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Abstract The simulation of ideal and non-ideal conditions using the SCAPS-1D simulator for novel structure Ag/FTO/CuBi2O4/GQD/Au was done for the first time. The recombination of charge carriers in CuBi2O4 is an inherent problem due to very low hole mobility and polaron transport in the valence band. The in-depth analysis of the simulation result revealed that Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) can act as an appropriate hole transport layer (HTL) and can enhance hole transportation. The simulation was done under ideal and nonideal conditions. The non-ideal conditions include parasitic resistances, reflection losses, radiative, and Auger recombination whereas the ideal condition was studied without the inclusion of any losses. Under ideal conditions, the cell Ag/FTO/CuBi2O4/GQD/Au exhibited a photovoltaic (PV) parameter such as open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current (Jsc), fill factor (FF), photo conversion efficiency (PCE) are 1.39 V, 25.898 mA/cm2, 90.92%, and 32.79%, respectively. The effect of various cell parameters such as the thickness of the absorber layer, HTL layer, and FTO, acceptor and defect density, the bandgap of the absorber and HTL layer, series and shunt resistance, back and front contact materials, radiation and Auger recombination of the absorber layer, reflection losses on the efficiency of the proposed cell is analysed. The drastic reduction in all PV parameters was observed under non-ideal conditions and the PV parameters are Voc (1.22 V), Jsc (2.904 mA/cm2), FF (86.3), and PCE of 3.06%. The charge kinetics such as impedance, conductivity, and capacitance plots, and possible reasons for reductions in PV parameters are discussed in detail.

Abstract The utilization of electrochemical and advanced oxidation technologies for industrial wastewater (IW) treatment has grown in popularity during the last two decades. The effectiveness of several methods for treating IW, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), direct‐current (DC) and alternating‐current (AC)‐electrocoagulation (EC), and the combination of H2O2 with DC/AC‐EC (H2O2‐DC/AC‐EC) processes were all investigated. In comparison to the H2O2, DC/AC‐EC, and H2O2‐DC/AC‐EC technologies, the results showed that the H2O2‐AC‐EC process produced 100% total colour and 100% chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal efficiency with a low power consumption of 4.4 kWhm−3. The H2O2/AC‐EC technology was optimized for treating IW using a response surface methodology approach based on a central composite design using a five‐factor level. Utilizing statistical and mathematical techniques, the optimum parameters were determined to minimize consumption of power (1.02 kWhm−3) and maximum COD elimination (75%). The experimental parameters comprised the following: H2O2 of 600 mg/L, current of 0.65 Amp, pH of 7.6, COD of 1600 mg/L, and treatment time (TT) of 1.26 h. When using a Fe/Fe electrode combination with the wastewater pH of 7, the COD removal efficiency was shown to be enhanced by increasing the TT, current and H2O2, and decreasing the COD concentration. The synergistic impact, quantified as the combined efficiency of eliminating % COD utilizing the H2O2, AC‐EC, and H2O2/AC‐EC procedures, was found to be 15.75%. Therefore, employing a hybrid H2O2‐AC‐EC approach is considerably more effective in treating IW.

AbstractThe present investigation deals with analysing the performance of a thermoacoustic prime mover (TAPM) measured in terms of frequency, pressure amplitude, and onset temperature with the help of the renowned simulation tool, DeltaEC. Various resonator geometries, such as straight, tapered, coiled, resonator fitted with compliance and twin TAPM, were aligned in the simulation setup with nitrogen as a fluid medium and operated at a pressure of 10 bars. The operational and geometrical parameters of the experimental setup in DeltaEC were kept constant except the resonator geometry and stack material made of stainless steel and nickel. In the literature, no significant studies evaluating the performance of TAPM with different resonator geometry have been published. This study is the first of its kind to analyse TAPM’s performance using five distinct resonator geometry. In the present simulation, it was observed that the TAPM of the resonator fitted with compliance generated oscillations with low frequency and high-pressure amplitude compared to the simulation setup with other resonators’ geometry with a stack made of stainless steel. Similarly, it was observed from the simulation results that the twin TAPM generated oscillations at a lower onset temperature than others with both stack materials. Among the chosen resonators, the TAPM fitted with compliance produces high pressure amplitude oscillations with a slight increase in onset temperature compared to the twin TAPM with the stack made of stainless steel, which will be used as a drive for cryocoolers.

Maintaining sustainable water management practices, preserving ecosystems, and safeguarding public health has depend on the treatment of wastewater. It has a significant impact on reducing water pollution and protecting the water supplies. Sono-pulsed electrochemical oxidation (S-PEO) process is a wastewater treatment method that uses ultrasound (US) waves and electrochemistry to enhance the pollutant removal efficiency. This study aim is to investigate the mineralization of industrial park wastewater by using pulsed electrochemical oxidation (PEO) and a combination of sonolysis and pulsed electrochemical oxidation (S-PEO) processes. The research focuses on the percentage elimination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color, as well as the assessment of power consumption. The study considers the influence of experimental parameters like initial pH, electrolysis time, and current to find the optimum conditions for maximum percentage removal efficiency with minimization of power consumption. According to the study, the optimum values of responses for the S-PEO process were obtained at pH=7, electrolysis time=40 min, and current =0.5 Amp. The optimum values for the maximum removal percentages of the responses COD and color were 97.04 %, and 99.70 %, respectively. The minimum of power consumption for S-PEO was 0.19 kWh/m3. These results demonstrate that, the superior efficiency of the S-PEO process and its feasibility in the removal of industrial wastewater pollutants. Optimizing parameters like pH, time, and current intensity is crucial for optimal performance, reducing energy consumption and operational costs. The S-PEO technique eliminates pollutants from wastewater efficiently and effectively, making it the suitable process when compared to the others.

Abstract This study examined the treatment of surface water using a mixed natural (linseed) and chemical (alum)-based coagulant in terms of color, turbidity, and chemical oxygen demand (COD) (%) removal in a laboratory jar test. Experimental results showed that using a combined coagulant has shown higher removal of color (99.72%) and turbidity (97.76%) at pH values of 3.5 using a 1.5 g/L dosage and a stirring time of 38.58 min. Similarly, at the same pH value and 2.5 g/L dosage, the COD removal was 96%. To determine the optimum value with the highest percent removal efficiency of the coagulation–flocculation process, several experimental parameters including blended dosage, pH, COD concentration, and initial turbidity have been studied in terms of the percent of color, chemical oxygen demand, and turbidity removal. The optimum value was found for the highest removal of color-97.75%, turbidity-96.86%, and COD-90.33% with the pH values of 7.0, at a dosage of 2.5 g/L and a stirring time of 40 min, respectively. Statistical techniques of response surface methodology were used in experimental design and optimization, in order to calculate the confidence intervals to assess population parameter precision. An ANOVA-95% confidence interval ensures that the high reliability optimizes the result. The findings proved the excellent adsorption potential and high performance of the blended coagulant in the removal of contaminants from surface water.

In this investigation, several electrochemical and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), including photolysis (UV), direct/alternating current-electrocoagulation (DC/AC/EleC), and photo-direct/alternating current-electrocoagulation (UV/DC/AC/EleC) process were examined regarding their capacity in order to reduce the amount of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color in distillery industrial wastewater (DIW), as well as the effect these factors have on the amount of electricity required to treat the wastewater. Experimental results showed that compared to single UV, DC/EleC, AC/EleC, and hybrid UV/DC/EleC processes, the hybrid UV/AC/EleC process provided excellent color-100 % and COD-100 % removal efficiencies with a lowered usage of energy of 8.54 kWhr m−3. The influence of critical operational variables such as treatment time (30–240 min), photo (8–40 W), pulse duty cycle (0.14–0.86), current (0.15–0.90 Amp), pH (1.50–11.50), chemical oxygen demand (3000–9000 mgL−1), inter electrode spacing (1–4 cm), electrode combination (Fe/Fe, Fe/Al,Al/Fe, Al/Al), and electrolyte concentration (1–5 g L−1) on the efficiency of% color and COD removal, as well as the energy utilization of DIW were examined applying a hybrid UV/AC/EleC method. The synergistic index between UV and the AC/EleC process was also examined and discussed in this work. The UV/AC/EleC technique is the most advantageous choice in comparison to the other approaches since it can be applied to properly and efficiently remove pollutants from wastewater and industrial effluent.

The use of conventional direct current-electrocoagulation in wastewater treatment is limited by its drawbacks, which include electrode passivation, high energy consumption, and significant sludge generation. Therefore, to address these issues, pulsed-electrocoagulation (PECP) has been developed. The PECP is an advanced wastewater treatment technique that uses intermittent electrical pulses to target and break down organic compounds in wastewater. It offers several benefits, including enhanced removal of organic compounds, reduced chemical consumption, energy efficiency, treatment of complex wastewater composition, pathogen inactivation, environmental compliance, and potential for water reuse. In this research, removal efficiency of % Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), % Color, % Turbidity, % phosphate, and %nitrate was investigated for the wet coffee processing wastewater by using PECP and the obtained results as the COD-98.75%, color-99.92%, turbidity-99.00%, phosphate-99.02%, and nitrate-98.83%, respectively. Independent variables were the major significant factors and the optimum value was investigated and obtained at pH of 7, electrolyte dosage of 0.75 g L−1, electrolysis time of 45 min, and current of 0.45 Amp. As a result, PECP with NaCl and CaCl2 as an electrolyte is an effective treatment technique for pollutant removal from wastewater. As a consequence, the specific benefits may vary depending on the system design, operational parameters, and wastewater characteristics. The pilot-scale studies and optimization are essential for assessing PECP feasibility and performance.

Abstract In this study, the removal efficiency of chemical oxygen demand (COD), color, turbidity, phosphate, and nitrate from wet coffee processing wastewater by pulsed-electrocoagulation process (PECP) was examined with various factors such as pH: 3–11, reaction time: 15–75 min, current: 0.150–0.750 Amp, and electrolyte concentration: 0.25–1.25 g/L. Several operational parameters for the treatment of wet coffee processing wastewater utilizing the PECP have been optimized through the application of the surface response design technique, which is based on the central composite design. A quadratic model helped estimate the percentage removal of COD, color, turbidity, phosphate, and nitrate with power consumption under various situations. It also evaluated the significance and their interaction with independent variables using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Through the use of statistical and mathematical techniques, optimum conditions were determined in order to remove the maximum pollutant and nutrient while using the minimum of power. The results showed that the removal of COD—98.50%, color—99.50%, turbidity—99.00%, phosphate—99%, and nitrate—98.83%, with a power consumption of 0.971 kWh m−3 were achieved at pH-7, NaCl dose of 0.75 g/L, electrolysis duration of 45 min, and current of 0.45 Amp. Therefore, under the different operating conditions, the PECP demonstrated to be a successful technique for pollutant removal from wastewater and industrial effluent.

In the developing countries, the coffee production has no controlled disposal of coffee wastewater which has high concentrations of organic and inorganic substances and adversely affects water receiving bodies. This leads to many serious health problems in nearby areas such as ears and skin irradiation, stomach pain, nausea, respiratory problems, and freshwater zone eutrophication. In this study, the coffee processing wastewater were treated by the selected natural coagulant such as acanthus tribe, aloe vera and moringa stenopetala. The goal of this study was to optimize operating parameters on the removal of efficiency of nitrate and phosphate by using response surface methodology. The operating parameters were selected in the range of pH: 3 to 11, coagulation dose: 0.75–1.75 g, mixing rate: 40–120 rpm, and stirring time: 15–45 minutes. Coagulation or aggregation process was experimentally examined by the analysis and survey of selected natural coagulants for removal of nitrate (NO3−), and phosphate (PO43−). Design Expert (11.1.02) was used to statistically analyze the experimental data using ANOVA and the corresponding responses to evaluate the optimal state for the variables. Parameter optimization findings for pH, coagulant dosage, agitation rate, and duration were evaluated. The results of experimental analysis, when the three coagulants were mixed, the optimum conditions for the coagulant dose, pH, stirring speed, and stirring time obtained from the numerical optimization system were 0.750 g, 8.76, 80.73 rpm, and 19.23 min, respectively. The removal efficiency of mixed coagulant of Acanthus tribe, Moringa and aloe vera for NO3− and PO43− were 99.12% and 99.63%, respectively and the more effective coagulants results were obtained in the blended form.

The environmental industry has demonstrated an increasing interest in employing electrocoagulation (EC) process to treat industrial wastewater/effluent for recycling/drinking purposes. An iron (Fe)/aluminum (Al) plate-based batch recirculation electrocoagulation technology for wastewater treatment in the distillery industry is discussed in this work. The impact of different operational parameters, including COD, wastewater pH, current, inter-electrode spacing, combination of electrodes, recirculation flow rate, concentration of electrolytes, and treatment duration on % color, % COD reduction efficiency, and energy consumption was examined. The experimental outcomes demonstrated that, the color removal was 100 %, COD removal was 99.90 %, and energy consumption was 7.73 kWh m−3 for COD of 3600 mg L−1, current of 0.56 Amp, combination of electrodes of Fe/Fe, inter-electrode spacing of 1 cm, wastewater pH of 7, flow rate of 15 L h−1, concentration of electrolytes of 5 g L−1, and treatment time of 180 min, respectively. It was found that, a longer treatment period, higher electrolyte concentrations and current, lower COD concentrations and recirculation flow rates, Fe/Fe electrode pairings, a pH of 7, and a smaller inter-electrode spacing all contributed to increased % COD reduction efficiency. The quantity of solid sludge formed were studied with the help of operational parameters, and the results were reported. Under the optimized process conditions, the wastewater treated can be fully recovered as clean water. As a consequence of this, the results of the experiments have shown that the batch recirculation electrocoagulation process has the potential to be a more promising solution to the problem of eliminating contaminants from wastewater and industrial effluent.

Healthy water is our prime demand however population explosion and industrialization have threatened the quality of water. Consequently, about a billion people in developing countries including Iran are struggling for a safe and sustainable water supply. Timely water sampling and analyses are critical to access and maintain healthy status. The current study investigates the state of water supply in 29 villages of Sahneh town and provides recommendations for maintaining good health. Water samples were extensively analyzed for the physical and chemical indexes using the EPA standards and the Iran national water standards (Table S1). The mean of pH, total dissolve solid, electrical conductivity, chloride concentration, sulfate, temperature, bicarbonate, total alkalinity, calcium hardness was 8.2, 326.5 mg/L, 422.4 mS/cm, 203 mg/L, 6.4 mg/L, 24.7 °C, 257.2 mg/L, 210.9 mg/L as CaCO3, 233.8 mg/L CaCO3, respectively that are within the permitted limit. Interactions between these factors were statistically analyzed to characterize the water samples. All sampled waters were probable to sediment according to the Langelier index (0.67 ± 0.20), corrosive according to aggressiveness (10.74 ± 0.40) and Puckhorius indexes (6.96 ± 0.63). Water samples also exhibited scaling therefore it is recommended to use cemented pipes for dispensing networks. Moreover, balancing pH, alkalinity, calcium levels and annual testing by the government should be considered to promote good health.

Abstract Wastewater generated from different sources affects the health of living organisms and the natural environment due to the availability of different pollutants. Electrocoagulation (EC) is a good technology implemented for wastewater treatment before discharging to an environment as effluents. The electrocoagulation process is an effective method to the remove the color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity, and consumption of less energy from wastewater by considering different operating parameters. In this study, the major operating parameters for the electrocoagulation process such as pH (3–7.50), electric current (0.03–0.09 A), electrolytic concentration (1–3 g/L), the distance between electrodes (1–2 cm), electrolysis time (20–60 min) and combination of electrodes (Fe–Fe and Al–Al) were studied. The maximum removal of color–94.40%, COD–97.02%, and turbidity–90.91% with required energy consumption –36kWhr/m3 was obtained at the electric current–0.09 A, electrolyte concentration–3 g/L, pH–7, electrode combination–Fe–Fe, and distance between electrodes–3 cm, respectively. The studied parameters were affected the removal % color, % COD, % turbidity, and also the consumption of energy depending on the desired setup of fixed values of the parameter. Consumption of energy and electrode dissolution is related to the cost of operating in electrocoagulation in addition to the cost of labor and the small amount of sludge produced for disposal.

Water pollution by organic contaminants is one of the most severe issues confronting the world today as a result of the rapid increase of industrialization, urbanization, human population growth, and advances in agricultural technologies. Several attempts have been made to address global water pollution issues by utilizing conventional wastewater treatment technologies. However, conventional wastewater treatment methods have several limitations such as low efficiency, high operation costs, generation of secondary waste, require additional chemicals as oxidants and extra energy. Therefore, Heterogeneous photocatalysis has gained a lot of attention in the degradation of persistent organic pollutants because it combines high efficiency, environmental friendliness, cheap cost, and safety. Subsequently, the designing of novel nanocomposite photocatalysts with strong visible light-harvesting ability, efficient charge separation and transportation, and superb stability is imminently desired for wastewater treatment. Recently, the notion of combining g-C 3 N 4 with TiO 2 to design high photocatalytic performance heterojunction photoactive nanocomposites for organic pollutant degradation has received a lot of attention. Meanwhile, the construction of g-C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 -based heterojunction nanocomposites may enhance the ability of harvesting visible light, boost charge separation and transfer efficiency, and robust photocatalytic activity. Firstly, this review concisely explained the main sources of water pollution, as well as potential treatment approaches and the fundamental mechanism of heterogeneous photocatalysis. Subsequently, the details of properties, synthesis techniques, photoactivity modification strategies, and photocatalytic applications of g-C 3 N 4 , TiO 2, and g-C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 heterojunction photocatalysts are presented. Following that, the recent advances aimed at improving the photocatalytic performance of various types of visible-light-driven g-C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 heterojunction photocatalysts for organic pollutant degradation in wastewater are presented in detail. Finally, some concluding remarks and perspectives on the challenges and opportunities for constructing different types of g-C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 -based heterostructured photocatalysts are presented.

Electrocoagulation (EC) is a process used by supply of electric current with sacrificial electrodes for the removal of pollutant from wastewater. The study was experimentally investigated taking into account various factors such as pH (3–7.5), current (0.03–0.09 A), distance between the electrodes (1–2 cm), electrolytic concentration (1–3 g/L), and electrolysis time (20–60 min) which is impact on the % removal efficiency of color, chemical oxygen demand (COD), turbidity and determination of energy consumption used for aluminum (Al) electrode used. The surface response design process based on the central composite design (CCD) has been used to optimize different operational parameters for treatment of hospital wastewater using EC process. The % color, COD and turbidity removal, and energy consumption under different conditions were predicted with the aid of a quadratic model, as were the significance and their interaction with independent variables assessed by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The optimal conditions were obtained through mathematical and statistical methods to reach maximum % color, COD, and turbidity removal with minimum energy consumption. The results showed that the maximum removal of color (92.30%), COD (95.28%), and turbidity (83.33%) were achieved at pH–7.5, current–0.09A, electrolytic concentration–3g/L, distance between electrodes–2 cm and reaction time 60 min. This means that, the process of EC can remove pollutants from various types of wastewaters and industrial effluent under the various operating parameters.

Nowadays, increased human activity, industrialization, and urbanization result in the production of enormous quantities of wastewater. Generally, physicochemical and biological methods are employed to treat industrial effluent and wastewater and have demonstrated high efficacy in removing pollutants. However, some industrial effluent and wastewater contain contaminants that are extremely difficult to remove using standard physicochemical and biological processes. Previously, electrochemical and hybrid advanced oxidation processes (AOP) were considered a viable and promising alternative for achieving an adequate effluent treatment strategy in such instances. These processes rely on the production of hydroxyl radicals, which are highly reactive oxidants that efficiently break down contaminants found in wastewater and industrial effluent. This review focuses on the removal of contaminants from industrial effluents and wastewater through the integration of electrochemical and advanced oxidation techniques. These processes include electrooxidation, electrocoagulation/electroflocculation, electroflotation, photo-Fenton, ozone-photo-Fenton, sono-photo-Fenton, photo-electro-Fenton, ozone/electrocoagulation, sono-electrocoagulation, and peroxi/photo/electrocoagulation. The data acquired from over 150 published articles, most of which were laboratory experiments, demonstrated that the hybrid process is more effective in removing contaminants from industrial effluent and wastewater than standalone processes.

Ozonation is one of the most effective and efficient advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and has shown great potential in the treatment of industrial effluent and wastewater. In the present work, the ozone-Fenton process for % COD and color removal together with electrical energy per order (EE/O) determination for distillery industrial wastewater (DIW) was established. The process was developed by combining the ozone (O3) with the Fenton (Fe2+/H2O2) process. The ozone-Fenton (O3/Fe2+/H2O2) was compared with other treatment processes such as O3, Fe2+, H2O2, O3/Fe2+, O3/H2O2, and Fe2+/H2O2 for EE/O together with % COD and color removal efficiency for DIW. The removal of color at 100% and chemical oxygen demand (COD) of 96.875% were achieved with a minimum of EE/O of 0.5315 kWh/m3 using the O3/Fe2+/H2O2 process by operating at optimum conditions. The % COD and color values obtained using O3/Fe2+/H2O2 were significantly higher than those obtained using O3, Fe2+, H2O2, O3/Fe2+, O3/H2O2, and Fe2+/H2O2 processes. The % color, % COD removal, and its associated EE/O were evaluated by varying Fe2+, H2O2, O3 inlet and COD concentration, and initial wastewater pH using the O3/Fe2+/H2O2 process. The synergy effect of the O3 and Fe2+/H2O2 processes was evaluated and reported. Our experimental findings suggest that combining O3 with the Fe2+/H2O2 process could effectively treat industrial effluent and wastewater.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the treatment efficiency of a coupled stillage anaerobic digestion, which was performed in scoria-packed continuous reactors and following aerobic degradation. The optimum organic loading rate was determined for the continuous anaerobic digestion of a molasses ethanol distillery stillage with and without wet air feed pretreatment. The pretreatment of the molasses ethanol distillery stillage brought a significantly higher chemical oxygen demand removal in anaerobic digestion with an increased loading rate of 2000 mg/L d when compared with the raw stillage. The results also showed a complete removal of the biological oxygen demand following the coupling of anaerobic digestion with aerobic degradation. During the later stillage aerobic treatment, 68% of the chemical oxygen demand was removed within 8 hours of retention time. Despite the color, the removal of organics in stillage due to integrating wet air pretreatment, continuous anaerobic digestion, and aerobic degradation was successful. The pretreatment and hybrid technique also appears as a promising technique toward the sustainable management of stillage, thereby meeting discharge limit set for the ethanol industry by regulators.

Abstract Treatment of landfill leachate wastewater by electrocoagulation process using an aluminium electrode was investigated in a batch electrochemical cell reactor. Response surface methodology based on central composite design was used to optimize the operating parameters for the removal of % color and % total organic carbon (TOC) together with power consumption from landfill leachate. Effects of three important independent parameters such as current density (X 1), inter-electrode distance (X 2) and solution pH (X 3) of the landfill leachate sample on the % color and % TOC removal with power consumption were investigated. A quadratic model was used to predict the % color and % TOC removal with power consumption in different experimental conditions. The significance of each independent variable was calculated by analysis of variance. In order to achieve the maximum % color and % TOC removal with minimum of power consumption, the optimum conditions were about current density (X 1)—5.25 A/dm2, inter-electrode distance (X 2)—1 cm and initial solution of effluent pH (X 3)—7.83, with the yield of color removal of 74.57%, and TOC removal of 51.75% with the power consumption of 14.80 kWh/m3. Electrocoagulation process could be applied to remove pollutants from industrial effluents and wastewater.

Abstract Distillery industrial wastewater (DIW) was tested for color and COD removal percentages using an electrochemical and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Specifically, the study compared direct/alternating–current–electrocoagulation (DC‐EC/AC‐EC), sono (US), and direct/alternating current–electrocoagulation coupled with sono (US) (DC‐EC/US and AC‐EC/US) processes. Also evaluated were the effects of these procedures on the power needed to treat DIW. Experimental results showed that compared to single processes such as DC‐EC, AC‐EC, US, hybrid DC‐EC/US, and the hybrid AC‐EC/US process achieved a total color elimination efficiency of 100 % and a COD elimination efficiency of 100 % while using a lower power consumption of 4.76 kWhrm−3. The effects of important operational factors such treatment duration, cycle of pulse duty, sonication power, current density, chemical oxygen demand, electrode spacing, electrode pairing, pH, concentration of electrolyte on the % removal of COD and power usage of DIW were investigated using hybrid AC‐EC/US process. When using a Fe/Fe electrode combination, the effectiveness of COD removal was shown to be enhanced by increasing the treatment duration, current, US power, and decreasing the COD concentration, electrode spacing. The study also provided the results of an investigation into the synergistic index between AC‐EC and US process and operational cost. Based on its ability to efficiently and effectively remove contaminants from wastewater and industrial effluent, the AC‐EC/US approach stands out among the other methods.