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In this study, a morphometric investigation was carried out on the Akbash Turkish shepherd dog breed using 30 exterior parameters. The study consisted of 96 dogs (54 males and 42 females) ranging in age from 2 to 9 years. All dogs were bred in the West Anatolia region of Turkey, around the city of Eskisehir. The following exterior parameters were measured and their means were obtained: height at withers (65.22±3.99 cm), height at mid-back (62.24±4.24 cm), height at rump (64.97±4.16 cm), height at base of tail (58.2±5.01 cm), height to elbow (36.07±4.06 cm), height to knee (35.83±4.96 cm), height to hock (17.08±3.21 cm), height to tip of sternum (45.12±4.30 cm), body length (70.58±5.58 cm), chest depth (29.58±3.23 cm), chest width (21.02±3.18 cm), breast width (16.86±3.41 cm), chest circumference (77.86±7.05 cm), pastern circumference (13.27±1.67 cm), rump length (19.21±3.27 cm), pelvic width (8.65±2.18 cm), rump protuberance width (7.58±3.02 cm), head length (27.20±2.85 cm), skull length (16.58±1.92 cm), muzzle length (10.30±2.35 cm), skull width (14.06±1.96 cm), muzzle width (7.60±1.26 cm). According to the obtained morphological characteristics the dog has a rectangular body format, and the rump is somewhat higher than the height at the withers. According to its craniological characteristics it belongs to the group of mesaticephalic dogs. The width of the skull is smaller than its length. Angles of the hind legs are more open than angles of the front legs.

Organic farming, as an ecologically acceptable production method based on natural processes and the use of organic and natural materials, is becoming increasingly popular in Serbia. In addition to “organic”, this type of production is also commonly called “ecological” or “biological”. The objectives of organic agriculture are to maintain and increase fertility of the land, suppress land erosion, conserve biodiversity, protect natural resources from pollution and produce foods of high nutritional value. In organizing organic livestock production, priority is given to native (indigenous) breeds adapted to local growing conditions and resistant to diseases. Organic production, which is an integral part of the sustainable agriculture system, does not permit the use of protective and nutraceuticals of synthetic chemical origin and synthetic drugs, growth regulators, hormones and GMOs. Despite the common, classical means of goat farming, in recent years there has been increasing interest to change typical farming methods to introduce “Bio” systems, i.e. biologically clean farming methods. Such production methods result in products free of the chemicals that are common in numerous substances used in common production methods. Animal welfare is always a high priority in organic production. Primarily, animals should be provided with conditions for growth and development that are in compliance with their genetic potential. This implies respecting their physiological and ecological needs, and ensuring conditions to express their natural functions and behaviour. In order to start and later organize such production, certain conditions must be met. The appropriate, accredited institutions are responsible for ensuring that the required conditions are met and that production is in line with the principles of biological production. Holdings meeting the requirements of biological production receive the appropriate certificate. Today organic production in the EU is regulated by the EEC Directive 2092/91, and its amendments.

Organska poljoprivreda, kao proizvodna metoda koja je ekološki prihvatljiva i koji se zasniva na prirodnim procesima i uporabi organskih i prirodnih tvari, u Srbiji je sve popularnija. Osim naziva organska u uporabi su i termini ekološka i biološka proizvodnja. Ciljevi organske poljoprivrede su održavanje i povećanje plodnosti zemljišta, suzbijanje erozije zemljišta, očuvanje bioraznolikosti, zaštita prirodnih resursa od zagađenja i proizvodnja hrane visoke nutritivne vrijednosti. Pri organiziranju organske stočarske proizvodnje prednost se daje domaćim (autohtonim) pasminama koje su prilagođene na lokalne uvjete uzgoja i otporne na bolesti. U organskoj proizvodnji, koja je sastavni dio sustava održive poljoprivrede nije dopuštena uporaba sredstava za zaštitu i ishranu koja su sintetičko-kemijskog podrijetla i sintetičkih lijekova, regulatora rasta, hormona i GMO organizama. Pored uobičajenih, klasičnih, načina uzgoja koza posljednjih godina sve se više govori o potrebi promjene ustaljenih načina uzgoja koza i uvođenju “Bio” sustava, odnosno biološki čistog načina uzgoja. Ovim načinom proizvodnje dobivaju se proizvodi koji su slobodni od kemijskih elemenata koji su sastavni dijelovi mnogobrojnih preparata koji se koriste u konvencionalnoj proizvodnji. U organskoj proizvodnji dobrobit životinja ima prioritet. Prije svega životinjama treba osigurati uvjete za njihov rast i razvoj u skladu s prirodnim genetskim potencijalom. To podrazumijeva poštovanje fizioloških i ekoloških potreba životinja i stvaranje uvjeta za izražavanje prirodnih funkcija i ponašanja. Kako bi se počela, a kasnije organizirala ovakva proizvodnja nužno je ispuniti određene uvjete. Jesu li predviđeni uvjeti ispunjeni i odvija li se proizvodnja po principima biološke proizvodnje što potvrđuju odgovarajuće, akreditirane, institucije. Gospodarstva koja ispunjavaju uvjete biološke proizvodnje dobivaju odgovarajući certifikat. Danas je organska proizvodnja u EU regulirana direktivom EEZ 2092/91, kao i brojnim amandmanima., Organic farming, as an ecologically acceptable production method based on natural processes and the use of organic and natural materials, is becoming increasingly popular in Serbia. In addition to “organic”, this type of production is also commonly called “ecological” or “biological”. The objectives of organic agriculture are to maintain and increase fertility of the land, suppress land erosion, conserve biodiversity, protect natural resources from pollution and produce foods of high nutritional value. In organizing organic livestock production, priority is given to native (indigenous) breeds adapted to local growing conditions and resistant to diseases. Organic production, which is an integral part of the sustainable agriculture system, does not permit the use of protective and nutraceuticals of synthetic chemical origin and synthetic drugs, growth regulators, hormones and GMOs. Despite the common, classical means of goat farming, in recent years there has been increasing interest to change typical farming methods to introduce “Bio” systems, i.e. biologically clean farming methods. Such production methods result in products free of the chemicals that are common in numerous substances used in common production methods. Animal welfare is always a high priority in organic production. Primarily, animals should be provided with conditions for growth and development that are in compliance with their genetic potential. This implies respecting their physiological and ecological needs, and ensuring conditions to express their natural functions and behaviour. In order to start and later organize such production, certain conditions must be met. The appropriate, accredited institutions are responsible for ensuring that the required conditions are met and that production is in line with the principles of biological production. Holdings meeting the requirements of biological production receive the appropriate certificate. Today organic production in the EU is regulated by the EEC Directive 2092/91, and its amendments.

Yugoslav Çoban Köpeği Sharplanina, Balkan Yarımadası'ndaki en eski köpek ırklarından biridir. Antik çağlardan beri bu ırka ait köpekler başta Shara Dağı olmak üzere eski Yugoslavya'nın güneydoğusundaki dağlık bölgelerde yetiştirilmektedir ve Yugoslav Çoban Köpeği Sharplanina olarak adlandırılmaktadır. Günümüzde bu ırk Uluslararası Kinoloji Federasyonu sınıflandırmasına göre Grup 2 içinde yer almaktadır. Makedonya ve Sırbistan bu ırkın kökeni olan ülkelerdir. Bu makalenin amacı, söz konusu köpek populasyonunda kafayla ilgili sekiz dış özelliğin analizi ve değerlendirilmesidir. Araştırmada 44 erkek 65 dişi olmak üzere toplam 109 köpek kullanılmıştır. İncelenen özellikler, kafa uzunluğu, ağız uzunluğu, kafatası uzunluğu, kulak uzunluğu, ağız genişliği, kafatası genişliği, ağız derinliği ve ağız çevresidir. Ölçümler, taşınabilir kumpas ve şeritmetre kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Yapılan ölçümlerde ortalama kafa uzunluğu erkek ve dişiler için sırasıyla, 29.03 cm ve 27.28 cm, ortalama kafatası uzunluğu 17.32 cm ve 16.69 cm, ortalama kafatası genişliği 14.59 cm ve 13.60 cm, ortalama ağız uzunluğu 11.78 cm ve 10.59 cm, ortalama ağız genişliği 8.49 cm ve 7.76 cm, ortalama ağız derinliği ise 10.73 cm ve 10.09 cm olarak bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmada ölçülen Yugoslav Çoban Köpeği Sharplanina popülasyonunun morfometrik parametreleri önceki araştırmalarda elde edilen sonuçlardan ve bu ırk için geçerli olan standartlardan farklılık göstermiştir.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the use of soybean molasses in the nutrition of lactating cows on their performance and some blood and rumen content parameters. Treatments included isoenergetic and isoprotein rations: total mixed ration (TMR) which included 1 kg of soybean molasses and TMR without soybean molasses. The use of soybean molasses in TMR for lactating cows increased yield of 4 % FCM (5.03 %). There was no difference in milk fat content and yield between treatments. The use of soybean molasses increased the concentration (3.45 vs 3.32 %) and yield (from 0.81 to 0.88 kg/day) of milk protein. Improved utilization of consumed ration dry matter (DM), energy and crude protein by 4.60, 4.81 and 7.82 %, respectively, was confirmed. There was no significant effect of including soybean molasses in TMR on ruminal pH value, number and structure of protozoa population nor on their motility. Soybean molasses had a positive effect on decrease of the urea blood concentration (5.45 vs 6.30 mmol/L) while no significant effects were observed for the concentrations of glucose, Ca and P in blood. Results of this study indicate that soybean molasses, as a source of readily available energy, can be used successfully in rations for lactating cows.

Domaći magarac (Equus asinus) potječe iz Afrike odakle se proširio na sve kontinente i ne postoje geografski predjeli gdje ne obavljaju najteže poslove. Osnovni preduvjet za izdržljivost i svestranu uporabljivost je specifičan biostatički oblik tijela. Jedna od veoma bitnih specifičnih osobina je nadgrađenost tijela, odnosno da su sapi više od grebena. Općenito je poznata velika radna izdržljivost magarca. Praktično ne postoje geografski predjeli gdje ova domaća životinja ne obavlja najrazličitije poslove, prije svega transporta. Gotovo je začuđujuća njihova mogućnost kretanja i stabilnost po izuzetno nepristupačnim terenima. Odgovor na ovo pitanje leži u specifičnom biostatičkom obliku građe tijela. Položaj zdjelice, pored položaja vrata, a samim tim i glave, uvjetuje položaj, odnosno pomjeranje težišta prema naprijed ili natrag. U ovom istraživanju izvršeno je morfometrijsko ispitivanje 6 eksterijernih parametara u 17 ženki i 14 mužjaka. Jedinke su mjerene u tri različite zemlje Rumunjska (Sibiu, Turda), Makedonija (Ohrid, Prilep) i Turska (Eskišehir ). Prikazane su srednje vrijednosti mjerenih parametara, maksimalna i minimalna vrijednost, kao i deskriptivni statistički parametri standardna devijacija, standardna pogreška srednje vrijednosti i koeficijent varijacije. Primjenom t-testa izračunata je statistička značajnost razlike mjerenih parametra između spolova. Ovim istraživanjem ustvrđena je prosječna visina tijela magarca 104,5 cm u muških jedinki, a u ženki 102,00 cm. Dužina tijela u prosjeku je iznosila 112,8 cm u mužjaka i 110,5 cm u ženki. Prosječna dubina prsa muških grla iznosila je 49,6 cm, a ženki 48,7 cm. Postoji značajna statistička razlika u dubini prsa u ženki u odnosu na mužjaka, a značajna statistička razlika je između širine prsa između spolova. Posebno treba istaknuti da postoji vrlo značajna statistička razlika u visini prsne kosti između spolova. Magarice imaju duži i širi prsni koš, budući da se kreću sporije od magaraca, ali su prilikom kretanja stabilnije. Na osnovu dobivenih vrijednosti može se zaključiti da su mjereni magarci pravokutnog oblika tijela., The domesticated donkey (Equus asinus) originates from Africa. From Africa, the donkey has spread to all continents and there are no geographic areas where they do not perform the most difficult forms of work. The basic prerequisite for durability and versatile usability is a specific biostatic model of the body. One of the very important specific features is the body build-up, that is, the croup higher than withers. Its prowess as a working animal is widely known, and there are virtually no geographic areas where donkeys are not used for some type of work, typically transport. The donkey’s ability to maintain balance and successfully traverse over even most difficult terrains is almost astounding. The secret of the donkey’s stability lies in the biostatistics model of its body. The position of the pelvis and the neck (and thus, the head) determine the location of the barycenter. The research included a morphometric examination of 6 exterior parameters in 17 females and 14 males. The research encompassed jennies from three countries (Romania (Sibiu, Turda), Macedonia (Ohrid, Prilep) and Turkey (Eskisehir ). Mean values, also like a maximum and minimum of the observed parameters are presented. Statistical significance of differences between the observed parameters, distributed by gander, were determined by means of the t-test. This study determined the average height of 104.5 cm, in males and in females 102.00 cm. Body length is average 112.8 cm in males and 110.5 cm in females. The average depth of chest of males was 49.6 cm and 48.7 cm in females. Donkey females have a longer and wider chest, as they move slower than male donkeys, but are more stable when moving. Based on the obtained valuation code can be concluded that the measured donkeys rectangular format of the body.

This research was conducted with the aim оf estimating genetic trend for a functional length of productive life (FLPL) in the population of Black and White cattle in Serbia. Research and bulls genetic evaluation for functional longevity were performed on a set of data provided by Agricultural Corporation Belgrade AD (PKB) which contained data on longevity and origin of 22109 cows out of which 26% records were right-censored. Functional length of productive life (FPLP) represents a time period from the first calving to culling or censoring corrected for milk production. Breeding values were estimated using Weibull method of proportional risks within survival analysis a genetic trend for FLPL was calculated using of a regression analysis. The cows included in the analysis were on average first calved in the age of 809 days and had an average share of 81.9% genes of Holstein Friesian breed. An average length of productive life was 1267 days (41.6 months). Distribution of bull standardised breeding values did not statistically significantly differ from normal distribution. An average standardised breeding value was 99. A slightly positive genetic trend was determined, that is, the length of functional productive life was by selection increased by 0.021 day at an annual level while a reliability of estimated breeding values showed a negative trend. [[Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development, Grant no. TR31086]

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the use of soybean molasses in the nutrition of lactating cows on their performance and some blood and rumen content parameters. Treatments included isoenergetic and isoprotein rations: total mixed ration (TMR) which included 1 kg of soybean molasses and TMR without soybean molasses. The use of soybean molasses in TMR for lactating cows increased yield of 4 % FCM (5.03 %). There was no difference in milk fat content and yield between treatments. The use of soybean molasses increased the concentration (3.45 vs 3.32 %) and yield (from 0.81 to 0.88 kg/day) of milk protein. Improved utilization of consumed ration dry matter (DM), energy and crude protein by 4.60, 4.81 and 7.82 %, respectively, was confirmed. There was no significant effect of including soybean molasses in TMR on ruminal pH value, number and structure of protozoa population nor on their motility. Soybean molasses had a positive effect on decrease of the urea blood concentration (5.45 vs 6.30 mmol/L) while no significant effects were observed for the concentrations of glucose, Ca and P in blood. Results of this study indicate that soybean molasses, as a source of readily available energy, can be used successfully in rations for lactating cows., Provedeno istraživanje imalo je za cilj ispitati utjecaj korištenja sojine melase u hranidbi krava u laktaciji na proizvodne rezultate i važnije pokazatelje metaboličkog profila. Korišteni su izoenergetski i izoproteinski obroci: TMR koji je uključio 1 kg sojine melase i TMR bez sojine melase. Korištenje sojine melase u TMR-u za krave u laktaciji statistički je značajno (P˂0,05) utjecalo na povećanje prinosa 4 % MKM (5,03 %). Razlike u prosječnom udjelu i prinosu mliječne masti između tretmana nisu bile statistički značajne. Korištenje sojine melase statistički značajno (P˂0,01) povećava udjel (3,45 vs 3,32 %) i prinos (sa 0,81 na 0,88 kg/dan) proteina mlijeka. Utvrđeno je poboljšanje iskorištavanja konzumirane suhe tvari obroka, energije i sirovog proteina za 4,60, 4,81 i 7,82 %. Nije bilo značajnog utjecaja uključivanja sojine melase u TMR na ruminalnu pH vrijednost, brojnost i strukturu protozoa, kao niti na njihovu pokretljivost. Sojina melasa imala je značajan pozitivan učinak (P˂0,01) na smanjenje koncentracije uree u krvi (5,45 vs 6,30 mmol/L), pri čemu nije bilo značajnih učinaka na koncentraciju glukoze, Ca i P u krvi. Rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju da se sojina melasa, kao izvor lako dostupne energije, može uspješno koristiti u obrocima krava u laktaciji.

Intenzivno mlečno govedarstvo, opravdano se karakteriše kao industrijska proizvodnja. Na Balkanu, u velikoj meri temelji se na brojnim saznanjima iz zemalja intenzivnog stočarstva, kako u oblasti selekcije tako i ishrane. Kao i u SAD najproduktivnija rasa je holštajn, a najznačajnija hraniva su kukuruzna silaža i seno, odnosno senaža, lucerke. Ipak, svedoci smo klimatskih promena koje ne pogoduju lucerki a još manje kukuruzu, naročito u uslovima suvog ratrenja. Sve je teže realizovati proizvodnju dovoljnih količina kvalitetne silaže kukuruza. Pored toga, energetska kriza koja će u decenijama pred nama biti još drastičnija, daje kukuruzu i dodatni značaj, kao dragocenoj sirovini za dobijanje etanola. To nameće potrebu iznalaženja drugih biljnih kultura pogodnih za proizvodnju kvalitetne silaže. Upravo zato, istraživanje mogućnosti upotrebe silaža strnih žita u ishrani preživara, sve više dobija na značaju, a cilj ovog rada je pregled značajnijih iskustava i rezultata istraživanja u toj oblasti. Rad je metodološki zasnovan na prikupljanju i analizi podataka iz literature.

Domaći magarac (Equus asinus) potiče iz Afrike. Opšte je poznata velika radna izdržljivost magarca. Praktično ne postoje geografski predeli gde ova domaća životinja ne obavlja najrazličite oblike rada, pre svega transporta. U ovom istraživanju izvršeno je morfometrijsko ispitivanje 3 eksterijerna parametara kod 19 ženki magarca. Izvršena su merenja sledećih eksterijernih parametara: visina u grebenu, dužina glave i dužina karlice. Jedinke su merene u tri različite države: Rumunija (Sibiu, Turda), Makedonija (Ohrid, Prilep) i Turska (Eskišehir). Prikazane su srednje vrednosti merenih parametara i indeksa, a izračunata je i statistička značajnost razlike merenih parametra između jedinki podeljenih u tri grupe. Prosečna vrednost visine magarica bila je u Rumuniji 101,20 cm, u Makedoniji 99,70 cm, a u Turskoj 103,10 cm. Dužina glave magarica u Rumuniji prosečno je iznosila 49,10 cm u Makedoniji 50,40 cm, a u Turskoj 50,00 cm. Kada se posmatra dužina karlice najveća je bila kod magarica u Turskoj 35,80 cm, zatim u Rumuniji 35,60 cm, a najmanja u Makedoniji 34,60 cm. Između navedenih grupa nije utvrđena statistička značajanost razlika niti za jedan parametar.

Analiza fonotipske i genetske povezanosti izvršena je na odabranom uzorku populacije prvotelki crno-belih goveda na PK 'Beograd". Obuhvaćene su grupe osobina proizvodnje mleka, procenjene telesne razvijenosti i tipa (ocene od 1 do 9), i osnovnih telesnih mera. Za izračunavanje koefrcijenta korišćen je fiksni model metoda najmanjih kvadrata LSMLMW (Harvey,1985). Genetske korelacije izmedu grupa ispitivanih osobina su bile dosta visoke sa rasponom jačine od nepostojanja do potpune poezanosti (rG = od 0,001 do 1,000) sa pozitivnim i negativnim vrednostima koeficijenta. Fenotipske korelacije izmedu grupa osobina su bile većinom niske sa rasponom jačine od neposaojanja do jake povezanosti (rp = od 0,001 do 0,616) s pozitivnim i negativnim vrednostima koeficijenta. Detaljna analiza je prikazana u tabelama rezultata ispitivanja. Sigurnije pokazatelje genetske i fenotipske povezanosti potrebno je zasnivati na većim uzorcima, u dužem vremenikom periodu i većem izboru modela programske analize, kako bi se efikasnije koristili u postojećim odgajivačko selekcijskim programima., On the basis of a selected sample of first calving cows at the Agricultural farm "Belgrade", phenotypic and genetic correlations were obtanied. Groups of milk production traits, visually ;assessed body conformation and type (scures from 1 to 9) and body measrements were included. All calculations were based on the fied model of Least Squares Analysis (Ha r v e y ,1985). Genetic correlations between group of investigated traits were fairly high, positive or negative with an interval from rG = 0,001 to rG = 1,000. Phenotypic correlations were mostly low, positive or negative with an interval from rP = 0,001 to rp = 0,616. A detailed analysis is shown in the tables of results. More precise conclusions should be based on much larger number of samples using a longer period of time and a wider choice of models. Thus obtained coefficients could be more efficiently afflied in the already existing breeding programs.

Einige Betrachtungen uber die Anwendung der Meyerhofschen Methode bei der Berechnung der Tragfahigkeit der Talflanken fur Bogenmauern. Der Felsmechanik wurde die Aufgabe gestellt, die fur die Flankenstabilitat der Felsmasse geeigneten analytischen Methoden zu finden. Die Erscheinung der Bodenbruche ist in der Bodenmechanik ausfuhrlich bearbeitet worden, was einige Autoren veranlaste, diese Methoden auch fur die Berechnung der Tragfahigkeit der Bogenmauerauflager in zerklufteter Felsmasse anzuwenden.