Thornburg, Natalie, Tomonaga, Keizō, Tordo, Noël, S Towner, Jonathan, Turina, Massimo, Tzanetakis, Ioanni, G Ulrich, Rainer, Maria Vaira, Anna, van den Hoogen, Bernadette, Varsani, Arvind, Vasilakis, Niko, Verbeek, Martin, Wahl, Victoria, J Walker, Peter, Wang, Hui, Wang, Jianwei, Wang, Xifeng, Wang, Lin-Fa, Wèi, Tàiyún, Wells, Heather, E Whitfield, Anna, V Williams, John, I Wolf, Yuri, Wú, Zhìqiáng, Yang, Xin, Yáng, Xīnglóu, Yu, Xuejie, Yutin, Natalya, Murilo Zerbini, F, Zhang, Tong, Zhang, Yong-Zhen, Zhou, Guohui, and Zhou., Xueping
Subjects: Species complex, MESH: Terminology as Topic, Biología, VÍRUS DE RNA, Biology, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Biointeractions and Plant Health, V?rus / classifica??o, MESH: Mononegavirales, Genus, Virology, Terminology as Topic, Life Science, Bunyavirales, Ciencias Exactas, Taxonomy, 030304 developmental biology, Order Mononegavirales, 0303 health sciences, 030306 microbiology, Phylum, General Medicine, 15. Life on land, Negarnaviricota, Filogenia, Taxon, Evolutionary biology, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Taxonomy (biology), Mononegavirales
Abstract: In March 2020, following the annual International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) ratification vote on newly proposed taxa, the phylum Negarnaviricota was amended and emended. At the genus rank, 20 new genera were added, two were deleted, one was moved, and three were renamed. At the species rank, 160 species were added, four were deleted, ten were moved and renamed, and 30 species were renamed. This article presents the updated taxonomy of Negarnaviricota as now accepted by the ICTV., La lista completa de autores que integran el documento puede consultarse en el archivo., Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Centro de Investigaciones en Fitopatología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Instituto de Biotecnologia y Biologia Molecular
Published: 2020
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12. Revised Taxonomy of Rhabdoviruses Infecting Fish and Marine Mammals

Author: Peter J. Walker, Laurent Bigarré, Gael Kurath, Laurent Dacheux, Laurane Pallandre, University of Queensland [Brisbane], Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort [ANSES], Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), US Geological Survey [Seattle], United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Lyssavirus, épidémiologie et neuropathologie - Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology, and Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)
Subjects: fish rhabdovirus, taxonomy, [SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health, General Veterinary, (-) RNA virus, Animal Science and Zoology, phylogeny
Abstract: International audience; The Rhabdoviridae is a large family of negative-sense (-) RNA viruses that includes important pathogens of ray-finned fish and marine mammals. As for all viruses, the taxonomic assignment of rhabdoviruses occurs through a process implemented by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). A recent revision of taxonomy conducted in conjunction with the ICTV Rhabdoviridae Study Group has resulted in the establishment of three new subfamilies (Alpharhabdovirinae, Betarhabdovirinae, and Gammarhabdovirinae) within the Rhabdoviridae, as well as three new genera (Cetarhavirus, Siniperhavirus, and Scophrhavirus) and seven new species for viruses infecting fish or marine mammals. All rhabdovirus species have also now been named or renamed to comply with the binomial format adopted by the ICTV in 2021, comprising the genus name followed by a species epithet. Phylogenetic analyses of L protein (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) sequences of (-) RNA viruses indicate that members of the genus Novirhabdovirus (subfamily Gammarhabdovirinae) do not cluster within the Rhabdoviridae, suggesting the need for a review of their current classification.
Published: 2022
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13. Experimental bluetongue virus infection of Culicoides austropalpalis, collected from a farm environment in Victoria, Australia

Author: Jean-Bernard, Duchemin, John R, White, Antonio, Di Rubbo, Shunin, Shi, Gert Johannes, Venter, Ian, Holmes, Peter J, Walker, Vectopôle Amazonien Emile Abonnenc [Cayenne, Guyane française], Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity [Australia], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research [Onderstepoort, South Africa] (ARC-OVR), University of Pretoria [South Africa], and University of Queensland [Brisbane]
Subjects: Farms, Victoria, viruses, Sheep Diseases, MESH: Sheep, MESH: Vero Cells, Mosquito Vectors, Ceratopogonidae, Bluetongue, MESH: Bluetongue virus, MESH: Chlorocebus aethiops, MESH: Victoria, Chlorocebus aethiops, Animals, MESH: Animals, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, MESH: Bluetongue, Vero Cells, MESH: Farms, [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, vector competence, Sheep, MESH: Sheep Diseases, Australia, oral susceptibility, Culicoides, MESH: Ceratopogonidae, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, MESH: RNA, Viral, quantitative PCR, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, RNA, Viral, Female, MESH: Mosquito Vectors, MESH: Female, Bluetongue virus
Abstract: International audience; Following the emerging bluetongue virus transmission in European temperate regions, we question the vector competence of the abundant Culicoides austropalpalis Lee and Reye in South-East temperate Australia. Field collected Culicoides midges were membrane fed with a bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV-1). The average feeding rate was 50%. After 13 days, survival rate was 25% and virus RNA presence was checked by quantitative PCR targeting viral genome segment 10. Virus RNA was found in 7.4% of individually tested females with relative viral RNA load values lower than freshly fed females, indicating that viral replication was low or null. A second qPCR targeting viral genome segment 1 confirmed the presence of virus RNA in only four out of 29 previously positive specimens. After 10 days culture on Culicoides cells, none of these four confimed positive samples did show subsequent cytopathogenic effect on Vero cells or BTV antigen detection by ELISA. As control for this virus activity detection, 12 days after microinjection of BTV-1, Culex annulirostris mosquitoes showed, after culture on Kc cells, cytopathogenic effect on Vero cells, with ELISA-confirmed infection. Despite its abundance in farm environment of the temperate Australian regions, the results of this study make C. austropalpalis of unlikely epidemiological importance in the transmission of BTV in Australia.
Published: 2021
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14. Distribution of Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in southern Australia and insight into the Culicoides victoriae morpho‐variants

Author: Peter T Mee, Ary A. Hoffmann, Jean-Bernard Duchemin, Andrew Weeks, Peter J. Walker, Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), CSIRO Health and Biosecurity [Australia], Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO)-Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Centre for AgriBioscience - Biosciences Research, AgriBio, University of Queensland St Lucia, Bio21 Institute, Department of Genetics, University of Melbourne, and Australian Animal Health Laboratory (AAHL), Health and Biosecurity CSIRO, Geelong, Australia (AAHL, CSIRO)
Subjects: [SDV.EE.SANT]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Health, Entomology, Ecology, Ceratopogonidae, biology, Phylogenetic tree, Range (biology), Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, Zoology, biology.organism_classification, Culicoides, law.invention, [SDV.BA.ZI]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Invertebrate Zoology, law, Insect Science, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, [SDV.MP.PAR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Parasitology, Restriction fragment length polymorphism, Agronomy and Crop Science, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Polymerase chain reaction
Abstract: Certain Culicoides species (biting midges) are important vectors globally of a range of viruses, protozoa and filarial parasites, imposing a significant economic and health burden. In a changing climate, understanding which Culicoides species occur in a region is important for biosecurity risk management. We examined the occurrence of predominant Culicoides species in south-east Australia and provide insight into five Culicoides victoriae morpho-variants. Culicoides were surveyed using Centre for Disease Control light traps and Yellow Sticky traps, with identification performed morphologically and molecularly. Two polymerase chain reaction – restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assays based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I were developed to differentiate morphologically similar C. victoriae, with a subset sequenced for nuclear carbomoylphosphate synthase. The structure of the five C. victoriae morpho-variants was investigated through phylogenetic trees, haplotype networks and the Barcode Index Number system (BINs) in the Barcode of Life Data (BOLD) database. Twenty-five different Culicoides species were identified in the sampled region with Culicoides austropalpalis, C. victoriae, C. marksi and C. molestus Gp sp No 2 being the most common. Two PCR-RFLP assays were developed using either one or three enzymes, with a 90% or 99% success rate, respectively, of being able to differentiate the five C. victoriae morpho-variants. Mitochondrial and nuclear sequence divergence supported by wing patterning allowed the recognition of multiple potentially new species of C. victoriae and identified species in uncharacterised regions.
Published: 2021
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15. Genomic characterisation of Cuiaba and Charleville viruses: arboviruses (family Rhabdoviridae, genus Sripuvirus) infecting reptiles and amphibians

Author: Steven G. Widen, Divya Mirchandani, Peter J. Walker, Robert B. Tesh, and Nikos Vasilakis
Subjects: Amphibian, 0303 health sciences, food.ingredient, biology, Phylogenetic tree, 030306 microbiology, Zoology, General Medicine, biology.organism_classification, Genome, 03 medical and health sciences, Open reading frame, food, Sprivivirus, Genus, Virology, biology.animal, Genetics, Phlebotomus, Molecular Biology, Gene, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: Viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae are ecologically very diverse, infecting mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, plants and a wide range of other terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates. The genus Sripuvirus currently comprises five viruses that appear to circulate in transmission cycles involving reptiles and sandflies. Here, we report an analysis of the complete coding sequences of Cuiaba virus (CUIV), isolated from an amphibian (Bufo marinus) collected in Brazil, and Charleville virus (CHVV), isolated from sandflies (Phlebotomus sp.) and lizards (Gehyra australis), collected in Australia. CUIV and CHVV cluster phylogenetically with the sripuviruses in maximum likelihood trees generated from complete L protein (RdRp) sequences. They also share with sripuviruses unique features in genome organisation, including an additional gene (U1) between the matrix protein (M) gene and glycoprotein (G) gene, and an alternative long open reading frame near the start of the G ORF that encodes a predicted transmembrane protein. In view of their phylogenetic relationships, similar genome organisations and similar ecological characteristics, we propose the assignment of CUIV and CHVV as novel members of the genus Sripuvirus.
Published: 2018
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16. Correction to: 2021 Taxonomic update of phylum Negarnaviricota (Riboviria: Orthornavirae), including the large orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales

Author: Martin Schwemmle, S. V. Alkhovsky, Mark D. Stenglein, Jinguo Zhang, Shaohua Wen, Víctor Romanowski, Massimo Turina, Peter J. Walker, Baldwyn Torto, Paul A. Rota, Xavier de Lamballerie, Stuart G. Siddell, Noël Tordo, John M. Dye, Inmaculada Casas, Andrew J. Easton, Yasuhiro Tomitaka, Eugene V. Koonin, J. Christopher S. Clegg, Judith K. Brown, Kartik Chandran, Carol D. Blair, Shinya Tsuda, Tony L. Goldberg, Andrew J. Bennett, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Koray Ergünay, Aura R. Garrison, Jiang Hong, Kim R. Blasdell, Matthew J. Ballinger, Zuokun Yang, Manuela Sironi, Florian Hüttner, Timothy H. Hyndman, D. A. Patterson, Roy A. Hall, Eric M. Leroy, Liying Qi, Risto Jalkanen, Gary P. Kobinger, Yanxiang Wang, Michael A. Drebot, Emiliano Di Cicco, Martin H. Groschup, Amy K. Teffer, Thomas S. Postler, Sophie J. Smither, Ni Hong, Sina Bavari, Jamie Bojko, Amy Tabata, Michael J. Buchmeier, Sébastien Massart, Daniel R. Perez, Hironobu Yanagisawa, Janice Uchida, Xiǎohóng Shí, Marina Ciuffo, Jean-Paul Gonzalez, Brian H. Bird, Alejandro Olmedo-Velarde, Justin Bahl, Tao Hu, J. Felix Drexler, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Jens H. Kuhn, Shaorong Li, Taiyun Wei, Sandra Junglen, José A. Navarro, Sofia Paraskevopoulou, Hans Peter Mühlbach, Nicholas Di Paola, Toufic Elbeaino, Guoping Wang, Song Zhang, Tong Han, Yukio Shirako, Pierre Formenty, Anthony R. Fooks, Lifeng Zhai, Benhur Lee, María Laura García, Dag-Ragnar Blystad, Bertus K. Rima, William G. Dundon, Hideki Ebihara, Jiangxiang Wu, John S. Hu, Gabriel Robles Luna, Jana Fránová, Maria S. Salvato, Norbert Nowotny, Carina Andrea Reyes, Kristina M. Miller, Eric Bergeron, Renato O. Resende, Holly R. Hughes, Victoria Wahl, Changchun Tu, Anna Papa, Roger Hewson, Anna Maria Vaira, Nicolás Bejerman, Alex Pauvolid-Corrêa, Seiji Hongo, Igor S. Lukashevich, Michael Kawate, Bernard R. Agwanda, Sead Sabanadzovic, Gideon J. Mordecai, Piet Maes, Steven B. Bradfute, Stephan Günther, Michele Digiaro, Tomio Usugi, Zhe Zhang, Adam C. Park, Guy Smagghe, Shin-Yi Lee Marzano, Kenji Kubota, Ioannis E. Tzanetakis, Christopher F. Basler, Rik L. de Swart, Yong-Zhen Zhang, Felicity J. Burt, Curtis A. Suttle, Mart Krupovic, Jussi Hepojoki, John W. McCauley, Jonathan S. Towner, Charles H. Calisher, Lei Xu, George Fú Gāo, Jonathan A. Runstadler, David M. Stone, Karia H. Kaukinen, Rachel Breyta, Masayuki Horie, Gael Kurath, Carmen Büttner, Lin-Fa Wang, Jessica R. Spengler, Olga Dolnik, Yuya Chiaki, Nicole Mielke-Ehret, Robert B. Tesh, Gustavo Palacios, Marco Chiapello, Tatjana Avšič-Županc, Martin Verbeek, Qi Cheng, Scott Adkins, Elena Dal Bó, Fujio Kadono, Selma Gago-Zachert, Sergio H. Marshall, Marta Vallino, Gilda B. Jonson, Jingjing Fu, Rosemary Sang, Takahide Sasaya, Amy J. Lambert, Paul Brown, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Dennis A. Bente, Colin R. Parrish, Jin Won Song, María A. Ayllón, Shigeharu Takeuchi, Arvind Varsani, Dàohóng Jiāng, Natalie J. Thornburg, Michael J. Melzer, Stanley L. Langevin, Igor Koloniuk, Mang Shi, John Hammond, Vicente Pallás, Thomas Briese, Amadou A. Sall, Jari Sugano, Sergey V. Netesov, Zhengli Shi, M. Ilyas, Yoshifumi Shimomoto, Wayne B. Borth, Anna E. Whitfield, Ayato Takada, Kirsten Spann, W. Paul Duprex, Marco Forgia, Jiro Wada, Susanne von Bargen, Rim Al Kubrusli, Tobi J. Ming, Gabriele Neumann, Rémi N. Charrel, Caixia Yang, Rayapati A. Naidu, Ralf Dürrwald, David P. Tchouassi, Ursula J. Buchholz, Carlotta Peracchio, Tomohide Natsuaki, Anthony Griffiths, Sheli R. Radoshitzky, Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes, Juliana Freitas-Astúa, Janusz T. Paweska, Humberto Debat, Francesco Di Serio, Stephanie Fürl, Susan Payne, Hugh W. Ferguson, Juan Carlos de la Torre, Keizō Tomonaga, Muhammad Waqas, Longhui Li, Elke Mühlberger, Bernadett Pályi, Lies Laenen, Ian Crozier, Yuri I. Wolf, Bernadette G. van den Hoogen, Martin Beer, Jiànróng Lǐ, Thomas Gaskin, Mengji Cao, Ali Mirazimi, F. Murilo Zerbini, Peter Simmonds, Anne Balkema-Buschmann, Adolfo García-Sastre, Hideki Kondō, William Marciel de Souza, Huazhen Liu, John V. Williams, Marco Marklewitz, Alexander Bukreyev, Luisa Rubino, Angela D. Schulze, Nolwenn M. Dheilly, Xueping Zhou, Nikos Vasilakis, Elliot J. Lefkowitz, Boris Klempa, Il-Ryong Choi, Yaqin Wang, and Jonas Klingström
Subjects: Biointeractions and Plant Health, biology, Phylum, Virology, Life Science, Bunyavirales, General Medicine, Mononegavirales, biology.organism_classification, Virology & Molecular Biology, Virologie & Moleculaire Biologie
Abstract: Unfortunately, the inclusion of original names (in non-Latin script) of the following authors caused problems with author name indexing in PubMed. Therefore, these original names were removed from XML data to correct the PubMed record. Mengji Cao, Yuya Chiaki, Hideki Ebihara, Jingjing Fu, George Fú Gāo, Tong Han, Jiang Hong, Ni Hong, Seiji Hongo, Masayuki Horie, Dàohóng Jiāng, Fujio Kadono, Hideki Kondō, Kenji Kubota, Shaorong Li, Longhui Li, Jiànróng Lǐ, Huazhen Liu, Tomohide Natsuaki, Sergey V. Netesov, Anna Papa, Sofia Paraskevopoulou, Liying Qi, Takahide Sasaya, Mang Shi, Xiǎohóng Shí, Zhènglì Shí, Yoshifumi Shimomoto, Jin‑Won Song, Ayato Takada, Shigeharu Takeuchi, Yasuhiro Tomitaka, Keizō Tomonaga, Shinya Tsuda, Changchun Tu, Tomio Usugi, Nikos Vasilakis, Jiro Wada, Lin‑Fa Wang, Guoping Wang, Yanxiang Wang, Yaqin Wang, Tàiyún Wèi, Shaohua Wen, Jiangxiang Wu, Lei Xu, Hironobu Yanagisawa, Caixia Yang, Zuokun Yang, Lifeng Zhai, Yong‑Zhen Zhang, Song Zhang, Jinguo Zhang, Zhe Zhang, Xueping Zhou. In addition, the publication call-out in the supplementary material was updated from issue 11 to issue 12. The original article has been corrected.
Published: 2021

17. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Roniviridae

Author: Peter J. Walker, Jeff A. Cowley, Xuan Dong, Jie Huang, Nick Moody, John Ziebuhr, and ICTV Report Consortium
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Translational frameshift, viruses, 030106 microbiology, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Genome, Nucleoprotein, 03 medical and health sciences, Open reading frame, 030104 developmental biology, Okavirus, Yellow-head virus, ORFS, Virus classification
Abstract: The family Roniviridae includes the genus Okavirus for three species of viruses with enveloped, rod-shaped virions. The monopartite, positive-sense ssRNA genome (26–27 kb) contains five canonical long open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1a encodes polyprotein pp1a containing proteinase domains. ORF1b is expressed as a large polyprotein pp1ab by ribosomal frameshifting from ORF1a and encodes replication enzymes. ORF2 encodes the nucleoprotein. ORF3 encodes two envelope glycoproteins. ORFX encodes a putative double membrane-spanning protein. Roniviruses infect shrimp but only yellow head virus is highly pathogenic. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Roniviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/roniviridae.
Published: 2021
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18. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus (Rhabdoviridae)

Author: Peter J. Walker and Robert B. Tesh
Published: 2021
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19. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile

Author: Peter J, Walker, Jeff A, Cowley, Xuan, Dong, Jie, Huang, Nick, Moody, John, Ziebuhr, and Ictv Report, Consortium
Subjects: Animal, viruses, Virion, Genome, Viral, Roniviridae, Virus Replication, Open Reading Frames, taxonomy, Penaeidae, ICTV Report, Animals, RNA, Viral, ICTV VIRUS TAXONOMY PROFILE, Positive-strand RNA Viruses, shrimp, Okavirus
Abstract: The family Roniviridae includes the genus Okavirus for three species of viruses with enveloped, rod-shaped virions. The monopartite, positive-sense ssRNA genome (26–27 kb) contains five canonical long open reading frames (ORFs). ORF1a encodes polyprotein pp1a containing proteinase domains. ORF1b is expressed as a large polyprotein pp1ab by ribosomal frameshifting from ORF1a and encodes replication enzymes. ORF2 encodes the nucleoprotein. ORF3 encodes two envelope glycoproteins. ORFX encodes a putative double membrane-spanning protein. Roniviruses infect shrimp but only yellow head virus is highly pathogenic. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the family Roniviridae, which is available at ictv.global/report/roniviridae.
Published: 2020

20. Hayes Yard virus: a novel ephemerovirus isolated from a bull with severe clinical signs of bovine ephemeral fever is most closely related to Puchong virus

Author: David B. Boyle, Steven S. Davis, Rhonda Voysey, Sandra Crameri, Robert B. Tesh, Susan Walsh, Dieter M. Bulach, Deborah Middleton, Sinead Williams, Richard Weir, Margaret B. Harmsen, Kim R. Blasdell, Peter J. Walker, Lorna Melville, and Grantley R. Peck
Subjects: Ephemeral Fever, Male, Serotype, 040301 veterinary sciences, viruses, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Cattle Diseases, Virus, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, Ephemerovirus, Rhabdoviridae Infections, Bovine ephemeral fever, Northern Territory, Animals, 030304 developmental biology, 0303 health sciences, lcsh:Veterinary medicine, General Veterinary, biology, Outbreak, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, biology.organism_classification, Virology, 3. Good health, Novel virus, lcsh:SF600-1100, Cattle, Research Article
Abstract: Bovine ephemeral fever is a vector-borne disease of ruminants that occurs in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa, Asia and Australia. The disease is caused by a rhabdovirus, bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV), which occurs as a single serotype globally. Although several other closely related ephemeroviruses have been isolated from cattle and/or arthropods, only kotonkan virus from Nigeria and (tentatively) Mavingoni virus from Mayotte Island in the Indian Ocean have been previously associated with febrile disease. Here, we report the isolation of a novel virus (Hayes Yard virus; HYV) from blood collected in February 2000 from a bull (Bos indicus) in the Northern Territory of Australia. The animal was suffering from a severe ephemeral fever-like illness with neurological involvement, including recumbency and paralysis, and was euthanised. Histological examination of spinal cord and lung tissue identified extensive haemorrhage in the dura mata with moderate perineuronal oedema and extensive emphysema. HYV displayed cone-shaped morphology, typical of rhabdoviruses, and was found to be most closely related antigenically to Puchong virus (PUCV), isolated in 1965 from mosquitoes in Malaysia. Analysis of complete genome sequences of HYV (15 025 nt) and PUCV (14 932 nt) indicated that each has a complex organisation (3′ N-P-M-G-GNS-α1-α2-β-γ-L 5′) and expression strategy, similar to that of BEFV. Based on an alignment of complete L protein sequences, HYV and PUCV cluster with other rhabdoviruses in the genus Ephemerovirus and appear to represent two new species. Neutralising antibody to HYV was also detected in a retrospective survey of cattle sera collected in the Northern Territory.
Published: 2020
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21. Characterization of Port Bolivar Virus, a Novel Entomobirnavirus (Birnaviridae) Isolated from Mosquitoes Collected in East Texas, USA

Author: Vsevolod L. Popov, Steven G. Widen, Robert B. Tesh, Ashley Wilson, Thomas G. Wood, Peter J. Walker, Hilda Guzman, Nikos Vasilakis, and Bethany G. Bolling
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, food.ingredient, Birnaviridae, viruses, 030106 microbiology, lcsh:QR1-502, Entomobirnavirus, Insect Viruses, Genome, Viral, Biology, lcsh:Microbiology, Virus, Article, Port Bolivar virus, mosquito viruses, Cell Line, 03 medical and health sciences, food, Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral, Species Specificity, Aedes, Virology, Animals, Amino Acid Sequence, Phylogeny, Cytopathic effect, Whole genome sequencing, Base Sequence, Virion, Aedes sollicitans, biology.organism_classification, Texas, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Drosophila X virus, Vero cell, RNA, Viral
Abstract: This report describes and characterizes a novel entomobirnavirus, designated Port Bolivar virus (PTBV), that was isolated from a pool of Aedes sollicitans mosquitoes collected in a saltwater marsh in East Texas, USA. Full genome sequencing and phylogenetic analyses indicate that PTBV is distinct but genetically related to Drosophila X virus and mosquito X virus, which are assigned to species in the genus Entomobirnavirus, family Birnaviridae. PTBV produced cytopathic effect (CPE) in cultures of mosquito (C6/36) cells, but not in Vero cell cultures. Ultrastructural studies of PTBV in infected C6/36 cells demonstrated unenveloped virus particles about 55 nm in diameter.
Published: 2020

22. A large-scale serological survey of Akabane virus infection in cattle, yak, sheep and goats in China

Author: Hong Yin, Peter J. Walker, Kim R. Blasdell, and Jidong Wang
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, China, Veterinary medicine, Orthobunyavirus, 040301 veterinary sciences, Cattle Diseases, Sheep Diseases, Antibodies, Viral, Bunyaviridae Infections, Microbiology, Neutralization, Serology, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, Simbu serogroup, Species Specificity, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Animals, Seroprevalence, Goat Diseases, Sheep, Peaton virus, General Veterinary, biology, Goats, Akabane virus, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, YAK, biology.organism_classification, Virology, 030104 developmental biology, biology.protein, Cattle, Antibody
Abstract: Akabane virus (AKAV) is a member of the Simbu serogroup, classified in the genus Orthobunyavirus, family Bunyaviridae. AKAV infection can cause abortion, stillbirth, and congenital arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly in cattle and sheep. The distribution and prevalence of AKAV infection in China is still unknown. A total of 2731 sera collected from 2006 to 2015 in 24 provinces of China from cattle, sheep, goats and yak were examined by serum neutralisation test. The overall seroprevalence rates for AKAV antibodies were 21.3% in cattle (471/2215) and 12.0% (17/142) in sheep or goats, and 0% in yak (0/374). The results indicated widespread AKAV infection in China among cattle and sheep but yak appear to have a low risk of infection. Using a selection of 50 AKAV-positive and 25 AKAV-negative cattle sera, neutralisation tests were also conducted to detect antibodies to several other Simbu serogroup bunyaviruses and closely related Leanyer virus. Although inconclusive, the data suggest that both Aino virus and Peaton virus, which have been reported previously in Japan and Korea, may also be present in cattle in China.
Published: 2017
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23. The new scope of virus taxonomy: partitioning the virosphere into 15 hierarchical ranks

Author: Peter Simmonds, Hélène Sanfaçon, Balázs Harrach, Nick J. Knowles, Arvind Varsani, Peter J. Walker, Andrew J. Davison, Arcady Mushegian, Michael J. Adams, Sead Sabanadzovic, F. Murilo Zerbini, Alexander E. Gorbalenya, Elliot J. Lefkowitz, Max L. Nibert, Mart Krupovic, Andrew M. Kropinski, Luisa Rubino, Andrew M. Q. King, Stuart G. Siddell, Jens H. Kuhn, Bas E. Dutilh, Robert L. Harrison, Sandra Junglen, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), Virologie des archées - Archaeal Virology, Institut Pasteur [Paris], National Science Foundation [Arlington] (NSF), University of Guelph, School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine [Bristol] (CellModMed), University of Bristol [Bristol], Biodesign Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics [ASU, Tempe], School of Life Sciences [Tempe, USA], Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU)-Arizona State University [Tempe] (ASU), Chercheur indépendant, MRC - University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Utrecht University [Utrecht], Theoretical Biology & Bioinformatics [Utrecht], University Medical Center [Utrecht], Institute for Veterinary Medical Research [Budapest] (AOTI), Centre for Agricultural Research [Budapest] (ATK), Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA)-Hungarian Academy of Sciences (MTA), Animal Parasitic Diseases Laboratory [Beltsville, USA], United States Department of Agriculture (USDA)-USDA Agricultural Research Service [Beltsville, Maryland], USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service-USDA-ARS : Agricultural Research Service, Charité - UniversitätsMedizin = Charité - University Hospital [Berlin], Institute for Animal Health, the Pirbright Institute, University of Alabama at Birmingham [ Birmingham] (UAB), Blavatnik Institute [Boston], Harvard Medical School [Boston] (HMS), Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante [Torino, Italia] (IPSP), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Mississippi State University [Mississippi], Agriculture and Agri-Food [Ottawa] (AAFC), Nuffield Department of Medicine [Oxford, UK] (Big Data Institute), University of Oxford [Oxford], School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences [Brisbane], University of Queensland [Brisbane], Universidade Federal de Vicosa (UFV), Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick (IRF-Frederick), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH)-National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), A.E.G. was a Leiden University Fund (LUF) Professor. His work was supported by the EU Horizon 2020 EVAg 653316 project and the LUMC MoBiLe program. A.R.M. is a Program Director at the US National Science Foundation (NSF). His work on this project was not performed while acting in an official NSF capacity, and the statements and opinions expressed herein do not constitute the endorsement of NSF or the Government of the United States. B.E.D. was supported by the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) Vidi (grant no. 864.14.004). A.J.D. is supported by the Medical Research Council (grant no. MC_UU_12014/3). B.H. was supported by National Scientific Research Fund (grant no. NN128309). S.S. is supported by the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station (MAFES) and the National Institute of Food and Agriculture, US Department of Agriculture, Hatch Project 1021494. This work was supported in part through the prime contract of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC, with the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) under contract no. HHSN272201800013C and Battelle Memorial Institute’s former prime contract with NIAID under contract no. HHSN272200700016I. J.H.K. performed this work as a former employee of Battelle Memorial Institute and a current employee of Tunnell Government Services (TGS), a subcontractor of Laulima Government Solutions, LLC, under contract no. HHSN272201800013C. The mention of trade names or commercial products in this publication is solely for the purpose of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the US Department of Agriculture. USDA is an Equal Opportunity Provider and Employer., Universiteit Leiden, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), The Pirbright Institute, Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), CNR Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante [Torino, Italia] (IPSP), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Agriculture and Agri-Food (AAFC), University of Oxford, and Universidade Federal de Viçosa = Federal University of Viçosa (UFV)
Subjects: Microbiology (medical), Genes, Viral, Cellular organisms, Classification and taxonomy, viruses, Immunology, virus, Herpesvirus 1, Human, Biology, medicine.disease_cause, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiology, Communicable Diseases, Virus, Evolution, Molecular, Microbial ecology, network analyses, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology, Tumours of the digestive tract Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 14], Genetics, medicine, Humans, Virus classification, virosphere, 030304 developmental biology, Taxonomy, virus evolution, metagenomics, macroevolution, 0303 health sciences, Ebola virus, Ecology, 030306 microbiology, Comparative genomics, Consensus Statement, phylogenomics, Cell Biology, Classification, Ebolavirus, phylogenetics, Genetic divergence, Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus, Evolutionary biology, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Viruses, Infectious diseases, Taxonomy (biology), Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
Abstract: Virus taxonomy emerged as a discipline in the middle of the twentieth century. Traditionally, classification by virus taxonomists has been focussed on the grouping of relatively closely related viruses. However, during the past few years, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has recognized that the taxonomy it develops can be usefully extended to include the basal evolutionary relationships among distantly related viruses. Consequently, the ICTV has changed its Code to allow a 15-rank classification hierarchy that closely aligns with the Linnaean taxonomic system and may accommodate the entire spectrum of genetic divergence in the virosphere. The current taxonomies of three human pathogens, Ebola virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and herpes simplex virus 1 are used to illustrate the impact of the expanded rank structure. This new rank hierarchy of virus taxonomy will stimulate further research on virus origins and evolution, and vice versa, and could promote crosstalk with the taxonomies of cellular organisms., Here, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses describe a new, expanded virus classification scheme with 15 ranks that closely aligns with the Linnaean taxonomic system and better encompasses viral diversity.
Published: 2019
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24. Characterization of Three Novel Viruses from the Families Nyamiviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, and Peribunyaviridae, Isolated from Dead Birds Collected during West Nile Virus Surveillance in Harris County, Texas

Author: Márcio Roberto Teixeira Nunes, Vsevolod L. Popov, Jeremy Vela, María Angélica Contreras-Gutiérrez, William Marciel de Souza, Hilda Guzman, Vence Salvato, Martin Reyna, Nikos Vasilakis, Steven G. Widen, Peter J. Walker, Thomas G. Wood, Rudy Bueno, Amelia P.A. Travassos Da Rosa, Robert B. Tesh, and Sandro Patroca
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Nyamiviridae, viruses, lcsh:QR1-502, medicine.disease_cause, lcsh:Microbiology, Peribunyaviridae, Mice, 0302 clinical medicine, Phylogeny, 2. Zero hunger, Orthomyxoviridae / classifica??o, Bayou virus, biology, Orthomyxoviridae, V?rus San Jacinto, Texas, 3. Good health, Infectious Diseases, Geography, arboviruses, Monitoramento Epidemiol?gico / veterin?ria, RNA, Viral, Aves, V?rus do Nilo Ocidental / isolamento & purifica??o, West Nile virus, 030231 tropical medicine, Virus, Article, Houston (TX), Birds, 03 medical and health sciences, Arbovirus / isolamento & purifica??o, Virology, medicine, Animals, RNA Viruses, avian viruses, Condado de Harris (TX), Bird Diseases, Arbovirus / classifica??o, V?rus Mason Creek, biology.organism_classification, V?rus Buffalo Bayou, 030104 developmental biology, RNA
Abstract: This research was funded by grant R24AI120942 and contracts N01-AI30027, HHS-N2722010000401, and HHSN2720004/D04 from the U.S. National Institutes of Health, and a CNPq grant 302032/2011-8 from the Brazilian National Council for Research and Development. MAC was supported by a Ph.D. scholarship from the Colombian Department of Science (Colciencias Convocatoria 567). The University of Queensland. School of Biological Sciences. Australia. University of Texas Medical Branch. Department of Pathology. Galveston, TX, USA / University of Texas Medical Branch. Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases. Galveston, TX, USA / University of Texas Medical Branch. Center for Tropical Diseases. Galveston, TX, USA / University of Texas Medical Branch. Institute for Human Infection and Immunity. Galveston, TX, USA / University of Texas Medical Branch. World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Galveston, TX, USA. University of Texas Medical Branch. Department of Pathology. Galveston, TX, USA / University of Texas Medical Branch. Institute for Human Infection and Immunity. Galveston, TX, USA / University of Texas Medical Branch. World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Galveston, TX, USA. University of Texas Medical Branch. Department of Pathology. Galveston, TX, USA / University of Texas Medical Branch. Center for Tropical Diseases. Galveston, TX, USA / University of Texas Medical Branch. Institute for Human Infection and Immunity. Galveston, TX, USA / University of Texas Medical Branch. World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Galveston, TX, USA. University of Texas Medical Branch. Department of Pathology. Galveston, TX, USA / University of Texas Medical Branch. Institute for Human Infection and Immunity. Galveston, TX, USA / University of Texas Medical Branch. World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Galveston, TX, USA. Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services. Mosquito and Vector Control Division. Houston, TX, USA. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil / University of S?o Paulo. Ribeir?o Preto School of Medicine. Virology Research Center. Ribeir?o Preto, SP, Brasil. University of Antioquia and National University of Colombia. Program for Study and Control of Tropical Diseases. Medellin, Colombia. Minist?rio da Sa?de. Secretaria de Vigil?ncia em Sa?de. Instituto Evandro Chagas. Ananindeua, PA, Brasil. Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services. Mosquito and Vector Control Division. Houston, TX, USA. Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services. Mosquito and Vector Control Division. Houston, TX, USA. Harris County Public Health and Environmental Services. Mosquito and Vector Control Division. Houston, TX, USA. University of Texas Medical Branch. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Galveston, TX, USA. University of Texas Medical Branch. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Galveston, TX, USA. University of Texas Medical Branch. Department of Pathology. Galveston, TX, USA / University of Texas Medical Branch. Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases. Galveston, TX, USA / University of Texas Medical Branch. Center for Tropical Diseases. Galveston, TX, USA / University of Texas Medical Branch. Institute for Human Infection and Immunity. Galveston, TX, USA / University of Texas Medical Branch. World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Galveston, TX, USA. This report describes and characterizes three novel RNA viruses isolated from dead birds collected during West Nile virus surveillance in Harris County, TX, USA (the Houston metropolitan area). The novel viruses are identified as members of the families Nyamaviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, and Peribunyaviridae and have been designated as San Jacinto virus, Mason Creek virus, and Buffalo Bayou virus, respectively. Their potential public health and/or veterinary importance are still unknown.
Published: 2019

25. Exploiting the Legacy of the Arbovirus Hunters

Author: Vsevolod L. Popov, Nikos Vasilakis, Jean Francois Saluzzo, Steve G. Widen, Naomi L. Forrester, S. V. Alkhovsky, Sai Kit Lam, Peter J. Walker, Robert B. Tesh, Thomas G. Wood, John S. Mackenzie, and Jean-Paul Gonzalez
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, History, Emerging technologies, media_common.quotation_subject, 030231 tropical medicine, Scientific discovery, lcsh:QR1-502, Context (language use), Genome, Viral, Review, Arbovirus Infections, Global Health, Arbovirus, History, 21st Century, lcsh:Microbiology, 03 medical and health sciences, taxonomy, 0302 clinical medicine, Virology, medicine, Animals, Humans, Narrative, media_common, next generation sequencing, metagenomics, electron microscopy, Research, arbovirus discovery, Environmental ethics, Genomics, History, 20th Century, medicine.disease, 3. Good health, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, 13. Climate action, Lying, arbovirus history, Arboviruses, Diversity (politics)
Abstract: In recent years, it has become evident that a generational gap has developed in the community of arbovirus research. This apparent gap is due to the dis-investment of training for the next generation of arbovirologists, which threatens to derail the rich history of virus discovery, field epidemiology, and understanding of the richness of diversity that surrounds us. On the other hand, new technologies have resulted in an explosion of virus discovery that is constantly redefining the virosphere and the evolutionary relationships between viruses. This paradox presents new challenges that may have immediate and disastrous consequences for public health when yet to be discovered arboviruses emerge. In this review we endeavor to bridge this gap by providing a historical context for the work being conducted today and provide continuity between the generations. To this end, we will provide a narrative of the thrill of scientific discovery and excitement and the challenges lying ahead.
Published: 2019

26. Evolutionary history of Simbu serogroup orthobunyaviruses in the Australian episystem

Author: Jidong Wang, Rachel Amos-Ritchie, Edward C. Holmes, Kim R. Blasdell, Hong Yin, Steven S. Davis, Cadhla Firth, and Peter J. Walker
Subjects: Genotype, viruses, Reassortment, Genome, Viral, Bunyaviridae Infections, Genome, Orthobunyavirus, Birds, Evolution, Molecular, 03 medical and health sciences, Simbu serogroup, Phylogenetics, Virology, Animals, Humans, Phylogeny, 030304 developmental biology, Mammals, 0303 health sciences, Peaton virus, biology, Phylogenetic tree, Whole Genome Sequencing, Akabane virus, 030302 biochemistry & molecular biology, Australia, Simbu virus, biology.organism_classification
Abstract: Orthobunyaviruses of the Simbu serogroup are transmitted by insects (primarily biting midges) and infect mammals and/or birds. Many have been associated with disease in livestock or humans. The orthobunyavirus genome comprises three negative-sense RNA segments (L, M and S). We report the complete coding sequences of 57 isolates of Simbu serogroup viruses collected in Australia during 1968–1984. Phylogenetic analysis identified novel genogroups of Akabane virus (AKAV), Aino virus (AINOV) and Peaton virus, and provided evidence of constrained movement of AKAV between epidemiological systems in the northern and eastern regions of the continent. Differential clustering of AKAV isolates in trees inferred from L, M and S segments was indicative of intratypic segment reassortment. Similarly, intertypic segment reassortment was detected between AKAV and Tinaroo virus, and between AINOV and Douglas virus. L segments representing novel genogroups were detected in AINOV reassortants, suggesting the presence of unidentified Simbu group viruses in the episystem.
Published: 2019

27. Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: second update 2018

Author: Bernadette G. van den Hoogen, F. Murilo Zerbini, Susan Payne, Keizō Tomonaga, Mark D. Stenglein, Dàohóng Jiāng, Timothy H. Hyndman, Noël Tordo, John M. Dye, Anne Balkema-Buschmann, Bernadett Pályi, Ian Crozier, Sergey V. Netesov, Gael Kurath, Anthony Griffiths, Kim R. Blasdell, Alexander Bukreyev, Peter Simmonds, William G. Dundon, Olga Dolnik, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Paul Brown, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Anthony R. Fooks, Timothy Song, Rik L. de Swart, Gary P. Kobinger, Nikos Vasilakis, Victoria Wahl, Ralf Dürrwald, Ursula J. Buchholz, Robert B. Tesh, Jens H. Kuhn, Juliana Freitas-Astúa, Elodie Ghedin, Eric M. Leroy, María A. Ayllón, Ivan V. Kuzmin, Leslie L. Domier, Thomas Briese, Jan Felix Drexler, Hideki Kondō, David Wang, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Bertus K. Rima, Gōngyín Yè, Gustavo Palacios, Ayato Takada, Kirsten Spann, Benhur Lee, Piet Maes, Sina Bavari, Christopher F. Basler, Yong-Zhen Zhang, Lin-Fa Wang, Janusz T. Paweska, Masayuki Horie, Qisheng Song, John V. Williams, Elke Mühlberger, Jiànróng Lǐ, Paul A. Rota, Norbert Nowotny, Kartik Chandran, Roger Hewson, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Anna E. Whitfield, Pierre Formenty, Julia L. Hurwitz, Sophie J. Smither, Shin-Yi Lee Marzano, W. Paul Duprex, Andrew J. Easton, Jonathan S. Towner, Robert A. Lamb, David M. Stone, Peter J. Walker, and Virology
Subjects: Order Mononegavirales, 0303 health sciences, 030306 microbiology, Biología, VÍRUS DE RNA, General Medicine, Biology, Virology, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Evolutionary biology, Taxonomy (biology), Second update 2018, Mononegavirales, Phylogeny, 030304 developmental biology, Taxonomy
Abstract: In October 2018, the order Mononegavirales was amended by the establishment of three new families and three new genera, abolishment of two genera, and creation of 28 novel species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mon-onegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
Published: 2019

28. Additional changes to taxonomy ratified in a special vote by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (October 2018)

Author: Bas E. Dutilh, Michael J. Adams, Max L. Nibert, Peter Simmonds, Nick J. Knowles, Sead Sabanadzovic, Hélène Sanfaçon, Robert L. Harrison, Sandra Junglen, Jens H. Kuhn, Alexander E. Gorbalenya, Arvind Varsani, Stuart G. Siddell, Peter J. Walker, Mart Krupovic, Elliot J. Lefkowitz, Arcady Mushegian, Andrew M. Kropinski, Andrew J. Davison, Francisco Murilo Zerbini, Luisa Rubino, Balázs Harrach, Sub Bioinformatics, and Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics
Subjects: 0303 health sciences, Subfamily, 030306 microbiology, Phylum, Viruses/classification, Coronacrisis-Taverne, General Medicine, Biology, no key words, Virology, Genealogy, 03 medical and health sciences, Virology/organization & administration, Viruses, Tumours of the digestive tract Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences [Radboudumc 14], Taxonomy (biology), Subphylum, Subgenus, Virus classification, Phylogeny, 030304 developmental biology, Subkingdom
Abstract: Contains fulltext : 202661.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) This article reports the changes to virus taxonomy approved and ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) in October 2018. Of note, the ICTV has approved, by an absolute majority, the creation of additional taxonomical ranks above those recognized previously. A total of 15 ranks (realm, subrealm, kingdom, subkingdom, phylum, subphylum, class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily, genus, subgenus, and species) are now available to encompass the entire spectrum of virus diversity. Classification at ranks above genus is not obligatory but can be used by the authors of new taxonomic proposals when scientific justification is provided.
Published: 2019
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29. Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2019

Author: Anthony R. Fooks, Anthony Griffiths, Yong-Zhen Zhang, Ana Moreno, Lin-Fa Wang, Thomas Briese, Jan Felix Drexler, Chiara Chiapponi, W. Paul Duprex, Elke Mühlberger, Mark D. Stenglein, Yīmíng Bào, Noël Tordo, Gael Kurath, John M. Dye, E. W. Kitajima, David M. Stone, F. Murilo Zerbini, Eric M. Leroy, Jiànróng Lǐ, Camila Chabi-Jesus, Keizō Tomonaga, Juliana Freitas-Astúa, Kim R. Blasdell, Alexander Bukreyev, Gustavo Palacios, Tāo Zhāng, Pierre Formenty, Shin-Yi Lee Marzano, Peter Simmonds, Olga Dolnik, William G. Dundon, Sina Bavari, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Sophie J. Smither, Janusz T. Paweska, Mǎng Shī, Masayuki Horie, Ayato Takada, Kirsten Spann, Arnfinn Lodden Økland, Christopher F. Basler, Benhur Lee, Robert B. Tesh, Alice Prosperi, Rik L. de Swart, Norbert Nowotny, Are Nylund, Roger Hewson, Victoria Wahl, Bernadette G. van den Hoogen, Piet Maes, Ralf Dürrwald, Bertus K. Rima, Jens H. Kuhn, Antonio Lavazza, Peter J. Walker, Paul A. Rota, Kartik Chandran, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Susan Payne, Robert A. Lamb, Anne Balkema-Buschmann, Andrew J. Easton, John V. Williams, Jonathan S. Towner, Enrica Sozzi, Paul Brown, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Bernadett Pályi, Ian Crozier, Hideki Kondō, Ursula J. Buchholz, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Nikos Vasilakis, Pedro Luis Ramos-González, Davide Lelli, Ivan V. Kuzmin, Dàohóng Jiāng, Sergey V. Netesov, Gary P. Kobinger, Timothy H. Hyndman, María A. Ayllón, Anna E. Whitfield, and Virology
Subjects: Order Mononegavirales, 0303 health sciences, 030306 microbiology, Biología, General Medicine, Genome, Viral, Biology, Virology, Article, MONONEGAVIRALES, 03 medical and health sciences, Taxon, Evolutionary biology, RNA, Viral, Taxonomy (biology), Ratification, Mononegavirales, 030304 developmental biology
Abstract: In February 2019, following the annual taxon ratification vote, the order Mononegavirales was amended by the addition of four new subfamilies and 12 new genera and the creation of 28 novel species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV). publishedVersion
Published: 2019

30. Designated specialized units

Author: Zsofia Orosz, Tracy Luciani, Amy Porteous, Melissa Donskov, and Peter J. Walker
Subjects: Ontario, Data collection, business.industry, Health Policy, Long-Term Care, Health Services Accessibility, Unit (housing), 03 medical and health sciences, Long-term care, 0302 clinical medicine, Nursing, Renal Dialysis, System capacity, Humans, Medicine, 030212 general & internal medicine, business, Qualitative Research, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Healthcare system, Qualitative research
Abstract: Ontario has eight designated Specialized Units (SUs) located in Long-Term Care (LTC) homes. Each unit serves a well-defined group of residents whose needs go beyond what regular LTC homes can offer but do not require the complexity and range of care provided in hospitals. An applied qualitative research project looked at the realities of designated SUs, explored their role in health system capacity planning, and created a tool kit to help stakeholders navigate the designation process. Results outline the benefits and challenges experienced by the existing SUs that provide care to clients with severe responsive behaviours or dialysis needs and the units’ potential to address current and future healthcare system gaps. More systematic data collection, robust evaluations, and cost-benefit analyses are needed to fully understand how effectively and efficiently the SUs fulfill the outcomes desired by residents and their families, as well as how they contribute to health system efficiencies.
Published: 2016
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31. A Global Genomic Characterization of Nairoviruses Identifies Nine Discrete Genogroups with Distinctive Structural Characteristics and Host-Vector Associations

Author: Peter J. Walker, Nikolaos Vasilakis, Hilda Guzman, Steven G. Widen, Thomas G. Wood, and Robert B. Tesh
Subjects: Gene Expression Regulation, Viral, 0301 basic medicine, Protein Conformation, 030231 tropical medicine, Genome, Viral, Bunyaviridae Infections, Genome, Host Specificity, Viral Proteins, 03 medical and health sciences, Ticks, 0302 clinical medicine, Protein structure, Phylogenetics, Virology, medicine, Animals, Phylogeny, Genetics, Nairovirus, Tick-borne disease, Phylogenetic tree, biology, Articles, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Transmembrane protein, Open reading frame, 030104 developmental biology, Infectious Diseases, Tick-Borne Diseases, Arachnid Vectors, Parasitology
Abstract: Nairoviruses are primarily tick-borne bunyaviruses, some of which are known to cause mild-to-severe febrile illness in humans or livestock. We describe the genome sequences of 11 poorly characterized nairoviruses that have ecological associations with either birds (Farallon, Punta Salinas, Sapphire II, Zirqa, Avalon, Clo Mor, Taggert, and Abu Hammad viruses), rodents (Qalyub and Bandia viruses), or camels (Dera Ghazi Khan virus). Global phylogenetic analyses of proteins encoded in the L, M, and S RNA segments of these and 20 other available nairovirus genomes identified nine well-supported genogroups (Nairobi sheep disease, Thiafora, Sakhalin, Keterah, Qalyub, Kasokero, Dera Ghazi Khan, Hughes, and Tamdy). Genogroup-specific structural variations were evident, particularly in the M segment encoding a polyprotein from which virion envelope glycoproteins (Gn and Gc) are generated by proteolytic processing. Structural variations include the extension, abbreviation, or absence sequences encoding an O-glycosylated mucin-like protein in the N-terminal domain, distinctive patterns of conserved cysteine residues in the GP38-like domain, insertion of sequences encoding a double-membrane-spanning protein (NSm) between the Gn and Gc domains, and the presence of an alternative long open reading frame encoding a viroporin-like transmembrane protein (Gx). We also observed strong genogroup-specific associations with categories of hosts and tick vectors.
Published: 2016
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32. Corrigendum to 'A large-scale serological survey of Akabane virus infection in cattle, yak, sheep and goats in China' [Vet. Microbiol. 207 (2017) 7-12]

Author: Jidong Wang, Kim R. Blasdell, Peter J. Walker, and Hong Yin
Subjects: Veterinary medicine, General Veterinary, Scale (ratio), GeneralLiterature_INTRODUCTORYANDSURVEY, InformationSystems_INFORMATIONSYSTEMSAPPLICATIONS, Akabane virus, Regret, General Medicine, YAK, Biology, biology.organism_classification, Microbiology, GeneralLiterature_MISCELLANEOUS, Serology, China, GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries)
Abstract: The authors regret there was an error in the listings of the author affiliations for this article. The correct affiliations are listed above. The authors would like to apologise for any inconvenience caused.
Published: 2018

33. Genomic characterisation of Cuiaba and Charleville viruses: arboviruses (family Rhabdoviridae, genus Sripuvirus) infecting reptiles and amphibians

Author: Nikos, Vasilakis, Robert B, Tesh, Steven G, Widen, Divya, Mirchandani, and Peter J, Walker
Subjects: Base Sequence, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Reptiles, Genome, Viral, Genomics, Arbovirus Infections, Animal Diseases, Amphibians, Evolution, Molecular, Animals, RNA, Viral, Amino Acid Sequence, Arboviruses, Phylogeny
Abstract: Viruses in the family Rhabdoviridae are ecologically very diverse, infecting mammals, birds, reptiles, fish, plants and a wide range of other terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates. The genus Sripuvirus currently comprises five viruses that appear to circulate in transmission cycles involving reptiles and sandflies. Here, we report an analysis of the complete coding sequences of Cuiaba virus (CUIV), isolated from an amphibian (Bufo marinus) collected in Brazil, and Charleville virus (CHVV), isolated from sandflies (Phlebotomus sp.) and lizards (Gehyra australis), collected in Australia. CUIV and CHVV cluster phylogenetically with the sripuviruses in maximum likelihood trees generated from complete L protein (RdRp) sequences. They also share with sripuviruses unique features in genome organisation, including an additional gene (U1) between the matrix protein (M) gene and glycoprotein (G) gene, and an alternative long open reading frame near the start of the G ORF that encodes a predicted transmembrane protein. In view of their phylogenetic relationships, similar genome organisations and similar ecological characteristics, we propose the assignment of CUIV and CHVV as novel members of the genus Sripuvirus.
Published: 2018

34. Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales: update 2018

Author: Kang Seuk Choi, Nikos Vasilakis, Claudio Verdugo, Janusz T. Paweska, Thomas Briese, Víctor Manuel Neira Ramírez, Andrew J. Bennett, Masayuki Horie, Charles H. Calisher, Robert Kityo, Anthony R. Fooks, Martin Schwemmle, Sunil K. Mor, Nidia G. Aréchiga Ceballos, Timothy H. Hyndman, Ayato Takada, Yíngyún Caì, Robert A. Lamb, Alexander Bukreyev, Paul A. Rota, Tony L. Goldberg, Lin-Fa Wang, Benhur Lee, Kartik Chandran, Hideki Ebihara, Michael R. Wiley, Ralf G. Dietzgen, Anna E. Whitfield, Mark D. Stenglein, Piet Maes, Andrew J. Easton, Jean L. Patterson, Valerian V. Dolja, Olga Dolnik, Eugene V. Koonin, James F. X. Wellehan, Ralf Dürrwald, Peter L. Collins, Qisheng Song, Susan Payne, Jonathan S. Towner, Sina Bavari, Sonia Vázquez-Morón, Pierre Formenty, Sophie J. Smither, Keizō Tomonaga, Leslie L. Domier, Dàohóng Jiāng, Gael Kurath, Robert B. Tesh, Sergey V. Netesov, Elodie Ghedin, Andrea Maisner, Denise A. Marston, Cristine Campos Lawson, Elke Mühlberger, Christopher F. Basler, Conrad M. Freuling, Yǒng Zhèn Zhāng, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Peter J. Walker, Gōngyín Yè, David Wang, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Gustavo Palacios, Gary P. Kobinger, Yuri I. Wolf, Timothy Song, Hideki Kondō, Mart Krupovic, Karla Prieto, David M. Stone, Luciano M. Thomazelli, Colin A. Chapman, Ashley C. Banyard, Jens H. Kuhn, Stuart G. Siddell, Noël Tordo, John M. Dye, Terry Fei Fan Ng, Charles Y. Chiu, Kim R. Blasdell, Bertus K. Rima, Victoria Wahl, Eric M. Leroy, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Juan Emilio Echevarría, Norbert Nowotny, Roger Hewson, Thomas Müller, Viktor E. Volchkov, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), University of Washington [Seattle], Laboratorio de Rabia, Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencias Epidemiológicos, Animal and Plant Health Agency [Weybridge] (APHA), Georgia State University, University System of Georgia (USG), U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison-Influenza Research Institute, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University [New York], The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Albert Einstein College of Medicine [New York], Department of Anthropology [Montréal], McGill University = Université McGill [Montréal, Canada], Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS), Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, University of California [San Francisco] (UC San Francisco), University of California (UC), Avian Disease Research Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland [Brisbane], Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University (OSU), Center for Genome Research and Biocomputing, Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg, University of Chicago, IDT Biologika, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick [Coventry], Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rochester [USA], Institute of Health Carlos III, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Department of Viroscience [Rotterdam, The Netherlands], Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health - Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology [New York], New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU)-New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU), Public Health England [Salisbury] (PHE), Kagoshima University, Murdoch University, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University [Wuhan] (HZAU), Makerere University [Kampala, Ouganda] (MAK), Research Centre in Infectious Diseases, CHUL Research Centre and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval)-Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Biologie Moléculaire du Gène chez les Extrêmophiles (BMGE), Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), US Geological Survey [Seattle], United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Northwestern University [Evanston], Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), Neuromuscular Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities] (UMN), University of Minnesota System-University of Minnesota System, Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM), Boston University [Boston] (BU), Universidad de Chile = University of Chile [Santiago] (UCHILE), Novosibirsk State University (NSU), Department of Medicine [San Francisco], University of California (UC)-University of California (UC), University of Veterinary Medicine [Vienna] (Vetmeduni), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, TX], National Institute for Communicable Diseases [Johannesburg] (NICD), Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], University of Bristol [Bristol], Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Ministry of Defence (UK) (MOD), University of Missouri [Columbia] (Mizzou), University of Missouri System, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Weymouth] (CEFAS), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Universidade de São Paulo - USP (BRAZIL), Institute for Virus Research, Stratégies antivirales, Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-WHO Collaborative Centre for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias [Buenos Aires], Universidad de Buenos Aires [Buenos Aires] (UBA), Bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité virale – Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity (BMPV), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center [Frederick], U.S. Social Security Administration, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecoscience Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, Duke-NUS Medical School [Singapore], University of Florida [Gainesville] (UF), University of Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska System, Kansas State University, State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease prevention and Control, Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT), Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases [USA] (USAMRIID), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, McGill University, Kyoto University [Kyoto], University of California [San Francisco] (UCSF), University of California, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland (UQ), Philipps University of Marburg, Warwick University, Public Health England [Porton Down, Salisbury], Huazhong Agricultural University, Makerere University (MAK), Faculty of Medicine-Laval University [Québec], Okayama University [Okayama], Institut Pasteur [Paris], Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, University of Minnesota [Twin Cities], Universidad de Chile, University of California-University of California, Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, Texas], National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), Centre for Experimental Medicine [Queen’s University of Belfast], University of Bristol (School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine), University of Missouri [Columbia], Hokkaido University, Bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité virale – Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Duke NUS Medical School, University of Florida [Gainesville], and Virology
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Order Mononegavirales, 040301 veterinary sciences, Mononegavirales Infections, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, General Medicine, Biology, Data science, Virology, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, Article, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, Humans, Animals, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Taxonomy (biology), Mononegavirales, Phylogeny
Abstract: International audience; In 2018, the order Mononegavirales was expanded by inclusion of 1 new genus and 12 novel species. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) and summarizes additional taxonomic proposals that may affect the order in the near future.
Published: 2018
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35. Genomic analysis of bluetongue virus episystems in Australia and Indonesia

Author: David B. Boyle, Peter J. Walker, Cadhla Firth, Kalpana Agnihotri, Peter D. Kirkland, Peter Daniels, Rachel Amos-Ritchie, Indrawati Sendow, and Kim R. Blasdell
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Veterinary medicine, 040301 veterinary sciences, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], Population, Distribution (economics), Zoology, Genomics, Genome, Viral, Biology, Viral Nonstructural Proteins, Gene flow, 0403 veterinary science, 03 medical and health sciences, Antigenic Diversity, Viral Proteins, Phylogenetics, Genetic variation, education, Phylogeny, education.field_of_study, Genetic diversity, lcsh:Veterinary medicine, General Veterinary, business.industry, Australia, Genetic Variation, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Sequence Analysis, DNA, 030104 developmental biology, Indonesia, lcsh:SF600-1100, business, Bluetongue virus, Research Article
Abstract: The distribution of bluetongue viruses (BTV) in Australia is represented by two distinct and interconnected epidemiological systems (episystems)—one distributed primarily in the north and one in the east. The northern episystem is characterised by substantially greater antigenic diversity than the eastern episystem; yet the forces that act to limit the diversity present in the east remain unclear. Previous work has indicated that the northern episystem is linked to that of island South East Asia and Melanesia, and that BTV present in Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and East Timor, may act as source populations for new serotypes and genotypes of BTV to enter Australia’s north. In this study, the genomes of 49 bluetongue viruses from the eastern episystem and 13 from Indonesia were sequenced and analysed along with 27 previously published genome sequences from the northern Australian episystem. The results of this analysis confirm that the Australian BTV population has its origins in the South East Asian/Melanesian episystem, and that incursions into northern Australia occur with some regularity. In addition, the presence of limited genetic diversity in the eastern episystem relative to that found in the north supports the presence of substantial, but not complete, barriers to gene flow between the northern and eastern Australian episystems. Genetic bottlenecks between each successive episystem are evident, and appear to be responsible for the reduction in BTV genetic diversity observed in the north to south–east direction. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13567-017-0488-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Published: 2017
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36. Genomic Characterization of Yogue, Kasokero, Issyk-Kul, Keterah, Gossas, and Thiafora Viruses: Nairoviruses Naturally Infecting Bats, Shrews, and Ticks

Author: Thomas G. Wood, Peter J. Walker, Nikos Vasilakis, Hilda Guzman, Cadhla Firth, Amelia P.A. Travassos Da Rosa, Robert B. Tesh, Stephen G. Widen, and Kim R. Blasdell
Subjects: Sequence analysis, viruses, Zoology, Genome, Viral, Bunyaviridae Infections, Genome, Virus, Viral Proteins, Ticks, Phylogenetics, Chiroptera, Virology, biology.animal, Animals, Humans, Uganda, Amino Acid Sequence, Kyrgyzstan, Phylogeny, Nairovirus, Base Sequence, biology, Shrews, Shrew, Malaysia, Articles, Genomics, Sequence Analysis, DNA, biology.organism_classification, Nairobi sheep disease virus, Senegal, Nucleoprotein, Nucleoproteins, Infectious Diseases, Parasitology, Sequence Alignment
Abstract: The genus Nairovirus of arthropod-borne bunyaviruses includes the important emerging human pathogen, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), as well as Nairobi sheep disease virus and many other poorly described viruses isolated from mammals, birds, and ticks. Here, we report genome sequence analysis of six nairoviruses: Thiafora virus (TFAV) that was isolated from a shrew in Senegal; Yogue (YOGV), Kasokero (KKOV), and Gossas (GOSV) viruses isolated from bats in Senegal and Uganda; Issyk-Kul virus (IKV) isolated from bats in Kyrgyzstan; and Keterah virus (KTRV) isolated from ticks infesting a bat in Malaysia. The S, M, and L genome segments of each virus were found to encode proteins corresponding to the nucleoprotein, polyglycoprotein, and polymerase protein of CCHFV. However, as observed in Leopards Hill virus (LPHV) and Erve virus (ERVV), polyglycoproteins encoded in the M segment lack sequences encoding the double-membrane-spanning CCHFV NSm protein. Amino acid sequence identities, complement-fixation tests, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that these viruses cluster into three groups comprising KKOV, YOGV, and LPHV from bats of the suborder Yingochiroptera; KTRV, IKV, and GOSV from bats of the suborder Yangochiroptera; and TFAV and ERVV from shrews (Soricomorpha: Soricidae). This reflects clade-specific host and vector associations that extend across the genus.
Published: 2015
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37. Detection of Low-Level Cardinium and Wolbachia Infections in Culicoides

Author: Peter T. Mee, Ary A. Hoffmann, Jean-Bernard Duchemin, Peter J. Walker, and Andrew Weeks
Subjects: DNA, Bacterial, Ceratopogonidae, Sequence analysis, Molecular Sequence Data, Biology, DNA, Ribosomal, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, law.invention, law, RNA, Ribosomal, 16S, Environmental Microbiology, Animals, Cluster Analysis, Phylogeny, Polymerase chain reaction, Ecology, Bacteroidetes, Australia, Sequence Analysis, DNA, biochemical phenomena, metabolism, and nutrition, Ribosomal RNA, 16S ribosomal RNA, biology.organism_classification, Culicoides, Virology, DNA Gyrase, bacteria, Wolbachia, Cytoplasmic incompatibility, Food Science, Biotechnology
Abstract: Bacterial endosymbionts have been identified as potentially useful biological control agents for a range of invertebrate vectors of disease. Previous studies of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) species using conventional PCR assays have provided evidence of Wolbachia (1/33) and Cardinium (8/33) infections. Here, we screened 20 species of Culicoides for Wolbachia and Cardinium , utilizing a combination of conventional PCR and more sensitive quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays. Low levels of Cardinium DNA were detected in females of all but one of the Culicoides species screened, and low levels of Wolbachia were detected in females of 9 of the 20 Culicoides species. Sequence analysis based on partial 16S rRNA gene and gyrB sequences identified “ Candidatus Cardinium hertigii” from group C, which has previously been identified in Culicoides from Japan, Israel, and the United Kingdom. Wolbachia strains detected in this study showed 98 to 99% sequence identity to Wolbachia previously detected from Culicoides based on the 16S rRNA gene, whereas a strain with a novel wsp sequence was identified in Culicoides narrabeenensis. Cardinium isolates grouped to geographical regions independent of the host Culicoides species, suggesting possible geographical barriers to Cardinium movement. Screening also identified Asaia bacteria in Culicoides . These findings point to a diversity of low-level endosymbiont infections in Culicoides , providing candidates for further characterization and highlighting the widespread occurrence of these endosymbionts in this insect group.
Published: 2015
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38. Ledantevirus: A Proposed New Genus in the Rhabdoviridae has a Strong Ecological Association with Bats

Author: Robert B. Tesh, Cadhla Firth, Thomas G. Wood, Nikos Vasilakis, Peter J. Walker, Hilda Guzman, Steven G. Widen, Kim R. Blasdell, and Edward C. Holmes
Subjects: Male, viruses, Genome, Viral, Virus, Monophyly, Genus, Phylogenetics, Chiroptera, Rhabdoviridae Infections, Virology, medicine, Animals, Humans, Child, Phylogeny, Ecology, biology, Phylogenetic tree, Articles, Middle Aged, Rhabdoviridae, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Senegal, Infectious Diseases, Female, Parasitology, Encephalitis
Abstract: The Le Dantec serogroup of rhabdoviruses comprises Le Dantec virus from a human with encephalitis and Keuriliba virus from rodents, each isolated in Senegal. The Kern Canyon serogroup comprises a loosely connected set of rhabdoviruses many of which have been isolated from bats, including Kern Canyon virus from California, Nkolbisson virus from Cameroon, Central African Republic, and Cote d'Ivoire, Kolente virus from Guinea, Mount Elgon bat and Fikirini viruses from Kenya, and Oita virus from Japan. Fukuoka virus isolated from mosquitoes, midges, and cattle in Japan, Barur virus from a rodent in India and Nishimuro virus from pigs in Japan have also been linked genetically or serologically to this group. Here, we analyze the genome sequences and phylogenetic relationships of this set of viruses. We show that they form three subgroups within a monophyletic group, which we propose should constitute the new genus Ledantevirus.
Published: 2015
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39. Evolution of Bluetongue Virus Serotype 1 in Northern Australia over 30 Years

Author: Richard Weir, Steven S. Davis, Neville Hunt, David B. Boyle, Rachel Amos-Ritchie, Ivano Broz, Peter J. Walker, Lorna Melville, and David Flanagan
Subjects: Serotype, Genotype, Molecular Sequence Data, Immunology, Reassortment, Serogroup, Bluetongue, Microbiology, Genome, Evolution, Molecular, Genetic drift, Bluetongue disease, Virology, medicine, Animals, Cluster Analysis, Selection, Genetic, Phylogeny, Recombination, Genetic, Genetics, Molecular Epidemiology, Genetic diversity, Molecular epidemiology, biology, Genetic Drift, Australia, Genetic Variation, Sequence Analysis, DNA, medicine.disease, Culicoides, biology.organism_classification, Genetic Diversity and Evolution, Insect Science, RNA, Viral, Cattle, Bluetongue virus, Reassortant Viruses
Abstract: Bluetongue virus serotype 1 (BTV 1) was first isolated in Australia from cattle blood collected in 1979 at Beatrice Hill Farm (BHF), Northern Territory (NT). From long-term surveillance programs (1977 to 2011), 2,487 isolations of 10 BTV serotypes were made. The most frequently isolated serotype was BTV 1 (41%, 1,019) followed by BTV 16 (17.5%, 436) and BTV 20 (14%, 348). In 3 years, no BTVs were isolated, and in 12 years, no BTV 1 was isolated. Seventeen BTV 1 isolates were sequenced and analyzed in comparison with 10 Australian prototype serotypes. BTV 1 showed an episodic pattern of evolutionary change characterized by four distinct periods. Each period consisted primarily of slow genetic drift which was punctuated from time to time by genetic shifts generated by segment reassortment and the introduction of new genome segments. Evidence was found for coevolution of BTV genome segments. Evolutionary dynamics and selection pressure estimates showed strong temporal and clock-like molecular evolutionary dynamics of six Australian BTV genome segments. Bayesian coalescent estimates of mean substitution rates clustered in the range of 3.5 × 10 −4 to 5.3 × 10 −4 substitutions per site per year. All BTV genome segments evolved under strong purifying (negative) selection, with only three sites identified as under pervasive diversifying (positive) selection. The obligate replication in alternate hosts (insect vector and vertebrate hosts) imposed strong evolutionary constraints. The dominant mechanism generating genetic diversity of BTV 1 at BHF was through the introduction of new viruses and reassortment of genome segments with existing viruses. IMPORTANCE Bluetongue virus (BTV) is the causative agent of bluetongue disease in ruminants. It is a disease of concern globally and is transmitted by biting midges ( Culicoides species). Analysis of the evolutionary and selection pressures on BTV 1 at a single surveillance site in northern Australia showed strong temporal and clock-like dynamics. Obligate replication in alternate hosts of insect and vertebrate imposed strong evolutionary constraints, with all BTV genome segments evolving under strong purifying (negative) selection. Generation of genetic diversity of BTV 1 in northern Australia is through genome segment reassortment and the introduction of new serotypes.
Published: 2014
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40. Koolpinyah and Yata viruses: Two newly recognised ephemeroviruses from tropical regions of Australia and Africa

Author: Sinéad M. Diviney, Kim R. Blasdell, Hilda Guzman, Peter J. Walker, Cadhla Firth, Steven G. Widen, Thomas G. Wood, Edward C. Holmes, Nikos Vasilakis, and Robert B. Tesh
Subjects: Ephemeral Fever, Molecular Sequence Data, Cattle Diseases, Genome, Viral, Microbiology, Genome, Article, Virus, Ephemerovirus, Phylogenetics, Rhabdoviridae Infections, Animals, Amino Acid Sequence, Gene, Phylogeny, Genetics, Whole genome sequencing, Base Sequence, General Veterinary, biology, Australia, Sequence Analysis, DNA, General Medicine, Rhabdoviridae, biology.organism_classification, Virology, Culicidae, Africa, Mansonia uniformis, Cattle, Sequence Alignment
Abstract: Koolpinyah virus (KOOLV) isolated from healthy Australian cattle and Yata virus (YATV) isolated from a pool of Mansonia uniformis mosquitoes in the Central African Republic have been tentatively identified as rhabdoviruses. KOOLV was shown previously to be related antigenically to kotonkon virus, an ephemerovirus that has caused an ephemeral fever-like illness in cattle in Nigeria, but YATV failed to react antigenically with any other virus tested. Here we report the complete genome sequences of KOOLV (16,133 nt) and YATV (14,479 nt). Each has a complex genome organisation, with multiple genes, including a second non-structural glycoprotein (GNS) gene and a viroporin (α1) gene, between the G and L genes as is characteristic of ephemeroviruses. Based on an analysis of genome organisation, sequence identity and cross-neutralisation, we demonstrate that both KOOLV and YATV should be classified as two new species in the genus Ephemerovirus.
Published: 2014
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41. Beatrice Hill Virus Represents a Novel Species in the Genus Tibrovirus ( Mononegavirales : Rhabdoviridae )

Author: Yíngyún Caì, Gustavo Palacios, Cristine Campos Lawson, Peter J. Walker, Charles Y. Chiu, Kim R. Blasdell, Michael R. Wiley, Karla Prieto, and Jens H. Kuhn
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Whole genome sequencing, food.ingredient, biology, viruses, Zoology, Tibrovirus, Rhabdoviridae, biology.organism_classification, Tibrogargan tibrovirus, Virus, Beatrice Hill virus, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, food, Genus, Viruses, Genetics, Mononegavirales, Molecular Biology
Abstract: The rhabdoviral genus Tibrovirus currently has three official members assigned to two species: Bivens Arm virus and Tibrogargan virus (species Tibrogargan tibrovirus ) and Coastal Plains virus (species Coastal Plains tibrovirus ). Here, we report the complete genome sequence of a new putative member of this genus, Beatrice Hill virus. Although relatively closely related to the three classified viruses, Beatrice Hill virus represents a novel Tibrovirus species.
Published: 2017
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42. Taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales : update 2017

Author: Andrew J. Easton, Gael Kurath, Jonathan S. Towner, Qi Fang, Calogero Terregino, Noël Tordo, Jean L. Patterson, John H. Werren, John M. Dye, Andrea Maisner, Qisheng Song, Peter J. Walker, Benhur Lee, Pierre Formenty, Richard E. Randall, Ralf Dürrwald, Kim R. Blasdell, Alisa Bochnowski, Bertus K. Rima, Robert A. Lamb, Paul A. Rota, Kartik Chandran, Ralf G. Dietzgen, David M. Stone, Norbert Nowotny, Hideki Kondo, Roger Hewson, Anna E. Whitfield, Janusz T. Paweska, Masayuki Horie, Peter L. Collins, Keizo Tomonaga, Martin Schwemmle, Anthony P. James, Olga Dolnik, Gary P. Kobinger, Beibei Wang, Michael N. Pearson, Nicolás Bejerman, Susan Payne, Ming Li, Jian Hong, Fei Wang, Christopher F. Basler, Robert M. Harding, Jens H. Kuhn, Ron A. M. Fouchier, Charles H. Calisher, Eric M. Leroy, Viktor E. Volchkov, Hideki Ebihara, Lin-Fa Wang, Dàohóng Jiāng, Sina Bavari, Gaya K. Amarasinghe, Ayato Takada, Sergey V. Netesov, Elke Mühlberger, Sophie J. Smither, David Wang, Gongyin Ye, Peter Revill, Martin Beer, Colleen M. Higgins, Yīmíng Bào, Robert B. Tesh, Victoria Wahl-Jensen, Thomas Briese, Zhichao Yan, Dennis Rubbenstroth, Elodie Ghedin, Alexander Bukreyev, Nikos Vasilakis, Virology, Washington University School of Medicine (WUSM), University of Washington [Seattle], National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), Georgia State University, University System of Georgia (USG), Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases [USA] (USAMRIID), Institute of Diagnostic Virology (IVD), Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (FLI), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral (UNPA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation [Canberra] (CSIRO), Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Columbia Mailman School of Public Health, The University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University [Fort Collins] (CSU), Albert Einstein College of Medicine [New York], National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases [Bethesda] (NIAID-NIH), National Institutes of Health [Bethesda] (NIH), Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), University of Queensland [Brisbane], Philipps University of Marburg, IDT Biologika, School of Life Sciences, Warwick University, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rochester [USA], State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Organisation Mondiale de la Santé / World Health Organization Office (OMS / WHO), Department of Viroscience [Rotterdam, The Netherlands], Erasmus University Medical Center [Rotterdam] (Erasmus MC), Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology [New York], New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU)-New York University [New York] (NYU), NYU System (NYU)-NYU System (NYU), Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, Public Health England [Salisbury] (PHE), Auckland University of Technology (AUT), Infections Virales et Pathologie Comparée - UMR 754 (IVPC), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon, Kagoshima University, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Research Centre in Infectious Diseases, CHUL Research Centre and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval)-Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, US Geological Survey [Seattle], United States Geological Survey [Reston] (USGS), Northwestern University [Evanston], Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai [New York] (MSSM), Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville (CIRMF), Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand (AENZ), Boston University School of Medicine (BUSM), Boston University [Boston] (BU), Novosibirsk State University (NSU), University of Veterinary Medicine [Vienna] (Vetmeduni), Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences (MBRU), Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, TX], Texas A&M University System, National Institute for Communicable Diseases [Johannesburg] (NICD), University of Auckland [Auckland], Biomedical Sciences Research Complex [St Andrews, Scotland] (BSRC), University of St Andrews [Scotland], Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, CDC, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), University of Freiburg [Freiburg], Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (Dstl), Ministry of Defence (UK) (MOD), University of Missouri School of Medicine, University of Missouri System, Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science [Weymouth] (CEFAS), Hokkaido University [Sapporo, Japan], Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University [Kyoto], Stratégies antivirales, Institut Pasteur [Paris], Institut Pasteur de Guinée, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention-WHO Collaborative Centre for Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers, Bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité virale – Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity (BMPV), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie - UMR (CIRI), École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), National Biodefense Analysis and Countermeasures Center [Frederick], U.S. Social Security Administration, CSIRO Health & Biosecurity, Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecoscience Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, Duke-NUS Medical School [Singapore], Department of Biology, Kansas State University, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, University of Queensland (UQ), Public Health England [Porton Down, Salisbury], Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École pratique des hautes études (EPHE)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Faculty of Medicine-Laval University [Québec], Okayama University [Okayama], Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Institute for Applied Ecology New Zealand, Texas Biomedical Research Institute [San Antonio, Texas], A&M University, National Institute for Communicable Diseases (NICD), The University of Auckland, Centre for Experimental Medicine [Queen’s University of Belfast], Hokkaido University, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Bases moléculaires de la pathogénicité virale – Molecular Basis of Viral Pathogenicity, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Duke NUS Medical School, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Columbia University [New York], Philipps Universität Marburg = Philipps University of Marburg, University of Warwick [Coventry], Queensland University of Technology [Brisbane] (QUT), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Huazhong Agricultural University [Wuhan] (HZAU), Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory [Melbourne, Australia] (VIDRL), Kyoto University, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP), Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, 030106 microbiology, Genome, Viral, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, Species Specificity, Genus, Phylogenetics, Virology, Gene Order, Viral, Mononegavirales, Phylogeny, Order Mononegavirales, Genome, biology, General Medicine, Pneumovirus, biology.organism_classification, [SDV.MP.BAC]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology, 030104 developmental biology, Evolutionary biology, [SDV.MP.VIR]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Virology, [SDV.IMM]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Immunology, Taxonomy (biology)
Abstract: International audience; In 2017, the order Mononegavirales was expanded by the inclusion of a total of 69 novel species. Five new rhabdovirus genera and one new nyamivirus genus were established to harbor 41 of these species, whereas the remaining new species were assigned to already established genera. Furthermore, non-Latinized binomial species names replaced all paramyxovirus and pneumovirus species names, thereby accomplishing application of binomial species names throughout the entire order. This article presents the updated taxonomy of the order Mononegavirales as now accepted by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV).
Published: 2017
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43. Wongabel Rhabdovirus Accessory Protein U3 Targets the SWI/SNF Chromatin Remodeling Complex

Author: D. Albert Joubert, Paul Monaghan, Prasad N. Paradkar, William J. McKinstry, Michelle Cummins, Gregory W. Moseley, Julio Rodriguez-Andres, and Peter J. Walker
Subjects: Insecta, Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone, Immunology, Biology, Microbiology, Chromatin remodeling, Chromatography, Affinity, Cell Line, Viral Proteins, Virology, Two-Hybrid System Techniques, Gene expression, Animals, Transcription factor, Gene, Cell Nucleus, Mammals, Microscopy, Confocal, RNA, Rhabdoviridae, biology.organism_classification, Chromatin Assembly and Disassembly, Molecular biology, SWI/SNF, Virus-Cell Interactions, Viral replication, Insect Science, Host-Pathogen Interactions, Transcription Factors
Abstract: Wongabel virus (WONV) is an arthropod-borne rhabdovirus that infects birds. It is one of the growing array of rhabdoviruses with complex genomes that encode multiple accessory proteins of unknown function. In addition to the five canonical rhabdovirus structural protein genes (N, P, M, G, and L), the 13.2-kb negative-sense single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) WONV genome contains five uncharacterized accessory genes, one overlapping the N gene (Nx or U4), three located between the P and M genes (U1 to U3), and a fifth one overlapping the G gene (Gx or U5). Here we show that WONV U3 is expressed during infection in insect and mammalian cells and is required for efficient viral replication. A yeast two-hybrid screen against a mosquito cell cDNA library identified that WONV U3 interacts with the 83-amino-acid (aa) C-terminal domain of SNF5, a component of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex. The interaction was confirmed by affinity chromatography, and nuclear colocalization was established by confocal microscopy. Gene expression studies showed that SNF5 transcripts are upregulated during infection of mosquito cells with WONV, as well as West Nile virus ( Flaviviridae ) and bovine ephemeral fever virus ( Rhabdoviridae ), and that SNF5 knockdown results in increased WONV replication. WONV U3 also inhibits SNF5-regulated expression of the cytokine gene CSF1 . The data suggest that WONV U3 targets the SWI/SNF complex to block the host response to infection. IMPORTANCE The rhabdoviruses comprise a large family of RNA viruses infecting plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates. In addition to the major structural proteins (N, P, M, G, and L), many rhabdoviruses encode a diverse array of accessory proteins of largely unknown function. Understanding the role of these proteins may reveal much about host-pathogen interactions in infected cells. Here we examine accessory protein U3 of Wongabel virus, an arthropod-borne rhabdovirus that infects birds. We show that U3 enters the nucleus and interacts with SNF5, a component of the chromatin remodeling complex that is upregulated in response to infection and restricts viral replication. We also show that U3 inhibits SNF5-regulated expression of the cytokine colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF1), suggesting that it targets the chromatin remodeling complex to block the host response to infection. This study appears to provide the first evidence of a virus targeting SNF5 to inhibit host gene expression.
Published: 2014
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44. Stability of the WSSV ORF94 VNTR genotype marker during passage in marine shrimp, freshwater crayfish and freshwater prawns

Author: Murwantoko Murwantoko, Nicholas Gudkovs, and Peter J. Walker
Subjects: Genetic Markers, Virus Cultivation, Genotype, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, White spot syndrome, Litopenaeus, Genetic Variation, Zoology, Aquatic Science, Biology, Crayfish, biology.organism_classification, Shrimp, Penaeus monodon, Fishery, Variable number tandem repeat, White spot syndrome virus 1, Decapoda, DNA, Viral, Animals, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
Abstract: The white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) genome contains 3 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) regions, located in open reading frame (ORF) 75, ORF94 and ORF125, which have been employed for molecular epizootiological studies. A previous report suggested that the ORF 94 VNTR is highly unstable, varying in the number of tandem repeats during single passages from shrimp to other crustaceans. As such rapid variations would have profound implications for the interpretation of molecular epizootiological data, we re-examined the stability of the ORF94 VNTR. Two WSSV isolates with different ORF94 VNTR genotypes (TRS5 and TRS7) were ob - tained from disease outbreaks in farmed black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon in Indonesia. High titre stocks of each virus were produced by injection in specific pathogen-free (SPF) Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei with filtered infected tissue extracts, and the genotypes were con- firmed. Each stock (macerated tissue) was then used to feed SPF Pacific white shrimp, freshwater crayfish (Cherax sp.) and freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii through 3 successive passages involving alternative hosts at each level. Taqman real-time PCR was conducted on sam- ples from each group to confirm infection and quantify viral genetic loads. ORF94 VNTR genotype analysis conducted on samples from each of the 43 passage groups indicated no variations in the VNTR number in either genotype TRS5 or genotype TRS7. This finding is contrary to the previous report and suggests that ORF94 VNTR are stable during multiple passages in these crustaceans.
Published: 2014
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45. Arboretum and Puerto Almendras viruses: two novel rhabdoviruses isolated from mosquitoes in Peru

Author: Edward C. Holmes, Thomas G. Wood, Peter J. Walker, Patricia V. Aguilar, Hilda Guzman, Kirk D. Mundal, Vsevolod L. Popov, Elodie Ghedin, Fanny Castro-Llanos, Tadeusz J. Kochel, Nikos Vasilakis, Robert B. Tesh, Steven G. Widen, Albert J. Auguste, Roberto Fernández, and Carolina Guevara
Subjects: Psorophora, Sequence analysis, viruses, Molecular Sequence Data, Sequence Homology, Genome, Viral, Genome, Virus, Open Reading Frames, Viral Proteins, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Phylogenetics, Virology, Peru, Animals, Cluster Analysis, Gene, Phylogeny, Genetics, Whole genome sequencing, biology, Animal, Virion, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Rhabdoviridae, biology.organism_classification, Culicidae, RNA, Viral, Female
Abstract: Arboretum virus (ABTV) and Puerto Almendras virus (PTAMV) are two mosquito-associated rhabdoviruses isolated from pools of Psorophora albigenu and Ochlerotattus fulvus mosquitoes, respectively, collected in the Department of Loreto, Peru, in 2009. Initial tests suggested that both viruses were novel rhabdoviruses and this was confirmed by complete genome sequencing. Analysis of their 11 482 nt (ABTV) and 11 876 (PTAMV) genomes indicates that they encode the five canonical rhabdovirus structural proteins (N, P, M, G and L) with an additional gene (U1) encoding a small hydrophobic protein. Evolutionary analysis of the L protein indicates that ABTV and PTAMV are novel and phylogenetically distinct rhabdoviruses that cannot be classified as members of any of the eight currently recognized genera within the family Rhabdoviridae, highlighting the vast diversity of this virus family.
Published: 2014
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46. Evolution of Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus in the Australian Episystem

Author: Lee Trinidad, Steven S. Davis, Fasséli Coulibaly, D. A. Joubert, Edward C. Holmes, Kim R. Blasdell, Peter J. Walker, Lorna Melville, and Peter D. Kirkland
Subjects: Ephemeral Fever, Models, Molecular, Ephemeral Fever Virus, Bovine, Lineage (genetic), Molecular Sequence Data, Immunology, Biology, Antibodies, Viral, Microbiology, Virus, Evolution, Molecular, Viral Envelope Proteins, Phylogenetics, Virology, Bovine ephemeral fever, Antigenic variation, medicine, Animals, Clade, Phylogeny, Epizootic, Australia, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, Antigenic Variation, Genetic Diversity and Evolution, Insect Science, Cattle
Abstract: Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is an arthropod-borne rhabdovirus that causes a debilitating disease of cattle in Africa, Asia, and Australia; however, its global geodynamics are poorly understood. An evolutionary analysis of G gene (envelope glycoprotein) ectodomain sequences of 97 BEFV isolates collected from Australia during 1956 to 2012 revealed that all have a single common ancestor and are phylogenetically distinct from BEFV sampled in other geographical regions. The age of the Australian clade is estimated to be between 56 and 65 years, suggesting that BEFV has entered the continent on few occasions since it was first reported in 1936 and that the 1955-1956 epizootic was the source of all currently circulating viruses. Notably, the Australian clade has evolved as a single genetic lineage across the continent and at a high evolutionary rate of ∼10 −3 nucleotide substitutions/site/year. Screening of 66 isolates using monoclonal antibodies indicated that neutralizing antigenic sites G1, G2, and G4 have been relatively stable, although variations in site G3a/b defined four antigenic subtypes. A shift in an epitope at site G3a, which occurred in the mid-1970s, was strongly associated with a K218R substitution. Similarly, a shift at site G3b was associated primarily with substitutions at residues 215, 220, and 223, which map to the tip of the spike on the prefusion form of the G protein. Finally, we propose that positive selection on residue 215 was due to cross-reacting neutralizing antibody to Kimberley virus (KIMV). IMPORTANCE This is the first study of the evolution of BEFV in Australia, showing that the virus has entered the continent only once during the past 50 to 60 years, it is evolving at a relatively constant rate as a single genetic lineage, and although the virus is relatively stable antigenically, mutations have resulted in four antigenic subtypes. Furthermore, the study shows that the evolution of BEFV in Australia appears to be driven, at least in part, by cross-reactive antibodies to KIMV which has a similar distribution and ecology but has not been associated with disease. As BEFV and KIMV are each known to be present in Africa and Asia, this interaction may occur on a broader geographic scale.
Published: 2014
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47. ICTV Virus Taxonomy Profile: Rhabdoviridae

Author: Peter J, Walker, Kim R, Blasdell, Charles H, Calisher, Ralf G, Dietzgen, Hideki, Kondo, Gael, Kurath, Ben, Longdon, David M, Stone, Robert B, Tesh, Noël, Tordo, Nikos, Vasilakis, Anna E, Whitfield, and Ictv Report Consortium
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, food.ingredient, viruses, 030106 microbiology, Genome, Viral, Genome, 03 medical and health sciences, food, Rhabdoviridae Infections, Virology, Family Rhabdoviridae, Animals, Humans, Phylogeny, Virus classification, Agricultural crops, Plant Diseases, Cytorhabdovirus, biology, fungi, food and beverages, Plants, Rhabdoviridae, biology.organism_classification, 030104 developmental biology, Taxonomy (biology)
Abstract: The family Rhabdoviridae comprises viruses with negative-sense (-) single-stranded RNA genomes of 10.8-16.1 kb. Virions are typically enveloped with bullet-shaped or bacilliform morphology but can also be non-enveloped filaments. Rhabdoviruses infect plants and animals including mammals, birds, reptiles and fish, as well as arthropods which serve as single hosts or act as biological vectors for transmission to animals or plants. Rhabdoviruses include important pathogens of humans, livestock, fish and agricultural crops. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) Report on the taxonomy of Rhabdoviridae, which is available at www.ictv.global/report/rhabdoviridae.
Published: 2018
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48. Kolente virus, a rhabdovirus species isolated from ticks and bats in the Republic of Guinea

Author: Robert B. Tesh, Hilda Guzman, Elodie Ghedin, Vsevolod L. Popov, Nikos Vasilakis, Matthew B. Rogers, Thomas G. Wood, Peter J. Walker, Edward C. Holmes, Adam Fitch, Steven G. Widen, and Amelia P.A. Travassos Da Rosa
Subjects: Sequence analysis, viruses, Lineage (evolution), Molecular Sequence Data, Genome, Viral, Biology, Genome, Cell Line, Viral Proteins, Ticks, Species Specificity, Phylogenetics, Chiroptera, Virology, Animals, ORFS, Phylogeny, Genetics, Whole genome sequencing, Phylogenetic tree, Animal, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Rhabdoviridae, biology.organism_classification, RNA, Viral, Guinea
Abstract: Kolente virus (KOLEV) is a rhabdovirus originally isolated from ticks and a bat in Guinea, West Africa, in 1985. Although tests at the time of isolation suggested that KOLEV is a novel rhabdovirus, it has remained largely uncharacterized. We assembled the complete genome sequence of the prototype strain DakAr K7292, which was found to encode the five canonical rhabdovirus structural proteins (N, P, M, G and L) with alternative ORFs (>180 nt) in the P and L genes. Serologically, KOLEV exhibited a weak antigenic relationship with Barur and Fukuoka viruses in the Kern Canyon group. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that KOLEV represents a distinct and divergent lineage that shows no clear relationship to any rhabdovirus except Oita virus, although with limited phylogenetic resolution. In summary, KOLEV represents a novel species in the family Rhabdoviridae.
Published: 2013
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49. A reverse-transcription PCR method for detecting all known ephemeroviruses in clinical samples

Author: Kim R. Blasdell, Peter J. Walker, Mathew M. Adams, Susan Walsh, Robert B. Tesh, Eyal Klement, Steven S. Davis, and Orly Aziz-Boaron
Subjects: Ephemeral Fever, Veterinary Medicine, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, viruses, Cattle Diseases, Biology, Amplicon, biology.organism_classification, Sensitivity and Specificity, Virology, Virus, Real-time polymerase chain reaction, Ephemerovirus, Bovine ephemeral fever, Animals, RNA, Viral, Cattle, Primer (molecular biology), Pathogen, DNA Primers
Abstract: Bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) is an economically important vector-borne pathogen of cattle in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Australia, Asia, Africa and the Middle East. Although clinical cases of bovine ephemeral fever are usually attributed to BEFV, definitive diagnosis is rarely performed and at least two other related viruses, kotonkon virus (KOTV; an ephemerovirus) and Fukuoka virus (FUKAV; an unassigned rhabdovirus), can cause similar clinical signs. As vaccines have been developed against BEFV but not against KOTV or FUKAV, a test capable of detecting and differentiating these pathogens would be useful. In the present study, an RT-PCR method using degenerate primers designed to a region of block III of the polymerase (L) gene was developed and optimised for primer annealing temperature and MgCl₂ concentration. The RT-PCR detected all known ephemeroviruses and several other closely related insect-transmitted rhabdoviruses, including FUKAV. Viruses could be identified by subsequent sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the amplicons. BEFV could be detected using tissue culture isolates or cattle blood to a sensitivity of 500 RNA copies per reaction. This test will be useful for establishing the identity of the causative agent of bovine ephemeral fever from field samples and cultured isolates.
Published: 2013
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50. Modelling spatio-temporal patterns of long-distance Culicoides dispersal into northern Australia

Author: Myron P. Zalucki, Debbie Eagles, Peter J. Walker, and Peter A. Durr
Subjects: Timor leste, Timor-Leste, Cattle Diseases, Ceratopogonidae, Bluetongue, Models, Biological, Papua New Guinea, Food Animals, Animals, Sheep, biology, Ecology, Australia, New guinea, Culicoides, biology.organism_classification, Insect Vectors, Geography, Indonesia, Vector (epidemiology), Northern australia, HYSPLIT, Biological dispersal, Cattle, Animal Science and Zoology, Seasons, Spatial extent, Animal Distribution
Abstract: Novel arboviruses, including new serotypes of bluetongue virus, are isolated intermittently from cattle and insects in northern Australia. These viruses are thought to be introduced via windborne dispersal of Culicoides from neighbouring land masses to the north. We used the HYSPLIT particle dispersal model to simulate the spatio-temporal patterns of Culicoides dispersal into northern Australia from nine putative source sites across Indonesia, Timor-Leste and Papua New Guinea. Simulated dispersal was found to be possible from each site, with the islands of Timor and Sumba highlighted as the likely principal sources and February the predominant month of dispersal. The results of this study define the likely spatial extent of the source and arrival regions, the relative frequency of dispersal from the putative sources and the temporal nature of seasonal winds from source sites into arrival regions. Importantly, the methodology and results may be applicable to other insect and pathogen incursions into northern Australia.
Published: 2013
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