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Using intraoperative salvage of blood/erythrocytes (ISB/E) in the practice, rationalized application of allogeneic blood products and hemostatic-active drugs - based on "point-of-care" (POC) monitoring findings - it is possible to improve diagnosis and evaluate of transfusion hazards and increase efficacy of therapy of patients with excessive bleedings, with reduction of perioperative morbidity and mortality in cardiac surgery. This study was performed as a prospective analysis of platelet function using "multiple platelet function analyzer" (MEA; by Multiplate) system and examination of hemostasis by rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) during and immediately following myocardial revascularization and surgical treatment of valves in the Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases "Dedinje" for six years period for therapy of 1021 random selected patients. The study aim was to evaluate the influence of ISB/E and hemostatic drugs - indicated based on the results of platelet count and function (Multiplate) and hemostasis monitoring (ROTEM) in compared to allogeneic transfusions - on the incidence of bleedings, treatment efficiency and overall clinical outcome. In the perioperative period, a total of 617 (60.4%) patients were treated with ISB/E reinfusion only. Other patients (404; 39.6%) received allogeneic blood components too. Total 391 of them (38.3%) were treated (together by ISB/E) with transfusion of one to three units of allogeneic red blood cells (RBCs). There were only 13 (1.3%) polytransfunded (typically 10 - 15 units) patients. The rate of cardio-surgical reinterventions due to bleeding was only 2.5%. In conclusion, the application of the ISB/E strategy represents an effective and safe (reduced immune-mediated complications and risk of disease transmission) therapeutic approach. By monitoring MEA/ROTEM and implementation the algorithm of current transfusion therapy, it is possible to reduce significantly of allogeneic blood component therapy. The use of allogeneic RBCs is justified only when the possibilities of autologous transfusion and pharmacological hemostatic therapy have been exhausted.

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Teorija upravljanja jezikom poststrukturalistički je pristup jezičnoj regulaciji nastao potkraj 80–ih godina prošloga stoljeća kao korektiv teorije jezičnoga planiranja. Polazi od pretpostavke da nijedna intervencija u jezik nije vrijednosno neutralna, nego da zastupa partikularne interese i ideologije; zanima se k tomu za spontane intervencije govornikā u jezičnu uporabu te međudjelovanje tih intervencija i organizirane regulacije. U članku se djelovanje Vijeća za normu hrvatskoga standardnoga jezika razmatra kroz prizmu modela teorije upravljanja jezikom, pri čemu su glavni izvor podataka o radu Vijeća dokumenti objavljeni u časopisu Jezik (br. 2–4, 60, 2013). Istražuje se u prvome redu kako se Vijeće postavlja prema međudjelovanju organiziranih i spontanih intervencija u jezik te kakvo stajalište zauzima prema problemu ideologije i partikularnih interesa. Na kraju članka djelovanju Vijeća za normu određuje se mjesto u dijakronijskoj tipologiji organiziranoga upravljanja jezikom J. V. Neustupnoga., The language management theory is a poststructuralist approach to language regulation which emerged in the late 1980s as a corrective to the theory of language planning. Being based on the assumption that no intervention into language is value–free since each reflects particular interests and ideologies, the theory sought to describe and explain spontaneous interventions by users into language and their interactions with organized language regulation. The paper analyses language regulation practices by Council for Standard Croatian Language Norm through the prism of language management theory, with documents published in the journal Jezik(no. 2–4, vol. 60, 2013) being the main source of information on the work of the Council. The analysis focuses on the attitudes towards the interaction of spontaneous and organized interventions into language as well as on the attitudes towards the problems of ideologies and interests. The paper is concluded by an attempt to determine the place of the language regulation practices by the Council in Neustupný’s diachronic typology of modern organized language management.

Based on the analysis of examples from Croatian National Corpus, the article brings a semantic and functional definition of Future II. In temporal clauses, this tense denotes future action but it doesn’t indicate its sequence in relation to the action in the main clause. In conditional, relative, place, manner, quantity and comparative clauses Future II denotes priority and concurrency, whereas Future I indicates future subsequence. In concessive-relative clauses Future II also denotes future priority and concurrency, but in these sentences the use of Future I is not possible.

Coronary artery by-pass grafting (CABG) with arterial grafts is widely accepted as the procedure of choice in the treatment of coronary ischemic disease. It brings back focus on morphological studies of arteries used as conduits in this procedure. One of the most frequently used CABG grafts is the internal thoracic artery with an excellent graft prognosis and patency rate. The aim of the study was a detailed morphological and morphometric description of the internal thoracic artery with an emphasis on its basic histological structure and its changes in aging and atherosclerosis. Therefore, 42 full-length arteries were obtained during forensic autopsies from 27 persons, aged between 20 and 81 years, who had died from non-vascular causes. The arteries were classified into three different age groups. Analysis of the serial arterial segments has shown that the internal thoracic artery is an artery of the transitional type whose media is organized into two layers: the internal, muscular layer and the external layer with spirally oriented elastic lamellae and smooth muscle cells in between. The number of elastic lamellae progressively decreases throughout the length of the examined arteries. As opposed to previous assumptions, we have proven that the grade of atherosclerosis is independent of the number of elastic lamellae in the external media. Perfectly formed elastic lamellae are not a persistent feature of the internal thoracic artery, as previously claimed. We have confirmed that the thickness of elastic lamellae decreases, while the number and the size of their fenestrations steadily increase with aging.

Iako je potkraj 1960-ih objavljeno nekoliko priručnika češkoga namijenjenih strancima, tek nakon pada komunizma počinje procvat na tom području: nastaju mnogobrojni priručnici za različite razine poznavanja češkoga, osnivaju se i šire centri za poučavanje češkoga kao stranoga jezika, pokreću se istraživački projekti posvećeni usvajanju češkoga govornika drugih jezika. Tijekom 1990-ih bohemisti se uključuju i u međunarodne projekte na području poboljšanja učinkovitosti usvajanja stranih jezika te se, kao rezultat toga, objavljuju referentni priručnici za različite razine znanja sukladno Zajedničkomu europskomu referentnomu okviru za jezike, a organiziraju se i standardizirani ispiti koji polaze od toga okvira. Rad se bavi napretkom koji je u bohemistici postignut na tom području u posljednjih petnaestak godina, pri čemu su u središtu pozornosti ona češka iskustva kojima bi se mogli koristiti stručnjaci za poučavanje hrvatskoga kao stranoga jezika., This article describes the state of developing certificate exams in Czech language. Although testing has been taking place for several years now and the exams respect the international standards of language testing, there are certain details that still need to be worked out. Some practices should be revisited. Therefore the object described in this paper will be viewed as an open process which heading in a definite direction, but whose steps should be analyzed in detail. In the first part the practical roles of language certificate will be discussed, particularly with respect to the integration of immigrants and the enrollment of foreign students at Czech universities. The second part of the paper will be devoted to referent framework for different levels of Czech language and the consequences their publication have on language manuals, as well as the teaching of Czech as L2. In the third part language exams from the Institute for linguistic and professional preparation at the University of Prague will be presented, as they approach the standards expected worldwide from certificate exams the most.

А. Р. Багдасаров, Хорватский язык: Краткий грамматический справочник, Москва, 2006. U Moskvi je 2006. izišao emph{Hrvatski jezik: Kratki gramatički priručnik} plodnoga ruskoga slavista Artura Rafaeloviča Bagdasarova, koji već dulje redovito piše radove o hrvatskom jeziku. Ne samo za područje inojezičnoga hrvatskoga, nego za cijelo hrvatsko jezikoslovlje to je velik trenutak. Ovaj priručnik ruskoga kroatista donosi rječnik jezikoslovnoga nazivlja, čime ruskoj stručnoj javnosti pokazuje koliko je hrvatska jezična zajednica iskoračila iz unitarističkih lingvističkih koncepcija. Time, a i time što slijedi uobičajene pristupe hrvatskih gramatičara posebno u rječotvorju i skladnji, zapravo na mala vrata u veliku Rusiju uvodi kroatistiku kao posebnu filologiju s vlastitim tradicijama.

Pojam ’rečenični uzorak’ u praškom se funkcionalizmu odnosi na apstraktne sintaktičke modele prema kojima se u nekom jeziku oblikuju konkretne rečenice. Nakon što ga je u jezikoslovlje uveo Vilém Mathesius, taj je pojam postao središnji u dvorazinskoj valencijskoj sintaksi, sintaktičkoj teoriji i metodologiji razvijenoj u drugoj polovici 20. st. u krugu lingvista okupljenih oko Františeka Daneša. U članku se operacionalizacija ’rečeničnoga uzorka’ u sintaktičkim opisima češkoga povezuje s postupnim ispunjenjem Mathesiusova načela jezič noga opisa »od funkcije prema formi«, koje je u znatnoj mjeri obilježilo praški funkcionalizam. Ujedno se ističu prednosti i nedostaci sintaktičke koncepcije koja se na ovim polaziš tima razvila., In Prague functionalism the concept of ’sentence pattern’ refers to abstract syntactic models according to which actual sentences in a language are constructed. After it had been first used by Vilém Mathesius, the concept gained central importance in the sentence pattern syntax model (or two–level valency syntax), the syntactic theory and the methodology of syntactic description developed in the second half of the 20th century by a group of linguists around Franti{ek Dane{. In their work it underwent further elaboration and was finally defined as a specific complex of formal and semantic distinctive features. In this paper the application of the said concept in the syntactic descriptions of the Czech language is related to the Mathesius’ principle ’from function to form’, i. e. his conviction that communicative functions should be the starting point of linguistic description and that formal means by which these functions are performed should be its aim. This principle profoundly marked Prague functionalism and new syntactic descriptions of the Czech language are now approaching its realization. The paper is concluded by emphasising the advantages of the syntactic model developed on these foundations, especially in the field of contrastive syntax and stylistics, but some possible weaknesses resulting from the theory being based on semantic categories are also pointed at.

U članku se pokušava pokazati da Jonke poznatim načelom „Piši kao što dobri pisci pišu“ nije želio pozvati na oponašanje jezične ekskluzivnosti književnosti, nego ponajprije istaknuti važnost onoga vida jezične kulture koji se tiče simboličke funkcije književnoga jezika., In the paper, it is suggested that the well-known principle „Write as good writers do“ was not Jonke’s appeal to imitate language exquisiteness of literature, but rather a manifestation of the language culture aspect focusing on the symbolic function of the standard language.

Jezično naslijede XVIII. st. razmjerno je kasno postalo predmetom interesa i u bohemistici i u kroatistici, a njegova je važnost u dijakroniji dvaju književnih jezika izašla na vidjelo tek potkraj XX. stoljeća. U članku se sugerira da je jedan od uzroka zaboravljanja tog naslijeđa na početku XIX. stoljeća bila ideologija «preporoda», utemeljena na ideologemima uvezenima sa Zapada i zajednička onodobnomu hrvatskom i češkom društvu., The linguistic heritage of the 18th century had relatively late become a subject of interest in both Croatian and Czech philology. Its real importance for the development of the two literary languages was not realized until the end of the 20th century. In the article it is suggested that one possible reason why this heritage was forgotten at the beginning of the 19th century was the ideology of "rebirth", which was based on certain ideas that originated in the European West and were common to the Croatian and the Czech society of the time.

Terminom »rečenice s blokiranom pozicijom subjekta« označene su ovdje rečenice u čijoj se formalnogramatičkoj strukturi ne može izdvojiti subjekt ili je njegovo izdvajanje problematič no (Prší, Tancuje se; Kiši, Pleše se). Termin je odabran kako bi se te rečenice mogle označ iti, a da se istodobno ne mora uspostaviti vrijednosno određenje prema različitim terminološ kim tradicijama u bohemistici i kroatistici, u kojima dominiraju nazivi »jednočlane«, odnosno »besubjektne rečenice«. U članku se razmatraju načini na koje se opisu tih rečenica pristupalo u češkim i hrvatskim sintaktičkim radovima. Ističe se kako su na njihovo tretiranje utjecale tri teorije: gramatika rečeničnih članova, transformacijsko-generativna gramatika i teorija valencije. Zaključeno je da se rečenice s blokiranom pozicijom subjekta kao poseban tip u sintaktičkom opisu mogu izdvojiti samo s metodologijskim polazištem u gramatici rečeničnih članova. Njihovo je pak izdvajanje nepotrebno u teoriji valencije jer ta teorija polazi od modela rečenice unutar kojega se i ove rečenice mogu opisati bez potrebe za njihovim posebnim izdvajanjem.

Hrvatska pravopisna kodifikacija propisuje zapisivanje stranih vlastitih imena prema etimologijskom načelu (Bush), a njihovih izvedenica prema fonetičkome (buševski, bušizam, bušizirati). Već je otprije bilo primijeteno, a dijelom i dopušteno, etimologijsko pisanje odnosnih pridjeva (bushevski). U ovom se članku, na temelju stanja u reprezentativnom korpusu tekstova, pokazuje da je u suvremenome hrvatskome etimologijsko pisanje pridjeva znatno češće nego fonetičko te da se etimologijski pišu i od stranih vlastitih imena izvedene imenice i glagoli (bushizam, bushizirati). Dokazuje se da je tradicionalna argumentacija fonetičkog pisanja problematična, a za pravopisnu problematiku u takvoj formulaciji i irelevantna, te se predlaže kodifikacija etimologijskog pisanja svih tvorbenih razreda izvedenica. Taj je prijedlog formuliran i obrazložen iz perspektive pravopisa kao jezikoslovne discipline te teorije standardnog jezika., codification, foreign proper names should be written in compliance with etymological principle (Bush), while phonetic principle should be followed in writing their derivatives (buševski, bušizam, bušizirati). It has already been observed that relative adjectives are often written etymologically (bushevski) and sometimes this has even been considered as the correct usage. However, on the basis of a representative corpus of texts, this article shows that in contemporary Croatian the etymologically written adjectives are much more frequent than those written phonetically and that even nouns and verbs derived from foreign proper names are written in accordance with etymological principle (bushizam, bushizirati). In the article it is pointed out that traditional argumentation of applying phonetic principle in these examples has many weak points and that, in its current formulation, it is even irrelevant for orthography. A proposal is made that all classes of derivatives from foreign proper names should be written etymologically. This proposal is formulated and argued in terms of orthography as a linguistic discipline and theory of standard language.