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This chapter develops the book’s theoretical framework and methodological approach, initially identified here in two interrelated ways. First, it engages with both UK and International academic literature around the notion of ‘failed spaces of multiculturalism’ within the overall thesis of multiculturalist crises. This comparative discussion engages both with accounts of ethnically determined segregation, but also with the pessimistic readings of Putnam’s (Scandinavian Political Studies, 30, 137–174, 2007) troubling finding around the decline of social trust as ethnic diversity increases, particularly in the face of economic decline (Schaeffer, Ethnic Diversity and Social Cohesion: Immigration, Ethnic Fractionalisation and Potentials for Civic Action. Farnham: Ashgate, 2014).

This chapter examines the changing labels and identifications attached to the region’s South Asian communities, particularly to the increasingly pre-eminent Muslim community. This chapter will focus on the different ways Muslim identities are shaped by complex factors, including the politics of race, religion, migration, settlement and geographical space. Contrary to popular understanding, ‘Muslim’ identities within the M62 corridor are not fixed and bounded; rather they are complex, shaped by a combination of local, national and global factors.

This chapter examines the curious journey of the region’s majority White community from being the taken-for-granted norm to feeling (at least in parts) that it is a marginalised, second-class status group. This chapter uses empirical research data from the region to directly and critically engage with the claims that there is now a ‘White working class’ that understands both its own identity and its economic and political marginalisation in explicitly racialised terms. It critically discusses the internal and external factors involved in such shifting identifications, and feelings of ‘unfairness’, including the extent to which local and national policies have reflected or indeed led such shifts in identifications, and the relational nature of these identifications and the perceptions and experiences driving them. It also discusses the political manifestations of this ‘white working class’ in the region.

In this chapter, we analyse changing local state multiculturalist policy discourses, policies and practices from the 1960s onwards, following the shift from explicitly assimilationist policies in the 1960s and 1970s, through the perceived heyday of multiculturalism in the 1980s to the citizenship-based integrationism from 2001 onwards. In particular, we examine the relationship between national policy debates and strictures and local policy practice, considering the extent of local policy enactment and mediation and even invention, alongside changing national priorities. In this way, we highlight local experiences and realities in the north of these policy discourses and operations, including contradictions, tensions and creativity. The direction of policy, and the relationship between the national and the local is selectively compared to the situation in other policy jurisdictions that have confronted the issues of diversity and super-diversity.

In this chapter, we consider schooling, young people and racialised understandings of experiences in education. The M62 corridor has been the locus of a range of controversies and resentments revolving around ‘race’, education and its perceived role in promoting multiculturalism, from the bussing of Asian pupils to White suburbs in Bradford, Halifax and Huddersfield in the 1960s and 1970s to the Honeyford and ‘Dewsbury school’ controversies of the 1980s to more recent concerns over ‘segregated schooling’. This chapter uses the authors’ own empirical data to illuminate a historically informed discussion of perceptions, lived experiences of integration, segregation and racism within the North of England. It will also examine the politics of language, and how contemporary discourses around deradicalisation have much deeper routes to debates during the early 1980s. More crucially, it critically examines debates associated with Muslim faith schools, Islamist entryist politics and the question of integration and schooling.

The introduction explores the meaning of ‘multiculturalism’, and paves the way for a close examination of the specific and situated histories and current realities of this concept. The overarching research questions of the book are outlined, namely: Why and how has the M62 corridor as a region come to symbolise (at least in political and media discourse) Britain’s supposed problems with ‘multiculturalism’, and how accurate is this characterisation?

In our conclusion, we review the perspectives and issues developed throughout the book to argue both that a much longer term, critical historical perspective needs to be applied to understandings both of the ‘integration’ of modern migrant communities, especially Muslims, to the M62 corridor region and state policy efforts to support this, and that the structural economic changes the region has undergone since the late 1960s are central to explanations of current tensions, challenges and barriers.

Case A 60 year-old female was referred to Gynaecology clinic with abdominal distention and a palpable abdominal mass extending above the umbilicus. She was para two (normal deliveries), and post-menopausal for 10 years with no subsequent bleeding per vagina. She followed routine cervical screening smears, had never taken hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and was a non-smoker. She had no past medical history or family history of gynaecological or breast malignancy. Tumour markers were taken; CEA = 75.3 μg/L, CA199 = 81 kU/L, CA125 = 194 kU/L, and a CT abdomen and pelvis arranged querying bowel or ovarian primary given the raised tumour markers. Post-operative tumour markers included alpha feto-protein (AFP) = 11,677 kU/L and beta human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) = 8 mIU/L. CT scan revealed a large midline mass (23 × 11.5 × 18.5 cm) predominantly cystic, with poorly defined walls, compressing and indistinguishable from the large bowel near the caecum and sigmoid colon, with bilateral hydronephrosis and hydroureter. The mass was deemed likely ovarian (bilateral) in origin with no significant lymphadenopathy, omental or extra-pelvic disease. However, given the raised CA199, CEA and the radiological appearances of a mass inseparable from the large bowel, the patient underwent US guided biopsy to confirm the site of origin. The biopsy was reported as poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma. Immunostains were positive for CDX2, CK20, CA125, and CK7 and negative for ER. Based on the clinical picture and immunostains the pelvic tumour was diagnosed as colonic in origin. One month after initial imaging, the patient underwent attempted debulking surgery involving right hemi-colectomy, resection of the terminal ileum and caecum with ileostomy and mucus fistula formation. The tumour was densely adherent to the right anterior abdominal wall, mesentery of the small bowel, sigmoid colon, caecum and bladder. The proximal colon was dilated, indicating partial obstruction secondary to tumour, requiring a right hemicolectomy. Tumour was resected from the small bowel and the right anterior abdominal wall and bladder, being removed in piecemeal fragments. Intra-operatively, superficial and deep hepatic nodules were palpable hence maximal debulking was not deemed appropriate given the extent of disease spread. The uterus, right or left ovary could not be separately identified from the tumour bulk, and the pelvis was inaccessible due to the large mass (20 cm size). Therefore the procedure was completed and further extra-colonic resection was not performed.

This chapter reports an institutional ethnography (IE) which seeks to explicate the everyday experiences of learning mentors (LMs), introduced into English secondary schools 15 years ago. Within the context of the New Labour (NL) policy agenda characterized by an analysis of the relationship between “risk” and “social exclusion” as the root cause of many social problems, LMs were part of a transformative agenda which elevated ‘low level’ workers to paraprofessional status across a range of public services. The official narrative embedded in policy documents talked of LMs “raising achievement” by “removing barriers to learning,” but this tells us little about the way in which such texts are mediated in the sites where they were enacted. The starting point of the IE was to establish how the work of learning mentors was practiced, viewed, and understood within the school by all parties. The enquiry did not start with pre-existing conceptualizations of “pastoral care” or “disaffected youth” but tracing the genealogy of LM practice became more significant as the research developed, thus attention was paid to the legacy of the US tradition of mentoring and how that was re-imagined in the ruling texts of NL policy. The problematic of the study that emerged was that although warmly received by pupils, LM practices were marginalized, misunderstood, and relatively unseen, casting doubt on the influence suggested in formal prescriptions and giving rise to wider questions regarding the increasingly liminal nature of work undertaken by people working in similar roles in other institutions.

The Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act (LASPO) has been described by many commentators as a dramatic curtailment of access to justice which is likely to impact disproportionately on marginalised groups and individuals. This paper seeks to set LASPO in its historical context; it is viewed as a radical development, but nevertheless one that is consistent with the policy discourses of responsibilisation and consumerism dominant since at least the 1990s. The paper uses research into the experience of the not for profit sector's involvement in legally aided welfare advice to frame this perspective. Key findings include the extent to which respondents (both managers and front line workers) felt that while Legal Services Commission funding had transformed organisational practices and ethos, the implementation of LASPO and the austerity programme represented a critical watershed for the sector and its capacity to fulfil what front line workers in particular felt was their ‘mission’.

Muslim youth ‘identities’ are at the forefront of recent policy concern in the UK. The 2001 riots in northern English towns apparently revealed alienated Muslim communities living ‘parallel lives’ and failing to share British identity. Whilst highly contested, the resulting new priority of Community Cohesion and debates around ‘Britishness’ have moved forward. The 7/7 bombings and subsequent terror plots arguably confirmed the picture of Muslim youth as oppositional to British values, prompting the blaming of multiculturalism and attempts to ‘prevent violent extremism’. Such policies have offered little evidence on how Muslim young people actually view their identity. This article draws on research in Oldham and Rochdale to explore how Muslim young people understand their identifications and how this relates to understandings of national identity. In doing so, it explores the role of multiculturalism and community cohesion in the identities of young British Muslims and the implications for policy.

We describe the implementation of "MARS," a GUI, Java-based simulator for the MIPS assembly language. MIPS, the computer architecture underlying the simulated assembly language, is widely used in industry and is the basis of the popular textbook Computer Organization and Design [6], used at over 400 universities. The MARS simulator has been implemented with characteristics that are especially useful to undergraduate computer science students and their instructors.

Central to the post-2001 British policy shift from multiculturalism to community cohesion is the assumption that the disturbances were the product of youth identities that were shaped by ‘parallel lives’, and that there is a need for increased contact between communities. There is evidence to support the notion that many young British people, particularly in areas of significant ethnic physical segregation, favour distinct and racialised identifications, although the positional and situational nature of youth identification is sometimes under-stated. This paper draws on research techniques based on word association, carried out in Oldham and Rochdale, two towns in Greater Manchester often portrayed as epitomising ethnic segregation. The research provides some evidence regarding ways in which young people view the ‘other’ in relation to their self-identification, and also how they perceive their town and area. The research suggests that the factors structuring the development of identifications and categorizations are complex and multi-layered, but that, although there is evidence of negative views of ‘out groups’ held by both white and muslim young people, the latter group have more positive place attachments, and attitudes towards multi-culturalism. The findings suggest that the context in which contact between groups takes place may be important for the success of enhanced contact as a strategy.

This paper puts forward an analysis of two software projects developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The two projects are The Micro Generic Controller (UGC) and The Sequence Generator (SEQGEN). Both projects use the object-oriented paradigm and the C++ programming language. Object-oriented metrics and other measures are implemented to analyze and compare the two projects.

This article examines a particular instance of the relationship between gender, training provision and the labour market, namely the provision of training for women solicitors wishing to return to the labour market after a career break. The specific empirical material, which is gathered from a sample of women solicitors, both returners and non-returners, in West and North Yorkshire, is explored in the context of demand-side and supply-side explanations of women's position in the labour market. However, we also argue for a perspective which takes account of the culture of the profession and which undermines the assumption of economic rationality underpinning many labour market studies. Similarly, our exploration of the potential of training for easing labour-market re-entry is evaluated within the context of the gendered ethos of the solicitor's profession, as is the discussion of the curriculum design issues in professional women returners' training which arise out of the research.

Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare intraepidermal adenocarcinoma that can affect the vulval skin. Surgical excision is the gold-standard treatment, however, recurrence rates are high and extensive excisions can produce long-lasting cosmetic and functional defects. We describe one of the largest case series to-date (n = 6) on the use of topical 5% imiquimod cream as a novel treatment option and discuss our experiences. With the addition of our six cases to the literature, there are now 29 documented cases of vulval EMPD treated with 5% imiquimod cream. Of these, 50% of primary disease cases and 73% of recurrent primary disease cases have achieved clinical resolution with 5% imiquimod therapy alone. These findings suggest that imiquimod provides a viable alternative to surgical excision for vulval EMPD. However, we acknowledge that this is a simple retrospective analysis and that treatment scheduling and follow-up needs investigation in a trial setting.

The emergence of community cohesion as a British policy priority has represented a discursive shift in approaches to race relations, the emphasis on ethnic diversity downplayed in favour of commonality, shared values and the promotion of national identity. Central to community cohesion has been a focus on ‘contact’ as a way of overcoming ‘parallel lives’, and the need for communities to take responsibility within processes of contact and dialogue. The political focus, echoing past assimilationist discourses, has been on an alleged lack of integration on the part of Muslims; by contrast little attention is paid to how white working class young people view the contact central to cohesion strategies. This paper draws on case study evidence from Oldham and Rochdale, Greater Manchester to interpret the limited support the young white respondents have for cross-ethnic contact, and the relevance of class experience to these views.

SIGCSE's special projects grant program provides small grants to SIGCSE members to carry out computing education projects whose results generalize to the whole computing education community. This session is a "showcase" for five recent grant projects: a MIPS simulator extended into FPGA hardware, a study of informal learning of computing, software engineering learning modules for the visually impaired, a study of student projects in computing, and curriculum resources for computer security.

A 22-year-old primiparous woman, presented at 32+4 weeks' gestation following spontaneous preterm rupture of membranes, confirmed on speculum examination.The patient had Stickler Syndrome, an autos...

We describe the implementation of "MARS," a GUI, Java-based simulator for the MIPS assembly language. MIPS, the computer architecture underlying the simulated assembly language, is widely used in industry and is the basis of the popular textbook Computer Organization and Design [6], used at over 400 universities. The MARS simulator has been implemented with characteristics that are especially useful to undergraduate computer science students and their instructors.