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1. Global arthropod beta-diversity is spatially and temporally structured by latitude

Author

Mathew Seymour, Tomas Roslin, Jeremy R. deWaard, Kate H. J. Perez, Michelle L. D’Souza, Sujeevan Ratnasingham, Muhammad Ashfaq, Valerie Levesque-Beaudin, Gergin A. Blagoev, Belén Bukowski, Peter Cale, Denise Crosbie, Thibaud Decaëns, Stephanie L. deWaard, Torbjørn Ekrem, Hosam O. El-Ansary, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, David Fraser, Matthias F. Geiger, Mehrdad Hajibabaei, Winnie Hallwachs, Priscila E. Hanisch, Axel Hausmann, Mark Heath, Ian D. Hogg, Daniel H. Janzen, Margaret Kinnaird, Joshua R. Kohn, Maxim Larrivée, David C. Lees, Virginia León-Règagnon, Michael Liddell, Darío A. Lijtmaer, Tatsiana Lipinskaya, Sean A. Locke, Ramya Manjunath, Dino J. Martins, Marlúcia B. Martins, Santosh Mazumdar, Jaclyn T. A. McKeown, Kristina Anderson-Teixeria, Scott E. Miller, Megan A. Milton, Renee Miskie, Jérôme Morinière, Marko Mutanen, Suresh Naik, Becky Nichols, Felipe A. Noguera, Vojtech Novotny, Lyubomir Penev, Mikko Pentinsaari, Jenna Quinn, Leah Ramsay, Regina Rochefort, Stefan Schmidt, M. Alex Smith, Crystal N. Sobel, Panu Somervuo, Jayme E. Sones, Hermann S. Staude, Brianne St. Jaques, Elisabeth Stur, Angela C. Telfer, Pablo L. Tubaro, Tim J. Wardlaw, Robyn Worcester, Zhaofu Yang, Monica R. Young, Tyler Zemlak, Evgeny V. Zakharov, Bradley Zlotnick, Otso Ovaskainen, and Paul D. N. Hebert

Subjects
Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Abstract Global biodiversity gradients are generally expected to reflect greater species replacement closer to the equator. However, empirical validation of global biodiversity gradients largely relies on vertebrates, plants, and other less diverse taxa. Here we assess the temporal and spatial dynamics of global arthropod biodiversity dynamics using a beta-diversity framework. Sampling includes 129 sampling sites whereby malaise traps are deployed to monitor temporal changes in arthropod communities. Overall, we encountered more than 150,000 unique barcode index numbers (BINs) (i.e. species proxies). We assess between site differences in community diversity using beta-diversity and the partitioned components of species replacement and richness difference. Global total beta-diversity (dissimilarity) increases with decreasing latitude, greater spatial distance and greater temporal distance. Species replacement and richness difference patterns vary across biogeographic regions. Our findings support long-standing, general expectations of global biodiversity patterns. However, we also show that the underlying processes driving patterns may be regionally linked.

Published
2024
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2. Author Correction: The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

Author

Gilberto Pastorello, Carlo Trotta, Eleonora Canfora, Housen Chu, Danielle Christianson, You-Wei Cheah, Cristina Poindexter, Jiquan Chen, Abdelrahman Elbashandy, Marty Humphrey, Peter Isaac, Diego Polidori, Markus Reichstein, Alessio Ribeca, Catharine van Ingen, Nicolas Vuichard, Leiming Zhang, Brian Amiro, Christof Ammann, M. Altaf Arain, Jonas Ardö, Timothy Arkebauer, Stefan K. Arndt, Nicola Arriga, Marc Aubinet, Mika Aurela, Dennis Baldocchi, Alan Barr, Eric Beamesderfer, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Onil Bergeron, Jason Beringer, Christian Bernhofer, Daniel Berveiller, Dave Billesbach, Thomas Andrew Black, Peter D. Blanken, Gil Bohrer, Julia Boike, Paul V. Bolstad, Damien Bonal, Jean-Marc Bonnefond, David R. Bowling, Rosvel Bracho, Jason Brodeur, Christian Brümmer, Nina Buchmann, Benoit Burban, Sean P. Burns, Pauline Buysse, Peter Cale, Mauro Cavagna, Pierre Cellier, Shiping Chen, Isaac Chini, Torben R. Christensen, James Cleverly, Alessio Collalti, Claudia Consalvo, Bruce D. Cook, David Cook, Carole Coursolle, Edoardo Cremonese, Peter S. Curtis, Ettore D’Andrea, Humberto da Rocha, Xiaoqin Dai, Kenneth J. Davis, Bruno De Cinti, Agnes de Grandcourt, Anne De Ligne, Raimundo C. De Oliveira, Nicolas Delpierre, Ankur R. Desai, Carlos Marcelo Di Bella, Paul di Tommasi, Han Dolman, Francisco Domingo, Gang Dong, Sabina Dore, Pierpaolo Duce, Eric Dufrêne, Allison Dunn, Jiří Dušek, Derek Eamus, Uwe Eichelmann, Hatim Abdalla M. ElKhidir, Werner Eugster, Cacilia M. Ewenz, Brent Ewers, Daniela Famulari, Silvano Fares, Iris Feigenwinter, Andrew Feitz, Rasmus Fensholt, Gianluca Filippa, Marc Fischer, John Frank, Marta Galvagno, Mana Gharun, Damiano Gianelle, Bert Gielen, Beniamino Gioli, Anatoly Gitelson, Ignacio Goded, Mathias Goeckede, Allen H. Goldstein, Christopher M. Gough, Michael L. Goulden, Alexander Graf, Anne Griebel, Carsten Gruening, Thomas Grünwald, Albin Hammerle, Shijie Han, Xingguo Han, Birger Ulf Hansen, Chad Hanson, Juha Hatakka, Yongtao He, Markus Hehn, Bernard Heinesch, Nina Hinko-Najera, Lukas Hörtnagl, Lindsay Hutley, Andreas Ibrom, Hiroki Ikawa, Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski, Dalibor Janouš, Wilma Jans, Rachhpal Jassal, Shicheng Jiang, Tomomichi Kato, Myroslava Khomik, Janina Klatt, Alexander Knohl, Sara Knox, Hideki Kobayashi, Georgia Koerber, Olaf Kolle, Yoshiko Kosugi, Ayumi Kotani, Andrew Kowalski, Bart Kruijt, Julia Kurbatova, Werner L. Kutsch, Hyojung Kwon, Samuli Launiainen, Tuomas Laurila, Bev Law, Ray Leuning, Yingnian Li, Michael Liddell, Jean-Marc Limousin, Marryanna Lion, Adam J. Liska, Annalea Lohila, Ana López-Ballesteros, Efrén López-Blanco, Benjamin Loubet, Denis Loustau, Antje Lucas-Moffat, Johannes Lüers, Siyan Ma, Craig Macfarlane, Vincenzo Magliulo, Regine Maier, Ivan Mammarella, Giovanni Manca, Barbara Marcolla, Hank A. Margolis, Serena Marras, William Massman, Mikhail Mastepanov, Roser Matamala, Jaclyn Hatala Matthes, Francesco Mazzenga, Harry McCaughey, Ian McHugh, Andrew M. S. McMillan, Lutz Merbold, Wayne Meyer, Tilden Meyers, Scott D. Miller, Stefano Minerbi, Uta Moderow, Russell K. Monson, Leonardo Montagnani, Caitlin E. Moore, Eddy Moors, Virginie Moreaux, Christine Moureaux, J. William Munger, Taro Nakai, Johan Neirynck, Zoran Nesic, Giacomo Nicolini, Asko Noormets, Matthew Northwood, Marcelo Nosetto, Yann Nouvellon, Kimberly Novick, Walter Oechel, Jørgen Eivind Olesen, Jean-Marc Ourcival, Shirley A. Papuga, Frans-Jan Parmentier, Eugenie Paul-Limoges, Marian Pavelka, Matthias Peichl, Elise Pendall, Richard P. Phillips, Kim Pilegaard, Norbert Pirk, Gabriela Posse, Thomas Powell, Heiko Prasse, Suzanne M. Prober, Serge Rambal, Üllar Rannik, Naama Raz-Yaseef, Corinna Rebmann, David Reed, Victor Resco de Dios, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Borja R. Reverter, Marilyn Roland, Simone Sabbatini, Torsten Sachs, Scott R. Saleska, Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete, Zulia M. Sanchez-Mejia, Hans Peter Schmid, Marius Schmidt, Karl Schneider, Frederik Schrader, Ivan Schroder, Russell L. Scott, Pavel Sedlák, Penélope Serrano-Ortíz, Changliang Shao, Peili Shi, Ivan Shironya, Lukas Siebicke, Ladislav Šigut, Richard Silberstein, Costantino Sirca, Donatella Spano, Rainer Steinbrecher, Robert M. Stevens, Cove Sturtevant, Andy Suyker, Torbern Tagesson, Satoru Takanashi, Yanhong Tang, Nigel Tapper, Jonathan Thom, Michele Tomassucci, Juha-Pekka Tuovinen, Shawn Urbanski, Riccardo Valentini, Michiel van der Molen, Eva van Gorsel, Ko van Huissteden, Andrej Varlagin, Joseph Verfaillie, Timo Vesala, Caroline Vincke, Domenico Vitale, Natalia Vygodskaya, Jeffrey P. Walker, Elizabeth Walter-Shea, Huimin Wang, Robin Weber, Sebastian Westermann, Christian Wille, Steven Wofsy, Georg Wohlfahrt, Sebastian Wolf, William Woodgate, Yuelin Li, Roberto Zampedri, Junhui Zhang, Guoyi Zhou, Donatella Zona, Deb Agarwal, Sebastien Biraud, Margaret Torn, and Dario Papale

Subjects
Science
Abstract

A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-021-00851-9.

Published
2021
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3. Animal Dispersal in Fragmented Habitat: Measuring Habitat Connectivity, Corridor Use, and Dispersal Mortality

Author

Lesley Brooker, Michael Brooker, and Peter Cale

Subjects
animal dispersal, Blue-breasted Fairy-wren, dispersal model, dispersal mortality, fragmentation, habitat connectivity, Malurus pulcherrimus, Pomatostomus superciliosus, spatially explicit dispersal, vegetation corridors, White-browed Babbler., Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

We used a spatially explicit dispersal simulation to generate movement frequencies and distances for comparison with real dispersal frequencies collected in the field from two habitat-specific, sedentary bird species. The relationship between these two data sets allowed us to (1) test the hypothesis that the study species used corridor routes during dispersal; (2) measure the degree of reliance on corridor continuity; (3) estimate the rate of dispersal mortality with respect to distance traveled, and (4) give examples of how the model can be used to assess habitat connectivity with respect to similarly behaved species. We found that Blue-breasted Fairy-wrens and White-browed Babblers both used corridor routes during dispersal. Blue-breasted Fairy-wrens were inhibited by gaps greater than about 60 m, whereas White-browed Babblers crossed gaps of at least 270 m wide. For each species, the rate of dispersal mortality per unit distance traveled was about the same. Because we have effectively partitioned the risk of dispersal mortality from the chance of outside dispersal, and because our mortality estimates are model dependent but landscape independent, they can be transported to other landscapes on which simulations have been run and, therefore, can be used in population viability assessment of unstudied or hypothetical animal populations.

Published
1999
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5. Arthropod beta-diversity is spatially and temporally structured by latitude

Author

Mathew Seymour, Tomas Roslin, Jeremy deWaard, Kate Perez, Michelle D'Souza, Sujeevan Ratnasingham, Muhammad Ashfaq, Valerie Levesque-Beaudin, Gergin Blagoev, Belén Bukowski, Peter Cale, Denise Crosbie, Thibaud Decaëns, Stephanie deWaard, Torbjørn Ekrem, Hosam Elansary, Fidèle Evouna Ondo, David Fraser, Matthias Geiger, Mehrdad Hajibabaei, Winnie Hallwachs, Priscila Hanisch, Axel Hausmann, Mark Heath, Ian Hogg, D Janzen, Margaret Kinnaird, Joshua Kohn, Maxim Larrivée, David Lees, Virginia León-Règagnon, Michael Liddell, Darío Lijtmaer, Tatsiana Lipinskaya, Sean Locke, Ramya Manjunath, Dino Martins, Marlúcia Martins, Santosh Mazumdar, Jaclyn McKeown, Scott Miller, Megan Milton, Renee Miskie, Jérôme Morinière, Marko Mutanen, Suresh Naik, Becky Nichols, Felipe Noguera, Vojtech Novotny, Lyubomir Penev, Mikko Pentinsaari, Jenna Quinn, Leah Ramsay, Regina Rochefort, Stefan Schmidt, M. Smith, Crystal Sobel, Panu Somervuo, Jayme Sones, Hermann Staude, Brianne St. Jaques, Elisabeth Stur, Angela Telfer, Pablo Tubaro, Timothy Wardlaw, Robyn Worcester, Zhaofu Yang, Monica R. Young, Tyler Zemlak, Evgeny Zakharov, Bradley Zlotnick, Otso Ovaskainen, and Paul Hebert

Abstract

Global gradients in species biodiversity are expected to reflect tighter packing of species closer to the equator. Yet, empirical validation of these patterns has so far focused on less diverse taxa, with comparable assessments of mega-diverse groups historically constrained by the taxonomic impediment. Here we assess the temporal and spatial turnover dynamics of arthropod communities sampled across 129 globally distributed monitoring sites. Overall, we encountered more than 150,000 unique BINs (i.e., species proxies). We show that global differences in community compositional change are linked to latitudinal, spatial, and temporal gradients, which are largely consistent across biogeographic regions. This general latitudinal imprint on community composition provides a mechanistic underpinning for global biodiversity gradients.

Published
2022

7. Inferring fruit infestation prevalence from a combination of pre-harvest monitoring and consignment sampling data

Author

Peter Caley, Daniel W. Gladish, Lloyd Kingham, and Rieks D. van Klinken

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Abstract International trade in horticultural produce happens under phytosanitary inspection and production protocols. Fruit inspection typically involves the sampling and inspection of either 600-pieces or 2% of packed product within a single consignment destined for export, with the purpose of certification (typically with 95% confidence) that the true infestation level within the consignment in question doesn’t exceed a pre-specified design prevalence. Sampling of multiple consignments from multiple production blocks in conjunction with pre-harvest monitoring for pests can be used to provide additional inference on the prevalence of infested fruit within an overall production system subject to similar protocols. Here we develop a hierarchical Bayesian model that combines in-field monitoring data with consignment sample inspection data to infer the prevalence of infested fruit in a production system. The results illustrate how infestation prevalence is influenced by the number of consignments inspected, the detection efficacy of consignment sampling, and in-field monitoring effort and sensitivity. Uncertainty in inspection performance, monitoring methods, and exposure of fruit to pests is accommodated using statistical priors within a Bayesian modelling framework. We demonstrate that pre-harvest surveillance with a sufficient density of traps and moderate detection sensitivity can provide 95% belief that the prevalence of infestation is below $$1 \times 10^{-6}$$ 1 × 10 - 6 . In the absence of pre-harvest monitoring, it is still possible to gain high confidence in a very low prevalence of infestation ( $$

Published
2024
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8. Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata incubation mounds as habitat for other vertebrates

Author

Heather Neilly, Peter Cale, Craig Gillespie, Tim Pascoe, and David E. Wells

Subjects
biology, Habitat, Ecology, Fauna, biology.animal, Vertebrate, Insectivore, Species richness, biology.organism_classification, Leipoa ocellata, Ecosystem engineer, Predation
Abstract

Ecosystem engineers change the availability of resources for other species by forming new habitat or modifying existing habitat but, despite the diversity of avian ecosystem engineers, 80% of current literature focuses on mammals and invertebrates. Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata build large incubation mounds of soil and leaf-litter that are likely to provide habitat for invertebrates and vertebrates but use of their mounds by other vertebrates has never been quantified. Here, we examine vertebrate fauna visitation rates at Malleefowl mounds and non-mounds using camera-trap data collected by two citizen science projects. From 2012 to 2018, 20 active Malleefowl mounds and 16 non-mound sites were monitored over 31,913 hours and 225,144 hours, respectively. In total, we identified visits by 1724 birds, reptiles and mammals from 36 species. The mean number of vertebrate visits per 1000 hours of surveillance was around one and a half times and species richness five times that at mounds compared with non-mounds. Malleefowl mounds may enhance the availability of invertebrate prey for insectivorous birds and mammals, provide a favourable microclimate for reptiles to thermoregulate, and be signalling/social communication locations. Our results show that further research is warranted and suggest that conservation of Malleefowl may be important not only for the Malleefowl itself, but also for a suite of mallee birds and reptiles.

Published
2021

9. Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata breeding behaviour: Insights from citizen science camera surveillance

Author

Peter Cale, Heather Neilly, Tim Pascoe, and David E. Wells

Subjects
Geography, biology, fungi, Citizen science, Direct observation, Small sample, biology.organism_classification, Leipoa ocellata, Demography
Abstract

Observations on natural history are a useful but often overlooked branch of ecology. With the use of camera-traps, collection of data e.g. on breeding behaviour and success has never been easier, particularly when studying cryptic species. Additionally, camera-traps are well suited to citizen science because of their ease of operation and the ability to store and verify data. Malleefowl Leipoa ocellata breeding behaviour has previously been studied through direct observation or timelapse photography, resulting in small sample sizes and potentially biased observations. Using camera-trap data collected by citizen scientists, we examined the breeding behaviour of this species. We quantified the timing and duration of mound-tending activities at 20 mounds using camera surveillance for >30,000 hours (1250 days) over six breeding seasons. Time spent at the mound during five mound stages and visit frequencies by the male and female during each stage are reported. Femaleinvolvement at the mound was consistent, although males spent three times as long at the mound compared with females during egg-laying. On egg-laying days, females spent longer uncovering the mound, compared with covering the mound post egg-laying. Our findings confirm that both male and female Malleefowl spend a substantial amount of time constructing and maintaining their mound throughout the year and, most notably, that the female consistently participates in mound-tending.These insights are particularly valuable as our surveillance was over markedly longer time spans than previous studies that relied upon direct observation.

Published
2021

11. The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data

Author

Eddy Moors, Uwe Eichelmann, Christian Brümmer, Stefano Minerbi, Barbara Marcolla, Gil Bohrer, Leonardo Montagnani, Üllar Rannik, Han Dolman, Janina Klatt, Samuli Launiainen, Elizabeth A. Walter-Shea, Nina Buchmann, Hank A. Margolis, Beniamino Gioli, Peter S. Curtis, Margaret S. Torn, Gabriela Posse, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Gianluca Filippa, Kenneth J. Davis, Leiming Zhang, Alexander Graf, Ray Leuning, Andrew Feitz, Simone Sabbatini, Harry McCaughey, Werner Eugster, Juha Pekka Tuovinen, Timothy J. Arkebauer, N. N. Vygodskaya, Adam J. Liska, Rosvel Bracho, Sebastian Wolf, Marc Aubinet, Jiří Dušek, Eugénie Paul-Limoges, Christof Ammann, Daniel Berveiller, Zoran Nesic, Giacomo Nicolini, Jaclyn Hatala Matthes, Russell L. Scott, David E. Reed, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Changliang Shao, Penélope Serrano-Ortiz, Yingnian Li, Jason Beringer, Marc Fischer, Deb Agarwal, Rasmus Fensholt, Russell K. Monson, Agnès de Grandcourt, Stefan K. Arndt, Timo Vesala, Uta Moderow, Joseph Verfaillie, Mika Aurela, Bev Law, Nina Hinko-Najera, Taro Nakai, Richard P. Phillips, Lindsay B. Hutley, Benjamin Loubet, Michele Tomassucci, Ayumi Kotani, Hans Peter Schmid, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira, Anatoly A. Gitelson, Domenico Vitale, Regine Maier, Caitlin E. Moore, Xiaoqin Dai, Damien Bonal, John M. Frank, Yuelin Li, Christopher M. Gough, Shijie Han, Shirley A. Papuga, Edoardo Cremonese, Shawn Urbanski, Sébastien C. Biraud, Scott D. Miller, Mana Gharun, Annalea Lohila, Ian McHugh, Giovanni Manca, Bert Gielen, Wayne S. Meyer, Pierpaolo Duce, Bruce D. Cook, Carsten Gruening, Hiroki Ikawa, B.R. Reverter, Marian Pavelka, Andrew M. S. McMillan, Gang Dong, Isaac Chini, Kimberly A. Novick, Dalibor Janouš, Anne De Ligne, E. Beamesderfer, Marty Humphrey, Virginie Moreaux, Christian Wille, Markus Hehn, Hideki Kobayashi, Allen H. Goldstein, Walter C. Oechel, Richard Silberstein, Francisco Domingo, Francesco Mazzenga, Elise Pendall, Juha Hatakka, Lutz Merbold, Xingguo Han, Daniela Famulari, Carlo Trotta, Naama Raz-Yaseef, Dario Papale, Jean Marc Ourcival, Benoit Burban, Pavel Sedlák, Diego Polidori, Asko Noormets, Huimin Wang, Birger Ulf Hansen, Thomas Grünwald, Caroline Vincke, Robert M. Stevens, Carole Coursolle, D. P. Billesbach, Karl Schneider, Guoyi Zhou, Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski, Paul V. Bolstad, Iris Feigenwinter, Shiping Chen, Julia Boike, Ivan Schroder, D. S. Christianson, Junhui Zhang, Pierre Cellier, Catharine van Ingen, Andrej Varlagin, A. Ribeca, Claudia Consalvo, Derek Eamus, Jason Brodeur, Alan G. Barr, Denis Loustau, Andreas Ibrom, Ankur R. Desai, Andrew E. Suyker, Efrén López-Blanco, Peter Cale, Nicola Arriga, William J. Massman, Abdelrahman Elbashandy, Yoshiko Kosugi, Pauline Buysse, Cove Sturtevant, T. A. Black, Housen Chu, David R. Bowling, Sabina Dore, Albin Hammerle, Tilden P. Meyers, M. Altaf Arain, Hatim Abdalla M. ElKhidir, Ignacio Goded, Roberto Zampedri, Alessio Collalti, Torsten Sachs, Tuomas Laurila, Cristina Poindexter, E. Canfora, Alexander Knohl, Donatella Spano, Silvano Fares, Scott R. Saleska, Michiel K. van der Molen, Suzanne M. Prober, Marryanna Lion, Steven C. Wofsy, Michael L. Goulden, Matthew Northwood, Antje Lucas-Moffat, Christine Moureaux, Jean-Marc Limousin, Sara H. Knox, Damiano Gianelle, Olaf Kolle, Jørgen E. Olesen, Mikhail Mastepanov, Bernard Heinesch, Christian Bernhofer, Peter D. Blanken, Hyojung Kwon, Georg Wohlfahrt, Peili Shi, Yann Nouvellon, Allison L. Dunn, Onil Bergeron, Mauro Cavagna, Heiko Prasse, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Yanhong Tang, Donatella Zona, Andrew S. Kowalski, Eric Dufrêne, Kim Pilegaard, Serena Marras, Yongtao He, Brent E. Ewers, Siyan Ma, Jean Marc Bonnefond, Jonas Ardö, Ko van Huissteden, Roser Matamala, Robin Weber, Nigel J. Tapper, Humberto Ribeiro da Rocha, Eva van Gorsel, Torbern Tagesson, Frederik Schrader, Frank Tiedemann, Myroslava Khomik, Torben R. Christensen, Jonathan E. Thom, James Cleverly, Víctor Resco de Dios, Ivan Shironya, Jeffrey P. Walker, You Wei Cheah, Ana López-Ballesteros, Georgia R. Koerber, J. William Munger, Shicheng Jiang, Johannes Lüers, Bruno De Cinti, Gilberto Pastorello, David R. Cook, Werner L. Kutsch, Paul Di Tommasi, Nicolas Delpierre, Peter Isaac, Carlos Marcelo Di Bella, Jiquan Chen, Craig Macfarlane, Dennis D. Baldocchi, William Woodgate, Riccardo Valentini, Marilyn Roland, Ladislav Šigut, Tomomichi Kato, Sebastian Westermann, Ivan Mammarella, Bart Kruijt, Marta Galvagno, Marius Schmidt, Serge Rambal, J. Kurbatova, Sean P. Burns, Ettore D'Andrea, Chad Hanson, Vincenzo Magliulo, Anne Griebel, Brian D. Amiro, M. Goeckede, Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete, Thomas L. Powell, Marcelo D. Nosetto, Cacilia Ewenz, Michael J. Liddell, Satoru Takanashi, Lukas Hörtnagl, Zulia Mayari Sanchez-Mejia, W.W.P. Jans, N. Pirk, Johan Neirynck, Rainer Steinbrecher, Lukas Siebicke, Matthias Peichl, Rachhpal S. Jassal, Costantino Sirca, Earth and Climate, Earth Sciences, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), INAR Physics, Micrometeorology and biogeochemical cycles, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), Ecosystem processes (INAR Forest Sciences), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory [Berkeley] (LBNL), Università degli studi della Tuscia [Viterbo], California State University [Sacramento], Michigan State University System, University of Virginia, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (MPI-BGC), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette] (LSCE), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Chinese Academy of Sciences [Beijing] (CAS), University of Manitoba [Winnipeg], Agroscope, McMaster University [Hamilton, Ontario], Lund University [Lund], University of Nebraska–Lincoln, University of Nebraska System, University of Melbourne, University of Antwerp (UA), Université de Liège, Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI), University of California [Berkeley] (UC Berkeley), University of California (UC), University of Saskatchewan [Saskatoon] (U of S), Peoples Friendship University of Russia [RUDN University] (RUDN), The University of Western Australia (UWA), Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Ecologie Systématique et Evolution (ESE), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of British Columbia (UBC), University of Colorado [Colorado Springs] (UCCS), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), Humboldt University Of Berlin, University of Minnesota System, SILVA (SILVA), AgroParisTech-Université de Lorraine (UL)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Interactions Sol Plante Atmosphère (UMR ISPA), Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Agronomiques de Bordeaux-Aquitaine (Bordeaux Sciences Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), University of Utah, University of Central Florida [Orlando] (UCF), Thunen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, Department of Environmental Systems Science [ETH Zürich] (D-USYS), Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology [Zürich] (ETH Zürich), Ecologie des forêts de Guyane (UMR ECOFOG), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-AgroParisTech-Université de Guyane (UG)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université des Antilles (UA)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Ecologie fonctionnelle et écotoxicologie des agroécosystèmes (ECOSYS), AgroParisTech-Université Paris-Saclay-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), Fondazione Edmund Mach - Edmund Mach Foundation [Italie] (FEM), Aarhus University [Aarhus], University of Technology Sydney (UTS), National Research Council of Italy | Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Argonne National Laboratory [Lemont] (ANL), Université Laval [Québec] (ULaval), Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Pennsylvania State University (Penn State), Penn State System, Ecologie fonctionnelle et biogéochimie des sols et des agro-écosystèmes (UMR Eco&Sols), Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam [Amsterdam] (VU), Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Madrid] (CSIC), Shanxi University (SXU), Worcester State University [Worcester], Czech Academy of Sciences [Prague] (CAS), Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Université Paul-Valéry - Montpellier 3 (UPVM)-École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD [France-Sud])-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE)-Institut Agro - Montpellier SupAgro, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (Cirad)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre international d'études supérieures en sciences agronomiques (Montpellier SupAgro)-Institut national d’études supérieures agronomiques de Montpellier (Montpellier SupAgro), Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement (INRAE), UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences, GILBERTO PASTORELLO, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, THOMAS ANDREW BLACK, University of British Columbia, PETER D. BLANKEN, University of Colorado, GIL BOHRER, Ohio State University, JULIA BOIKE, Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research / Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, PAUL V. BOLSTAD, University of Minnesota, JEAN-MARC BONNEFOND, ISPA Bordeaux Sciences Agro, DAVID R. BOWLING, University of Utah, ROSVEL BRACHO, University of Florida, JASON BRODEUR, McMaster University, CHRISTIAN BRÜMMER, Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture, NINA BUCHMANN, ETH Zurich, BENOIT BURBAN, INRAE UMR ECOFOG, AGNES DE GRANDCOURT, UMR Eco&Sols, CIRAD, ANNE DE LIGNE, University of Liege, RAIMUNDO COSME DE OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, CPATU, HAN DOLMAN, Universiteit Amsterdam, FRANCISCO DOMINGO, CSIC, GANG DONG, Shanxi University, SABINA DORE, HydroFocus, PIERPAOLO DUCE, National Research Council of Italy, MARTA GALVAGNO, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, MANA GHARUN, ETH Zurich, DAMIANO GIANELLE, Fondazione Edmund Mach, MARCIN JACKOWICZ-KORCZYNSKI, Lund University / Aarhus University, DALIBOR JANOUS, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, WILMA JANS, Wageningen University and Research, RACHHPAL JASSAL, University of British Columbia, SHICHENG JIANG, Northeast Normal University, ANA LÓPEZ-BALLESTEROS, Trinity College Dublin, EFRÉN LÓPEZ-BLANCO, Aarhus University, BENJAMIN LOUBET, Université Paris-Saclay, DENIS LOUSTAU, ISPA - INRA, JOHANNES LÜERS, University of Bayreuth, JOHAN NEIRYNCK, Research Institute for Nature and Forest, ZORAN NESIC, University of British Columbia, GIACOMO NICOLINI, University of Tuscia / CMCC, ASKO NOORMETS, Texas A&M University, MATTHEW NORTHWOOD, Charles Darwin University, KIMBERLY NOVICK, Indiana University Bloomington, MARILYN ROLAND, University of Antwerp, SIMONE SABBATINI, University of Tuscia, TORSTEN SACHS, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, SCOTT R. SALESKA, University of Arizona, ENRIQUE P. SÁNCHEZ-CAÑETE, University of Granada / CEAMA-IISTA, ZULIA M. SANCHEZ-MEJIA, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, RAINER STEINBRECHER, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, ROBERT M. STEVENS, Sentek Pty Ltd, COVE STURTEVANT, National Ecological Observatory Network Program, ANDY SUYKER, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, TORBERN TAGESSON, Lund University / University of Copenhagen, SATORU TAKANASHI, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, DOMENICO VITALE, University of Tuscia / CMCC, NATALIA VYGODSKAYA, Russian Academy of Sciences, JEFFREY P. WALKER, Monash University, ELIZABETH WALTER-SHEA, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, HUIMIN WANG, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ROBIN WEBER, University of California Berkeley, SEBASTIAN WESTERMANN, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), CHRISTIAN WILLE, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, STEVEN WOFSY, Harvard University, GEORG WOHLFAHRT, University of Innsbruck, SEBASTIAN WOLF, ETH Zurich, WILLIAM WOODGATE, CSIRO Land and Water, YUELIN LI, Chinese Academy of Sciences, DONATELLA ZONA, San Diego State University / University of Sheffield, DEB AGARWAL, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, SEBASTIEN BIRAUD, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MARGARET TORN, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, DARIO PAPALE, University of Tuscia / CMCC., ALLISON DUNN, Worcester State University, JIRÍ DUSEK, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, DEREK EAMUS, University of Technology Sydney, UWE EICHELMANN, Technische Universität Dresden, HOUSEN CHU, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, DANIELLE CHRISTIANSON, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, YOU-WEI CHEAH, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, CRISTINA POINDEXTER, California State University, JIQUAN CHEN, Michigan State University, ABDELRAHMAN ELBASHANDY, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, MARTY HUMPHREY, University of Virginia, PETER ISAAC, TERN Ecosystrem Processes, DIEGO POLIDORI, University of Tuscia / CMCC, ALESSIO RIBECA, University of Tuscia / CMCC, CATHARINE VAN INGEN, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, LEIMINGZ HANG, Chinese Academy of Sciences, BRIAN AMIRO, University of Manitoba, CHRISTOF AMMANN, Agroscope Research Institute, M. ALTAF ARAIN, McMaster University, JONAS ARDÖ, Lund University, TIMOTHY ARKEBAUER, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, STEFAN K. ARNDT, The University of Melbourne, NICOLA ARRIGA, University of Antwerp / Joint Research Centre, MARC AUBINET, University of Liege, MIKA AURELA, Finnish Meteorological Institute, DENNIS BALDOCCHI, University of California Berkeley, ALAN BARR, University of Saskatchewan / Environment and Climate Change Canada, DAMIEN BONAL, Université de Lorraine, SEAN P. BURNS, University of Colorado / National Center for Atmospheric Research, PAULINE BUYSSE, Université Paris-Saclay, PETER CALE, Australian Landscape Trust, MAURO CAVAGNA, Fondazione Edmund Mach, PIERRE CELLIER, Université Paris-Saclay, SHIPING CHEN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ISAAC CHINI, Fondazione Edmund Mach, TORBEN R . CHRISTENSEN, Aarhus University, JAMES CLEVERLY, University of Technology Sydney, ALESSIO COLLALTI, University of Tuscia / National Research Council of Italy, CLAUDIA CONSALVO, University of Tuscia / National Research Council of Italy, BRUCE D. COOK, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, DAVID COOK, Argonne National Laboratory, CAROLE COURSOLLE, Natural Resources Canada / Université Laval, EDOARDO CREMONESE, Climate Change Unit, PETER S. CURTIS, Ohio State University, ETTORE DANDREA, National Research Council of Italy, HUMBERTO DA ROCHA, USP, XIAOQIN DAI, Chinese Academy of Sciences, KENNETH J. DAVIS, The Pennsylvania State University, BRUNO DE CINTI, National Research Council of Italy, NICOLAS DELPIERRE, Université Paris-Saclay, ANKUR R . DESAI, University of Wisconsin-Madison, CARLOS MARCELO DI BELLA, Facultad de Agronomía, UBA, Buenos Aires., PAUL DI TOMMASI, National Research Council of Italy, ERIC DUFRÊNE, Université Paris-Saclay, MARIUS SCHMIDT, Agrosphere (IBG3), HATIM ABDALLA M. ELKHIDIR, ElObeid Research Station, WERNER EUGSTER, ETH Zurich, CACILIA M. EWENZ, TERN Ecosystem Processes Central Node, BRENT EWERS, University of Wyoming, DANIELA FAMULARI, National Research Council of Italy, SILVANO FARES, National Research Council of Italy / Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, IRIS FEIGENWINTER, ETH Zurich, ANDREW FEITZ, Geoscience Australia, RASMUS FENSHOLT, University of Copenhagen, GIANLUCA FILIPPA, Environmental Protection Agency of Aosta Valley, MARC FISCHER, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, JOHN FRANK, USDA Forest Service, BERT GIELEN, University of Antwerp, BENIAMINO GIOLI, National Research Council of Italy, ANATOLY GITELSON, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, IGNACIO BALLARIN GODED, Joint Research Centre, MATHIAS GOECKEDE, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, ALLEN H. GOLDSTEIN, University of California Berkeley, CHRISTOPHER M. GOUGH, Virginia Commonwealth University, MICHAEL L. GOULDEN, University of California, ALEXANDER GRAF, Forschungszentrum Jülich, ANNE GRIEBEL, The University of Melbourne, CARSTEN GRUENING, Joint Research Centre, THOMAS GRÜNWALD, Technische Universität Dresden, ALBIN HAMMERLE, University of Innsbruck, SHIJIE HAN, Henan University / Chinese Academy of Sciences, XINGGUO HAN, Chinese Academy of Sciences, BIRGER ULF HANSEN, University of Copenhagen, CHAD HANSON, Oregon State University, JUHA HATAKKA, Finnish Meteorological Institute, YONGTAO HE, Chinese Academy of Sciences / University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, MARKUS HEHN, Technische Universität Dresden, BERNARD HEINESCH, University of Liege, NINA HINKO-NAJERA, The University of Melbourne, LUKAS HÖRTNAGL, ETH Zurich, LINDSAY HUTLEY, Charles Darwin University, ANDREAS IBROM, Technical University of Denmark, HIROKI IKAWA, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, TOMOMICHI KATO, Hokkaido University, MYROSLAVA KHOMIK, McMaster University / Geography and Environmental Management, JANINA KLATT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, ALEXANDER KNOHL, University of Goettingen, SARA KNOX, The University of British Columbia, HIDEKI KOBAYASHI, Institute of Arctic Climate and Environment Research, GEORGIA KOERBER, University of Adelaide, OLAF KOLLE, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, YOSHIKO KOSUGI, Kyoto University, AYUMI KOTANI, Nagoya University, ANDREW KOWALSKI, University of Granada, BART KRUIJT, Wageningen University, JULIA KURBATOVA, Russian Academy of Sciences, WERNER L. KUTSCH, ICOS ERIC, HYOJUNG KWON, Oregon State University, SAMULI LAUNIAINEN, Natural Resources Institute Finland, TUOMAS LAURILA, Finnish Meteorological Institute, BEV LAW, Oregon State University, RAY LEUNING, In memoriam, YINGNIAN LI, Chinese Academy of Sciences, MICHAEL LIDDELL, James Cook University, JEAN-MARC LIMOUSIN, Univ Montpellier, KARL SCHNEIDER, University of Cologne, MARRYANNA LION, Forest Research Institute Malaysia, ADAM J. LISKA, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, ANNALEA LOHILA, Finnish Meteorological Institute / University of Helsinki, ANTJE LUCAS-MOFFAT, Thünen Institute of Climate-Smart Agriculture / Centre for Agrometeorological Research, SIYAN MA, University of California Berkeley, CRAIG MACFARLANE, CSIRO Land and Water, VINCENZO MAGLIULO, National Research Council of Italy, REGINE MAIER, ETH Zurich, IVAN MAMMARELLA, University of Helsinki, GIOVANNI MANCA, Joint Research Centre, BARBARA MARCOLLA, Fondazione Edmund Mach, HANK A . MARGOLIS, Université Laval, SERENA MARRAS, CMCC / University of Sassari, WILLIAM MASSMAN, USDA Forest Service, MIKHAIL MASTEPANOV, Aarhus University / University of Oulu, ROSER MATAMALA, Argonne National Laboratory, JACLYN HATALA MATTHES, Wellesley College, FRANCESCO MAZZENGA, National Research Council of Italy, HARRY MCCAUGHEY, Queen’s University, IAN MCHUGH, The University of Melbourne, ANDREW M. S. MCMILLAN, Environmental Analytics NZ, LUTZ MERBOLD, International Livestock Research Institute, WAYNE MEYER, University of Adelaide, TILDEN MEYERS, NOAA/OAR/Air Resources Laboratory, SCOTT D. MILLER, State University of New York at Albany, STEFANO MINERBI, Forest Department of South Tyrol, UTA MODEROW, Technische Universität Dresden, RUSSELL K. MONSON, University of Arizona, LEONARDO MONTAGNANI, Forest Department of South Tyrol / Free University of Bolzano, CAITLIN E. MOORE, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, EDDY MOORS, IHE Delft / VU Amsterdam, VIRGINIE MOREAUX, ISPA / University Grenoble Alpes, CHRISTINE MOUREAUX, University of Liege, J. WILLIAM MUNGER, Harvard University, TARO NAKAI, National Taiwan University / University of Alaska Fairbanks, MARCELO NOSETTO, Instituto de Matemática Aplicada San Luis / UNER, YANN NOUVELLON, Univ Montpellier-CIRAD-INRA-IRD-Montpellier SupAgro, WALTER OECHEL, San Diego State University / University of Exeter, JORGEN EIVIND OLESEN, Aarhus University, JEAN-MARC OURCIVAL, Univ Montpellier, SHIRLEY A. PAPUGA, Wayne State University, FRANS-JAN PARMENTIER, Lund University / University of Oslo, EUGENIE PAUL-LIMOGES, University of Zurich, MARIAN PAVELKA, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, MATTHIAS PEICHL, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, ELISE PENDALL, Western Sydney University, RICHARD P. PHILLIPS, Indiana University Bloomington, KIM PILEGAARD, Technical University of Denmark, NORBERT PIRK, Lund University / CSIRO Land and Water, GABRIELA POSSE, Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria (INTA), THOMAS POWELL, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, HEIKO PRASSE, Technische Universität Dresden, SUZANNE M. PROBER, CSIRO Land and Water, SERGE RAMBAL, Univ Montpellier, ÜLLAR RANNIK, University of Helsinki, DAVID REED, Michigan State University, VICTOR RESCO DE DIOS, Western Sydney University / Southwest University of Science and Technology, NATALIA RESTREPO-COUPE, University of Arizona, BORJA R. REVERTER, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, HANS PETER SCHMID, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, FREDERIK SCHRADER, Federal Research Institute of Rural Areas, IVAN SCHRODER, Geoscience Australia, RUSSELL L. SCOTT, Southwest Watershed Research Center, PAVEL SEDLÁK, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences / Institute of Atmospheric Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, PENÉLOPE SERRANO-ORTÍZ, CEAMA-IISTA / University of Granada, CHANGLIANG SHAO, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, PEILI SHI, Chinese Academy of Sciences, IVAN SHIRONYA, Russian Academy of Sciences, LUKAS SIEBICKE, Bioclimatology, University of Goettingen, LADISLAV SIGUT, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, RICHARD SILBERSTEIN, University of Western Australia / Edith Cowan University, COSTANTINO SIRCA, CMCC / University of Sassari, DONATELLA SPANO, CMCC / University of Sassari, YANHONG TANG, Peking University, NIGEL TAPPER, Monash University, JONATHAN THOM, University of Wisconsin-Madison, FRANK TIEDEMANN, University of Goettingen, MICHELE TOMASSUCCI, University of Tuscia / Terrasystem srl, JUHA-PEKKA TUOVINEN, Finnish Meteorological Institute, SHAWN URBANSKI, Rocky Mountain Research Station, RICCARDO VALENTINI, University of Tuscia / CMCC, MICHIEL VAN DER MOLEN, Wageningen University, EVA VAN GORSEL, Australian National University Canberra, KO VAN HUISSTEDEN, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, ANDREJ VARLAGIN, Russian Academy of Sciences, JOSEPH VERFAILLIE, University of California Berkeley, TIMO VESALA, University of Helsinki, CAROLINE VINCKE, Chinese Academy of Sciences, ROBERTO ZAMPEDRI, Fondazione Edmund Mach, JUNHUI ZHANG, Chinese Academy of Sciences, GUOYI ZHOU, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, NAAMA RAZ-YASEEF, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, ERIC BEAMESDERFER, McMaster University, CARLO TROTTA, University of Tuscia, ELEONORA CANFORA, University of Tuscia / CMCC, LUCA BELELLI MARCHESINI, Fondazione Edmund Mach / RUDN University, ONIL BERGERON, Ministère du Développement durable de l’Environnement et de la Lutte contre les changements climatiques, JASON BERINGER, University of Western Australia, CHRISTIAN BERNHOFER, Technische Universität Dresden, DANIEL BERVEILLER, Université Paris-Saclay, and DAVE BILLESBACH, University of Nebraska-Lincoln

Subjects
Meteorologie en Luchtkwaliteit, Data Descriptor, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Settore AGR/05 - ASSESTAMENTO FORESTALE E SELVICOLTURA, dataset provides ecosystem, UNCERTAINTY, Eddy covariance, Observation météorologique, 01 natural sciences, ecosystem-scale data, lcsh:Science, SITES, Energy, Respiration, Statistics, Uncertainty, Carbon cycle, Biological measurements, Terrestrial biome, RESPIRATION, gapfilling, [SDE]Environmental Sciences, Assimilation, Anhídrid carbònic, ddc:500, Net ecosystem exchange, Écosystème, STORAGE, Information Systems, Statistics and Probability, ecosystem approaches [EN], Meteorology and Air Quality, ASSIMILATION, Library and Information Sciences, Education, collection [EN], Donnée climatique, Data collection, Water, 15. Life on land, Earth system science, Climate Resilience, Klimaatbestendigheid, lcsh:Q, processing, Climate sciences, Ecophysiology, Storage, Oceanography, Hydrology, Water Resources, 010501 environmental sciences, CARBON-DIOXIDE, ENERGY-BALANCE CLOSURE, ddc:550, Échange d'énergie, FLUXNET2015, Biosphere, Energy balance closure, fluxnet, Computer Science Applications, Collecte de données, Energia, P01 - Conservation de la nature et ressources foncières, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY, Eddy Covariance, SDG 6 - Clean Water and Sanitation, Engineering sciences. Technology, Sensoriamento Remoto, FLUX, 1171 Geosciences, Consistency (database systems), eau, Life Science, Time series, Remote sensing studies, Measurement device, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Remote sensing, Ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic, WIMEK, NET ECOSYSTEM EXCHANGE, Pipeline (software), Environmental sciences, Metadata, Earth sciences, Carbon dioxide, 13. Climate action, Environmental science, Probability and Uncertainty, Water Systems and Global Change, Dioxyde de carbone
Abstract

The FLUXNET2015 dataset provides ecosystem-scale data on CO2, water, and energy exchange between the biosphere and the atmosphere, and other meteorological and biological measurements, from 212 sites around the globe (over 1500 site-years, up to and including year 2014). These sites, independently managed and operated, voluntarily contributed their data to create global datasets. Data were quality controlled and processed using uniform methods, to improve consistency and intercomparability across sites. The dataset is already being used in a number of applications, including ecophysiology studies, remote sensing studies, and development of ecosystem and Earth system models. FLUXNET2015 includes derived-data products, such as gap-flled time series, ecosystem respiration and photosynthetic uptake estimates, estimation of uncertainties, and metadata about the measurements, presented for the frst time in this paper. In addition, 206 of these sites are for the frst time distributed under a Creative Commons (CC-BY 4.0) license. This paper details this enhanced dataset and the processing methods, now made available as open-source codes, making the dataset more accessible, transparent, and reproducible., European Union (EU), United States Department of Energy (DOE)

Published
2020

12. Incubation mound-building by megapodes creates novel, high-resource patches in a semi-arid woodland

Author

Heather Neilly, Peter Cale, and David Eldridge

Subjects
bepress|Life Sciences, bepress|Life Sciences|Ecology and Evolutionary Biology|Desert Ecology, bepress|Life Sciences|Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
Abstract

1. Desert ecosystems have sparse and heterogeneous resources. Discrete high-resource patches, associated with landscape modulators such as perennial vegetation, act as nutrient sinks in contrast to open, low-resource areas (interpatch matrix). In semi-arid mallee woodlands, malleefowl (Leipoa ocellata: Megapodiidae) create large incubation mounds by raking leaf litter and soil from high-resource patches to their mound sites in the interpatch matrix. Despite this conspicuous redistribution of resources, nothing is known about the physical and chemical properties of malleefowl mounds. 2. In this study, we measured groundcover, vegetation structure and composition, and soil chemistry at: malleefowl mounds, high-resource microsites modulated by trees, and in the low-resource interpatch matrix. The high and low-resource microsites were sampled near the mound in the potential Malleefowl disturbance zone, and outside of the disturbance zone. Mounds were classified into three age categories based on the number of years since they were active. 3. We found that malleefowl mounds were a novel microsite, with soil chemistry more similar to tree-modulated patches and groundcover and vegetation variables more similar to the open, interpatch matrix. Additionally, the novel attributes of the mound persisted beyond 6 years from the last time the mound was active. The effect of malleefowl mound-building activities appeared to extend beyond recently used mounds, with vegetation suppressed in open patches close to the mound. 4. Synthesis: Malleefowl redistribute resources from high-resource patches under trees to the open interpatch matrix. Incubation mound-building by animals can be a landscape modulating process via high-resource patch formation and is likely important for ecosystem functioning.

Published
2021

13. The validity of optimal leaf traits modelled on environmental conditions

Author

Belinda E. Medlyn, Michael J. Liddell, Lingling Zhu, Matthias M. Boer, I. Colin Prentice, Rizwana Rumman, Bradley Evans, Michael F. Hutchinson, Tim Wardlaw, David S. Ellsworth, Lucas A. Cernusak, James Cleverly, Ian J. Wright, Derek Eamus, Peter Cale, John J. G. Egerton, Keith J. Bloomfield, Henrique Furstenau Togashi, Lucy Hayes, Craig Macfarlane, Owen K. Atkin, Wayne S. Meyer, and AXA Research Fund

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, 0301 basic medicine, Stomatal conductance, stomatal conductance (g(s)), Physiology, MESOPHYLL CONDUCTANCE, STOMATAL CONDUCTANCE, Plant Biology & Botany, stable isotopes, Plant Science, Environment, CARBON-ISOTOPE DISCRIMINATION, Models, Biological, 01 natural sciences, Electron Transport, 03 medical and health sciences, Quantitative Trait, Heritable, 07 Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Botany, water-use efficiency, ATMOSPHERIC CO2, Photosynthesis, Carbon Isotopes, Science & Technology, TEMPERATURE RESPONSE, Philosophy, Plant Sciences, temperature, BIOCHEMICAL-MODEL, stomatal conductance (gs), Reproducibility of Results, 06 Biological Sciences, 15. Life on land, Photosynthetic capacity, Plant Leaves, 030104 developmental biology, aridity, 13. Climate action, Plant Stomata, Linear Models, OPTIMIZATION THEORY, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, PHOTOSYNTHETIC CAPACITY, Temperature response, GAS-EXCHANGE, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

© 2018 The Authors. New Phytologist © 2018 New Phytologist Trust The ratio of leaf intercellular to ambient CO 2 (χ) is modulated by stomatal conductance (g s ). These quantities link carbon (C) assimilation with transpiration, and along with photosynthetic capacities (V cmax and J max ) are required to model terrestrial C uptake. We use optimization criteria based on the growth environment to generate predicted values of photosynthetic and water-use efficiency traits and test these against a unique dataset. Leaf gas-exchange parameters and carbon isotope discrimination were analysed in relation to local climate across a continental network of study sites. Sun-exposed leaves of 50 species at seven sites were measured in contrasting seasons. Values of χ predicted from growth temperature and vapour pressure deficit were closely correlated to ratios derived from C isotope (δ 13 C) measurements. Correlations were stronger in the growing season. Predicted values of photosynthetic traits, including carboxylation capacity (V cmax ), derived from δ 13 C, growth temperature and solar radiation, showed meaningful agreement with inferred values derived from gas-exchange measurements. Between-site differences in water-use efficiency were, however, only weakly linked to the plant's growth environment and did not show seasonal variation. These results support the general hypothesis that many key parameters required by Earth system models are adaptive and predictable from plants’ growth environments.

Published
2018

14. Author Correction

Author

Pierpaolo Duce, B.R. Reverter, Bruce D. Cook, Marian Pavelka, Lindsay B. Hutley, Francesco Mazzenga, Caroline Vincke, Benoit Burban, Damiano Gianelle, Üllar Rannik, William J. Massman, Claudia Consalvo, Scott R. Saleska, D. P. Billesbach, Guoyi Zhou, Julia Boike, Michiel K. van der Molen, Werner Eugster, Hyojung Kwon, Thomas Grünwald, Thomas L. Powell, T. A. Black, Caitlin E. Moore, Albin Hammerle, Yingnian Li, Cristina Poindexter, Uwe Eichelmann, Marcelo D. Nosetto, Xiaoqin Dai, Cacilia Ewenz, Gilberto Pastorello, Carlos Marcelo Di Bella, Damien Bonal, Stefano Minerbi, Rosvel Bracho, Kim Pilegaard, Serena Marras, Michael J. Liddell, Mika Aurela, N. Pirk, Shawn Urbanski, Scott D. Miller, Janina Klatt, Eugénie Paul-Limoges, Jean-Marc Limousin, Hideki Kobayashi, Juha Hatakka, Georg Wohlfahrt, Diego Polidori, Mana Gharun, Olaf Kolle, Jørgen E. Olesen, Peili Shi, Yann Nouvellon, Johan Neirynck, Rainer Steinbrecher, Lukas Siebicke, Satoru Takanashi, Eva van Gorsel, Domenico Vitale, Regine Maier, Hans Peter Schmid, Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira, Torben R. Christensen, Giovanni Manca, Elizabeth A. Walter-Shea, Leonardo Montagnani, Jonathan E. Thom, James Cleverly, Andrew Feitz, Nina Buchmann, Andrew M. S. McMillan, N. N. Vygodskaya, E. Canfora, Richard Silberstein, David E. Reed, Marc Fischer, Ankur R. Desai, Leiming Zhang, Alexander Graf, Sébastien C. Biraud, Samuli Launiainen, Siyan Ma, Bart Kruijt, Carlo Trotta, Nicola Arriga, Christopher M. Gough, Elise Pendall, Peter S. Curtis, Margaret S. Torn, Gabriela Posse, Ivan Shironya, Silvano Fares, You Wei Cheah, Karl Schneider, Robin Weber, D. S. Christianson, Carsten Gruening, Hiroki Ikawa, Christine Moureaux, Paul V. Bolstad, Lukas Hörtnagl, Zulia Mayari Sanchez-Mejia, W.W.P. Jans, Alan G. Barr, Sebastian Wolf, Marc Aubinet, Christof Ammann, Penélope Serrano-Ortiz, Timothy J. Arkebauer, Shicheng Jiang, Han Dolman, Iris Feigenwinter, Junhui Zhang, A. Ribeca, Ana López-Ballesteros, Johannes Lüers, Chad Hanson, Hank A. Margolis, Nicolas Delpierre, Onil Bergeron, Mauro Cavagna, Jiří Dušek, Benjamin Loubet, Jason Brodeur, M. Altaf Arain, Kimberly A. Novick, Dalibor Janouš, Anne De Ligne, Marty Humphrey, Christian Wille, Daniel Berveiller, Changliang Shao, Pauline Buysse, Kenneth J. Davis, Annalea Lohila, Deb Agarwal, Ian McHugh, Ray Leuning, Anne Griebel, Natalia Restrepo-Coupe, Russell L. Scott, Russell K. Monson, Christian Brümmer, Dennis D. Baldocchi, Brian D. Amiro, Andrew E. Suyker, Naama Raz-Yaseef, Timo Vesala, David R. Cook, William Woodgate, Rasmus Fensholt, Uta Moderow, Richard P. Phillips, Stefan K. Arndt, Xingguo Han, Jason Beringer, Riccardo Valentini, Robert M. Stevens, Luca Belelli Marchesini, Shirley A. Papuga, Gianluca Filippa, Roser Matamala, John M. Frank, Peter Isaac, Werner L. Kutsch, Paul Di Tommasi, Yuelin Li, Andrej Varlagin, Ladislav Šigut, Francisco Domingo, E. Beamesderfer, Edoardo Cremonese, Eddy Moors, Joseph Verfaillie, Huimin Wang, Jiquan Chen, M. Goeckede, Craig Macfarlane, Enrique P. Sánchez-Cañete, Harry McCaughey, Tomomichi Kato, Dario Papale, Jean Marc Ourcival, Birger Ulf Hansen, Pierre Cellier, Bev Law, Derek Eamus, Carole Coursolle, Myroslava Khomik, Wayne S. Meyer, Taro Nakai, Mikhail Mastepanov, Nina Hinko-Najera, Peter Cale, Donatella Spano, Beniamino Gioli, Gang Dong, David R. Bowling, Sabina Dore, Shiping Chen, Isaac Chini, Jeffrey P. Walker, Eric Dufrêne, Sebastian Westermann, Marcin Jackowicz-Korczynski, Marryanna Lion, Barbara Marcolla, Marius Schmidt, Serge Rambal, Víctor Resco de Dios, Jean Marc Bonnefond, Ivan Mammarella, Hatim Abdalla M. ElKhidir, Ko van Huissteden, Suzanne M. Prober, Gil Bohrer, Markus Reichstein, Heiko Prasse, Nigel J. Tapper, Corinna Rebmann, J. Kurbatova, Abdelrahman Elbashandy, J. William Munger, Catharine van Ingen, Humberto Ribeiro da Rocha, Andreas Ibrom, Sean P. Burns, Simone Sabbatini, Marilyn Roland, Zoran Nesic, Tuomas Laurila, Giacomo Nicolini, Bruno De Cinti, Jaclyn Hatala Matthes, Georgia R. Koerber, Yoshiko Kosugi, Efrén López-Blanco, Cove Sturtevant, Matthew Northwood, Ettore D'Andrea, Torsten Sachs, Housen Chu, Matthias Peichl, Nicolas Vuichard, Alexander Knohl, Steven C. Wofsy, Michael L. Goulden, Vincenzo Magliulo, Antje Lucas-Moffat, Peter D. Blanken, Donatella Zona, Allison L. Dunn, Yanhong Tang, Marta Galvagno, Rachhpal S. Jassal, Jonas Ardö, Torbern Tagesson, Frederik Schrader, Ignacio Goded, Costantino Sirca, Shijie Han, Markus Hehn, Allen H. Goldstein, Bernard Heinesch, Christian Bernhofer, Yongtao He, Brent E. Ewers, Adam J. Liska, Michele Tomassucci, Virginie Moreaux, Denis Loustau, Agnès de Grandcourt, Tilden P. Meyers, Roberto Zampedri, Alessio Collalti, Sara H. Knox, Ayumi Kotani, Anatoly A. Gitelson, Andrew S. Kowalski, Walter C. Oechel, Lutz Merbold, Daniela Famulari, Pavel Sedlák, Asko Noormets, Juha Pekka Tuovinen, Frans-Jan W. Parmentier, Bert Gielen, Ivan Schroder, Earth Sciences, Earth and Climate, and UCL - SST/ELI/ELIE - Environmental Sciences

Subjects
Data descriptor, Statistics and Probability, Code development, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Pipeline (computing), Science, 0207 environmental engineering, Eddy covariance, ComputingMilieux_LEGALASPECTSOFCOMPUTING, 02 engineering and technology, Library and Information Sciences, 01 natural sciences, Education, ddc:550, 020701 environmental engineering, Author Correction, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Information retrieval, Published Erratum, Substitution (logic), Statistics, Carbon cycle, Computer Science Applications, Environmental sciences, Earth sciences, Probability and Uncertainty, ddc:500, Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty, Climate sciences, Downscaling, Information Systems
Abstract

The following authors were omitted from the original version of this Data Descriptor: Markus Reichstein and Nicolas Vuichard. Both contributed to the code development and N. Vuichard contributed to the processing of the ERA-Interim data downscaling. Furthermore, the contribution of the co-author Frank Tiedemann was re-evaluated relative to the colleague Corinna Rebmann, both working at the same sites, and based on this re-evaluation a substitution in the co-author list is implemented (with Rebmann replacing Tiedemann). Finally, two affiliations were listed incorrectly and are corrected here (entries 190 and 193). The author list and affiliations have been amended to address these omissions in both the HTML and PDF versions. © 2021, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply.

Published
2021

15. Population trends in the vulnerable Grey-headed flying-fox, Pteropus poliocephalus; results from a long-term, range-wide study.

Author

Eric Peter Vanderduys, Peter Caley, Adam McKeown, John M Martin, Chris Pavey, and David Westcott

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Monitoring is necessary for the management of any threatened species if its predicament and status are to improve. Monitoring establishes baseline data for tracking trends in distribution and abundance and is a key tool for informing threatened species management. Across much of the Old World, bats in the genus Pteropus (Pteropodidae, Chiroptera) face significant threats from habitat loss, conflict with humans, and hunting. Despite conflict with humans and their threatened status, few Pteropus are being monitored. Often, this is because of difficulties associated with their high mobility, large and easily disturbed aggregations, and their use of unknown or remote habitat. Here we describe 10 years of results from the National Flying-fox Monitoring Program (NFFMP) for the grey-headed flying-fox, (Pteropus poliocephalus) in Australia. Range-wide quarterly surveys were conducted over a three-day period since November 2012 using standardized methods appropriate to conditions encountered at each roost. For our analysis of the population and its trend, we used a state-space model to account for the ecology of the grey-headed flying-fox and the errors associated with the surveying process. Despite the general perception that the species is in decline, our raw data and the modelled population trend suggest the grey-headed flying-fox population has remained stable during the NFFMP period, with the range also stable. These results indicate that the species' extreme mobility and broad diet bestow it with a high level of resilience to various disturbance events. Long-term, range-wide studies such as this one, are crucial for understanding relatively long-lived and highly nomadic species such as the grey-headed flying-fox. The outcomes of this study highlight the need for such systematic population monitoring of all threatened Pteropus species.

Published
2024
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16. Under a new light: validation of eddy covariance flux with light response functions of assimilation and estimates of heterotrophic soil respiration

Author

Qiaoqi Sun, Peter Cale, Cacilia Ewenz, Georgia R. Koerber, and Wayne S. Meyer

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Hydrology, Light response, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, 010604 marine biology & hydrobiology, Heterotroph, Eddy covariance, Assimilation (biology), Atmospheric sciences, 01 natural sciences, Soil respiration, Environmental science, Ecosystem, Ecosystem respiration, Leaf area index, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract

Estimation of the basal or heterotrophic soil respiration is crucial for determination of whether an ecosystem is emitting or sequestering carbon. A severe bushfire in January 2014 at the Calperum flux tower, operational since August 2010, provided variation in ecosystem respiration and leaf area index as the ecosystem recovered. We propose ecosystem respiration is a function of leaf area index and the y-intercept is an estimate of heterotrophic soil respiration. We calculated an assimilation rate from eddy covariance data for light response functions to calculate ecosystem respiration incorporating suppression of the daytime autotrophic respiration. Ecosystem respiration from light response functions correlated with data processing calculations of ecosystem respiration by OzFluxQC (y0 = 0.161x + 0.0085; Adj. r2 = 0.698). The relationship between ecosystem respiration and leaf area index (y0 = 1.43x +0.398; Adj. r2 = 0.395) was also apparent. When this approach was compared to field measurements of soil respiration and mass balance calculations from destructive leaf area, leaf area index calculations and litter fall, the year of data corresponding to the year of soil respiration measurements, the y-intercept was 0.432 µmol m−2 s−1 or 163.44 gC m−2 year−1 (y0 = 1.37x + 0.432, Adj. r2 = 0.325). The mass balance approach for the net primary productivity when subtracted from the tower NEE estimated heterotrophic soil respiration of 134.59 gC m−2 year−1. This is only 28.9 gC different, therefore the y-intercept approach indeed provides an estimate of heterotrophic soil respiration.

Published
2018

17. A continental-scale assessment of variability in leaf traits: Within species, across sites and between seasons

Author

Lingling Zhu, Michael J. Liddell, Owen K. Atkin, Lucas A. Cernusak, Henrique Furstenau Togashi, John J. G. Egerton, James Cleverly, Wayne S. Meyer, Bradley Evans, Keith J. Bloomfield, Matthias M. Boer, Peter Cale, Derek Eamus, Suzanne M. Prober, Craig Macfarlane, Lucy Hayes, David S. Ellsworth, Michael F. Hutchinson, Tim Wardlaw, Matt Bradford, I. Colin Prentice, Ian J. Wright, and AXA Research Fund

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Ecology, Range (biology), 05 Environmental Sciences, fungi, Growing season, food and beverages, Interspecific competition, 15. Life on land, Biology, Seasonality, 06 Biological Sciences, medicine.disease, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, Acclimatization, Intraspecific competition, Agronomy, Plant morphology, Trait, medicine, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, 010606 plant biology & botany
Abstract

© 2018 The Authors. Functional Ecology © 2018 British Ecological Society Plant species show considerable leaf trait variability that should be accounted for in dynamic global vegetation models (DGVMs). In particular, differences in the acclimation of leaf traits during periods more and less favourable to growth have rarely been examined. We conducted a field study of leaf trait variation at seven sites spanning a range of climates and latitudes across the Australian continent; 80 native plant species were included. We measured key traits associated with leaf structure, chemistry and metabolism during the favourable and unfavourable growing seasons. Leaf traits differed widely in the degree of seasonal variation displayed. Leaf mass per unit area (Ma) showed none. At the other extreme, seasonal variation accounted for nearly a third of total variability in dark respiration (Rdark). At the non-tropical sites, carboxylation capacity (Vcmax) at the prevailing growth temperature was typically higher in summer than in winter. When Vcmax was normalized to a common reference temperature (25°C), however, the opposite pattern was observed for about 30% of the species. This suggests that metabolic acclimation is possible, but far from universal. Intraspecific variation—combining measurements of individual plants repeated at contrasting seasons, different leaves from the same individual, and multiple conspecific plants at a given site—dominated total variation for leaf metabolic traits Vcmax and Rdark. By contrast, site location was the major source of variation (53%) for Ma. Interspecific trait variation ranged from only 13% of total variation for Vcmax up to 43% for nitrogen content per unit leaf area. These findings do not support a common practice in DGVMs of assigning fixed leaf trait values to plant functional types. Trait-based models should allow for interspecific differences, together with spatial and temporal plasticity in leaf structural, chemical and metabolic traits. A plain language summary is available for this article.

Published
2018

18. The influence of social behaviour, dispersal and landscape fragmentation on population structure in a sedentary bird

Author

Peter Cale

Subjects
education.field_of_study, Ecology, Population, Fragmentation (computing), Metapopulation, Context (language use), Habitat destruction, Geography, Spatial ecology, Biological dispersal, education, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation, Landscape connectivity
Abstract

White-browed Babblers Pomatostomus superciliosus lived in groups of up to 13 birds in the highly fragmented landscape of the WA wheatbelt. Contacts between these groups and sexual differences in dispersal behaviour interacted with the landscape mosaic at a number of spatial scales to produce a hierarchically structured population with four levels of organization: (1) groups, which were the basic breeding unit; (2) social neighbourhoods, where group interactions were frequent, and male dispersal and female post-natal and breeding dispersal occurred; (3) local population neighbourhoods, which contained social neighbourhoods between which female natal dispersal was frequent; and (4) metapopulations, which contained local population neighbourhoods between which dispersal was infrequent. The boundaries of these structural units, with the exception of the group, were not discrete and were influenced by the structure of the landscape they occupied. Interactions between groups occupying different patches were rare, and the frequency of group interactions was lower in small patches. Male dispersal was restricted to groups within the same patch or in patches less than 1 km apart. Therefore, decreasing patch size and increasing patch isolation resulted in smaller social neighbourhoods. Males generally dispersed to smaller groups and these dispersals may have enhanced the productivity of these groups by increasing their size. Therefore, habitat loss and fragmentation are likely to disrupt social neighbourhoods resulting in lower levels of social interaction and reduced productivity. The size and configuration of local populations were dependent on female natal dispersal, which in turn depended on landscape connectivity. White-browed Babblers used remnant vegetation in preference to other landscape elements when dispersing, but were not dependent solely on corridors. The permeability to dispersal of the boundaries between remnants and agricultural vegetation was dependent on patch configuration. Changes in boundary permeability were found to alter connectivity between habitat patches in a complex and asymmetric manner. Therefore, it is essential to consider landscape connectivity in a spatially explicit context for species that use some elements of the landscape mosaic in preference to others when dispersing. Habitat loss and fragmentation impose a complex set of changes, at a number of different scales, to processes that affect aspects of a species' life history. In order to manage species in fragmented agricultural landscapes it is necessary to understand the hierarchical structure of their populations, and how processes affect the different organizational levels within this structure.

Published
2003

19. The effectiveness of citizen surveillance for detecting exotic vertebrates

Author

Peter Caley and Simon C. Barry

Subjects
general surveillance, citizen science, statistics, social media, crowd sourcing, Evolution, QH359-425, Ecology, QH540-549.5
Abstract

Citizen observations of the natural world are increasing in detail, growing in volume and increasingly being shared on web-based platforms for the purpose of sharing information and/or the crowd-sourcing of species identification. From a biosecurity perspective, such citizen data streams are important as they are responsible for the majority of post-border reports and most detections of exotic pest species of concern. The sharing of sightings amongst what are effectively communities of practice is a key driver of having the sighting of an exotic pest species recognized and reported. Whilst it is clear that the eyes, ears, cameras, and microphones of citizens are a major component of biosecurity surveillance, it is unclear what level of surveillance this provides in the prospective sense. As an example, what confidence does citizen science provide about “proof of absence” for exotic pests of concern? The taxonomy of surveillance used within the field of biosecurity would classify such citizen activities as contributing to “general surveillance,” for which non-detections are typically not recorded and methods of quantitative analysis are still under development. We argue that while not recorded, there is considerable information about citizens activities that routinely underpins peoples mental inference about the level of surveillance provided by citizen activities. Furthermore, we show that it is possible to make such inference from general surveillance transparent by describing and characterizing the activities that potentially generate sightings in a way that is amenable to quantitative analysis. In the context of evaluating surveillance provided by citizens for incursions of exotic vertebrates, we provide examples of citizen observations providing early warning and hence preventing the establishment of species from a range of animal groups. Historically, analysis of the power of general surveillance has been restricted to being conceptual, based on qualitative arguments. We provide this, but also provide a quantitative model framework and provide examples of how different forms of general surveillance data may be analyzed, particularly in supporting inference of eradication/extinction.

Published
2022
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20. BEHAVIORAL MECHANISMS AND HABITAT USE BY BIRDS IN A FRAGMENTED AGRICULTURAL LANDSCAPE

Author

Peter Cale and James R. Miller

Subjects
Habitat destruction, Ecology, Habitat, Guild, Foraging, Nestedness, Introduced species, Woodland, Species richness, Biology
Abstract

Effective conservation and habitat restoration strategies in human-dominated landscapes must be based on an understanding of the ways that habitat loss and fragmen- tation affect native species. We studied avian foraging behavior and patterns of occurrence in the highly fragmented agricultural landscape of the Kellerberrin district of Western Australia to better understand the factors underlying species declines and losses. We con- ducted three surveys of 30 wandoo woodland patches that ranged in size from 1.3 to 101.3 ha. Some patches were part of larger remnants of native vegetation, ranging in size from 3.5 to 1204.8 ha and including other habitat types. We examined the extent to which patterns of species richness, the occurrence and composition of foraging guilds, and the occurrence of individual species varied with features of woodland patches, remnants, and the sur- rounding landscape. Using multiple regression analyses, the best model for species richness included terms for the log of remnant area, the patch diversity of each remnant, and woodland patch condition. We delineated eight foraging guilds based on similarities in the substrate/method dimension and also using multidimensional scaling analyses. The best model for the number of foraging guilds present in a patch included a single variable representing shrub density. Analyses of nestedness based on guilds and on individual species were both significant; and for the latter, 11 of 13 species made a significant contribution to the overall pattern. We derived separate models for the occurrence of each of eight species and one guild using multiple logistic regression. Significant models included, either separately or in combi- nation, the following variables: the log of remnant area, patch area, the total area of wood- land in a remnant, and the distance to other woodland patches. For four species that had sufficient records to examine shifts in foraging behavior, we observed significant differences in both foraging methods and substrates with changes in remnant size and/or the presence of other species or guilds. Our analyses indicated that remnant area was the best single variable for measures of community structure, in part because it was strongly correlated with other variables, such as total woodland area, patch area, remnant patch diversity, number of corridor connections, and measures of isolation. For foraging guilds and for individual species, variables other than remnant area assumed greater importance. The strong patterns of nestedness for for- aging guilds by remnant area may reflect the diminished availability of certain prey items in small, degraded remnants. This notion is reinforced by the relatively high species and guild richness recorded in small patches that were either fenced from grazing or embedded in large remnants. The nested pattern of species within some foraging guilds, however, indicates the importance of additional aspects of their ecology. A focus on richness alone may mask the unique responses of bird species to fragmentation and may divert attention from important considerations in the development of land-use policy and reserve acquisition.

Published
2000

21. Temporal Changes in the Foraging Behaviour of Insectivorous Birds in a Sclerophyll Forest in Tasmania

Author

Peter Cale

Subjects
0106 biological sciences, Ecology, Range (biology), Sclerophyll, Foraging, Insectivore, Biology, 010603 evolutionary biology, 01 natural sciences, 010605 ornithology, Habitat, Guild, Animal Science and Zoology, Ornithology, Southern Hemisphere, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Nature and Landscape Conservation
Abstract

Seasonal changes in the foraging behaviour of 13 insectivorous bird species were investigated in a sclerophyll forest in north-eastem Tasmania between April 1989 and May 1990. Six guilds (ground gleaners, ground pouncers, foliage gleaners, a foliage snatcher, bark probers and a hawker) were identified in the winter period (April to September). In the summer period (October to March), the same guilds were identified, except that the winter ground pouncing and foliage snatching guilds were replaced by a more diffuse general foraging guild. Three of the four winter ground foraging species expanded their range of foraging substrates and methods during summer. The fourth winter ground foraging species (White-browed Scrubwren) continued to forage predominantly on the ground during summer but expanded the range of methods used when foraging on this substrate. The two bark foraging species showed changes in the types of bark substrates used throughout the year. The observed seasonal changes in foraging behaviour resulted in an increase in community foraging overlap and in the overlap between guilds during the summer. The seasonal changes in foraging behaviour observed in this study suggest that it is important that those managing the forest, retain a diversity of both foraging substrates and habitat types, to sustain the normal foraging activities of the bird community.

Published
1994

23. Animal Dispersal in Fragmented Habitat: Measuring Habitat Connectivity, Corridor Use, and Dispersal Mortality

Author

Peter Cale, Michael G. Brooker, and Lesley Brooker

Subjects
spatially explicit dispersal, QH301-705.5, wildlife, Population, Biology, animal behavior, Blue-breasted Fairy-wren, animal dispersal, White-browed Babbler, fragmentation, Pomatostomus superciliosus, Malurus pulcherrimus, Biology (General), Unit distance, education, QH540-549.5, Nature and Landscape Conservation, education.field_of_study, Ecology, Fragmentation (computing), dispersal model, dispersal mortality, Habitat, White-browed babbler, vegetation corridors, birds, habitat connectivity, Biological dispersal
Abstract

"We used a spatially explicit dispersal simulation to generate movement frequencies and distances for comparison with real dispersal frequencies collected in the field from two habitat-specific, sedentary bird species. The relationship between these two data sets allowed us to (1) test the hypothesis that the study species used corridor routes during dispersal; (2) measure the degree of reliance on corridor continuity; (3) estimate the rate of dispersal mortality with respect to distance traveled, and (4) give examples of how the model can be used to assess habitat connectivity with respect to similarly behaved species. We found that Blue-breasted Fairy-wrens and White-browed Babblers both used corridor routes during dispersal. Blue-breasted Fairy-wrens were inhibited by gaps greater than about 60 m, whereas White-browed Babblers crossed gaps of at least 270 m wide. For each species, the rate of dispersal mortality per unit distance traveled was about the same. Because we have effectively partitioned the risk of dispersal mortality from the chance of outside dispersal, and because our mortality estimates are model dependent but landscape independent, they can be transported to other landscapes on which simulations have been run and, therefore, can be used in population viability assessment of unstudied or hypothetical animal populations."

Published
1999

24. A checklist for ecological management of landscapes for conservation

Author

Yrjö Haila, Erika S. Zavaleta, Hugh P. Possingham, Denis A. Saunders, Sam Lake, Peter Cale, Aram J. K. Calhoun, Malcolm L. Hunter, Chris MacGregor, Don A. Driscoll, Michael L. Scott, Daniel Simberloff, Rebecca Montague-Drake, Jason Alexandra, Viki A. Cramer, John C. Z. Woinarski, Sue McIntyre, Thomas D. Sisk, Peter Cullen, H. A. Mooney, Andrew F. Bennett, Lenore Fahrig, Ralph Charles Mac Nally, Brian Walker, John A. Wiens, Jerry F. Franklin, David B. Lindenmayer, Reed F. Noss, Adrian D. Manning, Fiona K. A. Schmiegelow, James R. Miller, Richard J. Hobbs, Gary M. Tabor, Philip Gibbons, Gary W. Luck, Mark A. Burgman, and Joern Fischer

Subjects
Conservation of Natural Resources, Resource (biology), Landscape epidemiology, Ecology (disciplines), media_common.quotation_subject, Context (language use), Environment, Models, Biological, landscape models, Biology, resilience, Ecosystem, ecosystem processes, Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics, Environmental planning, media_common, Connectivity, business.industry, Ecology, Environmental resource management, thresholds, landscape conservation, Geography, Sustainability, Landscape assessment, Ecosystem management, Conceptual model, business, and use change
Abstract

The management of landscapes for biological conservation and ecologically sustainable natural resource use are crucial global issues. Research for over two decades has resulted in a large literature, yet there is little consensus on the applicability or even the existence of general principles or broad considerations that could guide landscape conservation. We assess six major themes in the ecology and conservation of landscapes. We identify 13 important issues that need to be considered in developing approaches to landscape conservation. They include recognizing the importance of landscape mosaics (including the integration of terrestrial and aquatic areas), recognizing interactions between vegetation cover and vegetation configuration, using an appropriate landscape conceptual model, maintaining the capacity to recover from disturbance and managing landscapes in an adaptive framework. These considerations are influenced by landscape context, species assemblages and management goals and do not translate directly into on-the-ground management guidelines but they should be recognized by researchers and resource managers when developing guidelines for specific cases. Two crucial overarching issues are: (i) a clearly articulated vision for landscape conservation and (ii) quantifiable objectives that offer unambiguous signposts for measuring progress.

Published
2007

25. Management of root knot nematodes (Meloidogyne sp.) and enhancing growth yield of greenhouse produced tomatoes by using fresh plant derived soil amendments

Author

Peter Caleb Otieno, R.M.S. Mulwa, and J. Otieno Ogweno

Subjects
Lippia kituensis, Meloidogyne sp., Ocimum gratissimum, organic amendments, tomato yield, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Botany, QK1-989
Abstract

Abstract: Production of greenhouse tomato is hampered by myriad of challenges emanating from growth medium in the sub­Saharan Africa (SSA), which has led to instability in the production trend. A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of soil amendment with fresh plant biomass from Lippia kituensis Vatke and Ocimum gratissimum L. aimed at managing root knot nematodes (RKN) and enhancing tomatoes yield. The amendments were applied at 0 (soil negative control), Lippia and Ocimum, each at 200 g, 400 g % and 800 g in 10 kg potted soil mixes, singly and in all possible combinations. Azadirachtin (0.3 w/w) was also used as a positive control. The mixtures were treated inoculums carrying 1000 second instar Meloidogyne sp. juveniles. An unbalanced factorial in a Randomized Complete Block Design with 3 replications was used. The parameters measured were nematode populations, root gall numbers, galling index, tomato growth, development and yield. Results indicated that interactive effect of soil amendment at 800 g of both Lippia and Ocimum, significantly (p

Published
2020
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26. Optimization of biosolids as a substrate for tomato transplant production

Author

Peter Caleb Otieno, S. Nyalala, and J. Wolukau

Subjects
Biosolids, quality, seedling growth, Solanum lycopersicum L., substrate, tomato, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Botany, QK1-989
Abstract

The need to recycle waste and increasing pressure against peat extraction and importation, have led to increasing interest in substituting peat with organic wastes. Use of biosolids substrate would be a low cost alternative substrate to peat for commercial production of transplants. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of biosolids-forest soil mixture ratios on tomato ‘Maxim F1’, transplants emergence and growth. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used in this study. The treatments were: biosolids (BS) mixed with forest soil (FS) at rates of 0% 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% (v/v), tea compost (TC) and coco peat (CP). Five tomato seeds were planted in four 250 cm3 pots, grouped into four to form an experimental unit. Results showed that biosolids (BS) at rate of 30% registered significantly (p

Published
2020
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27. Making inference from wildlife collision data: inferring predator absence from prey strikes

Author

Peter Caley, Geoffrey R. Hosack, and Simon C. Barry

Subjects
Distribution, Extinction, Incursion, Roadkill, Wildlife collision, Runway strike, Medicine, Biology (General), QH301-705.5
Abstract

Wildlife collision data are ubiquitous, though challenging for making ecological inference due to typically irreducible uncertainty relating to the sampling process. We illustrate a new approach that is useful for generating inference from predator data arising from wildlife collisions. By simply conditioning on a second prey species sampled via the same collision process, and by using a biologically realistic numerical response functions, we can produce a coherent numerical response relationship between predator and prey. This relationship can then be used to make inference on the population size of the predator species, including the probability of extinction. The statistical conditioning enables us to account for unmeasured variation in factors influencing the runway strike incidence for individual airports and to enable valid comparisons. A practical application of the approach for testing hypotheses about the distribution and abundance of a predator species is illustrated using the hypothesized red fox incursion into Tasmania, Australia. We estimate that conditional on the numerical response between fox and lagomorph runway strikes on mainland Australia, the predictive probability of observing no runway strikes of foxes in Tasmania after observing 15 lagomorph strikes is 0.001. We conclude there is enough evidence to safely reject the null hypothesis that there is a widespread red fox population in Tasmania at a population density consistent with prey availability. The method is novel and has potential wider application.

Published
2017
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28. Limits of use of social media for monitoring biosecurity events.

Author

Marijke Welvaert, Omar Al-Ghattas, Mark Cameron, and Peter Caley

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Compared to applications that trigger massive information streams, like earthquakes and human disease epidemics, the data input for agricultural and environmental biosecurity events (ie. the introduction of unwanted exotic pests and pathogens), is expected to be sparse and less frequent. To investigate if Twitter data can be useful for the detection and monitoring of biosecurity events, we adopted a three-step process. First, we confirmed that sightings of two migratory species, the Bogong moth (Agrotis infusa) and the Common Koel (Eudynamys scolopaceus) are reported on Twitter. Second, we developed search queries to extract the relevant tweets for these species. The queries were based on either the taxonomic name, common name or keywords that are frequently used to describe the species (symptomatic or syndromic). Third, we validated the results using ground truth data. Our results indicate that the common name queries provided a reasonable number of tweets that were related to the ground truth data. The taxonomic query resulted in too small datasets, while the symptomatic queries resulted in large datasets, but with highly variable signal-to-noise ratios. No clear relationship was observed between the tweets from the symptomatic queries and the ground truth data. Comparing the results for the two species showed that the level of familiarity with the species plays a major role. The more familiar the species, the more stable and reliable the Twitter data. This clearly presents a problem for using social media to detect the arrival of an exotic organism of biosecurity concern for which public is unfamiliar.

Published
2017
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29. Inferring the distribution and demography of an invasive species from sighting data: the red fox incursion into Tasmania.

Author

Peter Caley, David S L Ramsey, and Simon C Barry

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

A recent study has inferred that the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is now widespread in Tasmania as of 2010, based on the extraction of fox DNA from predator scats. Heuristically, this inference appears at first glance to be at odds with the lack of recent confirmed discoveries of either road-killed foxes--the last of which occurred in 2006, or hunter killed foxes--the most recent in 2001. This paper demonstrates a method to codify this heuristic analysis and produce inferences consistent with assumptions and data. It does this by formalising the analysis in a transparent and repeatable manner to make inference on the past, present and future distribution of an invasive species. It utilizes Approximate Bayesian Computation to make inferences. Importantly, the method is able to inform management of invasive species within realistic time frames, and can be applied widely. We illustrate the technique using the Tasmanian fox data. Based on the pattern of carcass discoveries of foxes in Tasmania, we infer that the population of foxes in Tasmania is most likely extinct, or restricted in distribution and demographically weak as of 2013. It is possible, though unlikely, that that population is widespread and/or demographically robust. This inference is largely at odds with the inference from the predator scat survey data. Our results suggest the chances of successfully eradicating the introduced red fox population in Tasmania may be significantly higher than previously thought.

Published
2015
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30. Quantifying extinction probabilities from sighting records: inference and uncertainties.

Author

Peter Caley and Simon C Barry

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Methods are needed to estimate the probability that a population is extinct, whether to underpin decisions regarding the continuation of a invasive species eradication program, or to decide whether further searches for a rare and endangered species could be warranted. Current models for inferring extinction probability based on sighting data typically assume a constant or declining sighting rate. We develop methods to analyse these models in a Bayesian framework to estimate detection and survival probabilities of a population conditional on sighting data. We note, however, that the assumption of a constant or declining sighting rate may be hard to justify, especially for incursions of invasive species with potentially positive population growth rates. We therefore explored introducing additional process complexity via density-dependent survival and detection probabilities, with population density no longer constrained to be constant or decreasing. These models were applied to sparse carcass discoveries associated with the recent incursion of the European red fox (Vulpes vulpes) into Tasmania, Australia. While a simple model provided apparently precise estimates of parameters and extinction probability, estimates arising from the more complex model were much more uncertain, with the sparse data unable to clearly resolve the underlying population processes. The outcome of this analysis was a much higher possibility of population persistence. We conclude that if it is safe to assume detection and survival parameters are constant, then existing models can be readily applied to sighting data to estimate extinction probability. If not, methods reliant on these simple assumptions are likely overstating their accuracy, and their use to underpin decision-making potentially fraught. Instead, researchers will need to more carefully specify priors about possible population processes.

Published
2014
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31. Combining a climatic niche model of an invasive fungus with its host species distributions to identify risks to natural assets: Puccinia psidii Sensu Lato in Australia.

Author

Darren J Kriticos, Louise Morin, Agathe Leriche, Robert C Anderson, and Peter Caley

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

Puccinia psidii sensu lato (s.l.) is an invasive rust fungus threatening a wide range of plant species in the family Myrtaceae. Originating from Central and South America, it has invaded mainland USA and Hawai'i, parts of Asia and Australia. We used CLIMEX to develop a semi-mechanistic global climatic niche model based on new data on the distribution and biology of P. psidii s.l. The model was validated using independent distribution data from recently invaded areas in Australia, China and Japan. We combined this model with distribution data of its potential Myrtaceae host plant species present in Australia to identify areas and ecosystems most at risk. Myrtaceaeous species richness, threatened Myrtaceae and eucalypt plantations within the climatically suitable envelope for P. psidii s.l in Australia were mapped. Globally the model identifies climatically suitable areas for P. psidii s.l. throughout the wet tropics and sub-tropics where moist conditions with moderate temperatures prevail, and also into some cool regions with a mild Mediterranean climate. In Australia, the map of species richness of Myrtaceae within the P. psidii s.l. climatic envelope shows areas where epidemics are hypothetically more likely to be frequent and severe. These hotspots for epidemics are along the eastern coast of New South Wales, including the Sydney Basin, in the Brisbane and Cairns areas in Queensland, and in the coastal region from the south of Bunbury to Esperance in Western Australia. This new climatic niche model for P. psidii s.l. indicates a higher degree of cold tolerance; and hence a potential range that extends into higher altitudes and latitudes than has been indicated previously. The methods demonstrated here provide some insight into the impacts an invasive species might have within its climatically suited range, and can help inform biosecurity policies regarding the management of its spread and protection of valued threatened assets.

Published
2013
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32. The waiting time for inter-country spread of pandemic influenza.

Author

Peter Caley, Niels G Becker, and David J Philp

Subjects
Medicine, Science
Abstract

BACKGROUND: The time delay between the start of an influenza pandemic and its subsequent initiation in other countries is highly relevant to preparedness planning. We quantify the distribution of this random time in terms of the separate components of this delay, and assess how the delay may be extended by non-pharmaceutical interventions. METHODS AND FINDINGS: The model constructed for this time delay accounts for: (i) epidemic growth in the source region, (ii) the delay until an infected individual from the source region seeks to travel to an at-risk country, (iii) the chance that infected travelers are detected by screening at exit and entry borders, (iv) the possibility of in-flight transmission, (v) the chance that an infected arrival might not initiate an epidemic, and (vi) the delay until infection in the at-risk country gathers momentum. Efforts that reduce the disease reproduction number in the source region below two and severe travel restrictions are most effective for delaying a local epidemic, and under favourable circumstances, could add several months to the delay. On the other hand, the model predicts that border screening for symptomatic infection, wearing a protective mask during travel, promoting early presentation of cases arising among arriving passengers and moderate reduction in travel volumes increase the delay only by a matter of days or weeks. Elevated in-flight transmission reduces the delay only minimally. CONCLUSIONS: The delay until an epidemic of pandemic strain influenza is imported into an at-risk country is largely determined by the course of the epidemic in the source region and the number of travelers attempting to enter the at-risk country, and is little affected by non-pharmaceutical interventions targeting these travelers. Short of preventing international travel altogether, eradicating a nascent pandemic in the source region appears to be the only reliable method of preventing country-to-country spread of a pandemic strain of influenza.

Published
2007
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