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IntroductionFirst responders and other public safety personnel (PSP; e.g. correctional workers, firefighters, paramedics, police, public safety communicators) are often exposed to events that have the potential to be psychologically traumatizing. Such exposures may contribute to poor mental health outcomes and a greater need to seek mental health care. However, a theoretically driven, structured qualitative study of barriers and facilitators of help-seeking behaviours has not yet been undertaken in this population. This study used the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to identify and better understand critical barriers and facilitators of help-seeking and accessing mental health care for a planned First Responder Operational Stress Injury (OSI) clinic. MethodsWe conducted face-to-face, one-on-one semistructured interviews with 24 first responders (11 firefighters, five paramedics, and eight police officers), recruited using purposive and snowball sampling. Interviews were analyzed using deductive content analysis. The TDF guided study design, interview content, data collection, and analysis. ResultsThe most reported barriers included concerns regarding confidentiality, lack of trust, cultural competency of clinicians, lack of clarity about the availability and accessibility of services, and stigma within first responder organizations. Key themes influencing help-seeking were classified into six of the TDF’s 14 theoretical domains: environmental context and resources; knowledge; social influences; social/professional role and identity; emotion; and beliefs about consequences. ConclusionThe results identified key actions that can be utilized to tailor interventions to encourage attendance at a First Responder OSI Clinic. Such approaches include providing transparency around confidentiality, policies to ensure greater cultural competency in all clinic staff, and clear descriptions of how to access care; routinely involving families; and addressing stigma.

IntroductionLes premiers répondants comme les autres membres du personnel de sécurité publique (travailleurs correctionnels, pompiers, ambulanciers paramédicaux, policiers, agents des communications en sécurité publique, etc.) sont souvent exposés à des événements potentiellement traumatisants sur le plan psychologique. Ces expositions sont susceptibles de contribuer à des problèmes de santé mentale et à un besoin accru en soins de santé mentale. Pourtant, aucune étude qualitative structurée et fondée théoriquement sur les obstacles aux comportements de recherche d’aide et sur les facteurs facilitant ces comportements n’a encore été entreprise auprès de cette population. Cette étude repose sur le cadre Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) pour cerner et mieux comprendre les principaux obstacles et facteurs facilitants relatifs à la recherche d’aide et à l’accès aux soins de santé mentale dans le cadre d’une clinique de traitement des blessures de stress opérationnel pour premiers répondants. MéthodologieNous avons mené des entretiens semi-structurés en personne avec 24 premiers répondants (11 pompiers, 5 ambulanciers paramédicaux et 8 policiers), recrutés à l’aide d’un échantillonnage raisonné et par boule de neige. Les entretiens ont été analysés à l’aide d’une analyse de contenu déductive. Le cadre TDF a guidé la conception de l’étude, le contenu des entretiens, la collecte et l’analyse des données. RésultatsLes obstacles les plus signalés ont été des préoccupations concernant la confidentialité, le manque de confiance, le manque de connaissances des cliniciens sur la culture professionnelle, le manque de transparence quant à l’accès aux services et la stigmatisation au sein des organismes de premiers répondants. Les principaux thèmes influençant la recherche d’aide ont pu être classés au sein de 6 des 14 domaines du cadre TDF : le contexte environnemental et les ressources; les connaissances; les influences sociales; le rôle social/professionnel et l’identité; les émotions et enfin les croyances à l’égard des conséquences. ConclusionNous avons pu cerner les principales mesures utilisables pour adapter les interventions afin d’encourager la participation à une clinique de traitement des blessures de stress opérationnel pour les premiers répondants : la transparence en matière de confidentialité, la présence de politiques visant à accroître les connaissances sur la culture professionnelle par l’ensemble du personnel de la clinique, des descriptions claires des modalités d’accès aux soins, la participation systématique des familles et la lutte contre la stigmatisation.

After the recent publication of a couple of succinct and overarching essays covering the state of the field in the history of political thought (in the English language), Prof. Davide Cadeddu from the University of Milan expressed polemical remarks on some of their content. At the same time, he asked for comments on his own article, inviting the response several of English-speaking scholars (or scholars educated in anglophone cultural context). In response to this challenge, ten colleagues John Dunn (King’s College, University of Cambridge) Humeira Iqtidar (King’s College London) Iain Hampsher-Monk (University of Exeter) Richard Bourke (King’s College, University of Cambridge) Adrian Blau (King’s College London) Alexandra Chadwick (University of Jyväskylä) Duncan Kelly (Jesus College, University of Cambridge) David Leopold (Mansfield College, University of Oxford) Peter Burke (Emmanuel College, University of Cambridge) Richard Whatmore (University of St Andrews) answered with texts of different length and complexity. Depending on each case individually, each scholar was either in agreement or disagreement with the statements previously formulated by him, henceforth eliciting, more or less implicitly, new reflections on the matter at hand.

Roger Chartier y las migraciones históricas de la cultura escrita

This introduction discusses the essays in this special issue in terms of ongoing changes in the historical study of knowledge. It addresses the challenges posed by the history of knowledge to the history of science and by the history of ignorance to the history of knowledge. It also discusses some of the central topics, themes, and issues at stake in studying the history of the production and circulation of ignorance. This article is part of a special issue entitled “Histories of Ignorance,” edited by Lukas M. Verburgt and Peter Burke.

Tradução inédita em português. Original em inglês publicado no: "The Invention of Leisure in Early Modern Europe, Past and Present, n. 146, p. 136-150, 1995".

In both Drosophila melanogaster and mammalian systems, epithelial structure and underlying cell polarity are essential for proper tissue morphogenesis and organ growth. Cell polarity interfaces with multiple cellular processes that are regulated by the phosphorylation status of large protein networks. To gain insight into the molecular mechanisms that coordinate cell polarity with tissue growth, we screened a boutique collection of RNAi stocks targeting the kinome for their capacity to modify Drosophila “cell polarity” eye and wing phenotypes. Initially, we identified kinase or phosphatase genes whose depletion modified adult eye phenotypes associated with the manipulation of cell polarity complexes (via overexpression of Crb or aPKC). We next conducted a secondary screen to test whether these cell polarity modifiers altered tissue overgrowth associated with depletion of Lgl in the wing. These screens identified Hippo, Jun kinase (JNK), and Notch signaling pathways, previously linked to cell polarity regulation of tissue growth. Furthermore, novel pathways not previously connected to cell polarity regulation of tissue growth were identified, including Wingless (Wg/Wnt), Ras, and lipid/Phospho-inositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways. Additionally, we demonstrated that the “nutrient sensing” kinases Salt Inducible Kinase 2 and 3 (SIK2 and 3) are potent modifiers of cell polarity phenotypes and regulators of tissue growth. Overall, our screen has revealed novel cell polarity-interacting kinases and phosphatases that affect tissue growth, providing a platform for investigating molecular mechanisms coordinating cell polarity and tissue growth during development.

In October 2015, historian Peter Burke gave a conference in Graz1 on “Exiles and expatriates in the history of knowledge”. Having started as a specialist of Renaissance, the theme of displaced people and knowledge makes up his forthcoming book2. The days around that date saw the peak of refugees’ transit through Styria, an estimated 3000 people a day travelling North across the Slovenian-Austrian border. It is rare in intellectual life that a large scale social process happens in reach of scholarly workplaces, as it is rare that this conicides with a debate on the theme of displacement within the history of ideas. The accompanying use of an escalating language in media, which was using words like “Völkerwanderung” or “mass migration” aroused our interest in the relative size of the phenomenon. How will a historian reframe topical questions?

This article deals with media manipulation in a historical perspective. Part of the concepts of post-truth and fake news to analyze propaganda and the impression management over time, with the main focus being the construction of the image of Louis XIV. The text brings together the main ideas discussed by the author at the opening conference of the 11th National Meeting of Media History - Alcar 2017, held in São Paulo (Brazil).

O que é história cultural? O que é cultura? Hoje, é difícil responder a essas perguntas que, do século XIX até início do século XX, eram relativamente simples, período que poderíamos denominar de história cultural clássica. Clássica em dois sentidos: primeiro, porque a tarefa do historiador era estudar obras-mestras, falar sobre a história dos clássicos; segundo, porque também foi um período produtor de obras históricas clássicas.

Following on from Peter Burke “Eyewitnessing” (2001), this article considers again the potential for collaboration between historians and art historians, and presents ‘ten commandments’ to be borne in mind by historians who wish to make use of visual materials in their work.

Este artigo argumenta que a esperança tem uma história no sentido de que pessoas em diferentes épocas históricas têm esperança de coisas diferentes. Na verdade, ela tem uma história cultural, social e política, porque diferentes grupos sociais têm esperanças diferentes - de salvação, de liberdade, de segurança, de mobilidade social e assim por diante.This article argues that hope has a history in the sense that people in different historical epochs hope for different things. Indeed, it has a cultural, social and political history because different social groups have different hopes - for salvation, for liberty, for security, for social mobility and so on.

Existen diferentes modos de recordar, tal vez tantos como son los modos de narrar. Aquí se analizan tres escenarios principales, tres estrategias disponibles para los individuos, grupos o instituciones para hacer frente a los recuerdos, sobre todo a los recuerdos de los conflictos políticos o sociales: olvidar o, más exactamente, negar y tratar de olvidar; proseguir los viejos conflictos por otros medios, a un nivel simbólico; perdonar o, más exactamente, tratar de reconciliar las memorias en conflicto.

Ten years ago I published a book about the social history of knowledge in Europe from Gutenberg to Diderot, in other words from the invention of printing until the publication of the French Encyclopédie that Diderot edited, a book in many volumes that was not only a collective presentation of what was known at the time but also an instrument in the service of the Enlightenment.

En este texto se ofrece una reflexión sobre el origen y actual desarrollo del campo de la historia cultural a través de una comparación con el término que ha dado título a este seminario: “historia polifónica”. El autor propone un recorrido por las áreas temáticas que han conformado la estructura del seminario (la historia de las representaciones, la historia del cuerpo y la historia cultural de la ciencia) con el objeto de explicitar y explicar esta pluralidad de voces en el campo de la historia, así como su repercusión en otras áreas del conocimiento.

Este ensayo es una pequeña parte de una historia más amplia, la gran diáspora de intelectuales del Centro y Este de Europa en los años treinta, hacia Gran Bretaña, EEUU, Francia, América latina, etc. El exilio puede ser observado como una escuela, una forma de educación de adultos, no sólo para los propios exiliados sino también para algunos de los nativos que llegaron a conocerlos. De forma más precisa, consideramos las consecuencias intelectuales de la diáspora en una cultura insular, con mención especial a dos disciplinas relativamente nuevas y pequeñas. La sociología y la historia del arte estaban en los años treinta mucho más desarrolladas en Europa central de lo que lo estaban en las islas Británicas, permitiendo a algunos destacados inmigrantes realizar una desproporcionada contribución si tenemos en cuenta su número. ¿Cómo se establece una nueva disciplina? Lo que se ofrece en este ensayo es una suerte de historia social o de sociología histórica tanto de la Historia del Arte como de la misma Sociología, sugiriendo que la contribución de los exiliados puede ser vista no como una simple transferencia de conocimiento, sino más bien como un encuentro cultural que supuso cambios en ambas partes, en una especie de hibridización cultural.

Este artículo trata de la relación entre lengua e identidades colectivas. Desde 1789, la lengua se ha asociado cada vez más estrechamente con la identidad nacional. Por otro lado, antes de la Revolución francesa las identidades expresadas por la lengua tendían más bien a ser identidades religiosas, regionales, ocupacionales o sexuales. También una preocupación por el orgullo nacional se revela en tratados de la modernidad temprana en elogios de particularidades vernáculas (italianas, francesas, españolas, portuguesas, etc.), mientras que los intentos de purificar diferentes lenguas de la “contaminación” de palabras extranjeras expresan una forma de xenofobia.

Se transcribe la conferencia “Cultural History and its Neighbors” impartida por Peter Burke en el Instituto de Investigaciones Dr. José María Luis Mora en 2001. El autor habla de la historia cultural: de su pasado, su presente y su posible futuro, abordándola desde las relaciones que establece con las disciplinas vecinas. Considera que en cada disciplina académica es importante el estudio de sus relaciones, pues aunque a las disciplinas vecinas se les pide prestado o se les presta, es sobre todo por medio del contraste con ellas como definimos nuestra identidad.

O ponto de partida deste artigo é uma série de semelhanças entre a 'nova história' associada aos Annales e a história social, psico-história ou antropologia histórica de Gilberto Freyre; semelhanças que vão desde um interesse pela cultura material (alimentação, vestimenta e habitação) até um interesse pelas mentalidades e pela história da infância, tema que preocupou Freyre antes da publicação de Casa-grande & senzala. Estas semelhanças de abordagem foram reconhecidas tanto por Febvre como por Braudel quando descobriram a obra de Freyre no fim dos anos 30. Freyre, no entanto, não estava imitando o Annales e nem Febvre ou Braudel o estavam imitando. Freyre aprendera seu estilo interdisciplinar na Universidade Columbia, um centro do movimento americano da 'nova história' no início do século. Por outro lado, assim como Febvre, Freyre também admirava Michelet. Já a 'história íntima' de Freyre é, em algum grau, devedora da Histoire Intime praticada pelos irmãos Goncourt, uma história cuja importância para a história da historiografia ainda não foi suficientemente reconhecida.The point of departure of this article is a series of similarities between the 'new history' associated with the French journal Annales, and the social history, psycho-history or historical anthropology of Gilberto Freyre; similarities which range from a concern with material culture (food, clothes and housing), to an interest in mentalities and the history of childhood, a theme which preoccupied Freyre in the years before he published Casa-grande & senzala. These similarities of approach were recognized by both Febvre and Braudel when they discovered Freyre's work in the later 1930s. Freyre was not imitating Annales, nor were Febvre and Braudel imitating him. He learned his interdisciplinary style at Columbia, a centre of the American 'new history' movement of the beginning of the century. However, Freyre was, like Febvre, admirer of Michelet. His 'historia intima' also owes something to the Histoire Intime practised by the Goncourt brothers, the importance of which in the history of historical writing has not been sufficiently recognized.

La bibliografía sobre el carnaval permite distinguir tres interpretaciones diferentes de esta fiesta, ya expuestas en el siglo XVI. El autor, sin embargo, siguiendo a Caro Baroja, se niega a tener que elegir a cualquiera de ellas como la más adecuada. «El festival —escribe— era proteico; atraía a diferentes personas por razones diferentes». Además, ha cambiado en el tiempo y en el espacio. Cuando fue llevado a América por inmigrantes mediterráneos, se transformó como resultado de la transculturación; incorporando, por ejemplo, componentes africanos que no tenía el carnaval europeo. No obstante, su desarrollo en América en los dos últimos siglos ha repetido el que tuvo en Europa entre los siglos XVI y XIX.

Neste artigo abordam-se as diferentes circunstâncias nas quais se tecem comentários sobre um evento (geralmente no passado) quando os comentadores estão, na verdade, preocupados com um outro evento (geralmente no presente). Nele, distingue-se a alegoria pragmática - que se encontra onde quer que haja restrições à liberdade de agilidade política - da alegoria mística - que pressupõe algum tipo de conexão oculta entre os dois acontecimentos. Este segundo tipo de alegoria entrou em declínio no fim do século xvii, mas poderá permanecer mais influente do que todos nós pensamos.This article is concerned with the different circunstances in wich comments are made as one event (usually in the past) when the commentators are really preoccupied with another (usually in the present). It distinguishes pragmatic allegory, to be found whenever there are restrictions on freedom of political speed, from mystical allegory, which assumes some kind of occult connection between the two events. This second kind of allegory has been in decline since the end of the seventeenth century, but it may remain more influential on us all than we think.

This article offers a kind of map of intellectual fields that are more or less close to cultural history. It is difficult to separate cultural history from intellectual, social and political history, from archaeology and from the histories of such activities as art, literature, language and religion, whether these histories are studied in departments of history or under the umbrella of “visual studies”, “religious studies” or “cultural studies”. All these neighbours form an “inner circle”, discussed in relative detail. Beyond it lies a “middle circle” of disciplines that are separate from cultural history but have made considerable impact on it: anthropology, ethnology, sociology, politics and geography. Still further away, and discovered by cultural historians only recently, comes an “outer circle”, comprising psychology, cognitive studies, neuroscience and biology. The effect of the outer circle of disciplines on the practice of cultural history remains uncertain.

BACKGROUND: Hemozoin crystals are normally formed in vivo by Plasmodium parasites to detoxify free heme released after hemoglobin digestion during its intraerythrocytic stage. Inhibition of hemozoin formation by various drugs results in free heme concentration toxic for the parasites. As a consequence, in vitro assays have been developed to screen and select candidate antimalarial drugs based on their capacity to inhibit hemozoin formation. In this report we describe new ways to form hemozoin-like crystals that were incidentally discovered during research in the field of prion inactivation. METHODS: We investigated the use of a new assay based on naturally occurring "self-replicating" particles and previously described as presenting resistance to decontamination comparable to prions. The nature of these particles was determined using electron microscopy, Maldi-Tof analysis and X-ray diffraction. They were compared to synthetic hemozoin and to hemozoin obtained from Plasmodium falciparum. We then used the assay to evaluate the capacity of various antimalarial and anti-prion compounds to inhibit "self-replication" (crystallisation) of these particles. RESULTS: We identified these particles as being similar to ferriprotoporphyrin IX crystal and confirmed the ability of these particles to serve as nuclei for growth of new hemozoin-like crystals (HLC). HLC are morphologically similar to natural and synthetic hemozoin. Growth of HLC in a simple assay format confirmed inhibition by quinolines antimalarials at potencies described in the literature. Interestingly, artemisinins and tetracyclines also seemed to inhibit HLC growth. CONCLUSIONS: The described HLC assay is simple and easy to perform and may have the potential to be used as an additional tool to screen antimalarial drugs for their hemozoin inhibiting activity. As already described by others, drugs that inhibit hemozoin crystal formation have also the potential to inhibit misfolded proteins assemblies formation.