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In the pulp and paper industry, pulp testing is typically a labor-intensive process performed on hand-made laboratory sheets. Online quality control by automated image analysis and machine learning (ML) could provide a consistent, fast and cost-efficient alternative. In this study, four different supervised ML techniques—Lasso regression, support vector machine (SVM), feed-forward neural networks (FFNN), and recurrent neural networks (RNN)—were applied to fiber data obtained from fiber suspension micrographs analyzed by two separate image analysis software. With the built-in software of a commercial fiber analyzer optimized for speed, the maximum accuracy of 81% was achieved using the FFNN algorithm with Yeo–Johnson preprocessing. With an in-house algorithm adapted for ML by an extended set of particle attributes, a maximum accuracy of 96% was achieved with Lasso regression. A parameter capturing the average intensity of the particle in the micrograph, only available from the latter software, has a particularly strong predictive capability. The high accuracy and sensitivity of the ML results indicate that such a strategy could be very useful for quality control of fiber dispersions., QC 20240209

Introduktion Försvarsmakten skall bland annat försvara Sverige mot väpnat angrepp och för att lösa den uppgiften har. Försvarsmakten riktlinjer för fysisk träning som är fastställda i Fysiska Standard. Grundkravet i Fysisk Standard är att alla anställda ska träna i snitt tre timmar i veckan på arbetstid, på arbetsplatsen. Varje anställd ska planera sin träning på arbetstid med sin chef. Den interna undersökningen FM VIND visar att en majoritet av anställda är positiva till träning på arbetstid men det är oklart i vilken utsträckning träningen utförs, samt vilken inställning chefer har till träningen, vilket kan påverka de underställdas motivation att utföra träningen. Som referens nyttjas i denna studie Folkhälsomyndighetens rekommenderade träningsdoser. Syfte Studiens syfte är att undersöka samband mellan chefers inställning till att prioritera träning på arbetstid, och hur mycket träning som faktiskt blir utfört. Metod En enkät skickades ut till 357 chefer i Försvarsmakten tjänstgörande vid Livgardet, Militärhögskolan Karlberg och Luftstridsskolan. Resultatet har analyserats deskriptivt och undersökt skillnader mellan grupper med Chi2-test. Self-determination theory och Management of organizational behavior: leading human resources, Försvarsmaktens ledarskapsmodell Utvecklande ledarskap har använts som stöd för analysen. Resultat Totalt svarade 145 chefer på enkäten. Analysen visar på tre huvudresultat. För det första att av de 29 chefer (20 %) som angav att de med sin chef hade kommit överens om träningsmål var det 99,4 % som i sin tur hade kommit överens om träningsmål med sina underställda. För det andra nära hälften (46,2 %) av hela studiepopulationen tränar inget eller som mest 1h/vecka på arbetstid, vilket inte återspeglas i resultatet att 94,4% anser att träning på arbetstid har likvärdig, eller högre prioritering än andra arbetsuppgifter. För det tredje att 22,1 % tränar minst 3h/vecka på arbetstid. Huvuddelen (81 %) uppnår Folkhälsomyndighetens rek, Introduction The Swedish Armed Forces shall among other things defend Sweden against armed attack and as a part of the preparations there are established guidelines for physical exercise for the staff in the Swedish Armed Forces Physical Standard. The foundation of Physical Standard rests on the premise that all employees shall physically exercise on an average of three hours per week during work hours at the workplace. Every employee should plan their physical exercise during working hours together with their manager. The internal survey FM VIND shows that a majority of all employees are positive to physical exercises during working hours but the attitude among managers have to physical exercise, which can affect the motivation of subordinates, has not been investigated. As a reference in this study the recommended physical exercise doses in accordance to the Public Health Agency will be employed. Aim The purpose of the study is to investigate the relationship between managers’ attitude to prioritizing training during working hours, and the outcome of physical exercise during working hours in the Swedish Armed Forces. Method A questionnaire survey was sent out to 357 managers in the Swedish Armed Forces on active duty at The Royal Life Guard, The Military College Karlberg, and The Air Combat School. Descriptive results are reported and differences between groups analyzed with Chi2-tests. The study is founded in self-determination theory, Management of organizational behaviour: leading human resources, and the Swedish Armed Forces leadership model Developing leadership. Results A total of 145 managers replied questionnaire survey. The analysis shows three main results. First, 29 managers (20 %) replied that they had agreed upon their physical training goals with their manager. Among these 99,42% report that they had in turn agreed upon physical training goals with their subordinates. Second, nearly half (46,2 %) of the participating managers exercise 0-1 hour/w

This thesis examines the implementation of generative artificial intelligence (AI) tools like ChatGPT in computer science education at higher education institutions. Through semistructured interviews with students and faculty at two Swedish universities, this study identifies educational and operational needs. Our findings suggest that while generative AI offers significant pedagogical benefits, including personalized learning experiences and efficient generation of educational content, it also presents challenges such as ethical concerns and the risk of academic dishonesty. The study proposes guidelines aimed at maximizing benefits while mitigating risks, such as developing comprehensive AI usage policies, enhancing AI literacy among users, and ensuring ethical standards. These guidelines serve as a foundation for educational institutions to harness the potential of generative AI responsibly and effectively., Denna studie utforskar implementeringen av generativa artificiella intelligensverktyg, som ChatGPT, i datavetenskaplig utbildning. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med lärare vid svenska universitet, identifieras kritiska pedagogiska och operativa behov. Våra resultat tyder på att även om generativ AI erbjuder betydande pedagogiska fördelar, inklusive personanpassade lärandeupplevelser och effektiv generering av utbildningsinnehåll, presenterar den också utmaningar som etiska problem och risker för akademisk ohederlighet. Studien föreslår riktlinjer syftade till att maximera fördelarna samtidigt som riskerna minimeras, som utveckling av omfattande policys för AI-användning, förbättrad AI-kompetens bland användare och säkerställande av etiska standarder. Dessa riktlinjer tjänar som en grund för utbildningsinstitutioner att ansvarsfullt och effektivt utnyttja potentialen hos generativ AI.

This study investigates the performance differences between REST and GraphQL, focusing on their efficiency in data fetching within different network environments, specifically in terms of WiFi and 4G mobile networks. As microservices and API architectures have evolved, REST has become a standard. However, GraphQL is a promising and interesting alternative, addressing REST issues such as over-fetching. This study aims to answer two primary research questions: 1) How does GraphQL perform in relation to REST with regard to response times, throughput, and payload size in both regular WiFi and 4G settings? And 2) in what scenarios is GraphQL most efficient? To answer these questions, a series of experiments was conducted using a locally developed GraphQL server and a REST API, both benchmarked under various user load scenarios using Apache JMeter (for the rest of the paper to be referred to as “JMeter”). The findings indicate that GraphQL demonstrates an ability to reduce payload sizes and decrease response times and throughput, particularly in mobile network environments. It is also shown that it matters how GraphQL is implemented in terms of what type of source the data is fetched from, demonstrating significant differences between services such as Azure Cosmos DB and Elasticsearch., Stavningsvarierad titel:REST och GraphQL: En jämförelseanalys i mobila nätverksmiljöer

We present a method for pulp particle characterization based on a truncated lognormal mixture (TLM) model, as motivated by size statistics of organisms. We use an optical fiber analyzer to measure the length–width distribution of kraft-cooked roundwood or sawmill sources, of chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP) samples from roundwood or sawmill sources, and the same CTMP samples after kraft post-processing. Our results show that bimodal TLMs capture salient features of the investigated pulp particle distributions, by decomposition into a large-particle and a small-particle fraction. However, we find that fibers from sawmill sources, which have not undergone mechanical treatment, cannot be described by TLM, likely due to non-random sampling. Within the confines of our dataset, the TLM characterization predicts laboratory sheet properties more effectively than conventional averaging methods for pulp particle size distributions. The TLM characterization is intended as a tool for controlling the pulp production process towards higher product quality, uniformity, and energy efficiency, pending further mill trials for validation.

This thesis is a study of factory owner Abraham Abrahamson Hülphers’s collections of parish description about the parishes in Norrland, more specifically those about Medelpad and Ångermanland. The thesis seeks to explain how Hülphers’s collections were created in practice while also presenting the descriptions content and analysing the ideology it reproduced. It does so by analysing Hülphers’s published descriptions, his travel journal and some of his correspondence. The thesis uses Mary Louise Pratts ideas about the imperial gaze as a theoretical framework to understand the work of Hülphers and the relation between the enlightened middle class and the peasantry which they described. The thesis investigates the idea of the parish descriptions understood as Hülphers travel journal reworked, arguing that Hülphers journey through Norrland was important for social reasons, rather than information gathering, and presenting the collections as new texts, not transformed versions of the journal. Furthermore the thesis discusses who helped Hülphers create the descriptions and the impact these men, from the same enlightened middle class as Hülphers himself, had on the text. The thesis also handles the economic ideology of the enlightenment as mirrored and reproduced by the descriptions. Here the focus lies on the priorities of the parishes different lines of work and the boundless optimism of enlightenment man – as nature could be conquered completely by man’s reason. Finally the thesis discusses the way Hülphers described the local culture; what he considered to be virtues and vices in the peasant population in terms of habits, language and dress, also showing the great value he considered the local dignitaries to have and discussing his disdain towards the superstitions of old as these could lead a community towards chaos.

Studie som genomförts på Husqvarna AB. Syftet med studien var att genomföra en kartläggning och analys på Husqvarnas distribution år 2022 för att kunna presentera förbättringsförslag kopplade till transportkostnader och tullkostnader. För att analysera distributionskedjan utvecklades en optimerings modell. Med hjälp av optimeringsmodellen kunde olika experiment genomföras och sedan analyseras. De resultat som genererades från optimeringsmodellen gav olika indikationer som Husqvarna kan nyttja i sitt vidareutveckling av distributionskedjan. Resultaten säger bland annat att Husqvarna bör använda sitt lager i kina till en större grad än i dagsläget samt att de bör använda direct shipment , transport direkt från fabrik till kund, då de kan skicka med containrar med hög fyllnadsgrad., Examensarbetet är utfört vid Institutionen för teknik och naturvetenskap (ITN) vid Tekniska fakulteten, Linköpings universitet

The split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) is a widely used method for analyzing the strength-strain characteristics of wood materials [1]. Experiments show that, as wood is a relatively soft material and the experimental setup is limited in size, the entire wave is not fully recorded before it is mixed with waves reflected from the ends. To be able to analyze how much energy is dissipated in a deformation process, it is required that the whole wave be recorded. In the present investigation, the pressure tail was reconstructed theoretically in the incident bar using the data from the transmission bar, which should allow for a reduction in the error in the energy of the waves. When a deformation wave propagates along bars, part of its energy dissipates into the environment. In this study, a modification of the SHPB was proposed to calculate and analyze the amount of energy the system loses, not due to the sample. Formulas for energy and momentum equilibrium were used [2]. The influence of the length of the striker and the level of input energy were also analyzed. In the presented experiment, all energy tails were completely recorded. This allowed for the theoretical reconstruction of the tail and a comparison with the recorded one. The pressure tail in the transmitted wave was manually shortened and replaced with a theoretical tail. The theoretical tail was created by performing an exponential curve fit with points from the tail up to the point where it had been shortened. The results show that only about 10% of the tail needs to be registered to accurately reconstruct it. When a registered wave is replaced with a reconstructed one, the resulting error in the total wave's energy value is no greater than 0.3% for a 500mm striker and 1.5% for a 250mm striker.

This scientific paper introduces a Design Automation (DA) framework that streamlines the Design for Additive Manufacturing (DfAM) process. The framework is designed to simplify the creation and evaluation of different design options by automating geometry creation using high-level CAD templates and setting up and connecting Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE) models to perform functional and manufacturing evaluations. By considering manufacturing constraints early in the design process, the framework aims to investigate various design alternatives and facilitate design changes late in the development process without additional manual work. This framework provides a comprehensive view of the entire DfAM process, integrating everything from functional requirements to manufacturing evaluation and preparation into the same design automation framework. To demonstrate the usefulness of the framework, the authors used it to design a hydraulic pump. Compared to the original design, the design created with the proposed framework reduces pressure drop by more than 50% and reduces the pump's weight by 35%. Furthermore, on an assembly level, the framework consolidates four components into two and eliminates two sealings. In summary, the Design Automation framework introduced in this paper simplifies the DfAM process by enabling automation of geometry creation and the setup and connection of CAE models. The framework facilitates the exploration of different design alternatives early in the process, considering manufacturing constraints, and enables design changes later in the development process without manual work. The benefits of the framework are illustrated through the design of a hydraulic pump, where it achieved significant improvements in performance, weight, and assembly complexity.

Skogsbruket och renskötseln verkar idag på samma marker, vilka nyttjas för råvara och som betesmark. Renskötseln är beroende av skogar med bottenskikt av lav- eller lavrik typ då marklav är en essentiell födotillgång för renen vintertid. Denna studie analyserade egenskaper för skog på lavmark samt undersökte hur utvecklingen sett ut mellan 1985 och 2018 inom det svenska renskötselområdet, baserat på data från svenska Riksskogstaxeringens inventeringar. Utöver analys av egenskaper och förändring undersöktes även lavmarkens geografiska fördelning. Resultat visar att skog på lavmark generellt är gles med högt ljusinsläpp. Arealen lavmark har minskat kraftigt inom renskötselområdet och kvalitén på kvarvarande lavmark har försämrats vilket innebär en minskad fodertillgång för renen. Endast en mindre andel lavmark finns kustnära, vilket är det område där behovet av lavmark som bete generellt är högt vintertid., Forestry and reindeer husbandry uses the same land areas, for wood production and as grazing areas, respectively. The reindeer husbandry is dependent on forests with ground lichen as it is an essential food source for the reindeers during winter. This study analysed, characteristics of forest with ground lichens and examined the change of these forests between 1985 and 2018 within the Swedish reindeer husbandry area, based on data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory. In addition to analysis of characteristics and change, the geographical distribution of the ground lichen was also investigated. Study results shows that forests in areas with ground lichens is sparse with generally high light penetration. The overall areal distribution of ground lichens has declined in the reindeer husbandry area and the quality of the remaining areas with ground lichens has detoriated, which means a decreased food source for the reindeers. Only a small part of the area with ground lichens are located in coastal areas, where the need of ground lichens to graze is generally high during winter.

BACKGROUND: There are conflicting reports with regard to the allele-specific gene suppression effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 3’untranslated region (3’UTR) of the KCNQ1 gene in long QT syndrome type 1 (LQT1) populations. Here we assess the allele-specific effects of 3 previously published 3’UTR-KCNQ1’s SNPs in a LQT1 founder population segregating a dominant-negative mutation. METHODS AND RESULTS: Bidirectional sequencing of the KCNQ1’s 3’UTR was performed in the p.Y111C founder population (n=232, 147 genotype positive), with a minor allele frequency of 0.1 for SNP1 (rs2519184) and 0.6 for linked SNP2 (rs8234) and SNP3 (rs107980). Allelic phase was assessed in trios aided by haplotype data, revealing a high prevalence of derived SNP2/3 in cis with p.Y111C (89%). Allele-specific association analyses, corrected using a relatedness matrix, were performed between 3’UTR-KCNQ1 SNP genotypes and clinical phenotypes. SNP1 in trans was associated with a significantly higher proportion of symptomatic phenotype compared with no derived SNP1 allele in trans (58% versus 32%, corrected P=0.027). SNP2/3 in cis was associated with a significantly lower proportion of symptomatic phenotype compared with no derived SNP2/3 allele in cis (32% versus 69%, corrected P=0.010). CONCLUSIONS: Allele-specific modifying effects on symptomatic phenotype of 3’UTR-KCNQ1 SNPs rs2519184, rs8234, and rs107980 were seen in a LQT1 founder population segregating a dominant-negative mutation. The high prevalence of sup-pressive 3’UTR-KCNQ1 SNPs segregating with the founder mutation could contribute to the previously documented low incidence of cardiac events in heterozygous carriers of the p.Y111C KCNQ1 mutation.

Global warming is a severe threat to the climate and the planet's environment. Climate changehas been a growing area to focus on for the entire world, including all industries andbusinesses to date. One industry being brought up to light over the last years in thesediscussions are the mining and metals industry in which they play a significant role incombating climate change. The mining and metals industry accounts for about 7% of theglobal greenhouse gas emissions while also being a key producer of raw materials necessaryto enter a low-carbon society. To realise a sustainable shift within the mining industry whilealso increasing their production, focus must rely on how mining companies could changecurrent operations towards a cleaner and more sustainable mining process. There are two major types of companies operating in the mining and metals industry. Theseare mining equipment suppliers and mining equipment customers who also own the mine siteat which the equipment operates. Those actors are essential in enabling enhancedsustainability in the mining processes. After conducting extensive literature reviews, it wasrevealed that a significant focus on sustainable operations, stakeholder pressures as well aschallenges and opportunities for the mining companies in becoming greener. However, theliterature had not yet emphasised on the possible importance the partnership between miningequipment suppliers and its customer could have in achieving enhanced environmentallyfriendly mining solutions. Therefore, the authors of this thesis have chosen to answer thefollowing research purpose: “The purpose of this study is to create a deeper understanding of the challenges,opportunities and driving forces that exist in the partnership between customer and supplierin the mining industry in the development of establishing sustainable mining processes.” This study conducted multiple case studies on mining equipment suppliers and miningequipment customers to develop a deeper understan

Eftersom ungdomars läsvanor har ändrats över tid har vi valt att undersöka hur lärare talar om det läsfrämjande arbetet i skolan samt vilka faktorer som påverkar arbetet. Syftet med vårt examensarbete är att utveckla förståelsen för hur svensklärare ser på det läsfrämjande arbetet i grundskolan. För att få en djupare förståelse för svensklärares subjektiva upplevelser av och attityder till det läsfrämjande arbetet i skolan har vi använt oss av en kvalitativ undersökningsmetod med en fenomenologisk ansats. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer har vi samlat ihop ett empiriskt material som vi sedan har transkriberat och analyserat tematiskt. Det empiriska materialet har delats in i olika teman och analyserats med hjälp av ett didaktiskt forskningsperspektiv som har fungerat som en teoretisk utgångspunkt. De teman som vi tog fram genom den tematiska analysen var det läsfrämjande arbetet, samarbete samt utvecklingsmöjligheter. Resultatet visar att svensklärare anser att det läsfrämjande arbetet är viktigt och något de redan arbetar aktivt med att utveckla. De är också överens om att det finns hinder i form av begränsningar på grund av ramfaktorer. Informanterna menar även att det finns utvecklingsmöjligheter i form av samtal och diskussioner där alla inom organisationen deltar för att utveckla samarbetet och samstämmigheten. Med mer kommunikation mellan alla parter i verksamheten skapas förutsättningar för att kontinuerligt utveckla det läsfrämjande arbetet.

Bakgrund: Covid-19 betraktas som en allvarlig luftvägssjukdom som i dagsläget smittat över 270 miljoner människor. I takt med virusets spridning utlystes ett globalt krisläge och restriktioner vidtogs i flera länder som kom att begränsa befolkningens möjligheter till fysisk aktivitet. Under 2021 minskade smittspridningen i Sverige när delar av populationen vaccinerade sig. Hur vaccinering och lättade restriktioner har påverkat befolkningens fysiska aktivitet är dock än så länge relativt outforskat. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att undersöka om fullvaccinering mot Covid-19 och avvecklade restriktioner har påverkat den fysiska aktivitetsnivån hos fysioterapeutstudenter. Metod: För att besvara studiens syfte valdes en retrospektiv kvantitativ observationsstudie som metodansats. En webbenkät med 11 egendesignade frågor utformades i Google Forms och skickades ut till 132 fysioterapeutstudenter vid Luleå Tekniska Universitet via fysioterapeutprogrammets studentplattform. Data sammanställdes med Microsoft Excel. Resultat: Urvalet bestod av totalt 20 deltagare. Före fullvaccinering var styrketräning och konditionsträning de vanligaste träningsformerna. Efter fullvaccinering hade styrketräning ökat och var den vanligaste träningsformen medan konditionsträning hade minskat. Av urvalet rapporterade 45% (n=9) en ökning, 20% (n=4) en minskning och 35% (n=7) ingen förändring av sina träningstimmar/vecka före/efter fullvaccinering. Konklusion: Studenter som var mindre fysisk aktiva rapporterade en ökad aktivitetsnivå efter fullvaccinering jämfört med de redan aktiva studenterna som hade en oförändrad alternativt minskad aktivitetsnivå efter fullvaccinering. Samtidigt såg man att de mindre aktiva studenterna hade påverkats i större grad av fullvaccinering och restriktioner medan de mer aktiva hade påverkats i mindre grad. Fler studier behövs dock för att bekräfta studieresultatet.

Particles in mechanical pulp are a heterogeneous popu-lation, but commonly described using averages based on wide and skewed distributions. It was found that these aver-ages may lead to erroneous conclusions regarding the char-acter of the material and also how the material has been de-veloped along the process. This study is based on measure-ments of individual particle dimensions (length, curl, and ex-ternal fibrillation) in mill operation of CTMP and TMP as detected in an optical analyser.

The present study deals with the numerical simulation of softwood pulp flow in the rotating and non-rotating grooves in an aim to investigate the fluid flow and forces acting on a representative surface mounted in the groove. The viscosity of softwood pulp in different consistencies is available from the experimental measurements reported in the literature providing the opportunity to examine the effects of fiber consistency on the velocity and pressure distribution within the groove. The simulations are carried out in OpenFOAM for different values of gap thickness and angular velocity from which the pressure coefficient and shear forces values are obtained. It is found that the pressure increases at the stagnation point located at the gap entrance in the non-rotating groove due to tangential motion of the upper wall which induces the helical motion of the pulp flow in the groove’s cavity. However, such an effect is not observed in the rotating cavity close to the groove inlet. Meanwhile, by moving further along the channel length toward the outlet the helical motion is enhanced and an increase in the pressure is observed at the stagnation point. The shear forces over the representative surface are found to be independent of representative surface’s location and it is in the same level in the rotating and non-rotating grooves. In addition to the numerical simulations, an analytical discussion is also presented to provide a deeper understanding of pressure coefficient and shear forces variations with different parameters in the rotating and non-rotating grooves.

Nonwoven fibrous materials with reticular support of an interconnected fiber network and a tortuous airflow pathway have been commonly used in filtration applications. To meet the criteria of filter efficiency and performance, the filter materials are recommended to contain different types of fibers such as mechanical pulp fibers, microfibrillated cellulose, cellulose nanofibers, and other polymer or synthetic fibers with a range of dimensions, i.e., length and diameter. Cellulose fibers in filter media possess irregular and complex structures with hollow or collapsed lumen structures owing to their refinement or pulping method. The development of an appropriate filter media model requires information on actual fiber characteristics. In this study, a simulation method was used to investigate the complex microstructures of filter media. The physical parameters such as fiber wall thickness, diameter, length, cross-section shapes, and curliness were obtained from fiber analyzers and scanning electron microscopy. Based on the experimental findings, GeoDict database comprising different types of common fiber models was constructed. 3-Dimensional fibrous models corresponding to the wet-laid binderless filter material were generated. Using the GeoDict modules, the pore size distributions, average pore sizes, air permeability, pressure drop and initial filter efficiency simulations were performed. The simulation results appear to be in close agreement with the experimental results. The incorporation of cellulose nanofibers resulted in reduced average pore sizes and air permeability of the filter material, thus enhancing the initial filter efficiency. The filter media developed a biobased material derived from pulp fibers for advanced applications such as medical facemask, and air filtration purposes.

This work presents a hypothesis of how steam flow effect the chip flow in the Double disc (DD) refiner and test it with a numerical simulation. DD refiners are often considered one of the most energy efficient refiner models. However, feeding chips into these machines is not as easy as feeding single disc refiners due to the rotating geometries. It is our belief that to increase energy efficiency in refining we need to increase also the production rates. The authors have previously noticed that in a standard DD rotor, steam flowed both in the same direction as the flow of woodchips and in the opposite direction. It is our hypothesis that backwards flowing steam in and in close proximity to the critical transition from the non-rotating geometry to the rotating geometry is negative for the material flow. To evaluate the hypothesis a new rotor was designed to eliminate the backwards flow. The authors have previously presented a two way coupled multiphase model with steam flow modeled with Computational Fluid Dynamics and wood chips modeled as groups of connected spherical particles with Discrete Element Method with a momentum exchange model. This model was utilized to model the flow of steam and woodchips in a DD under normal operational parameters, with the conventional rotor and with the new rotor. The throughput of wood chips was evaluated and normalized with regards to the chip flow to the refiner. The flow was considerable more stable in the new rotor, the throughput was close to 100 % for the observed time window, and the steam flow was more uniform. The results of the simulation supports the hypothesis. The next step in the research would be to test the new rotor in full scale operation.