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The growing energy demand and lack of access to clean energy sources call for the development of more energy for cooking in households, briquettes produced using agricultural materials and related biomass have the capacity for utilization as an energy source. This study aims to introduce briquettes as an alternative energy source for cooking within conflict-affected communities in Borno State, northeastern Nigeria, where factors relating to the high cost of charcoal, security constraints, and the environmental impact of tree cutting have sparked apprehension and raised concerns. The study demonstrates the likelihood of adopting briquettes as a cooking fuel alternative in communities recovering from insurgency. Using assessment tools such as household surveys, Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), involving a total of 536 questionnaires administered to respondents; KII was administered to 37 respondents and 9 FGDs with cooperatives and dealers in traditional fuel were conducted. From the results 73% of the community relies on charcoal as their primary fuel source, since the majority (68.7%) appeared to be low-income households, 24.1% reported that the high cost of charcoal is a major hindrance to continued usage. However, despite the communities showing potential in briquettes, only 3.7% are aware of briquettes as an alternative option for cooking energy indicating the adoption of briquettes being low in the region. A situational assessment was carried and sensitization strategies were recommended as means to enhance livelihoods and build resilience within the community. Highlights: Briquettes as alternative energy for cooking are investigated. Briquettes situational analyses are conducted. Briquette's sensitization strategies have been developed. Briquette production could offer resilience and sustainable livelihood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The growing energy demand and lack of access to clean energy sources call for the development of more energy for cooking in households, briquettes produced using agricultural materials and related biomass have the capacity for utilization as an energy source. This study aims to introduce briquettes as an alternative energy source for cooking within conflict-affected communities in Borno State, northeastern Nigeria, where factors relating to the high cost of charcoal, security constraints, and the environmental impact of tree cutting have sparked apprehension and raised concerns. The study demonstrates the likelihood of adopting briquettes as a cooking fuel alternative in communities recovering from insurgency. Using assessment tools such as household surveys, Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), involving a total of 536 questionnaires administered to respondents; KII was administered to 37 respondents and 9 FGDs with cooperatives and dealers in traditional fuel were conducted. From the results 73% of the community relies on charcoal as their primary fuel source, since the majority (68.7%) appeared to be low-income households, 24.1% reported that the high cost of charcoal is a major hindrance to continued usage. However, despite the communities showing potential in briquettes, only 3.7% are aware of briquettes as an alternative option for cooking energy indicating the adoption of briquettes being low in the region. A situational assessment was carried and sensitization strategies were recommended as means to enhance livelihoods and build resilience within the community.

Revolutionary changes in how people interact while travelling at a distance have given rise to several mobile communication tactics. Numerous generations of Mobile telecommunications/telephony have progressed as 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, and 6G (now under research). However, in the context of India, mobile telephony can be realized from 2G. The sector has directly or indirectly been impacted by political, social, economic, technological, legal, and environmental (PESTLE) aspects. Therefore, the study objectives are first to discuss the (mobile) telecom sector evolution outline and, second, the factors that contributed to sectoral development by the PESTLE framework. The conceptual foundation of the work is secondary sources.

In the context of healthcare technology management (HTM) in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf region, this study addresses a significant gap by exploring both external and internal risk factors affecting HTM performance. Previous studies have primarily focused on modeling or predicting failures in medical devices, mostly examining internal (endogenous) factors that impact device performance and the development of optimal service strategies. However, a comprehensive investigation of external (exogenous) factors has been notably absent. This research introduced a novel hierarchical risk management framework designed to accommodate a broad array of healthcare technologies, not limited to just medical devices. It significantly advanced the field by thoroughly investigating and validating a comprehensive set of 53 risk factors and assessed their influence on HTM. Additionally, this study embraced the perspective of enterprise risk management (ERM) and expanded it to identify and incorporate a wider range of risk factors, offering a more holistic and strategic approach to risk assessment in healthcare technology management. The findings revealed that several previously underexplored external and internal factors significantly impacted HTM performance. Notably, the Fuzzy AHP survey identified "design risk" under facility and environmental risks as the highest risk for HTM in this region. Furthermore, this study revealed that three out of the top ten risks were related to "facility and internal environmental" factors, six were related to technological endogenous factors, and only one was related to managerial factors. This distribution underscores the critical areas for intervention and the need for robust facility and technology management strategies. In conclusion, this research not only fills a critical void by providing a robust framework for healthcare technology risk assessment but also broadens the scope of risk analysis to include a wider array of technologies, thereby enhancing the efficacy and safety of healthcare interventions in the region. Additionally, the proposed hierarchy provides insights into the underlying risk factors for healthcare technology management, with potential applications extending beyond the regional context to a global scale. Moreover, the equation we proposed offers a novel perspective on the key risk factors involved in healthcare technology management, presenting insights with far-reaching implications applicable not only regionally but also on a global level. This framework also supports sustainability goals by encouraging the efficient and responsible utilization and management of healthcare technologies, essential for ensuring the long-term economic and environmental sustainability of medical technology use. This research is of an exploratory nature, with the findings from the Fuzzy AHP analysis being most applicable to the specific geographic regions examined. Additional research is required to validate these results and to confirm the trends observed in various other regions and contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Revolutionary changes in how people interact while travelling at a distance have given rise to several mobile communication tactics. Numerous generations of Mobile telecommunications/telephony have progressed as 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G, and 6G (now under research). However, in the context of India, mobile telephony can be realized from 2G. The sector has directly or indirectly been impacted by political, social, economic, technological, legal, and environmental (PESTLE) aspects. Therefore, the study objectives are first to discuss the (mobile) telecom sector evolution outline and, second, the factors that contributed to sectoral development by the PESTLE framework. The conceptual foundation of the work is secondary sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has unique characteristics compared to other regions in the world, such as Asia, the US, and Europe, including fewer natural disasters but more conflicts that lead to wars, which can significantly impact the Indonesian diaspora communities residing in the area. Indonesian citizens need to prepare to anticipate crises that require good strategies and collaboration involving the diaspora and the Indonesian government. This research aims to explore the importance of crisis management strategies for the Emergency Response Team (ERT) of the Indonesian diaspora in MENA. This study utilizes a qualitative approach involving in-depth interviews with experts, competent individuals, or members of the Indonesian diaspora ERT in the MENA region. Both primary and secondary data will be collected and analyzed using the Soft Systems Management (SSM) analysis method. Analysis using brainstorming and PESTLE will also be conducted to assist decision-making, as well as Incident Management Systems. The research will also identify challenges faced by the Indonesian Diaspora Emergency Response Team, the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia, and the Indonesian Community Association in facing crises in the MENA region and analyze effective crisis management strategies that can be used to enhance readiness and response to emergency situations. This includes analysis and case studies on the evacuation of Indonesian citizens due to crises in Yemen, Libya, and Tunisia. The results of this study are expected to develop an understanding of crisis management for the Indonesian diaspora in MENA and provide practical recommendations to strengthen their ERT capacity in dealing with emergency situations, both in MENA and other regions. This study emphasizes the importance of proactive, network-based, and stakeholder engagement strategies and provides useful insights for policy-making and emergency response planning for the Indonesian diaspora community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to assess the influence of fishmeal replacement with increasing percentages of fresh seafood discards (0, 25, 50 and 75%) in diets for Penaeus japonicus on growth performance, physical characteristics and the chemical and fatty acid composition of shrimp flesh. Each diet was administered for 108 days, and the trial was assayed in triplicate. The final body weight and the specific growth rate were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in shrimps fed with 75% fishmeal replacement as compared to 25%, while the abdomen weight and the total length were the highest (p < 0.01). Moreover, 75% replacement showed a significantly (p < 0.05) lower value of hardness and a greater crude protein and lipid content as compared to the 0% replacement. The shrimps fed with high levels of seafood discards (50 and 75%) showed a lower saturated fatty acid concentration and, in turn, a greater amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids in shrimp meat significantly (p < 0.05) affected the lower atherogenic and thrombogenic indices. In conclusion, replacing 75% of fishmeal with seafood discards provided satisfactory results. An economic analysis based on ESG indicators and PESTLE methodology is provided in order to show the socio-economic and governance impacts affecting the replacement of shrimps' diet with fish discard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morocco’s exploration of nuclear energy aligns with both climate goals and national energy ambitions, offering a promising low-carbon alternative to conventional fossil fuels. Despite the nation’s significant strides in renewable energy, nuclear power remains understudied, revealing a critical literature gap. This research underscores the global imperative to transition to net-zero emissions and the pivotal role nuclear energy plays in addressing climate change. Within the context of Morocco’s 2030 plan, which prioritizes renewable energy, nuclear energy stands as an underexplored aspect, lacking comprehensive research. To bridge this gap, the study employs a PESTLE analysis to examine the political, economic, societal, technological, legal, and environmental factors influencing Morocco’s nuclear energy landscape. The integration of insights from various sources, including press releases, reports, and scientific publications, ensures a holistic and well-informed perspective on Morocco’s nuclear industry. The paper concludes by providing an overview of nuclear energy use on different scales, accompanied by a detailed discussion of the PESTLE analysis outcomes. This approach seeks to contribute valuable insights for informed decision-making and strategic planning in the realm of nuclear energy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blue carbon ecosystems (BCEs) are vital for global climate change mitigation and offer diverse local ecosystem co-benefits. Despite existing literatures on integrating national and international BCE agendas at the local level, the development and implementation of localized BCE strategies often lag behind. To provide insights on this knowledge gap, we present a case study conducted in Eastern Samar, Philippines. Employing a multi-framework analysis- encompassing DPSIR (drivers, pressures, state, impact, responses), SOAR (strengths, opportunities, aspirations, results), and PESTLE (political, economic, social, technological, legal, environmental) frameworks, stakeholder perceptions collected from focus group discussions highlight issues and challenges in developing and implementing a BCE strategy. Findings reveal that the aftermath of Typhoon Haiyan in 2013 in the study sites stimulated conservation efforts and raised awareness, but governance structures and policy enforcement influence the success and longevity of management and conservation efforts. Through the integration of multiple frameworks, this study outlined a potential localized BCE strategy, emphasizing both internal priorities such as stakeholder engagement and alternative livelihoods and external priorities related to policy and technological supports. While developed based on a specific case study in the Philippines, the proposed strategy is presented in a general manner, enabling its potential replication in other provinces in the Philippines or in countries with similar geographic settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk identification stage that is a part of the risk analysis in construction project implementation mostly uses the Work Breakdown Structure (WBS), political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental (PESTLE) methods, or other partial methods. Partial risk identification with WBS or PESTLE does not yet provide adequate risk mapping, so it needs to be studied using a hybrid risk identification method between WBS and PESTLE. Qualitative descriptive methods were used in this research. The WBS and PESTLE hybrid risk identification methods were developed through a review of the literature and expert judgment. The risk assessment and evaluation of risk levels for qualitative risk analysis used the Probability-Impact (PI) method. The hybrid WBS and PESTLE risk identification method obtained was in the form of a WBS and PESTLE matrix framework model. The results of implementing risk identification based on the WBS and PESTLE risk sources provided more in-depth information on each task in the WBS, mapped to the PESTLE risk sources. The results of the analysis of the major risk categories consisting of unacceptable and undesirable risk levels can be traced to the WBS and PESTLE tasks. For construction project teams, the hybrid WBS and PESTLE method makes it easier to identify and map risks in detail so then the results of the risk analysis and evaluation can be handled and controlled in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to provide a PESTLE (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental) analysis of current trends and changes in the urban goods transport market. The goal is to assess the macro-environmental factors that are affecting innovative solutions for last-mile delivery, and to use this analysis to support decision making and planning for horizontal schemes of collaboration and policy interventions that may be necessary for introducing these solutions successfully and becoming more competitive in practice. By carefully prioritizing these factors, relevant stakeholders can make informed decisions and take effective actions to improve the competitiveness of their operations in the urban goods transport industry.

The blockchain has been proposed for use in various applications in the energy field. Although the blockchain has technical strengths, several obstacles affect the application of the technology in energy services. The scope of this study is to highlight and prioritise the most important barriers to such applications. The first step in this direction is specifying the potential areas of the implementation of blockchain technology in the energy sector. Two useful tools for market analysis were used: Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental, PESTLE Analysis, and Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats, SWOT Analysis, which examine external and internal factors, respectively. Thus, a list of the most important elements hindering the incorporation of the blockchain in the energy sector was extracted. The detected barriers were classified and ranked by energy and IT experts using the multicriteria method, "Analytical Hierarchy Process for Group Decision Making". The results reveal that legal barriers relating to the complexities of deficiencies of regulations are the most significant, while technological barriers, especially those related to security issues, are also important. Sociopolitical barriers related mainly to lack of trust in blockchain, as well as economic concerns such as high upfront costs, are less influential but should still be considered. The conclusions of the conducted research have the potential to guide market actors in their endeavours to modernise energy systems through the use of the blockchain, assisting them in designing the most appropriate market strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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To strengthen the village economy, Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes) are commercial units owned and controlled by the government. To improve the local economy, BUMDes development activities have expanded in East Java. But there has been an outbreak of the COVID-19 virus that has hit the entire world, causing many negative aspects, including social, political, and economic life. One of the businesses affected by the economic downturn is the BUMDes. Aware of the internal and external environmental conditions of BUMDes became the target of research. 7S McKinsey's and PESTLE methods were used to facilitate the research. The 7S McKinsey approach is used to identify an organization's internal components, including strategy, system, structure, staff, style, skills, and shared values. PESTLE approach is used to determine how an organization affects the external economic environment, including political, economic, social, technological, legal, and environmental aspects. The results showed that the pandemic impacted business units in BUMDes. From the results of consumer tourism assessments, consumers or users of products or services most visitors feel that the tourism environment is very attractive, beautiful, clean, and comfortable, feel suitable to subscribe to products or services.

The telecommunication sector mainly comprises operators, vendors, and regulators. In Indonesia, tele- communications operator companies tend to decrease profits from the first quarter of 2017 to the third quarter of 2018. This condition is due to the tight competition of telecommunication service providers, high operational costs, and digital transformation that does not provide substantial revenue for the company. Telecommunica- tions operators need other service options that can expand target market segmentation. It aims to open up a new blue ocean as a new source of income. The world is getting closer to massive communication technology, so high-speed communication is needed. Therefore, telecommunications operators can open new service options based on the visible light spectrum as their communication resources. This option can be integrated with ambient lighting, a wide spectrum ranging from radio waves, and greater bandwidth, making visible light suitable for IoT- 5G services. This research aims to design a wireless visible light communication business model. Several frame- works are used, such as the magic triangle of St. Gallen, Osterwalder Business Model Canvas, and PESTLE analysis. The business model design results in a business model with B2B market segmentation being the main focus and B2C market segmentation to acquire retail customers.

Weed control is a basic agricultural practice, typically achieved through herbicides and mechanical weeders. Because of the negative environmental impacts of these tools, alternative solutions are being developed and adopted worldwide. Following recent technical developments, an autonomous laser-based weeding system (ALWS) now offers a possible solution for sustainable weed control. However, beyond recent proof of performance, little is known about the adoption potential of such a system. This study assesses the adoption potential of ALWS, using a mixed-method approach. First, six macro-environmental factors regarding the adoption of ALWS were determined. This assessment is referred to as a Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, Environmental (PESTLE) analysis and is conducted in a form of a literature review initiated by expert consultations. Second, a range of European stakeholders' perceptions of ALWS was evaluated in four focus-group discussions (n = 55), using a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats (SWOT) analysis. The factors identified in the PESTLE and SWOT analyses were subsequently merged to provide a comprehensive overview of the adoption potential of ALWS. Labour reduction, precision treatment and environmental sustainability were found to be the most important advantages of ALWS. High costs and performance uncertainty were identified as the main weaknesses. To promote the adoption of ALWS, this study recommends the following: (1) Concrete performance results, both technical and economic, should be communicated to farmers. (2) Farmers' knowledge of precision agriculture should be improved. (3) Advantage should be taken of policies that are favourable towards non-chemical methods and the high demand for organic products. This article also extensively discusses regulatory barriers, the risks posed to the safety of both humans and the machines involved, technological challenges and requirements, and policy recommendations related to ALWS adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Syedra was important in Antiquity as a port city and a residential area on the sheltered summit. It is understood from the inscriptions, finds, and structures that the settlement continued to the town from the 9th century BC to the 12th century AD, but the city’s golden age was 2. and 4. centuries AD. In this study, 28 stone vessels were evaluated. Stone vessels were used extensively in agoras, baths, houses, and shops in Roman Age. Mortars, pestles, shallow vessels, plates, and bowls are among the stone vessels found in Syedra. Mortars constitute the densest group of finds. Since they are an auxiliary tool used with the mortar, pestles constitute the second most dense group of finds. These artifacts show that people of Late Antiquity produced stone vessels and used them mainly in food culture. In addition to this use, these containers were also used to produce pharmaceuticals and cosmetic products, and shallow containers were preferred for cleaning. It is thought that the deep mortars found in the city may have been used to produce olive oil or wine. As can be understood from here, deep mortars were preferred in the industrial area. Stone vessels were among the gifts offered to the dead in Late Antiquity. The mortars in Chamber Tombs I and II are essential in showing that these vessels may have been left in the graves as burials. Moreover, the two unfinished artifacts indicate the existence of production in the city and, therefore, a workshop. Stone vessels found at Syedra are dated between the 2nd and 6th centuries AD.

In this study, we investigate the challenges and constraints of women entrepreneurs that affect the way women conduct their entrepreneurship. The major objective of the study is to identify various constraints and deterrents faced by women entrepreneurs in Northern India with respect to PESTLE (political, economic, sociological, technological, legal and environmental) and to enlist suggestions and recommendations to overcome those constraints faced by women entrepreneurs. Our research uses an interview method to find out the challenges of women entrepreneurs. Qualitative research is carried out to gather data (n = 10) which would include women entrepreneurs from Northern India. Thematic analysis is applied to interpret the challenges using themes related to PESTLE. The findings reveal that there are a lot of challenges and obstacles faced by women entrepreneurs such as lack of finance, knowledge, family support, management skills and motivation. It has been proved that although women have overcome the societal barriers but still have a long way to be fully financially independent and be aware of the political, technological and legal environment that affects their business. The knowledge of these factors can be improved through either government intervention or a better education system. This study will be helpful to all the women entrepreneurs who are striving their best in their respective fields as this study provides various suggestions from other women entrepreneurs who have dealt with those constraints. It will also be an eye-opener for the government to regulate the rules for women entrepreneurs and also provide awareness to them. Overall, our work sheds light on women entrepreneurs from the northern region. Future researchers can further investigate the challenges of women in other regions or countries. This study chose women entrepreneurs on the basis of experience and scale, and further studies can use other demographic variables such as social-economic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive nitrogen (Nr) has become an essential nutrient to reclaim and recycle from wastewater. Nitrogen has become a valued resource that is beneficial to recover in the wastewater sector, as nitrogen is a key component in many fertilizers. The main subject of this work is to investigate the environmental consequences of a novel nitrogen recovery process from reject water. In our study, Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), PESTLE, and Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) were used to examine combining electroconcentration and stripping methods, including Monte Carlo simulation. Using SimaPro V9.3 software, the EF 3.0 Method, IPCC 2021 GWP100, ReCiPe 2016, and IMPACT World+ Endpoint were applied with heat and power, electricity high voltage, nuclear energy, and two renewable energies (solar and wind). EF 3.0 was endorsed by the European Commission for environmental footprinting. The operational unit of 1 m3 of reject water was chosen as the output, and "gate-to-gate" analysis was investigated. Our calculations show that the energies derived from natural sources reduce fossil-based environmental impacts and CO2 emissions significantly compared with conventional energy sources. A TOPSIS score was applied to appraise the choices in the case of MCDA. For the Australian territory, for the place of implementation of the technology, the most beneficial option was discovered to be wind energy offshore, with a score of 0.95, and the next was solar energy at 0.87. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to showcase the strategic tools used in examining the business environment of a pan-European distributed research infrastructure (RI) with the aim of identifying the key factors that may influence its activity, identifying the emerging risks, better defining its strategy and objectives, better-addressing stakeholders' concerns. PESTLE analysis, SWOT analysis and Mendelow's stakeholder matrix are effective tools for strategic planning and decision-making. In this regard, the article conveys these tools in the case study of METROFOOD-RI, a future distributed RI operating in the ESFRI domain of Health & Food. It indicates the key factors at the macroeconomic level, the main pros and cons of METROFOOD-RI, market opportunities and menaces and the relationships that should be built with various stakeholders. A clear understanding of the impact of these elements is essential in planning the creation of such large-scale RI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain is an emerging and disruptive technology and has the potential to change how supply chains manage their information. However, Blockchain is accompanied by challenges, such as increased information technology complexity, issues of scalability, incompatibility with existing laws and regulations, and a lack of awareness among organisations and customers. This research conducts a bibliometric analysis based on a sample of 68 papers which address the barriers and enablers of blockchain adoption in supply chain management. A recurring theme in the papers was managers’ lack of understanding of Blockchain, which acted as a barrier to adoption. This study proposes a possible explanation by arguing that the academic models used in literature are too obscure from a manager’s perspective and that there is a need to synthesise literature into a framework which is easily understood and familiar. Therefore, the barriers and enablers identified in this study were grouped into the robust Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal, and Environment (PESTLE) framework. A key finding from this framework was the absence of political barriers or enablers, which is surprising since blockchain adoption challenges the current status quo in multiple ways. Furthermore, the environmental enablers and barriers were scarcely discussed, with little empirical evidence.

The blockchain has been proposed for use in various applications in the energy field. Although the blockchain has technical strengths, several obstacles affect the application of the technology in energy services. The scope of this study is to highlight and prioritise the most important barriers to such applications. The first step in this direction is specifying the potential areas of the implementation of blockchain technology in the energy sector. Two useful tools for market analysis were used: Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental, PESTLE Analysis, and Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats, SWOT Analysis, which examine external and internal factors, respectively. Thus, a list of the most important elements hindering the incorporation of the blockchain in the energy sector was extracted. The detected barriers were classified and ranked by energy and IT experts using the multicriteria method, “Analytical Hierarchy Process for Group Decision Making”. The results reveal that legal barriers relating to the complexities of deficiencies of regulations are the most significant, while technological barriers, especially those related to security issues, are also important. Sociopolitical barriers related mainly to lack of trust in blockchain, as well as economic concerns such as high upfront costs, are less influential but should still be considered. The conclusions of the conducted research have the potential to guide market actors in their endeavours to modernise energy systems through the use of the blockchain, assisting them in designing the most appropriate market strategies.

The traditional method of rice husking remains one of the indispensable household activities of the indigenous Kuki people living in the remote areas of Northeast India in general and Manipur in particular. Their husking technologies include handoperated mortar and pestle (sum leh suh-tum), leg-operated husking lever (chot-lep) and water-operated husking lever (tui-sum). They have been using these technologies for pounding different kinds of foodgrains since time immemorial. However, with the introduction of modern rice mills, traditional methods of husking have been drastically reduced. Currently, traditional husking technologies remain in use only in those remote areas where there is no modern rice mill facility. Mortar-pestle is the most common traditional husking technology when compared to leg-operated and water-operated husking technologies. The present ethnographic study was conducted in four hill districts of Manipur, namely- Kangpokpi, Noney, Churachandpur, and Kamjong. This paper studies the age-old traditional rice-husking technologies of the Kukis by mainly focusing on the raw material procurement, manufacturing process, use, maintenance, and discard patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

General activity in the tourism market has been stagnating since the market paralysis caused by the COVID-19 global pandemic. The situation is difficult to predict due to political and legislative interventions, changes in the economic performance of the tourism sector, and massive changes in demand. The paper aims at depicting the current macro-economic trends that have an impact on the tourism sector, thus contributing to the formation of some basis of inputs into the discussion concerning a possible orientation of the sector and businesses and future creation of services and products in the European area. The objective is achieved using the model of PESTLE analysis based on a comparative analysis of the latest and the most recent factors of the macroeconomic marketing environment, the findings of a study on a change in mobility of the inhabitants of the Czech Republic, trends in the tourism sector before and after the COVID-19 pandemic. The presented findings provide a basis for discussion on the concept orientation and the creation of tourism services and products in the Czech Republic and Europe.

The dependence of road transport on fossil fuels and its contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) and pollutant emissions are main concerns leading to the need for shifting toward alternative energy sources and, namely, electromobility. The current paper aims to identify the key determinants affecting the consumer adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), focusing on private passenger cars. Toward this purpose, a systematic review of recent international literature is conducted in order to identify motivators and barriers, which are then categorized following the PESTLE (Political–Economic–Social–Technological–Legal–Environmental) approach. Based on the review results, main policy implications and recommendations are discussed. A main conclusion is that the recent literature highlights a wide array of determinants, without converging as to which ones are the most influential regarding EV adoption by consumers. Another conclusion is that the environmental aspects are less important for consumers than anticipated, despite the concerns about climate change and renewable energy transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive fuel demand thrusts the Pakistani government to import large volumes of fuel from foreign sources, creating adverse effects on the country’s economy. Therefore, exploring an alternative to fossil fuels is unavoidable. The option of environmentally friendly fuel like biodiesel produced from indigenous waste is an additional bonus for the populous developing country like Pakistan where likelihood of waste generation is huge. There exists a potential option for sustainable biodiesel production utilizing excessive waste cooking oil available in the country which otherwise is an ecological burden. The present work is focused to sturdily vindicate the appropriateness of waste cooking oil-based biodiesel generation and utilization in Pakistan through SWOT-AHP, TOWS and PESTLE analysis. The prioritization of SWOT through AHP in view of experts’ perception displayed the strengths and opportunities in highest group priority values (Strengths: 0.51, Opportunities: 0.29). Furthermore, TOWS analysis suggests promising strategies for the sustainable implementation of commercial aspect of waste oil-based biodiesel in Pakistan. Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental (PESTLE) analysis favors the strengths and opportunities factors of SWOT and TOWS strategies for the application of waste cooking oil based biodiesel in country. At the end, regional recommendations have been provided for the implementation of biodiesel production scenario in country.

One of the important goals of the EU is to ensure a secure, sustainable, and competitive energy system that is less dependent on external energy supply. Greater independence is planned to be achieved by diversifying energy sources, as well as investing in renewables and energy efficiency. One of the mechanisms is the demand response (DR) that provides a high level of energy independence for the consumer. In this paper, we explore perspectives of the development of DR with a mediating effect of the independent aggregators from an EU member state standpoint. We use a hybrid research methodology that combines instruments of strategic analysis, i.e., PESTLE framework and SWOT analysis, along with the integrated risk management framework in order to identify, evaluate and rank prominent risks to which this initiative is exposed. Interdependencies between the identified risk factors are also included and efficient mitigation measures are proposed. The findings of this exploratory research are aimed at developing the policies and strategies for the aggregators' development in the medium term. The most emphasized risks detected in analysis are the investment risk, the legal risk, the risk of substitute technologies, the consumer behavior risk, the risk of opportunistic behavior and the risk of entry barriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Strategic alignment refers to the thoughtful positioning of an organisation's various internal and external components, from its business strategy to its organisational structure, to support the accomplishment of its long-term objectives and purpose. It necessitates that all parties involved-- internal and external--agree with and are committed to achieving the organisation's vision. It highly says how an organisation adopting macro changes determines the success of the organisation. According to Environment scanning in strategic management, new strategies support taking advantage of future opportunities, and each planning process should account for how external changes cause differences in their expectations. The article explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global economy, utilising macroeconomic concepts. Further, how organisations worldwide can use the strategic management technique of drawing up a PESTLE analysis to provide focused attention to each factor and macroeconomic party, which ultimately comprises the entire economy, with particular attention being focused on the expansion of the Health environmental aspect. The study sought to determine whether healthcare should be considered as a separate dimension under the health category in a PESTLE analysis as seen by the effects of the current pandemic and, if so, what the arguments in favour and against were. Desk research or secondary research is an essential process from a business's point of view; the researcher locates, gathers, and evaluates publicly accessible data on the research topic in this type of study. In this methodology, the researcher collected data from online journals relating to the relevant healthcare ministries, and a comprehensive review was conducted based on existing sources. This research article concludes with the results of the COVID-19 pandemic; healthcare can be considered a different dimension of the environmental factor in PESTLE analysis, which directly influences macroeconomics. Comparatively concerning, health factors are not considered in their strategic planning process. Due to the Covid 19 pandemic's vast impact, the strategic planning process should consider the Health environment as a separate dimension to achieve desired goals and objectives. As a different dimension to achieving desired goals and objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of a secure, efficient healthcare system responsive to patient needs remains a crucial goal for developed countries. Governments, grappling with rising healthcare demands, are increasingly turning to technological innovation as a transformative solution. Healthcare 4.0, integrating cutting-edge industrial technologies, aims to enhance patient experience, promote health, control costs, and boost clinical satisfaction. The COVID-19 pandemic has catalysed investments in digitalisation, but the promises of Healthcare 4.0 are still seemingly unrealized. This is especially true in the Central-Eastern European (CEE) region, particularly in Hungary, where substantial Industry 4.0 innovation potential intersects with shrinking financial resources, a challenging political environment, a transitioning healthcare system hindering the widescale transition to Healthcare 4.0. Thus, this paper aims to explore the macro-environmental factors influencing Healthcare 4.0 adoption in Hungary. Leveraging qualitative content analysis of interviews with 21 Hungarian healthcare technology startup founders, we aim to map the catalysts and barriers of a Healthcare 4.0 transition using a PESTLE framework. This explorative study contributes to the literature with valuable insights from the innovators' perspective, serving as a foundation for future policy interventions in the quest for widespread Healthcare 4.0 implementation. • Unveiling catalysts and barriers of Healthcare 4.0 transformation in CEE with PESTLE providing a comprehensive framework. • Identifying key barriers: declining government healthcare spending, regulatory obstacles and social acceptance. • Featuring key catalysts: rising healthcare demand, efficiency effects of innovations and potentials of systemic data sharing. • Prioritizing healthtech entrepreneurs' perceptions is vital for supportive healthcare policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]