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Se presenta un listado de macroalgas alóctonas que incluye únicamente especies reconocidas como introducidas en las costas atlánticas europeas y cuya presencia en la demarcación Norátlantica de la costa española ha sido documentada en diferentes publicaciones. También, se enumeran algunas macroalgas alóctonas de la costa atlántica europea cuya presencia en nuestras costas es cuestiona ó dudosa. Un total de 30 macroalgas son citadas como especies alóctonas en estas aguas, de la cuales 22 pertenecen al phylum Rhodophyta (Pyropia suborbiculata, Pyropia leucosticta, Gracilaria vermiculophylla, Asparagopsis armata, Bonnemaisonia hamifera, Grateloupia subpectinata, Grateloupia turuturu, Lomentaria hakodatensis, Chrysymenia wrightii, Anotrichium furcellatum, Antithamnion amphigeneum, Antithamnion densum, Antithamnion hubbsii, Antithamnionella spirographidis, Antithamnionella ternifolia, Callithamniella flexilis, Scageliopsis patens, Heterosiphonia japonica, Dasya sessilis, Neosiphonia harveyi, Polysiphonia morrowii y Agardhiella subulata); 5 a Heterokontophyta (Colpomenia peregrina, Colpomenia sinuosa, Scytosiphon dotyi, Sargassum muticum, Undaria pinnatifida) y 3 a Chlrophyta (Ulva australis, Umbraulva olivascens, y Codium fragile subsp. fragile). Además, se presenta un listado de 5 especies (Pyropia koreana, Caulacanthus okamurae, Solieria chordalis, Dasya baillouviana y Centroceras clavulatum) cuya presencia en la demarcación Norátlantica de las costas españolas es actualmente dudosa y es necesario confirmar en futuros estudios.

Martínez, B., J. Afonso-Carrillo, R. Anadón, R. Araújo, F. Arenas, J. Arrontes, I. Bárbara, A. Borja, I. Díez, L. Duarte, C. Fernández, M. García Tasende, J.M. Gorostiaga, J.A. Juanes C. Peteiro, A. Puente, J.M. Rico, C. Sangil, M. Sansón, F. Tuya & R.M. Viejo. 2015. Regresión de las algas marinas en las islas Canarias y en la costa atlántica de la Península Ibérica por efecto del cambio climático. Algas. Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Ficología 49: 5-12.

Undaria pinnatifidais an Asian seaweed that is valuable as anedible species. This kelp was first reported for Spain in the 1980son Galician coasts, where it is now widely distributed and incor-porated into the native community. In Galicia, intertidal popula-tions of the sporophytic phase typically inhabit sites under mod-erate wave-exposure in the early spring, albeit they can be foundthroughout the year as the species displays at least two recruit-ment periods per year. The morphology varies between individ-uals and depends strongly on the spatiotemporal pattern of en-vironmental conditions. The chronology of the introduction ofthis species and the types of habitat where it is currently inte-grated on Galician coasts clearly reveal that the presence and lo-cal expansion of this kelp is influenced largely by human activi-ties, mainly shellfish aquaculture and maritime traffic. U. pinna-tifidahas a slow natural expansion, limited aggressiveness and ittemporarily fills empty niches; this kelp displays luxuriant growthonly on artificial substrates or in otherwise disturbed communi-ties., Sí

Bioethanol is the most widely used biofuel for transportation. Kelps (i.e. large brown algae) contain 50–60% carbohydrates of the dry weight, which represent a potential sugar source for microbial conversion into bioethanol. Scientific and technological advances on ethanol production from kelps have been extensively developed over the years, more particularly with regard to the hydrolysis and fermentation of complex carbohydrate such as alginate. Currently, kelp biomass has been proved as a suitable feedstock for bioethanol production and it has begun to go into industrial application. In addition, these macroalgae are already intended for direct human consumption and used as raw material for the alginate industry, animal feed and fertilizers. All these uses and applications are expected to be integrated into kelp biorefineries and supplied by marine farming. Besides its economic value, kelp mariculture would provide significant environmental benefits such as carbon and nitrogen sequestration, reducing carbon dioxide emissions and nutrient loads from the fish farming in coastal waters. Consequently, in the Spanish Atlantic coast, kelp mariculture may be in the near future an alternative, renewable, sustainable and environmentally friendly source for bioethanol production and many other valuable products. Herein, we describe the current progress in kelp mariculture at the commercial scale based on experiences in the Atlantic coasts of Spain. The up-to-date progress in converting kelp biomass into bioethanol is also reviewed. Finally, we provide a description of the process where kelp production (mariculture), its processing and uses (biorefinery) are merged.

The Cantabrian coast is an area of special biogeographical interest because the existence of a marked longitudinal gradient, mainly related to the sea surface temperature (SST) and the intensity and frequency of upwellings. Since the late 19th Century, there is scientific evidence on the existence of fluctuating expansion-retraction periods of certain seaweeds, mainly fucoids and laminarians, associated with cooling or warming events. However, since the beginning of the 21st Century, macroalgae have experienced dramatic changes to date unknown. Populations of brown and red algae typical of cold-temperate waters such as Himanthalia elongata, Fucus vesiculosus, F. serratus, Laminaria hyperborea, L. ochroleuca, Saccorhiza polyschides and Chondrus crispus have undergone significant declines in abundance and even disappeared in many localities. Subtidal stands of Gelidium corneum have undergone a decline in biomass and coverage in the warmest part of the thermal gradient (the Basque coast), while populations westward from Cape Peñas (Asturias) are in expansion. In contrast, SST warming may have enhanced the growth of non-native species and algae with warm water affinities such as calcareous algae, Stypocaulon scoparium, Cystoseira tamariscifolia and Bifurcaria bifurcata. In Galicia, westem area characterized by colder waters, the response of vegetation is more heterogeneous, varying between locations and habitats. Models of distributions based on future climate scenarios suggest massive declines of several canopy species along the Cantabrian coast. The disappearance or decline of these habitat-forming macrophytes may have severe consequences on the functioning of the ecosystem. Increases in SST, air temperature, irradiance, intensity and frequency of storm waves and transparency of coastal waters, in combination with a reduction of upwelling frequency and intensity could be factors involved in those changes detected in macroalgae distribution. In addition, in some cases, the resilience of sorne macroalgae, can be compromised by human pressures (i.e. waste discharges, exploitation), accelerating their decline.

The kelps Undaria pinnatifida and Saccharina latissima are economically valuable edible seaweeds. Although epiphytism is a major problem affecting the productivity and quality of farmed seaweeds, studies of its effects on kelp aquaculture are scarce. We investigated the effects of epiphytism in two U. pinnatifida and S. latissima culture grounds located in two different parts (exposed and sheltered) of a bay (ría) in Galicia (NW Spain). Epiphytic organisms on blades were identified and their abundance was documented. The percentage of the total blade covered with epiphytes was measured for both kelp species in order to estimate the blade biomass that must be discarded during processing for human consumption. Algae, hydroids, and crustaceans were the most common epiphytic organism on kelp blades; colonies of the hydroid Obelia geniculata and harpacticoid copepods were the most abundant epiphytes. Abundance of epiphytes on the blades of both kelps was significantly higher for fronds growing in the sheltered area of the bay compared to those farmed at the exposed location. Different environmental conditions and other factors, such as the proximity of mussel cultures to kelp cultures, may be important contributors to epiphytism. The results presented here can be used to devise better ways for kelp aquaculture facilities to diminish the negative effects of epiphytism., SI

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The viability of industrial culture of Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar and Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamouroux using Western techniques requires an indoor phase to obtain collector strings on which many sporophytes are attached, which can then develop during the mariculture phase. The present paper studies the impact on final sporophtye richness of the characteristics of the string, and its number of previous treatments. Plaited string was clearly superior for both species, and a single previous treatment was enough to guarantee a suitable density of sporophytes for seeding. La viabilidad del cultivo industrial de Undaria pinnatifida (Harvey) Suringar y Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamouroux según el sistema de cultivo occidental requiere que en una fase previa de laboratorio se obtengan colectores con hilo de siembra rico en embriones que se desarrollarán en la fase de cultivo en el mar. En el presente trabajo se atiende a la influencia que tienen en la densidad final de plántulas la naturaleza del hilo de siembra y el número de tratamientos previos a los que es sometido. Los resultados muestran claramente que el hilo trenzado tiene mejores cualidades para ambas especies, en particular para L. saccharina, y que para conseguir una densidad adecuada de embriones es suficiente someterlo a un único tratamiento de incremento de su microestructura. Instituto Español de Oceanografía