251 results on '"Pesti, G. M."'
Search Results
2. Pathology and Histology of Dietary Tryptophan Deficiency in Broiler Chicks
- Author
-
Monroe, A. D., Latimer, K. S., Pesti, G. M., and Bakalli, R. I.
- Published
- 2003
3. Pathology and Histopathology of Gossypol Toxicity in Broiler Chicks
- Author
-
Henry, M. H., Pesti, G. M., and Brown, T. P.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Most common designs and understanding their limits.
- Author
-
Pesti, G. M., primary, Alhotan, R. A., additional, Costa, M. J. da, additional, and Billard, L., additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Alternatives to formulate laying hen diets beyond the traditional least-cost model
- Author
-
Moss, A. F., Parkinson, G., Crowley, T. M., Pesti, G. M., Moss, A. F., Parkinson, G., Crowley, T. M., and Pesti, G. M.
- Published
- 2021
6. δ-Aminolevulinic acid dehydratase: A sensitive indicator of lead exposure in broiler chicks (Gallus domesticus)
- Author
-
Bakalli, R. I., Pesti, G. M., Ragland, W. L., Konjufca, V., and Novak, R.
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Chick responses to dietary arginine and methionine levels at different environmental temperatures
- Author
-
CHAMRUSPOLLERT, M., PESTI, G. M., and BAKALLI, R. I.
- Published
- 2004
8. 1983 Computer Use in Poultry Science Curricula
- Author
-
Pesti, G. M. and Noles, R. K.
- Published
- 1984
9. Quantitative estimates of the optimal balance between digestible lysine and the true protein contents of broiler feeds
- Author
-
Alhotan, R. A., primary and Pesti, G. M., additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. 081 Comparison of digestible amino acids databases: relationship between amino acid digestibility and concentration in swine
- Author
-
Bloxham, D. J., primary, Azain, M. J., additional, and Pesti, G. M., additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Estimation of the maximum safe level of feed ingredients by spline or broken-line nonlinear regression models.
- Author
-
Alhotan, R. A., Pesti, G. M., and Vedenov, D. V.
- Subjects
- *
POULTRY feeding , *SPLINE theory , *NONLINEAR regression , *AGRICULTURAL egg production , *NUTRITIONISTS - Abstract
The use of non-linear regression models in the analysis of biological data has led to advances in poultry nutrition. Spline or broken-line nonlinear regression models are commonly used to estimate nutritional requirements. One particular application of broken-line models is estimating the maximum safe level (MSL) of feed ingredients beyond which the ingredients become toxic, resulting in reduced performance. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of broken-line models (broken-line linear or BLL; and broken-line quadratic or BLQ) in estimating the MSL; to identify the most efficient design of feeding trials by finding the optimal number of ingredient levels and replications; and to re-estimate the MSL of various test ingredients reported in the nutrition literature for comparison purposes. The Maximum Ingredient level OptimizationWorkbook (MIOW) was developed to simulate a series of experiments and estimate the MSL and the corresponding descriptive statistics (SD, SE, CI, and R2). The results showed that the broken-line models provided good estimates of the MSL (small SE and high R2) with the BLL model producing higher MSL values as compared to the BLQ model. Increasing the number of experimental replications or ingredient levels (independently of each other) reduced the SE of the MSL with diminishing returns. The SE of the MSL was reduced with increasing the size (total pens) of the simulated experiments by increasing either the number of replications or levels or both. The evaluation of MSLs reported in the existing literature revealed that the multiple range procedure used to determine the MSL in several reports can both overestimate and underestimate the MSL compared to the results obtained by the broken-line models. The results suggest that the broken-line linear models can be used in lieu of the multiple range test to estimate the MSL of feed ingredients along with the corresponding descriptive statistics, such as the SE of the MSL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. An economic comparison of several models fitted to nutritional response data
- Author
-
Pesti, G. M., primary and Vedenov, D., additional
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. A comparison of methods of fitting several models to nutritional response data
- Author
-
Vedenov, D., primary and Pesti, G. M., additional
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Dietary interrelationships among arginine, methionine, and lysine in young broiler chicks
- Author
-
Chamruspollert, M., primary, Pesti, G. M., additional, and Bakalli, R. I., additional
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Reducing crude protein variability and maximizing savings when formulating corn-soybean meal-based feeds.
- Author
-
Alhotan, R. A., Pesti, G. M., and Colson, G. J.
- Subjects
- *
POULTRY feeding , *PROTEINS , *LINEAR programming , *STOCHASTIC programming , *POULTRY growth - Abstract
Crude protein in corn and soybean meal have been documented to vary, and such inherent variability can result in under- or over-feeding of CP when feeds are formulated, leading to reduced bird growth, added input costs, and increased environmental pollution. The purpose of this study was to compare 2 grain-handling techniques and 2 feed formulation methods (linear vs. stochastic programming) to reduce CP variability in finished feeds and determine resulting costs or savings. The 2 grain-handling techniques were placing all the random batches of each delivered ingredient in to (1) a single bin (1-bin method) or (2) segregating above- and below-average samples into 2 bins (2-bin method). A fast way of estimating the composition of the ingredients is now available (near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy). Microsoft Excel workbooks were constructed to solve broiler starter feed formulation problems. Formulating feeds by linear and stochastic models based on the 2-bin method reduced CP variability by at least 50% compared with the 1-bin method. Formula cost was reduced by ~20 cents per ton (averages of August 2012 United States ingredient prices) when the 2-bin method was used with the linear model. Formulating feed with a margin of safety increased formula cost by $3.40 per ton. Stochastic feed formulation increased formula cost to meet the specified CP level in feed at any probability of success, and formula cost was reduced substantially with the 2-bin method (up to $6.47 per ton). The magnitude of savings and reduced feed variability suggested that, regardless of the costs associated with building extra bins, the 2-bin method can be economically efficient in the long run. Therefore, it could be possible to split the batches of feed ingredients at a feed mill into above- or below-average bins before feed formulation to reduce CP variability and to maximize savings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. The use of a pen-size optimization workbook for experiment research design using the Visual Basic for Applications in Excel for poultry1.
- Author
-
Shim, M. Y. and Pesti, G. M.
- Subjects
- *
MICROSOFT Visual Basic (Computer program language) , *ERRORS & omissions insurance , *POULTRY , *STATISTICS - Abstract
Researchers often seem to choose the number of birds per pen and replications per treatment somewhat arbitrarily on the basis of cost, availability of animals, housing considerations, convenience, tradition, and so on. Statistical simulation, performed while designing an experiment, will provide a researcher with an objective estimate of the number of birds per pen and replicates needed for an experiment of known Type I and II errors. In most cases, the time for making power calculations should be before, not after, an experiment is conducted. Here we present a Microsoft Excel workbook to explore the statistical and economic ramifications of different combinations of birds per replicate and replicates per treatment for research with poultry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Comparative responses of genetically lean and fat chickens to lysine, arginine and non‐essential amino acid supply. II. plasma amino acid responses
- Author
-
Pesti, G. M., primary, Leclercq, B., additional, Chagneau, A. M., additional, and Cochard, T., additional
- Published
- 1994
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Model for predicting egg output and metabolisable energy intake of laying pullets
- Author
-
Pesti, G. M., primary, Dorfman, J. H., additional, and Gonzalez‐a, M. J., additional
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Comparison of equations for predicting the metabolisable energy intake of laying pullets
- Author
-
Pesti, G. M., primary, Dorfman, J. H., additional, and Gonzalez‐a, M. J., additional
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Effects of tryptophan supplementation to a maize‐based diet on lipid metabolism in laying hens
- Author
-
Rogers, S. R., primary and Pesti, G. M., additional
- Published
- 1992
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. A spreadsheet to construct power curves and clarify the meaning of the word equivalent in evaluating experiments with poultry.
- Author
-
Pesti, G. M. and Shim, M. Y.
- Subjects
- *
POULTRY , *PROBABILITY theory , *ELECTRONIC spreadsheets , *BROILER chickens , *ANALYSIS of variance , *TRANSGENIC organisms - Abstract
Persons conducting research trials often want to be able to declare that treatments, or particularly products, are equivalent (will provide indistinguishable results). However, all research trials can ever provide is the probability that the observed differences in an experiment were due to chance. Also, in trials in which variances are high and there are few replications, it is quite easy to declare no significant differences and equivalency. This paper describes a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet that can be used to easily construct experimental power curves. Such curves predict the proportion of experiments that would yield a given level of significance as the difference between the 2 means increases. The spreadsheet uses the mean and variances from an experiment with the Norm.inv and Rand functions of Excel to simulate outcomes from identical experiments. An experiment that declared GMO and normal feed ingredients to be equivalent was used to illustrate the application of power curves. The experiment had 12 replicate pens of broilers per treatment. The outcomes of 90,000 simulated experiments, each with the same overall variance, but 0 through 8 percent differences in treatment means, were graphed. When the published experiment purported to show equivalence, really it showed that a significant difference in growth (P < 0.05) would be expected to be detected 50% of the time if the means were different by 3.1%; a difference of 4.6% in treatment means could be detected 80% of the time by such an experiment. This Excel spreadsheet enables such a power analysis to be conducted. Easy modifications of the spreadsheet can illustrate the influence of changing the variance or number of replications on the expected power of future experiments. The economic impact of small changes in performance is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Effects of incubation temperature on the bone development of broilers.
- Author
-
Shim, M. Y. and Pesti, G. M.
- Subjects
- *
BROILER chickens , *EGG incubation , *CHICKENS , *TEMPERATURE , *BONE growth , *LEG abnormalities - Abstract
Manipulating the development of the leg bone by making simple changes to incubation temperature could help reduce the incidence of abnormalities. This study tested the hypothesis that increasing or decreasing the temperature of chick incubation by 1°C for 3 d during ED 4 to 7 affects hatchability, growth, and leg abnormalities of Cobb 500 broilers fed 3 diets: a diet that induced tibial dyschondroplasia, a Ca-deficient diet that induced rickets, and a P-deficient diet that induced rickets. In experiment 1, eggs hatched earlier, and more eggs hatched, at 38.5°C (92.77%) compared with at 37.5°C (86.22%). Body weight was lower in chicks incubated at the higher temperature compared with those incubated at the lower temperature (44.66 vs. 42.92 g). In experiment 2, egg setting times were +17 h for 36.5°C eggs and -10 h for 38.5°C compared with standard setting at 37.5°C (508 h). Hatchability of fertile eggs (92.92%) was highest at 37.5°C and decreased at 36.5°C (89.82%) and 38.5°C (81.55%). Body weight was lower (48.98 g) at 36.5°C than at 37.5°C (49.57 g) and at 38.5°C (50.56 g). Experiment 3 separated effects of incubation temperature and incubation time and was conducted with control and Ca-deficient diets. No main effects or interactions between incubation temperature or time and bone abnormalities were detected. It is important to note that eggs hatched at different times in this study. A difference as little as 1°C for 3 d during ED 4 to 7 affected hatching time and weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Evaluation of corn distillers dried grains with solubles as an alternative ingredient for broilers.
- Author
-
Shirn, M. Y., Pesti, G. M., Bakalli, R. I., Tillman, P. B., and Payne, R. L.
- Subjects
- *
BROILER chickens , *CORN as feed , *GRAIN as feed , *POULTRY feeding , *ANIMAL feeding behavior , *FEED utilization efficiency - Abstract
The effects of graded levels of corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) were investigated as a partial replacement for sources of protein, energy, and other nutrients for broilers when the digestible amino acid balance was maintained. Zero, 8, 16, and 24% DDGS were incorporated into isonutritive diets at the expense of corn, soybean meal, and DL-Met. Poultry oil, L-Lys, and L-Thr additions increased with increasing levels of DDGS. Diets were each fed to 36 Cobb 500 straight-run broilers in 6 floor pens in 2 experiments. In experiment 1, broilers fec ⩽ 8% DDGS showed increased BW gain compared with those fed the control diet during the 0to 18-d starter period (P = 0.0164) but were almost identical in BW at 42 d (P = 0.9395). The only difference at 42 d was in the carcass fat composition of female broilers: percentage of fat pad decreased with increasing DDGS level (P = 0.0133). Corn DDGS reduced the pellet durability index. However, the pellet durability index was not related to growth or feed utilization. In experiment 2 at 42 d, broilers fed all levels of DDGS showed increased BW gain compared with those fed the control diet. Broilers may perform well when fed properly balanced feeds containing up to 24% DDGS despite reduced pellet quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. An economic analysis of a methionine source comparison response model.
- Author
-
Vedenov, D. and Pesti, G. M.
- Subjects
- *
BIOAVAILABILITY , *METHIONINE , *AMINO acids , *CORN , *POULTRY , *META-analysis , *FEED utilization efficiency , *ECONOMICS - Abstract
Methionine is the first-limiting amino acid in corn and soybean meal-based poultry diets. Therefore, its supplementation level is of primary economic importance to poultry production. The responses to the methionine sources DL-methionine (DLM) and methionine-hydroxy analog-free acid (HMTBA) have been compared using various methodologies. The so-called common plateau nonlinear model has been used to estimate relative bioavailabilities of the sources. This model has a coefficient that is used as a single value to compare the relative bioavailabilities of the sources for independent technical parameters like gain and feed efficiency. This model was used previously in a meta-analysis of published experiments, and 79 and 81% relative biological efficiencies of HMTBA were found for DLM for ADG and feed utilization efficiency, respectively. Because different sources would have different optimal feeding levels to maximize profits, we demonstrate the challenge of calculating a single optimal level for the different methionine sources. Further, we apply an economic analysis to results of the previous meta-analysis to demonstrate that the relative values of HMTBA and DLM for BW and ADG are between 81 and 86%, depending on the value of a broiler and the costs of feed and DLM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Genetic interrelationships among phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium, and energy bioavailability in a growing chicken population.
- Author
-
Ankra-Badu, G. A., Pesti, G. M., and Aggrey, S. E.
- Subjects
- *
BIOAVAILABILITY , *CHICKENS , *PHOSPHORUS , *NITROGEN , *CALCIUM , *ANIMAL genetics , *POULTRY feeding , *ANIMAL populations , *PHYSIOLOGY - Abstract
A random-mating population was used to study .the genetic interrelationship between phytate P (PPB), Ca (CaB), N (NB), and energy bioavailability (EB), BW at 4 wk of age, relative growth (RG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Heritability estimates for PPB, CaB, NB, and EB were 0.09, 0.13, 0.16, and 0.10, respectively, and those of BW, RG, and FCR were 0.66, 0.15, and 0.10, respectively. Genetic correlations between PPB and BW, and FCR were moderate and negative, suggesting that improvement in PPB will impair growth. The genetic correlations between PPB and CaB, and EB and RG were positive and moderate, indicating that improvement in PPB would also lead to improved CaB, EB, and RG. Energy bioavailability was positively correlated with CaB, NB, PPB, and BW. Even though the genetic correlation between EB and the other traits measured, except RG and FCR, ranged from low to moderate, improving the ability of birds to utilize caloric energy in the feed would consequently improve PPB as well as growth. Improving PPB would reduce the amount of P in excreta and provide an additional savings if exogenous phytase were not added to poultry feed. The genetic correlation between PPB and NB was low but positive, whereas NB had a positive genetic correlation with BW. Therefore, selecting on NB will result in positive correlated responses in BW and PPB. Improving PPB and NB will not only improve productivity, but also reduce the polluting effects of P and N on the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Experimental approach to optimize phytate phosphorus utilization by broiler chickens by addition of supplements.
- Author
-
Liem, A., Pesti, G. M., Atencio, A., and Edwards Jr., H. M.
- Subjects
- *
BROILER chickens , *PHOSPHORUS , *CALCIUM , *PHYTASES , *VITAMIN D - Abstract
Supplementation of 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol (1α-OHD3), phytase, and Ca levels has been shown to influence phytate P utilization. Two experiments were conducted with 1- to 16-d broilers to investigate the interactions between the effects of 1α-OHD3, phytase, and Ca on phytate P utilization. In experiment 1, the birds were randomly allocated to 13 treatments with 6 levels of 1α-OHD3 from 0 to 11μg/kg, with and without 500 U/kg of phytase supplemented to P-deficient diet. A positive control diet, adequate in Ca and P, was included. In experiment 2, a 3-dimensional rotatable design with 5 levels each of 1α-OHD3, phytase, and Ca was implemented. Supplementation of 1α-OHD3 and phytase increased phytate P utilization, as indicated by an increase in bone ash, phytate P disappearance, and BW. In experiment 1, no interaction between the 1α-OHD3 and phytase effects was determined for any criteria, except for the incidence of P rickets. However, the second experiment showed that there were interactions between the 3 factors (1α-OHD3, phytase, and Ca). The probabilities that observed variation in the 3-way interaction for measured criteria that were clue to chance are: BW gain 0.1364, G:F = 0.11, bone ash percentage = 0.0278, milligrams of bone ash/tibia = 0.0909, Ca rickets = 0.9394, P rickets = 0.4892, tibial dyschondroplasia = 0.5927, and phytate P disappearance = 0.1126. The equations obtained from the regression models were used to generate contour-surface plots. The percentage of bone ash data indicated that low Ca, high phytase, and high 1α-OHD3 levels were needed to optimize phytate P utilization. The results of this study show that this experimental design may be utilized to identify the best levels of nutrients to add to a diet where complex 3-way interactions exist affecting several criteria. The equations may be used to optimize performance based on desired levels of performance and the costs of the inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. The Effect of Breeder Age and Egg Storage Time on Phosphorus Utilization by Broiler Progeny Fed a Phosphorus Deficiency Diet with 1α-OH Vitamin D3 .
- Author
-
Shim, M. Y., Pesti, G. M., Bakalli, R. I., and Edwards Jr., H. M.
- Subjects
- *
FAT-soluble vitamins , *VITAMIN D deficiency , *EGGS , *CHICKENS , *PHOSPHORUS - Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine that variation in broiler P utilization is due to breeder age and egg storage time. Experiment 1 was conducted with chicks hatched from eggs laid by Ross x Ross 308 breeders (27 vs. 61 wk old) and stored for 0 or 10 d. The age of breeders had significant effects (P < 0.05) on 0 to 16 d chick growth (379 ± 18 vs. 308 ± 19 for 27- and 61-wk-old breeders, respectively). The longer egg storage time of chicks from older breeders resulted in higher P rickets scores and incidence, but longer egg storage time of chicks from younger breeders resulted in lower P rickets score and incidence (significant interaction, P = 0.0455). The longer egg storage time of chicks from older breeders resulted in lower bone ash (%), and the longer egg storage time of chicks from younger breeders resulted in higher bone ash (%). Experiment 2 was conducted with chicks hatched from eggs laid by Ross x Ross 308 breeders (26 vs. 60 wk old) and stored for 0 or 10 d. The diets were P deficient and with or without 5 μg/g of 1α-OH cholecalciferol 1α-OH vitamin D3). Breeder age had significant effects (P = 0.0003) on 0 to 16 d chick growth (272 ± 7 vs. 339 ± 8 for 26- and 60-wk-old breeders, respectively) and chick mortality (P = 0.0134). The P rickets score increased with breeder age (P = 0.0186) and egg storage time (P = 0.1057). The factors influencing the incidence of P rickets in broilers should include breeder age and egg storage time as well as genetics and dietary levels of Ca, P, and vitamin D activity of the P-deficient diets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. The Effect of Feeding Calcium- and Phosphorus-Deficient Diets to Broiler Chickens During the Starting and Growing-Finishing Phases on Carcass Quality.
- Author
-
Driver, J. P., Pesti, G. M., Bakalli, R. I., and Edwards Jr., H. M.
- Subjects
- *
BROILER chickens , *CALCIUM in animal nutrition , *PHOSPHORUS in animal nutrition , *LIVESTOCK carcasses , *CHICKS , *BONES , *POULTRY feeding , *QUALITY - Abstract
There is considerable data on the effect of reducing inorganic Ca and P in broiler finisher diets on carcass quality. However, there is limited information on the effect of reducing dietary Ca and P during the different phases of growout. Two experiments were conducted from 0 to 35 d in floor pens. In both experiments, at least 4 replicates per treatment (50 chicks per replicate) were used. Corn-soybean meal and soybean oil-based diets deficient in Ca and P were fed. During the starter phase (ST), from 0 to 18 d, chicks were fed a 23% CP diet containing 0.60% Ca and 0.47% total P (tP). During the grower-finisher phase (GF), from 19 to 35 d, birds were fed a 19% CP diet containing 0.30% Ca and 0.37% tP. A combination of 1,000 phytase units/kg of Natuphos phytase and 5 µg/kg of la-hydroxycholecalciferol (P + la) was supplemented to some of the feed during the ST and GF. Diets containing adequate Ca and P were also fed during the ST (0.90% Ca and 0.68% tP) and GF (0.80% Ca and 0.67% tP). The level of tibia ash and the incidence of bone disease were measured at 18 and 35 d. At the end of the experiments, birds were processed and evaluated for muscle hemorrhages and broken bones. In both experiments, broilers fed diets that were not P + 1α supplemented demonstrated poor bone mineralization, considerable leg problems, and a high incidence of broken bones after processing. Broilers fed P + 1α throughout had more broken clavicles and femurs compared with birds fed the adequate diets. Day-18 tibia ash was significantly correlated to broken tibias and femurs during processing. Day-35 tibia ash was better correlated to bloody breast meat than to broken bones. It is concluded that carcass quality depends on the levels of Ca and P fed and the age of the bird. Tibia ash, traditionally used as an indication of bone strength, was better correlated to the incidence of bloody breasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Performance of Different Broiler Genotypes Fed Diets with Varying Levels of Dietary Crude Protein and Lysine.
- Author
-
Sterling, K. G., Pesti, G. M., and Bakalli, R. I.
- Subjects
- *
BROILER chickens , *PROTEINS , *LYSINE , *BODY weight , *ANIMAL feeds - Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine if a 3-way interaction among genotype, dietary lysine, and CF is an important influence on dietary responses. The genotypes were Ross 308 and Cobb in experiment 1 and Ross 508 and Arbor Acres Classic in experiment 2. The experimental designs were completely randomized with an incomplete 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. On d 7 of experiment 1, 4 replicate pens of 6 chicks each were fed 1 combination of dietary lysine and CP (17% CF with 0.6, 0.7, and 0.8% lysine and 23% CF with 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9% lysine) until d 21. On d 17 of experiment 2, 4 replicate pens of 35 chicks each were fed 1 combination of dietary lysine and CF (17% CF with 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9% lysine and 23% CP with 0.8, 0.9, and 1.0% lysine) until d 42. On d 43 of experiment 2, 3 birds per pen were processed. Regression analysis showed differences (P < 0.05) due to genotype for body weight gain (BWG), feed intake, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) in experiment 1, and BWG, carcass yield, breast fillet and tender yields, and abdominal fat pad percentage in experiment 2. Increasing dietary CP decreased abdominal fat pad percentage in both experiments; however, increasing dietary lysine only decreased this parameter in the starter-phase chicks. In both experiments, Ross broilers had a greater response to supplemental lysine when 17% CP was fed, but less response to supplemental lysine when 23% CP was fed for both BWG and FCR (3- way interaction). Three-way interactions between dietary CP and lysine levels and genotype were observed for BWG (P < 0.01), feed intake (P < 0.01), and FCR (P < 0.02) in experiment 1 and for feed intake (P < 0.06) and FCR (P <0.03) in experiment 2. The 3-way interactions demonstrate that quantitative differences exist between genotypes in response to increasing dietary levels of CP and lysine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Calcium Requirements of the Modern Broiler Chicken as Influenced by Dietary Protein and Age.
- Author
-
Driver, J. P., Pesti, G. M., Bakalli, R. I., and Edwards Jr., H. M.
- Subjects
- *
CALCIUM in animal nutrition , *BROILER chickens , *LOW-protein diet , *AGE , *DIET - Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to examine the calcium requirements of broiler chickens fed corn-soybean meal diets. Experiment 1 used a 6 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement and was conducted with broilers in floor pens during the grower phase (19 to 42 d). Diets were mixed with 6 levels of dietary Ca (0.325, 0.4, 0.475, 0.55, 0.625, and 0.9%) and 17 or 23% CP and fed to males and females separately. Experiment 2 was a 6 × 2 factorial design conducted using Petersime battery brooders during the starter phase (0 to 16 d). The same 6 levels of dietary Ca used in experiment 1 were fed separately to each sex, but only at the 23% level of CP. The diets used in both experiments were formulated to contain 0.45% nonphytin phosphorus. In experiment 1, grower chickens did not demonstrate significant body weight gain (BWG) or feed conversion ratio (FCR) response (g of feed per g of gain) to the different levels of Ca at either level of protein. The percentage tibia ash did not respond to increasing Ca levels beyond 0.625% Ca at either protein level. In experiment 2, BWG increased linearly up to 0.55 and 0.625% dietary Ca for males and females, respectively. Feed conversion ratio decreased linearly with increasing dietary Ca up to 0.625% Ca, and tibia ash was highest at 0.9% Ca for both sexes. These results suggest that the current NRC Ca requirements for the broiler starter (1.0%) are sufficient for maximum bone ash, but that Ca requirements for grower birds (0.9%) may be excessive for optimum BWG, FCR, and tibia ash. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Phytase and 1α-Hydroxycholecalciferol Supplementation of Broiler Chickens During the Starting and Growing/Finishing Phases.
- Author
-
Driver, J. P., Pesti, G. M., Bakalli, R. I., and H. M. Edwards Jr.
- Subjects
- *
BROILER chickens , *ANIMAL nutrition , *POULTRY growth , *PHYTASES , *DIET , *SOYBEAN - Abstract
Supplemental 1α-hydroxycholecalciferol (1α-OHD3) has been shown to have qualitatively similar and quantitatively additive effects to exogenous phytase. Two experiments were conducted from 0 to 35 d in floor pens to determine the additive effect of phytase and 1αOHD3 when supplemented to Ca- and P-deficient diets. In both experiments, at least 4 replicates per treatment (50 chicks per replicate) were used. Corn-soybean-meal- and soybean-oil-based diets were fed and birds were raised in a house impervious to ultraviolet light. During the starter phase (ST), from 0 to 18 d, chicks were fed a 23% CP diet containing 0.60% Ca and 0.47% total P (tP). During the grower/finisher phase (GF), from 19 to 35 d, birds were fed a 19% CP diet containing 0.30% Ca and 0.37% tP. A combination of 1,000 phytase units/kg of Natuphos phytase and 5 µg/kg of 1α-OHD3 (P+1A) was supplemented to some of the feed during the ST and GF. Diets containing adequate Ca and P were also fed during the ST (0.90% Ca, 0.68% tP) and GF (0.80% Ca, 0.67% tP). Performance characteristics and the incidence of rickets and tibial dyschondroplasia were measured at 18 and 35 d. In experiment 1, unsupplemented chicks performed well but had considerable leg problems. Chicks fed P+1A during the ST or GF did not perform as well as birds fed P+1A throughout. Birds fed P+1A throughout performed as well birds fed the adequate diets without any indication of leg problems. In experiment 2, unsupplemented birds performed similarly to unsupplemented birds in experiment 1. However, chicks fed the supplements or the control diets did not perform as well or accumulate as much bone ash as birds in experiment 1, although the diets were formulated identically in both experiments. Diets with as little as 0.30% Ca and 0.37% tP appear to be adequate for broilers older than 18 d if supplemented with the correct amounts of phytase and 1α-OHD3. However, there are unknown variables that may limit the potential of broilers in terms of bone mineralization and bone pathology, even when adequate diets are fed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Effects of Calcium and Nonphytate Phosphorus Concentrations on Phytase Efficacy in Broiler Chicks.
- Author
-
Driver, J. P., Pesti, G. M., Bakalli, R. I., and Edwards Jr., H. M.
- Subjects
- *
BROILER chickens , *CHICKS , *ANIMAL nutrition , *PHYTASES , *CHICKENS , *POULTRY , *PHOSPHORUS in animal nutrition - Abstract
Phytase supplementation over a range of different levels of dietary Ca and nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) was investigated by comparing surface response curves from regression equations generated with (experiment 1) and without (experiment 2) phytase using various performance and bone quality parameters. Cobb × Cobb broiler chicks were raised from 0 to 16 d in 2 experiments using corn-soybean meal based diets. Experiment 1 used a 4 × 4 factorial arrangement with diets formulated to contain combinations of 4 levels of Ca: 0.38, 0.58, 0.78, and 0.98% and 4 levels of NPP: 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5%. Experiment 2 used a composite rotatable design in which rations were formulated to contain dietary Ca levels of 0.38, 0.47, 0.68, 0.89, and 0.98% and NPP levels of 0.20, 0.24, 0.35, 0.46, and 0.50%. An extra point was included in the design to contain the lowest Ca and lowest NPP levels (0.38% Ca and 0.20% NPP). All combinations of Ca and NPP were fed with 657 phytase units/kg Natuphos 5000 phytase, plus 4 combinations (0.38% Ca and 0.20% NPP, 0.47% Ca and 0.24% NPP, 0.68% Ca and 0.35% NPP, and 0.89% Ca and 0.46% NPP) were fed without phytase to determine the suitability of comparing multiple regression response surfaces for particular variables among experiments. Comparison of surfaces, with and without phytase, showed that growth and bone quality responses to phytase were greatest at low NPP levels and high Ca levels, and these decreased when the Ca level was reduced or when the NPP level was increased. A third experiment confirmed that phytase elicits a greater response at higher Ca levels and lower NPP levels (0.86% Ca and 0.20% NPP) versus low Ca levels and low NPP levels (0.47% Ca and 0.24% NPP). The data demonstrated why it is impossible to determine a single NPP equivalency value for phytase supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Twenty-Five Hydroxycholecalciferol as a Cholecalciferol Substitute in Broiler Breeder Hen Diets and Its Effect on the Performance and General Health of the Progeny.
- Author
-
Atencio, A., Pesti, G. M., and Edwards Jr., H. M.
- Subjects
- *
CHOLECALCIFEROL , *HENS , *CHICKEN breeders , *BROILER chickens , *POULTRY - Abstract
An experiment was conducted with broiler breeder hens to determine the relative biological value of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-OHD3) compared with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) for hen-day egg production, hatchability, embryo mortality (early, 1 to 10 d of incubation, late, 11 to 21 d), and body ash of the progeny. The study was conducted with 73-to-90-wk-old molted Ross broiler breeder hens in an environment excluding ultraviolet light. A basal vitamin D3 deficient diet supplemented with 4 levels of vitamin D3 (0, 3,125, 12,500, and 50,000 ng/kg of diet) and 2 levels of 25-OHD3 (3,125 and 12,500 ng/kg of diet) was fed. The relative biological values of 25-OHD3 in comparison to vitamin D3, using slope ratio techniques, were 138, 133, 128, and 111% for hen-day egg production, hatchability, late embryo mortality, and body ash of the progeny, respectively (average = 128%). When comparing 25-OHD3 against D3 at the 3,125 ng/kg level, the relative biological values were 209, 167, 400, and 108% for the same criteria, respectively (average = 221%). However, at the 12,500 ng/kg level no statistical differences between 25-OHD3 and D3 were observed (average = 108%). Four trials were conducted to determine the effect of the maternal diet on the performance and leg abnormalities of the hens' progeny. In experiment 1, no vitamin D was added to the corn-soybean meal basal diet fed to the chicks, and in experiments 2, 3, and 4 the basal diet was supplemented with 27.5 µg of D3/kg of diet. In the progeny study, the average relative biological value of 25-OHD3 at the 3,125 and 12,500 ng/kg levels were 115 and 101%, respectively. The potency of 25-OHD3 in relation to vitamin D3 depended on the level tested. When comparing vitamin D sources, 25-OHD3 had greater potency than D3 only at very low levels of supplementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Influence of substitution method and of food intake on bioassays to determine metabolisable energy with chickens.
- Author
-
Pesti, G. M.
- Published
- 1984
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. The response of male broiler chickens to diets with various protein contents during the grower and finisher phases.
- Author
-
Pesti, G. M. and Fletcher, D. L.
- Published
- 1984
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. The response of male broiler chickens to diets with various protein and energy contents during the growing phase.
- Author
-
Pesti, G. M. and Fletcher, D. L.
- Published
- 1983
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. A comparison of nitrogen values obtained utilizing the Kjeldahl nitrogen and Dumas combustion methodologies (Leco CNS 2000) on samples typical of an animal nutrition analytical laboratory
- Author
-
Etheridge, R. D., Pesti, G. M., and Foster, E. H.
- Published
- 1998
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. The response of growing broiler chickens to dietary contents of protein, energy And Added Fat
- Author
-
Pesti, G. M. and Smith, C. F.
- Abstract
1. The results of 47 experiments with broilers over the period 1974 to 1983 were selected for regression analysis. Included were those dealing with the relationship of growth and food utilisation to content of dietary protein (DP), metabolisable energy (DME) and added fat (DAF) in conventional feedingstuffs.2. Significant correlations were found between DP and DME (0#lb50; P < 0#lb01), DP and DAF (0#lb61; P < 0#lb01), and DME and DAF (0#lb65; P < 0#lb01) contents.3. Using multiple regression models, growth and food utilisation efficiency (FUE) were found to be dependent on the linear and quadratic effects of DME (r2 values = 0#lb67 and 0-64 respectively). Growth and FUE were also dependent on the linear and quadratic effects of DP (r2 values = 0#lb70 and 0#lb49 respectively).4. By including the effects of DME, DP and DAF in the gain and FUE models it was shown that growth and FUE were dependent on DME, DP and DAF (r2 values = 0#lb76 and 0#lb79 respectively).5. It was concluded that hypotheses concerning the broiler's response to DME and DAF were both correct but incomplete. DME, DP and DAF contents must all be known to predict accurately growth and FUE.
- Published
- 1984
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Comparison of digestible amino acids databases: relationship between amino acid digestibility and concentration in swine.
- Author
-
Bloxham, D. J., Azain, M. J., and Pesti, G. M.
- Subjects
AMINO acids ,SWINE physiology ,ACIDOLYSIS ,SWINE nutrition ,LIVESTOCK - Abstract
Databases comparing total amino acid (AA) profiles and standardized ileal AA digestibility (SID) values of 20 feedstuff's commonly fed to pigs from two sources, Evonik (Kennesaw. GA) and the Nutrient Requirements of Swine published by the National Research Council (NRC; Washington, DC) were used to observe AA concentration effects on digestibility values. Both databases reported SID swine values. The number of AA values depends on the ingredient. The 20 feed ingredients were compared from each database and were analyzed using PROC CORR and GLM procedures of SAS (version 9.4; SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). When both databases were compared in their entirety, there was a positive correlation of 0.362 for the Evonik database and 0.349 for the NRC database (P < 0.0001) with increasing total amino acids vs. SID digestibility. There were also differences between feed ingredients in the Evonik and NRC databases (P < 0.0001). There were differences in SID of animal and plant sources (P < 0.001). When only essential AA were compared, there were positive correlations of 0.353 and 0.455 for the Evonik and NRC databases, respectively (P < 0.0001), of total AA to SID digestibility. There was a trend for differences between plant and animal feed ingredients when essential AA were being compared (P < 0.10). Four essential AA were analyzed separately across feedstuff: Lys, Met, Trp, and Thr. Lysine in both databases had a correlation with increasing total lysine and increasing SID (0.556 and 0.618; P < 0.01) forthe Evonik and NRC databases, respectively. Methionine also had increasing SID with total AA with a correlation of 0.577 and 0.666 (P < 0.01) for the Evonik and NRC databases, respectively. Methionine also had differences in SID in plant vs. animal sources (P < 0.05). Tryptophan had a correlation of 0.435 (P < 0.06) for the Evonik database, while the NRC database had a correlation for Trp of 0.544 (P < 0.01) of increasing SID with increasing total Trp. Threonine had a correlation of 0.390 (P < 0.09) for the Evonik database and 0.505 (P < 0.05) for the NRC database of total Thr vs. Thr SID digestibility. From this data, a predictor of AA digestibility is AA concentration of the feedstuff. The digestibility of AA in the feedstuff should be a property of the feed ingredient and not the concentration of AA in the feed ingredient. Differences in databases will change the cost of diet formulation. The database that is used to formulate amino acid profiles could affect the performance of the pig because of differences between databases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Evaluation of DDGS as an alternative ingredient for broiler chickens.
- Author
-
Shim, M. Y., Pesti, G. M., Bakalli, R. I., Tillman, P. B., and Hoehler, D.
- Subjects
- *
BROILER chickens - Abstract
An abstract of the article "Evaluation of DDGS as an alternative ingredient for broiler chickens," by M.Y. Shim and colleagues are presented.
- Published
- 2008
41. Broiler response model to estimate the economic importance of dietary feed enzymes1
- Author
-
Tahir, M., Batal, A. B., and Pesti, G. M.
- Abstract
The purposes of this research were: 1) a bio-assay to evaluate the effects of 2 feed enzymes (Hostazym X) and Avizyme 1505) on the performance of Cobb broilers; and 2) to calculate the economic value from the technical response data. A broiler response model that includes benefits from improved performance and incorporates the expected changes in output from Hostazym X and Avizyme 1505 is presented. Each of the 4 diets [1) Basal (corn, dried grains with solubles, and soybean meal based diet with 1,360 kcal/lb), 2) Basal+ Hostazym X, 3) Basal+ Avizyme 1505, 4) Basal+30 kcal/lb] was fed to 8 pens of 24 straight run Cobb chicks. Supplementing the basal diet with either enzyme showed significant effects on growth and feed efficiency. Quadratic equations were fitted through the response points for 49 d broilers: Body weights and feed intakes were: Basal, 6.085, 11.446; Basal+ Hostazym X, 6.231, 11.359; Basal+ Avizyme 1505, 6.165, 11.288; Basal+30 kcal, 6.455lb, 11.535 lb, respectively. Target live weights were compared at 4, 6 and 8 lb, chicken prices at $0.68 and $1.0/lb and feed costs at $200 and $400/ton. The value of feed savings by adding Hostazym X ranged from $6.92/ton for 4.0 lb broilers fed $200 feed, to $17.52/ton for 8.0 lb broilers fed $400 feed. The value of extra meat by adding Hostazym X ranged from $21.19/ton for 6.0 lb broilers selling for $0.68/lb, to $32.76/ton for 8.0 lb broilers selling for $1.0/lb. The value of feed savings by adding Avizyme 1505 ranged from $5.58/ton for 4.0 lb broilers fed $200 feed, to $12.09/ton for 8.0 lb broilers fed $400 feed. The value of extra meat from AZ1 ranged from $16.97/ton for 6.0 lb broilers selling for $0.68/lb, to $24.95/ton for 8.0 lb broilers selling for $1.0/lb. The value of the extra salable meat from feeding enzymes is 2 to 3 times greater than feed savings. Enzyme value is directly dependent on the costs of feed and meat value, and indirectly on reduced environmental costs for feed production and reduced unutilized nutrients (pollution) per lb of meat (not included in this analysis).
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Performance and anticoccidial effects of nicarbazin-fed broilers reared at standard or reduced environmental temperatures.
- Author
-
Da Costa, M. J., Bafundo, K. W., Pesti, G. M., Kimminau, E. A., and Cervantes, H. M.
- Subjects
- *
NICARBAZIN , *AVIAN coccidiosis , *EIMERIA acervulina , *FEED utilization efficiency of poultry , *BROILER chicken diseases , *THERAPEUTICS - Abstract
A series of 4 floor pen studies was conducted to evaluate the effects of environmental temperature modification on nicarbazin (NIC) responses in broiler chickens raised to 28 d of age. Birds were reared at either standard temperatures (recommended by the primary breeder for ages zero to 28 d) or at 3°C below this level. From placement to 28 d, birds were provided feeds containing zero, 100, or 125 ppm NIC, comprising a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement in each test. Two of the trials were conducted in the presence of an imposed coccidial challenge and 2 were conducted in healthy animals. At 18 and 28 d of age, performance was recorded; cloacal temperatures were measured at 7, 14, 21, and 26 days. Mortality data were collected daily and coccidial lesions were scored at 6 d post challenge. Results of these studies revealed that NIC improved coccidial lesion scores regardless of environmental temperature. In the absence of coccidial challenge, NIC depressed performance, but reductions in environmental temperature diminished the magnitude of these responses. Under conditions of coccidial challenge, NIC significantly improved body weight gains in both temperature environments. Compared to standard temperature conditions, lower environmental temperatures exerted a positive effect on feed conversion rates of NIC-fed broilers. Birds reared in the low temperature environment exhibited lower cloacal temperatures than standard environment groups throughout the test period. Irrespective of coccidial challenge, lower environmental temperatures significantly reduced nicarbazin mortality compared to standard temperature groups, resulting in a significant nicarbazin x temperature interaction. This finding indicates that temperature modification is a practical method for minimizing mortality over the course of 28-day nicarbazin usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Comparison of ingredient usage and formula costs in poultry feeds using different amino acid digestibility databases
- Author
-
Tahir, M. and Pesti, G. M.
- Abstract
This study showed how using different database values for digestible amino acid contents influences ingredient usage and feed costs for broiler, layer, and turkey diets with recent ingredient costs from the United States and Pakistan. A series of feeds were formulated to compare results from using 2 commercial ingredient composition databases: Ajinomoto Heartland (AH; rooster assay values) and Evonik Degussa (ED; chick assay values). The ingredient composition matrix was based on NRC (1994) tables, except for digestible amino acids and protein. Requirements were for a broiler starter (Ross), broiler finisher (Cobb), turkey starter (Nicholas), turkey finisher (British United Turkeys), and leghorn prelay (ISA) and peak (Hy-Line) diets. Costs were local market prices in Pakistan (June 2010) and average US prices (2009). Formula costs were higher using the ED digestible amino acid values, ranging from $1.00/ton for the turkey finisher diet to $8.40/ton for the turkey starter diet. The broiler starter and finisher diets were $6.20 and $2.60/ton higher using the ED digestible amino acid values. Differences in formulation costs were due to higher levels of supplemental amino acids and soybean meal when using the ED database. The shadow prices of distillers dried grains with solubles ranged from $199.50/ton in the turkey starter diet, with AH digestible amino acid values, to $266.20/ton in the leghorn prelay diet, with AH digestible amino acid values. Not knowing the digestible amino acid levels in feed ingredients or choosing inappropriate digestible amino acid values may result (at least) in inefficiencies averaging $3.00 to $4.00/ton of finished feed for broilers, layers, and turkeys (approximately $6.00 for starter feed and $3.00 for finisher feed). Comparative values are similar for dollars and rupees. Differences in feed costs from using the different digestibility values can give an estimate of potential savings (costs) from using one particular database vs. the other. The cost difference may be used to demonstrate the magnitude of research monies that should be dedicated to estimating amino acid digestibility values most accurately.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. A comparison of digestible amino acid databases: Relationship between amino acid concentration and digestibility
- Author
-
Tahir, M. and Pesti, G. M.
- Abstract
Databases compiling the amino acid (AA) digestibility values of 20 common poultry feed ingredients from 2 commercial companies, Evonik Degussa (Burr Ridge, IL; chick assays) and Ajinomoto Heartland (Chicago, IL; rooster assays), were used to investigate the influence of AA concentration on observed digestibility values. Casual observation of the rooster assay database suggested that AA digestibility may be related to AA concentration. Ideally, digestibility should be a property of the feed ingredient and should not be related to the concentration at which an ingredient is fed. If the AA concentration during an assay has a large effect on its digestibility, then the results may not be valid at different levels of feed ingredients or when the AA concentration in the test situation is different from actual feeding levels in a diet. Differences in digestibility values in the Evonik Degussa and Ajinomoto Heartland databases were compared. Multiple regression techniques were then used to test the hypothesis that the results of the AA digestibility assays were related to the AA concentration in the feed ingredient being tested. Total AA concentration and digestible AA averaged 6 and 14% higher in the rooster database than in the chick database, respectively. Differences in assay type were quantitative because slopes of digestible AA = f(total AA concentration) were positive for 19 of 20 ingredients in each database. However, when all data were included in 1 model, the influence of concentration on digestibility was very unlikely to have been due to chance (P < 0.0006), as evidenced by the interaction of concentration × assay type. Removing the lowest (Trp) or highest (Ile) AA was not critical to the conclusions. The effect of AA concentration on its digestibility was quantitatively the same for each AA (P < 0.50) except Cys (P < 0.05). We confirmed, based on data from the 3 selected articles, that this relationship was not due only to the different samples in the different databases. Therefore, to best predict the digestibility of any AA in any ingredient, its intended concentration in the diet should be known.
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. The influence of virginiamycin on the live and processing performance of Nicholas turkey hens
- Author
-
Cervantes, H. M., Shim, M. Y., Hooper, S. E., Bafundo, K. W., and Pesti, G. M.
- Abstract
Antimicrobial feed additives classified as growth promoters have been under attack by activist groups opposed to conventional animal agriculture, even though no conclusive scientific evidence has been produced to suggest that their use has adversely affected public health. The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that even today, the use of in-feed antimicrobials has substantial benefits for bird health, and, consequently, for production efficiency, and for the environment. In this experiment, 744 Nicholas female turkeys were fed diets of similar composition and nutrient content with or without virginiamycin (VM) for a total grow-out period of 77 d. The stocking density; feeding and watering equipment; and lighting, ventilating, and feeding programs were similar to those used in commercial turkey production. The target final BW was no less than 14 lb. At the conclusion of the experiment, turkey hens fed the diets supplemented with VM were significantly heavier than those from the control treatment, and on average were 0.294 lb per hen heavier than the control birds. Turkey hens fed the diets supplemented with VM also had significantly better adjusted FCR and had, on average, a 5-point improvement per hen in FCR compared with control birds. The confirmed benefits derived from including 22 ppm of VM in the feed of Nicholas turkey hens raised under commercial conditions were significant (P < 0.05), and when extrapolated to an operation producing 5 million turkey hens per year, would have resulted in an additional 1,474,000 lb of turkey BW and savings of almost 2,000 tons of feed.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. The influence of excessive levels of 1{alpha}-hydroxycholecalciferol on the growth and tissue appearance of market weight chickens
- Author
-
Pesti, G. M. and Shivaprasad, H. L.
- Abstract
An experiment was conducted to demonstrate the growth and histological effects of feeding 1a-OH vitamin D
3 (1a-OH-D3 ) at 0, 1, 3, and 5 times the level necessary to reduce the incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia and improve phytate P utilization in broiler chickens (0, 5, 15, and 25 µg/kg). High-yield broiler chicks were fed corn- and soybean meal-based diets and raised in floor pens to 42 d of age. The overall growth rate of birds in this trial was excellent, with 3.10-kg males and 2.63-kg females at 42 d of age. Feed efficiency was also excellent, at 1.55 and 1.70 kg of feed/kg of BW gain for males and females, respectively. Feeding 25 µg/kg of 1a-OH-D3 significantly decreased feed consumption, growth rate, and FCR. Growth depression was greater in males than in females. No gross lesions or abnormalities were observed in the heart, kidney, bursa of Fabricius, pancreas, eye, intestine, liver, spleen, lungs, or skin tissue of control birds or broilers fed 1a-OH-D3 at any level. Mild to moderate kidney mineralization occurred when broilers were fed 15 µg/kg of 1a-OH-D3 .- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Impact of dietary amino acid and crude protein levels in broiler feeds on biological performance
- Author
-
Pesti, G. M.
- Abstract
The concept of a requirement for dietary protein has been controversial since it was discovered that proteins are composed of amino acids and that some amino acids are dietary essentials for maximum growth and performance. In addition to the 10 essential amino acids and 3 that can be accreted only from limited substrates, poultry need a quantity of amino acids to synthesize the other 8 that are needed to synthesize body proteins. Adding purified amino acids or amino acid precursors has been known for more than 50 yr to allow for reduced levels of intact proteins to provide adequate levels of essential and nonessential amino acids (CP). It has been recognized that individual essential amino acid requirements are functions of the total CP level. Increasing the total CP level while maintaining ideal ratios of essential amino acids increases growth, feed utilization efficiency, and carcass yields (i.e., decreases carcass fat). A published data set is used here to demonstrate 1) that potential problems arise from analyzing combined data sets inappropriately; 2) that in the overwhelming majority of studies, there is a positive response in growth (P < 0.0002) and feed utilization efficiency (P < 0.0002) to increasing dietary protein levels; 3) that the relationships are much stronger in faster growing broiler strain birds; and 4) that there is no clear break point or “requirement” for CP in the range of dietary protein levels typically studied. Regardless of whether it is called “CP level” or “essential + nonessential amino acid level,” there is no clear requirement, only a smooth response curve that approaches maxima at lower levels for growth, and then feed utilization efficiency, and then lean meat yield, and finally the minimum for carcass fat. As a result, decisions on feeding levels for essential and nonessential amino acids should depend on the input-output relationships and costs.
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Live and Processing Performance Responses of Broilers Fed Low and Extra-Low Nutrient Density Withdrawal Diets Supplemented with Virginiamycin
- Author
-
Cervantes, H. M., Bafundo, K. W., Pesti, G. M., and Bakalli, R. I.
- Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to demonstrate the nutrient-sparing effects and cost-effectiveness of virginiamycin (VM) when fed to broiler chickens in extended withdrawal diets. In experiment 1, broiler chickens (Ross × Cobb) were fed the same starter and grower diets. On d 30, the chickens were switched to the withdrawal diets, and these were fed until 49 d when the experiment ended. Treatments were as follows: 1) standard broiler withdrawal diet (17.1% CP), 2) a broiler withdrawal diet with low nutrient density (16% CP), and 3) the same broiler withdrawal diet as treatment 2 but supplemented with 15 ppm VM. In experiment 2, broiler chickens (Ross × Cobb) were fed the same starter and grower diets to d 35 when they were switched to the withdrawal diets, and these were fed until the experiment ended (d 49). Birds on treatment 1 received a standard broiler withdrawal diet similar to the one used in experiment 1, birds on treatment 2 received a broiler withdrawal diet with extra-low nutrient density (15% CP), and birds on treatment 3 received the same broiler withdrawal diet as in treatment 2 but supplemented with 15 ppm VM. In both experiments, the chickens fed the withdrawal diet containing VM had the heaviest BW, and the unadjusted feed conversions were comparable for the standard withdrawal diet (without reduced nutrient density) and the reduced nutrient density diets with VM. In both experiments, the chickens fed the withdrawal diets with VM had the lowest mortality. An analysis of the breast meat yield results showed that in both experiments, the birds fed the extended withdrawal diets with VM produced more total pounds of breast meat than the other 2 treatments.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Influence of Temperature on the Arginine and Methionine Requirements of Young Broiler Chicks
- Author
-
Chamruspollert, M., Pesti, G. M., and Bakalli, R. I.
- Abstract
Two experiments were conducted with Ross × Ross broiler chicks in battery brooders from 7 to 21 d of age to determine the Arg and Met requirements of young broiler chicks at control (25°C) and warm (35°C) temperatures. In both experiments, 1-d-old broiler chicks were fed a corn and soybean meal based starter diet for 7 d. Six replications (2 replicates in each of 3 rooms per temperature) with 8 chicks each were used for each treatment. In experiment 1, the basal diet was based on corn (34.52%), whey (26.96%), corn gluten meal (16.53%), soybean meal (11.74%), and poultry fat (23% of CP and 3.20 kcal/g of ME
n ). Six levels of Arg (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5%), supplementing the basal diet containing 0.95% Arg, were the dietary treatments. A broken-line linear model was used to estimate chick Arg requirements. Based on body gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) data, respectively, the Arg requirements of young Ross × Ross broiler chicks raised at 35°C were 1.15 ± 0.03% and 1.13 ± 0.02%, whereas those of chicks at 25°C were 1.26 ± 0.03% and 1.27 ± 0.02%. In experiment 2, the influences of temperature and dietary Arg on the Met requirements of young broiler chicks were investigated. The basal diet was based on corn (53.45%), soybean meal (37.72%), and poultry fat (23% of CP and 3.20 kcal/g of ME). Experiment 2 had a 6 × 2 factorial arrangement, with the basal diet (0.35% Met and 1.52% Arg) supplemented with 6 levels of dietary Met (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2, or 0.3%) and 2 levels of dietary Arg (0 and 1.0%). When chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal basal diet containing 1.52% Arg, the Met requirements of young Ross × Ross broiler chicks raised at 35°C were 0.43 ± 0.02% and 0.43 ± 0.03%, whereas those of chicks at 25°C was 0.43 ± 0.01% and 0.48 ± 0.03%, based on body gain and FCR data, respectively. When Arg levels were increased to 2.52%, the Met requirement of young Ross × Ross broiler chicks was greater at both temperatures (P < 0.05). The requirements of chicks raised at 35°C were 0.50 ± 0.02% and 0.49 ± 0.02% and at 25°C were 0.59 ± 0.03% and 0.57 ± 0.02%, based on body gain and FCR data, respectively. Temperature and amino acid balance may both affect the amino acid requirements of broilers.- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Relationships Among Strain, Performance, and Environmental Temperature in Commercial Laying Hens1
- Author
-
Sterling, K. G., Bell, D. D., Pesti, G. M., and Aggrey, S. E.
- Abstract
The performance of 14.7 million commercial layers in 203 different flocks, located throughout the U.S. and representing 11 different White Leghorn strains was recorded and summarized. The records included weekly averages of hen day egg production, egg weight, feed and water consumption, dietary ME, BW, temperature, and mortality from 25 to 60 wk of age. These production characteristics were compared among age groups, strains, and strain groups in which each age group represented a 5-wk increment, and each strain group represented the light, medium, and heavy strains. The distribution of flock-weeks by age group and temperature revealed a similar curve for all age groups; however, in general the younger flocks were kept at lower temperatures. The overall average temperature was 24.3°C and ranged from 15 to 30°C for individual flock weeks. Weekly feed consumption varied from 50.9 to 145.7 g/d and was correlated with BW, which varied from 1.12 to 1.91 kg/bird. Weekly egg production varied from 60.7 to 97.7%, and egg weights varied from 49.8 to 68.1 g/egg. A 7% difference in BW and a 39% difference in BW gain were noted between the heavy and light strain groups. Mortality was highest for the medium weight strain group. Negative correlations were observed between temperature vs. ME intake, hen-day egg production, and BW gain. Similarly, egg weight was negatively correlated to hen-day egg production and BW gain. The data described herein gave an indication of normal performance of commercial laying hens in the U.S. for a 9-yr period, 1992 to 2000, and should prove useful in development and testing of deterministic simulation equations.
- Published
- 2003
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.