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Between 1924 and 1955 factory managers introduced personality tests as a new tool to discriminate amongst large pools of potential employees. The new worker protections granted by New Deal legislation alarmed factory managers who developed personality tests to identify the ‘best workers,’ or least politically active ones, amongst a rising group of union sympathizers. Personality tests became important tools in the emergence of Human Resource Management, whose foundational thinkers compared themselves against the dominant model of factory management: Taylorism. They argued that Taylorism focused exclusive attention on the refinement of the physical movements of workers in order to maximize productivity and ignored the workers’ emotional needs. Traditional scholarship has drawn sharp distinctions between Human Resource Management and Taylorism by praising the former’s interest in protecting worker emotions and morale. However, this article argues that by incorporating personality tests, Taylorist managers assessed worker psychology in order to control their workers more efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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À l'heure actuelle, l'évaluation psychologique préopératoire fait partie des éléments incontournables pour toute personne souhaitant bénéficier d'une chirurgie bariatrique. Toutefois, il aura fallu attendre la fin du XIXe siècle pour que la prise en charge de l'obésité s'inscrive dans une approche pluridisciplinaire, posant ainsi les bases de l'évaluation psychologique dans ce domaine. En étant intégrée comme un traitement possible, la chirurgie va renforcer l'intérêt d'une telle perspective, notamment en s'appuyant sur ce type d'évaluation qui a pour fonction d'établir l'existence éventuelle de contre-indications. Celles-ci sont définies selon les pays par différentes instances comme l' American Society for Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery ou la Haute Autorité de santé. Bien qu'il n'existe pas d'outil spécifique pour ce type de bilan, certains font figure de référence depuis l'émergence de cette discipline dont l'Inventaire Multiphasique de la Personnalité du Minnesota. Depuis sa création, il est utilisé dans l'univers de la chirurgie bariatrique, démontrant sa validité et ses qualités psychométriques au fil du temps. Par ailleurs, la littérature continue à s'enrichir de travaux de recherche concernant sa capacité prédictive des suites d'une chirurgie renforçant la pertinence et l'intérêt de son utilisation dans cette pratique. At present, the preoperative psychological assessment is one of the essential elements for anyone wishing to undergo bariatric surgery. However, it was not until the end of the 19th century that the management of obesity became part of a multidisciplinary approach, thus laying the foundations for psychological assessment in this area. By being integrated as a possible treatment, surgery will reinforce the interest of such a perspective, in particular by relying on this type of assessment, which has the function of establishing the possible existence of contraindications. These are defined in different countries by different bodies such as the American Society for Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery or the Haute Autorité de santé. Although there is no specific tool for this type of assessment, some have been used as a benchmark since the emergence of this discipline, including the Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory. Since its inception, it has been used in the world of bariatric surgery demonstrating its validity and psychometric qualities over time. In addition, the literature continues to be enriched by research work concerning its predictive capacity for the aftermath of surgery, reinforcing the relevance and interest of its use in this practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the character of learning is one of the important factors for success in learning and in the future. The era of 4.0 and the COVID-19 pandemic today has forced major changes in the teaching and learning system so that it is not disruptive. The learning process in the 4.0 era requires all-digital and effective breakthroughs. This condition is also supported by the COVID-19 pandemic which is predicted not to end soon. This study aims to (1) design a digital student character understanding test tool (2) develop students through a character approach to learning the Pumping HR Model concept, (3) develop teaching-learning techniques based on student character development through strengthening personality, competence and values. - spirituality values. The research method used is a qualitative study of literature and evaluation of the test equipment used for decades. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of personality tests (behavior and character) in the learning process in the 4.0 era greatly determines the effectiveness of the teaching and learning process. This effectiveness is strongly influenced by the implementation of three main components, namely (1) teacher integrity, (2) teacher competence, and (3) teacher personality in teaching, as part of the Pumping-HR Model framework.

Objective: For a long time, it was held that narcissism had two aspects: narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic fragility. The extraversion, neuroticism, and antagonism elements of the three-factor narcissism paradigm, on the other hand, have gained popularity in recent years. Based on the three-factor framework of narcissism, the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory-short form (FFNI-SF) is a relatively recent invention. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the FFNI-SF in Persian among Iranians. Method: Ten specialists (with Ph.D.s in psychology) were enlisted in this research to translate and evaluate the reliability of the Persian version of the FFNI-SF. The Content Validity Index (CVI) and the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were then used to assess face and content validity. It was given to 430 students at Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, once the Persian form was completed. The available sampling technique was used to choose the participants. Cronbach's alpha and the test-retest correlation coefficient were used to assess the reliability of the FFNI-SF. In addition, concept validity was obtained using exploratory factor analysis. In addition, correlations with NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEOFFI) and Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI) were employed to establish the convergent validity of the FFNI-SF. Results: According to professional opinions, the face and content validity indices met expectations. With Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability, the questionnaire's reliability was also established. Cronbach's alphas varied between 0.7 and 0.83 for the FFNI-SF components. According to test-retest reliability coefficients, the components' values varied from 0.7 to 0.86. Additionally, three factors (extraversion, neuroticism, and antagonism) were recovered using the principal components approach and a straight oblimin rotation. According to an analysis of the eigenvalues, the three-factor solution accounted for 49.01 of the variation in the FFNI-SF. The eigenvalues for the three variables were 2.95 (M = 1.39), 2.51 (M = 1.3), and 1.88 (M = 1.24) respectively. The FFNI-SF Persian form's convergent validity was further verified by the association between its results and those from the NEO-FFI and PNI tests and the FFNI-SF. There was a substantial positive association between FFNI-SF Extraversion and NEO Extraversion (r = 0.51, P ≤ 0.001), as well as a strong negative correlation between FFNI-SF antagonism and NEO agreeableness (r = -0.59, P ≤ 0.001). As well as this, PNI grandiose narcissism (r = 0.37, P ≤ 0.001) was shown to be significantly associated with FFNI-SF grandiose narcissism (r = 0.48, P ≤ 0.001), as it was with PNI vulnerable narcissism (r = 0.48, P < 0.001). Conclusion: with its solid psychometric qualities, we may utilize the Persian FFNI-SF to test the three-factor model of narcissism as an effective tool for research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forced‐choice format tests have been suggested as an alternative to Likert‐scale measures for personnel selection due to robustness to faking and response styles. This study compared degrees of faking occurring in Likert‐scale and forced‐choice five‐factor personality tests between South Korea and the United States. Also, it was examined whether the forced‐choice format was effective at reducing faking in both countries. Data were collected from 396 incumbents participating in both honest and applicant conditions (NSK = 179, NUS = 217). Cohen's d values for within‐subjects designs (dswithin) for between the two conditions were utilized to measure magnitudes of faking occurring in each format and country. In both countries, the degrees of faking occurring in the Likert‐scale were larger than those from the forced‐choice format, and the magnitudes of faking across five personality traits were larger in South Korea by from 0.07 to 0.12 in dswithin. The forced‐choice format appeared to successfully reduce faking for both countries as the average dswithin decreased by 0.06 in both countries. However, the patterns of faking occurring in the forced‐choice format varied between the two countries. In South Korea, degrees of faking in Openness and Conscientiousness increased, whereas those in Extraversion and Agreeableness were substantially decreased. Potential factors leading to trait‐specific faking under the forced‐choice format were discussed in relation to cultural influence on the perception of personality traits and score estimation in Thurstonian item response theory (IRT) models. Finally, the adverse impact of using forced‐choice formats on multicultural selection settings was elaborated. Practitioner Points: The benefit of using forced‐choice formats for cross‐cultural selection settings is not yet clear because there is a lack of scholarly evidence on the performance of forced‐choice formats with respect to faking occurring in different cultures.With the use of a forced‐choice format personality test, the magnitudes of faking decreased in the United States for all five personality traits, whereas the magnitudes of faking occurring in Openness and Conscientiousness increased in South Korea.Potential factors leading to trait‐specific faking under the forced‐choice format can be related to cultural influences on the perception of personality traits and score estimation in Thurstonian item response theory (IRT) models.Practitioners should consider cultural differences in how applicants view target constructs if a forced‐choice format is considered for cross‐cultural/international personnel selection settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: For a long time, it was held that narcissism had two aspects: narcissistic grandiosity and narcissistic fragility. The extraversion, neuroticism, and antagonism elements of the three-factor narcissism paradigm, on the other hand, have gained popularity in recent years. Based on the three-factor framework of narcissism, the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory-short form (FFNI-SF) is a relatively recent invention. Therefore, this research aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the FFNI-SF in Persian among Iranians. Method: Ten specialists (with Ph.D.s in psychology) were enlisted in this research to translate and evaluate the reliability of the Persian version of the FFNI-SF. The Content Validity Index (CVI) and the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) were then used to assess face and content validity. It was given to 430 students at Azad University, Tehran Medical Branch, once the Persian form was completed. The available sampling technique was used to choose the participants. Cronbach's alpha and the test-retest correlation coefficient were used to assess the reliability of the FFNI-SF. In addition, concept validity was obtained using exploratory factor analysis. In addition, correlations with NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) and Pathological Narcissism Inventory (PNI) were employed to establish the convergent validity of the FFNI-SF. Results: According to professional opinions, the face and content validity indices met expectations. With Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability, the questionnaire's reliability was also established. Cronbach's alphas varied between 0.7 and 0.83 for the FFNI-SF components. According to test-retest reliability coefficients, the components' values varied from 0.7 to 0.86. Additionally, three factors (extraversion, neuroticism, and antagonism) were recovered using the principal components approach and a straight oblimin rotation. According to an analysis of the eigenvalues, the three-factor solution accounted for 49.01 of the variation in the FFNI-SF. The eigenvalues for the three variables were 2.95 (M = 1.39), 2.51 (M = 1.3), and 1.88 (M = 1.24) respectively. The FFNI-SF Persian form's convergent validity was further verified by the association between its results and those from the NEO-FFI and PNI tests and the FFNI-SF. There was a substantial positive association between FFNI-SF Extraversion and NEO Extraversion (r = 0.51, P ≤ 0.001), as well as a strong negative correlation between FFNI-SF antagonism and NEO agreeableness (r = -0.59, P ≤ 0.001). As well as this, PNI grandiose narcissism (r = 0.37, P ≤ 0.001) was shown to be significantly associated with FFNI-SF grandiose narcissism (r = 0.48, P ≤ 0.001), as it was with PNI vulnerable narcissism (r = 0.48, P < 0.001). Conclusion: with its solid psychometric qualities, we may utilize the Persian FFNI-SF to test the three-factor model of narcissism as an effective tool for research.

Introduction: The skill and quality of doctors largely depend on their academic performances. Examination scores of medical students can be impacted by their personality and Socioeconomic Status (SES). Identification of the effects of different personality traits and socioeconomic profile on the academic results of medical undergraduates can help to identify the vulnerable groups and consider possible support by counselling, financial aids and policy formulation. Aim: To assess the correlation of personality traits and SES with the academic performances of undergraduate medical student based on the marks scored in the second professional Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) examination. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study of 10 months duration from May 2017 to February 2018 was done on 143 students of sixth semester (Part I) of MBBS course, in a Government Medical College of Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Participants filled up the Big Five Inventory (BFI) questionnaire that evaluates dimensions like extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness, and the Kuppuswamy's SES scale form which considers education of the head of family, occupation of head and monthly family income. The examination marks were collected from the student's section of the institution. Demographic parameters of the population like age, gender and religion were considered. Data was tabulated in MS Excel spreadsheet and a descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Any correlation of the study parameters with student's academic performance was determined through statistical analysis using Spearman correlation coefficient and p=0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among the participants of the study (n=143), a mean age of 21.53 years was observed with male:female ratio of 2.04; about 87.41% of the students were Hindu while rest were Muslim. The results showed conscientiousness (r=0.1842) and neuroticism (r=0.1799) were correlated with total academic score as well as openness to pathology (r=0.1783) and forensic medicine (r=0.2362). Higher SES positively affected the results in microbiology (r=0.1698). Occupation of the head of the family was correlated positively with total marks (r=0.1677) and performances in microbiology (r=0.2256) and pathology (r=0.1919). Conclusion: Conscientious behaviour, an attitude of openness and even neuroticism, can contribute to better grades. Higher occupation of the head of the family may also contribute positively. Appropriate counselling to nurture beneficial personality traits and adequate guidance by mentors may help students achieve better academically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pharmacy students completing Internal Medicine rotations may be exposed to different stylistic approaches from providers on routine activities like patient rounds. This may be beneficial as students can learn in different ways. Conversely, extensive exposure to approaches that do not suit them may hinder student learning or lead students to feel they don't belong in a clinical setting. This study sought to assess how students of different personality types perceived benefits to their learning based on the rounding styles of two providers. One provider (Dr. Bedside) used a team-based, bedside rounding method with direct patient interaction, while the other (Dr. Table) used a tableside team-based discussion for each patient. In the final week of a 5-week Internal Medicine APPE rotation, a cohort of ten students completed a 12-item survey that collected details on two personality assessments and assessed perspectives of the two rounding styles. Ten students completed the personality assessments and survey. Students represented a diverse set of StrengthsFinder strengths and DOPE personality types, with the highest concentration (60%) of students receiving the Executing strength. All students agreed or strongly agreed that the exposure to two different rounding styles was valuable to their learning, with 80% of students preferring Dr. Bedside's approach. Overall, no trends were identified between preference of rounding style and results from personality assessments, which indicates the current approach of exposing students to two rounding styles does not negatively impact certain learners based on DOPE and StrengthsFinders personality types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The skill and quality of doctors largely depend on their academic performances. Examination scores of medical students can be impacted by their personality and Socioeconomic Status (SES). Identification of the effects of different personality traits and socioeconomic profile on the academic results of medical undergraduates can help to identify the vulnerable groups and consider possible support by counselling, financial aids and policy formulation. Aim: To assess the correlation of personality traits and SES with the academic performances of undergraduate medical student based on the marks scored in the second professional Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) examination. Materials and Methods: An observational cross-sectional study of 10 months duration from May 2017 to February 2018 was done on 143 students of sixth semester (Part I) of MBBS course, in a Government Medical College of Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Participants filled up the Big Five Inventory (BFI) questionnaire that evaluates dimensions like extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism and openness, and the Kuppuswamy’s SES scale form which considers education of the head of family, occupation of head and monthly family income. The examination marks were collected from the student’s section of the institution. Demographic parameters of the population like age, gender and religion were considered. Data was tabulated in MS Excel spreadsheet and a descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Any correlation of the study parameters with student’s academic performance was determined through statistical analysis using Spearman correlation coefficient and p≤0.05 was considered significant. Results: Among the participants of the study (n=143), a mean age of 21.53 years was observed with male:female ratio of 2.04; about 87.41% of the students were Hindu while rest were Muslim. The results showed conscientiousness (r=0.1842) and neuroticism (r=0.1799) were correlated with total academic score as well as openness to pathology (r=0.1783) and forensic medicine (r=0.2362). Higher SES positively affected the results in microbiology (r=0.1698). Occupation of the head of the family was correlated positively with total marks (r=0.1677) and performances in microbiology (r=0.2256) and pathology (r=0.1919). Conclusion: Conscientious behaviour, an attitude of openness and even neuroticism, can contribute to better grades. Higher occupation of the head of the family may also contribute positively. Appropriate counselling to nurture beneficial personality traits and adequate guidance by mentors may help students achieve better academically.

Personality is basically owned by everyone and is different from one another. People always want to know about themselves, how and where their interests and needs are. This is one of the reasons why individual personality tests are conducted. Personality test is a set of test tools designed to describe how someone behaves. The method used by psychologists to determine the personality type of an individual is the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator method or commonly called the MBTI test, this test is used to determine the types of human personality. Personality tests besides MBTI, personality tests that are usually used to determine a person's personality type are the DISC (Dominance Influence Steadiness, Conscientiousness) test and also the Four Personality test which includes Sanguinist, Chronic, Melancholic and Plegmatic personality types. These three tests are used and chosen because they are the most widely used tests worldwide for determining human personality. The results of this research will be able to form a system that can help determine the type of human personality using the MBTI and DISC methods

The concept of Hexaco in personality research has been widely and intensively discussed in recent years. This interest is conditioned not only by the relative novelty of this approach, but also by the strong "kinship" relationship of the Hexaco concept with the currently dominant opinion in the field of personality, the Big Five concept. The relationship between Hexaco and the Big Five (NEO or OCEAN) is widely researched. Differences in the definition of individual factors in both concepts are a possible source of confusion, especially in the factors Neuroticism (NEO, abbr. N, NEO) and Emotionality (Hexaco, abbr. E, HEX). These factors are often understood alternatively (Mateu-Mollá, 2020), which does not correspond to reality and their difference is emphasized (e.g. Záškodná & Dostál, 2016). The factors differ in the dimension of Anger/Hostility and Impulsivity, which is included in the Neuroticism factor (NEO) but not in the Emotionality factor (HEX). The definition of Neuroticism (NEO) appears to be more similar to Spielberger's Anxiety (U, STAI), which is defined as the experience of tension, nervousness, fear, and apprehension as measured by the STAI questionnaire (Müllner et al., 1980). This slight confusion can cause difficulties in the interpretation of the obtained results of research in the field of personality psychology. On this basis, it is legitimate to expect a closer relationship (stronger correlations) between N (NEO) and U (STAI) than between E (HEX) and U (STAI). It is also questionable how the presence of Anger/Hostility and Impulsivity in the structure of N (NEO) will affect the strength of the correlation coefficients with the other two observed factors (E, HEX, and U, STAI). Methods The research group consisted of 287 participants (of which 110 were men) with an average age of 29.2 years (18 - 79 years), obtained randomly. The 100-item version of the Hexaco-PI-R questionnaire (Lee & Asthon, 2001), the 60-item version of the NEO-FFI questionnaire (Ruisel & Halama, 2007), and Spielberger Scale STAI X2 (Müllner et al., 1980) were used. Parametric tests were used to analyze the data, as the normal distribution of the investigated variables was demonstrated. Spearman's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between cardinal variables, individual dimensions of the Hexaco, STAI and NEO-FFI questionnaires. Results Significant correlations between selected investigated factors: E (Hex) and N (Neo), r = 0.435**, E (Hex) and U (STAI), r = 0.408**, N (Neo) and U (STAI), r = 0.652**. ** Correlations are significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). Discussion, conclusions The assumption of a stronger correlation between Neuroticism (NEO-FFI) and Anxiety (STAI 2), r = 0.652, than between Neuroticism (NEO-FFI) and Emotionality (Hexaco) r = 0.435 was confirmed, which proves the close relationship of the constructs of all three factors, especially between N (NEO) and U (STAI). At the same time, this observation questions the importance of a different theoretical definition of the Neuroticism factor (NEO) due to the presence of the parameters Anger/Hostility and Impulsivity in its structure. An explanation could be the reduction of the original 240-item version of the NEO PI-R to the 60-question NEO-FFI that was used in the study. This test reduction apparently had a significant impact on the ability of the instrument (NEO-FFI) to identify anger and impulsivity in the structure of the neuroticism factor (NEO). This finding raises the question of the effectiveness and scientific correctness of the construction of reduced measuring instruments. The presented conclusion is hypothetical in nature and requires specific validation studies using the original 240-item version of the NEO PI-R. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: Visual representations in the form of manuscripts are the most important tools for expressing ideas and generating concepts for designers and architecture students. Its wide application is always considered by designers due to the simplicity of tools and speed of expression. Examining the types and methods of drawing design by students show that each uses a unique method and structure in drawing. An analysis of the concepts underlying the manuscript and identifying the possible relationship between graphic expression and personality type is very similar to research on graphology and the relationship between personality and handwriting. graphology is examined in psychology and personality analysis and means the analysis of physical features and handwriting patterns representing the author's personality. Conceptual sketch is the first visual representation of the mental ideas in the process of representation and interpretation embedded on paper, and similar to approaches of line psychology, it reflects many of the mental attributes of the designers and guidance for architecture design professors to understand the students' ability. The research problem is to identify the hidden concepts of conceptual sketch and how different personalities function in problem-solving. Methods: An exploratory descriptive study with an exploratory approach that with direct observation of architectural design and personality test seeks to find out the relationship between the qualities of drawing with personality type. Findings: The sample of the results of the personality and design test shows that perceptual and intuitive personalities have a broader approach to problem-solving ideas and are more skilled in open issues, but they are faced with defective details and lacking a fixed idea. In contrast, logical and judgmental personalities are more powerful in closed issues. They face flaws in detail and fail to come up with a well-established idea, and rational and judgmental personalities are more capable in closed issues. Conclusion: The results show that extroverted personalities have a general approach to the problem, while introverts do not pay attention to the essence of the problem and the real world, with mental ideas, especially in solving open problems by gathering a lot of information and drowning in an idea. Isolation and anxiety in the type of drawing indicate their lack of self-confidence. In intuitive and sensory personality, the way of receiving and interpreting the problem of designing and transmitting it becomes more visible. Attention to narrative and narrative aspects makes intuitions more successful in analyzing multidimensional problems; Therefore, they are more successful in solving open problems by creating various ideas, and in contrast, they are less careful in paying attention to details, especially in closed problems By primary interpretation of these sketches, professors can detect and correct these issues. Knowing students’ capabilities with respect to their varied personalities facilitates their guidance in the right time فخ strengthen their design ability and take the right path of productivity and fixed ideas. ===================================================================================== COPYRIGHTS ©2020 The author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original authors and source are cited. No permission is required from the authors or the publishers. =====================================================================================

Traditionally, models of positive personality traits have referred to moral characteristics. The High Five Model (HFM) is a factor model of individual positive traits based on an inductive psycho-lexical approach. Unlike other models, in the HFM the positive characteristics were freely determined by lay people, beyond any moral tones. The HFM comprises the following factors: erudition, peace, cheerfulness, honesty, and tenacity, known as “the high factors.” This model was shown to positively exceed the capacity of normal personality to predict emotional, social, and psychological well-being. Additionally, this model is negatively associated with non-transmissible diseases, psychopathological symptoms, and psychopathological personality traits. This study aimed to increase the validation of the HFM, by analyzing the relationships among this model and positive mental health, psychopathological symptoms, academic adjustment, and academic performance in university students. Another objective was to study the association between complete mental well-being (i.e., high well-being and low psychopathological symptomatology) and the high factors of the HFM. The sample consisted of 256 university students. Correlations were calculated, and the two-step cluster analysis was used to obtain profiles. The results showed that tenacity and erudition high factors are positively associated with academic achievement and academic adjustment. Finally, each of the high factors was positively associated with complete mental well-being. The HFM has a broad scope, as it is related not only to psychological variables (e.g., well-being or psychopathological symptomatology) but also to academic performance (e.g., adjustment and achievement) in university students.

Students in a large principles class participated in a market experiment in which they had opportunities to take entrepreneurial action. These students had also taken the Meyers-Briggs personality test. We explore the relation between personality characteristics and participation decisions.

Recent research has highlighted competitive worldviews as a key predictor of faking—the intentional distortion of answers by candidates in the selection context. According to theoretical assumptions, applicants' abilities, and especially their cognitive abilities, should influence whether faking motivation, triggered by competitive worldviews, can be turned into successful faking behavior. Therefore, we examined the influence of competitive worldviews on faking in personality tests and investigated a possible moderation of this relationship by cognitive abilities in three independent high school and university student samples (N1 = 133, N2 = 137, N3 = 268). Our data showed neither an influence of the two variables nor of their interaction on faking behavior. We discuss possible reasons for these findings and give suggestions for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anatomy course offers important opportunities to develop professionalism at an early stage in medical education. It is an academically significant course that also engenders stress in some students.Over a three-year period, 115 of 297 students completed creative projects. Thirty-four project completers and 47 non-completers consented to participate in the study. Projects were analyzed for professionalism themes using grounded theory. A subset of project completers and non-completers were interviewed to determine their views about the stress of anatomy and medical school, as well as the value of the creative projects. We also compared test performance of project completers and non-completers.Projects completed early in the course often expressed ambivalence about anatomy, whereas later projects showed more gratitude and sense of awe. Project completers tended to report greater stress than noncompleters, but stated that doing projects reduced stress and caused them to develop a richer appreciation for anatomy and medicine. Project completers performed significantly lower than non-completers on the first written exam (pre-project). Differences between groups on individual exams after both the first and second creative project were nonsignificant.For some students, creative projects may offer a useful way of reflecting on various aspects of professionalism while helping them to manage stress.

Objectives:The role of personality in occupational specialty choices has been explored in many parts of the world. To our knowledge, there is a dearth of such studies in the Arab/Islamic population and Oman is no exception. This study aimed to explore the relationship between personality traits and specialty choice among residents of Oman Medical Specialty Board (OMSB). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among Omani resident physicians working under OMSB. The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire–Revised was employed to quantify personality subtypes (e.g., psychoticism, extraversion, and neuroticism). Specialties were categorized as surgical, medical, and diagnostics as per standard of North American medical specialties. A total of 255 residents in 17 medical specialties participated in the study (m = 40.4%; f = 59.6%) of 300 eligible subjects giving a response rate of 85.0%. Results: Respondents who had chosen surgical specialties scored significantly higher on the psychoticism subscale than those who had opted for medical and diagnostic specialties. As for individual specialties, orthopedic respondents had statistically significant higher mean scores on psychoticism and neuroticism compared to radiologists and psychiatrists who scored the lowest in the two personality traits, respectively. Conclusions: This study found statistically significant associations between personality traits and choices of specialty by young Omani doctors. We recommend more detailed studies that examine further psychological and cultural variables that are likely to affect the choices of specializations by young Omani professionals in both medical and non-medical fields.

Background: It is reported that persons with high Lie score (L score) of a personality test are aggressively self-confident and are also related to depression or schizophrenia In this study, we examined the characteristics of patients with high L scores on the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI) and examined the significance of the L score. Materials and Methods: We collected the data of 10789 subjects and examined the relationship between L score or the number of characteristic biased persons and the parameters of age, sex, education level, occupation, and degree of pain. Furthermore, we examined the changes in extraversion–introversion (E score), neuroticism (N score), and L scores at approximately 1 year after surgery in 1711 patients who underwent surgery at our university hospital or affiliated hospitals. Results: L score was significantly higher among persons with a high degree of pain, and ratio of the characteristic biased persons in L score was significantly high among persons in their 40s to 60s, healthcare professionals and those with a high degree of pain. Moreover, L score scarcely changed between before and after surgery when compared with E score and N score. Conclusion: L score is not greatly influenced by an individual's state of mind or situation at different times, and may indicate the personality traits proper to the person. It is shown that L score may indicate the personality trait characteristics of persons who want to make themselves look good in the eyes of other.

Traditionally, models of positive personality traits have referred to moral characteristics. The High Five Model (HFM) is a factor model of individual positive traits based on an inductive psycho-lexical approach. Unlike other models, in the HFM the positive characteristics were freely determined by lay people, beyond any moral tones. The HFM comprises the following factors: erudition, peace, cheerfulness, honesty, and tenacity, known as "the high factors." This model was shown to positively exceed the capacity of normal personality to predict emotional, social, and psychological well-being. Additionally, this model is negatively associated with non-transmissible diseases, psychopathological symptoms, and psychopathological personality traits. This study aimed to increase the validation of the HFM, by analyzing the relationships among this model and positive mental health, psychopathological symptoms, academic adjustment, and academic performance in university students. Another objective was to study the association between complete mental well-being (i.e., high well-being and low psychopathological symptomatology) and the high factors of the HFM. The sample consisted of 256 university students. Correlations were calculated, and the two-step cluster analysis was used to obtain profiles. The results showed that tenacity and erudition high factors are positively associated with academic achievement and academic adjustment. Finally, each of the high factors was positively associated with complete mental well-being. The HFM has a broad scope, as it is related not only to psychological variables (e.g., well-being or psychopathological symptomatology) but also to academic performance (e.g., adjustment and achievement) in university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although human resource development (HRD) professionals enjoy the use of personality tests in their practice, the appeal of these tests to some is harshly criticized by others. Personality tests attract through optimistic descriptions and ease of use for individual and team development while often lacking predictive and discriminant validities. Despite those concerns, the personality‐testing market can be characterized as a dynamic industry, with many professionals using assessments in developmental settings such as management training and executive coaching. The aim of this article is to explore how individual meaning‐making and organizational sensemaking theories help to explain the widespread and sustained use of personality tests in developmental contexts among HRD professionals. Using grounded theory and inductive analysis, we distill meaning from semistructured interviews with 18 HRD professionals. Through pattern analysis, we establish six strategies that describe practical approaches in personality testing: 1. Ethical‐protective, 2. Scientific‐selective, 3. Cautious‐avoiding, 4. Cautious‐embracing, 5. User friendly‐pragmatic, and 6. Knowledgeable‐accommodating. We find that HRD professionals deal with cognitive dissonances and paradoxical situations in their professional personality test use practice on a regular basis. Research limitations and implications for practice and future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of the life expectancy of the population focuses on several areas of knowledge, including that of psychological evaluation with methods that help the psychodynamic understanding of the personality. In order to better understand this reality, this study sought to verify the publications with the use of projective techniques in the Brazilian elderly population. The systematic review based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis PRISMA was used to analyze articles published between 2000 and 2018 in Brazil. The databases were SciELO, PePSIC, Lilacs, VHL and CAPES. Of the 8 studies included, the most used instruments were verbal techniques such as, Zulliger method (n = 3; 37.5%), and TAT (n = 2; 25%). Studies with the use of projective techniques with elderly people in Brazil are still incipient, which should be encouraged since these instruments are important tools in evaluation and intervention, revealing aspects of the structure and mental functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Integrity and willingness to contribute to society are desired traits of medical students beyond academic excellence. We investigated the personality traits of medical students at the National University of Singapore (NUS), who were about to become doctors. Personality traits were compared with a peer population of local university students.Methods: This study was conducted between October 2013 and December 2014. Year 4 medical students were administered the Revised NEO (Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness) Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R), a 240-item Likert scale personality test. Test data was analysed by an institutional psychologist and compared to a separate sample of 377 non-medical students who were peers at the same university taking psychology as a module. Data was collated and analysed.Results: 65 Year 4 medical students completed the NEO PI-R personality test. The personalities of Year 4 medical students at NUS differed from their peers in all domains except for openness. NUS medical students generally had less neuroticism, and were more extroverted, agreeable and conscientious than their peers.Conclusion: Personality testing of NUS Year 4 medical students showed many of the desired traits of a doctor when compared to their peers at the same university. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socially desirable responding has become a central concept in research regarding applicants’ deliberate distortions in answering personality tests. Key findings based on this concept infer that such distortions do not impair the utility of personality measures for personnel selection. However, in recent years some scholars questioned the utility of social desirability itself as concept and introduced another applicant faking behavior. This narrative review provides an overview and integration of this construct by proposing a definition of applicant faking behavior, the current state of faking theory, and latest techniques to model and detect applicant faking. Implications of these findings for research and personnel selection are discussed.