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Objective: We aim to identify the major ideas and trends in the study of morality within personality psychology over the past 100 years. Method: Our historical review is organized into three sections, examining moral dimensions in personality from the standpoints of the person as (1) a social actor (moral traits), (2) a motivated agent (the mental infrastructure of morality), and (3) an autobiographical author (moral life stories). Results: Within the field of personality psychology, a great deal of research into morality has been hiding for decades in plain view. Accordingly, we trace the history of research on socialization and instrumental competence, altruism, moral traits and virtues, the dimensions of morality inherent in the authoritarian personality, personal values, moral reasoning, moral intuitions, and the life stories constructed by people who have distinguished themselves for moral excellence, as evidenced in extraordinary bravery, compassion, or generativity. Conclusions: In a multitude of ways, human beings express and experience individual differences in their moral engagement of the world, all of which fall within the purview of personality psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent research has leveraged peer assessment as a grading system tool where learners are involved in learning and evaluation. However, there is limited knowledge regarding individual differences, such as personality, in peer assessment tasks. We analyze how personality factors affect the peer assessment dynamics of a semester-long remote learning course. Specifically, we investigate how psychological constructs shape how people perceive user-generated content, interact with it, and assess their peers. Our results show that personality traits can predict how effective the peer assessment process will be and the scores and feedback that students provide to their peers. In conclusion, we contribute design guidelines based on personality constructs as valuable factors to include in the design pipeline of peer assessment systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychological analysis of character is one of the sub-branches of psychological criticism, in which the fictional character is analyzed like the character in the real world, and the behavior patterns of the characters are explained by analyzing the content of the story. In the theory of mutual behavior analysis, Eric Berne divides human states and personalities into three behavioral patterns: parent (imitated and introjected beliefs), child (excited behavior and uncensored instincts), and adult (processor and rationalist) and states that the above three personality dimensions exist in all humans; however, one dimension is more dominant and the evolved human must be able to use all three dimensions in their place because this leads to mutual understanding and improvement of relations between people. In this research, referring to the interdisciplinary nature of psychological criticism of literary works, two novels, namely, A Fraction of the Whole work of Steve Tolts and Dead Poets Society by N. H. Kleinbaum have been compared and analyzed using Eric Burn's interactional behavior analysis theory in a descriptive-analytical way. The results of the research show that the main characters in the mentioned novels change freely and at their own will by using the power of choice and give logical answers to new stimuli. In addition, although the main characters of the two selected novels were created in two different languages and two different cultural environments, and with a difference in the time span of about 10 years, in two different countries, they follow a similar pattern from the perspective of mutual behavior analysis, in such a way that the framework, structure, base and main message of both novels are based on the formation of mature thoughts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical background: This article is based, regarding the theoretical foundations, on selected issues of behavioral economy and economic psychology, which question the classical assumptions of the homo oeconomicus concept and the standard approach to studying the consumers’ attitudes and behaviors. Purpose of the article: The system of individual and socially shared consumer values undergoes evolutionary changes in the modern, turbulent socio-economic reality. The thesis has been put forward that in the post-pandemic realities, because of the re-evaluation of given values, psychological factors play an increasingly important role in shaping pro-social consumer attitudes, and the consumer’s personality largely determines favorable attitudes towards socially responsible marketing initiatives. The article is conceptual in nature. It provides a theoretical background for the authors’ planned empirical research. The main objective of this paper is to define the new research areas for socially responsible marketing, in which personality psychology could play a significant role in identifying consumers’ pro-social attitudes. Research methods: Given the need for an interdisciplinary approach to studying consumers’ pro-social attitudes, a review was conducted of the literature on the subject concerning the behavioral economy and economic psychology, with a special emphasis on the issue of personality. Main findings: The literature studies and observation of the socio-economic reality aimed at identifying new direction of empirical research in socially responsible marketing. Four main research areas were proposed to which the appropriate marketing types were assigned: post-COVID reality (social marketing and cause-related marketing); healthcare (social marketing); the reality of war (social marketing and cause-related marketing; ecology – green marketing). The empirical studies based on personality psychology in the areas indicated above could refer to the concept of goal-oriented behavior psychology and the Five Factor Model.

The primary aim of this study was to investigate the structure and dynamics of current research in personality psychology, with a particular focus on open access (OA) practices. A set of 57296 research articles in personality psychology indexed in the Scopus database were analyzed based on their online accessibility: closed (39523), green OA (8770), gold OA (4506), bronze OA (2704), and hybrid gold OA (1793). Although the proportion of OA articles in the overall sample was relatively modest (31%), there has been a consistent upward trend since 2012. Notably, the most significant increase was observed in the proportion of gold OA articles, whereas the number of deposited articles (green OA), not otherwise freely available online, experienced a decline. The knowledge domain of non-OA articles in personality psychology can be broadly delineated into five clusters: (Big Five) personality traits, personality disorders, emotion regulation, Dark Triad/Tetrad, and psychometrics. The emergence of COVID-19 as a "hot" research topic resulted with significant differences in the knowledge domain of non-OA and OA articles. Coauthorship network analysis revealed that authors from Western countries act as the central hub in personality research, though this centrality diminishes when only gold OA articles were taken into account. Gold OA articles performed the worst on most impact and outreach metrics except one, significantly surpassed by green OA articles. As a takeaway, it may be said that although you may need a significant amount of money to do the research, you don't need it to make your research open and make an impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theoretical background: This article is based, regarding the theoretical foundations, on selected issues of behavioral economy and economic psychology, which question the classical assumptions of the homo- oeconomicus concept and the standard approach to studying the consumers’ attitudes and behaviors. Purpose of the article: The system of individual and socially shared consumer values undergoes evolutionary changes in the modern, turbulent socio-economic reality. The thesis has been put forward that in the post-pandemic realities, because of the re-evaluation of given values, psychological factors play an increasingly important role in shaping pro-social consumer attitudes, and the consumer’s personality largely determines favorable attitudes towards socially responsible marketing initiatives. The article is conceptual in nature. It provides a theoretical background for the authors’ planned empirical research. The main objective of this paper is to define the new research areas for socially responsible marketing, in which personality psychology could play a significant role in identifying consumers’ pro-social attitudes. Research methods: Given the need for an interdisciplinary approach to studying consumers’ pro-social attitudes, a review was conducted of the literature on the subject concerning the behavioral economy and economic psychology, with a special emphasis on the issue of personality. Main findings: The literature studies and observation of the socio-economic reality aimed at identifying new direction of empirical research in socially responsible marketing. Four main research areas were proposed to which the appropriate marketing types were assigned: post-COVID reality (social marketing and cause-related marketing); healthcare (social marketing); the reality of war (social marketing and cause-related marketing; ecology – green marketing). The empirical studies based on personality psychology in the areas indicated above could refer to the concept of goal-oriented behavior psychology and the Five Factor Model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of this study is due to the fact that at present there is an urgent need for close cooperation between educators and parents, which was caused by the temporary transition of children to distance learning and the introduction of information technology in the education process. Without the participation of parents, it is impossible for an educator to achieve all the goals set by the Ministry of Education of Ukraine during the educational practice, thus the purpose of the study included finding and solving problems in the interaction between the teaching staff and a child's family. The thought-experiment method appeared to be the leading research method, owing to which it was possible to achieve the objectives set for this article. The article identifies and describes the problem of interaction between educators, parents and caregivers of pupils. The characteristics of the main forms of interaction between the teaching staff, parents and caregivers of pupils are given, as well as the possible tasks of educators that they need to implement in the educational process when interacting with a child's family are listed. In the course of the study, it was described how proper cooperation should develop between educators, parents and caregivers of children in secondary educational institutions. Possible causes of cooperation problems between teachers and family members were found, and potential ways to eliminate them were provided. The practical relevance of this study lies in the application of the listed above methods for solving interaction problems between the school and the family by educators of any specialties and educational institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality is not the most popular subfield of psychology. But, in one way or another, personality psychologists have played an outsized role in the ongoing credibility revolution in psychology. Not only have individual personality psychologists taken on visible roles in the movement, but our fields practices and norms have now become models for other fields to emulate (or, for those who share Baumeisters (2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2016.02.003) skeptical view of the consequences of increasing rigor, a model for what to avoid). In this article we discuss some unique features of our field that may have placed us in an ideal position to be leaders in this movement. We do so from a subjective perspective, describing our impressions and opinions about possible explanations for personality psychologys disproportionate role in the credibility revolution. We also discuss some ways in which personality psychology remains less-than-optimal, and how we can address these flaws.

The primary aim of the paper is to conduct research on the personality traits in esport players and athletes, in addition to confirming differences in personality between the two examined groups. The research has been conducted on 67 (N=67) examinees, 30 of whom are semi-professional or professional esports players who participate in state-level and regional-level competitions. The remaining 37 examinees are the highest-ranked athletes in Bosnia and Herzegovina. T-test, a type of inferential statistic, has been used to determine statistical differences in disposition between the arithmetic means of the two groups, using the BFI-44 (a=0.78) measuring instrument. It has been anticipated that esports players would be ranked lower on Extraversion (E), Agreeableness (A), and Conscientiousness (C), but higher on the Neuroticism (N) and Openness (O) dimensions compared to athletes. The research indicates that four of the five hypotheses have been confirmed - on the scale of Extraversion (E) with significance levels of p=.000 (p

Although designers aim at offering the best possible user experience, products are designed for a general audience with a common pool of characteristics. Since intrinsic psychological characteristics model the human interaction, ignoring that each individual has different experiences may lead to a failed product. From these constructs, personality has shown strong results by shaping how users process and act on the world, and how individuals perceive and accept technology. In this work, we focus on conscientiousness, a personality trait that models one's organization, persistence, and motivation for goal-oriented behavior. In particular, we study ( N = 40 ) whether conscientiousness affects the design preferences for graphical elements in a user interface. Additionally, we assess ( N = 60 ) if designing graphical user interfaces based on the design preferences of individuals with different conscientiousness scores affects perceived usability and ease-of-use. Results show that designing interfaces for conscientiousness-based personality profiles influences user preference but has no significant effect on perceived usability and ease-of-use. Our findings support the incorporation of conscientiousness in the design process to develop graphic user interfaces that focus on goal-oriented behavior for the correct audience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality Systems Interactions (PSI) theory explains differences in personality based on the properties of four cognitive systems—object recognition (OR), intuitive behaviour (IB), intention memory (IM) and extension memory (EM). Each system is associated with characteristic modes of perception and behaviour, so personality is determined by which systems are primarily active. According to PSI theory, the activities of the cognitive systems are regulated by positive and negative affect (reward and punishment). Thus, differences in personality ultimately emerge from four parameters—the sensitivities of up- or downregulating positive and negative affect. The complex interactions of affect and cognitive systems have been represented in a mathematical model based on a system of differential equations. In this study, the environment of a person represented by the mathematical model is modelled by a time series of perturbations with positive and negative affect that are generated by a stochastic process. Comparing the average activities of the cognitive systems for different parameter sets exposed to the same time series of affect perturbations, we observe that different dominant cognitive systems emerge. This demonstrates that different sensitivities for positive and negative affect lead to different modes of cognition and, thus, to different personality types such as agreeable, conscientious, self-determined or independent. Varying the relative frequencies of negative and positive affect perturbations reveals that the average activities of all cognitive systems respond linearly. This observation enables us to predict that conscientious and independent personalities benefit from increased exposure to positive affect, whereas agreeable and self-determined personalities achieve a better balance of their cognitive systems by increased negative affect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The efforts to link the individual differences in personality to the individual differences in sleep-wake behavior have a long history. One of the topics of such research might be to determine the strength of association between these two domains of individual variation. This requires the implementation of several inventories designed for integrative multidimensional assessments of a set of broad personality traits and a set of sleep-wake behavioral traits. Four independent samples were collected (in total, 759 individuals) for estimating general overlap between the domains of individual variation in personality psychology and chronobiology. Canonical correlation analyses provided the estimates of general overlap of six broad personality traits assessed with the 172-word RCIP (Rugby Cake Inventory of Personality) with six distinct sleep-wake adaptabilities assessed with the 72-item SWPAQ (Sleep-Wake Pattern Assessment Questionnaire) and the SWAT (Sleep-Wake Adaptability Test) in two, the 60- and 168-item, versions. It was demonstrated that general overlap between individual variation in two domains was significant and replicable albeit rather weak (6%–8%). Moreover, regression analyses of specific overlaps of each of six scales for assessing sleep-wake adaptability with a set of six scales for personality assessment suggested that a score on any of adaptability scales seemed to be a significant predictor of, at least, one of six scores on personality trait scales. Studies in other tongues are desired for the replication of the results indicating the statistically significant general and specific overlaps between personality traits and sleep-wake adaptabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the dismantling of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, survivors of this totalitarian regime wrote down their stories about suffering and injustice. Their memoirs and autobiographical works have become representative of post-communist life writing, promoting debates on trauma, memory, and resistance strategies. However, life writing scholars have not explored the textual strategies employed by writers to construct their egoresilient Self, namely, their capacity to adjust to challenging circumstances. To instantiate the case, Romanian memoirs and transcribed interviews have been selected for the corpus given the highly repressive nature of the Romanian communist regime. The project pursues the following two research objectives: (a) to examine the textual strategies employed by narrators in their construction of ego-resiliency and (b) to analyse the historical specificities of Romanian communism while expanding knowledge on this totalitarian regime. To this end, the research combines Narrative Inquiry with Personality Psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The time perspective of the individual acts as an indicator of the psychological health of cadets and is considered from the standpoint of optimizing health-saving technologies in military education. The dynamics of the time perspective of the personality of cadets of the University of the National Guard troops of the Russian Federation at different stages of training is analyzed. Materials and methods. As methods of collecting empirical data, the method “Semantic time differential” by L.I. Wasserman et al., the method “Time Perspective Questionnaire” (ZTPI) by F. Zimbardo were used. The method of statistical comparative analysis using the Student’s T-test was used for quantitative data analysis. In total, 198 cadets of 1-5 courses of the Novosibirsk Military Institute named after General of the Army I.K. Yakovlev of the National Guard troops took part in the study. Results. The study shows a significant difference in the indicators of the time perspective of cadets of a military university with normative values, and in some indicators the cadets significantly exceed the normative values, and in some they do not correspond. It is also shown that there are statistically significant differences in the characteristics of the time perspective between cadets at different stages of training, which indicates the dynamics of the indicators of the time perspective. Conclusion. It is concluded that there are problems with the cadets’ time perspective, which consist in insufficient awareness of the present, insufficient activity in experiencing time and low perceptibility of time at the initial stages of training. It is assumed that the compensatory mechanisms that ensure the preservation of psychological health are increased emotionality in the perception of time.

Comparative literature is a flourishing platform for recognizing, evaluating and measuring the thinking and art of the people of different lands who have immortalized their thoughts, feelings and tastes in the form of poetry and stories in the realm of history. A better understanding of these thoughts and emotions will undoubtedly be possible by studying and comparing the tastes and arts of the people of other lands and comparing them. Weiss and Ramin, composed by Fakhreddin Asad Gorgani (poet of the fifth century AH) and the story of Tristan and Isot (by Joseph Badie, French writer of the twentieth century), are among the love and interesting stories. Some of the heroes in these two stories, one belonging to the Parthians and the other to the Celts, have a common moral and psychological spirit. The present article has tried to analyze the heroes of these two stories from the perspective of personality psychology in an analytical-comparative way. The study showed that although there are similarities in the morals and moral characteristics of some of the heroes of these two stories; But the existing differences originate from the spirits, customs, culture of the Parthian and Celtic peoples.

A small body of prior research that utilises a unidimensional conceptualisation of psychological entitlement suggests that individuals with a more internal locus of control and higher levels of self-efficacy tend to have lower levels of entitlement. However, prior research has not explored how locus of control and self-efficacy interact to predict entitlement using a multidimensional conceptualisation of entitlement. In the current quantitative research study, the researchers sought to explore the interaction between locus of control and general self-efficacy in predicting the multiple dimensions of psychological entitlement. A nationwide sample of 316 adult participants from the United States completed an anonymous survey measuring locus of control, self-efficacy, and entitlement. A hierarchical multiple regression indicated that general self-efficacy and locus of control significantly predict active and revenge entitlement, but there were no significant interactions between the predictor variables. Individuals with higher general self-efficacy demonstrated lower levels of active entitlement and higher levels of revenge entitlement. Individuals with a more external locus of control demonstrated lower levels of both active and revenge entitlement. No significant relationships were found for the traditional maladaptive conceptualisation of entitlement or passive entitlement.

The Alternative Model of Personality Disorders (AMPD) is a dimensional, empirically based diagnostic system developed to overcome the serious limitations of traditional categories. We review the mounting evidence on its convergent and discriminant validity, with an incursion into the less-studied ICD-11 system. In the literature, the AMPD's Pathological Trait Model (Criterion B) shows excellent convergence with normal personality traits, and it could be useful as an organizing framework for mental disorders. In contrast, Personality Functioning (Criterion A) cannot be distinguished from personality traits, lacks both discriminant and incremental validity, and has a shaky theoretical background. We offer some suggestions with a view to the future. These include removing Criterion A, using the real-life consequences of traits as indicators of severity, delving into the dynamic mechanisms underlying traits, and furthering the integration of currently disengaged psychological paradigms that can shape a sounder clinical science.

People make meaning through life narrative. The central thesis of my book-length psychological biography of Donald Trump is that the 45th president of the United States defied this general meaning-making tendency and epitomized instead the episodic man. Like no other president in modern history, Trump seems to be nearly devoid of a narrative identity, which is an internalized and evolving story of the self that reconstructs the personal past and imagines the future in order to provide life with temporal continuity and meaning. Instead, Trump has always lived in the emotionally vivid moment (episode), fighting to win each moment, moment by discrete moment. Seeing him through the lens of the episodic man helps to explain many puzzling features of Donald Trump’s personality, from his charismatic effect on millions of Americans to his penchant for lying and malice. Importantly, the analysis of Trump’s episodic nature informs the scientific study of narrative identity and meaning making more generally, suggesting that people vary not only with respect to the kinds of stories they create for their lives but also with respect to the extent to which they construe life in narrative terms. Therefore, the analysis of Trump illustrates the potentially reciprocal relationship between the idiographic case and the nomothetic effort to develop and evaluate more general scientific hypotheses.

The purpose of the study is to improve the business performance of new ventures. The influence of working environment and innovation behavior on business performance based on personality psychology is studied. First, the relevant theories of new ventures are introduced, and then the structural equation model is displayed. Second, the conceptual model is constructed in response to the two influencing factors of new ventures. Finally, the influencing factors of new venture performance are extracted according to the conceptual model, and a questionnaire is designed. Statistical Product and Service Solutions software is used to analyze the questionnaire data. The results show that the proportion of new enterprise developers is from 8 to 16%, and the number of employees is <150 people. The establishment time of the surveyed enterprises is from 3 to 7 years, and the proportion of the enterprises whose establishment time is <3 years is 30.79%. Management means policies, exploratory innovation, and applicability innovation have different effects on the business performance of new ventures. Among them, the management means of managers have the greatest impact on business performance, accounting for 32.57%, followed by the applicability innovation behavior of employees, accounting for 29.47%; the exploratory innovation behavior of employees takes up 26.47%. The policy environment in the industry where the enterprise is located has the smallest impact on business performance. The results of the hypotheses show that exploratory innovation and applicability innovation do not influence each other; working environment and innovation behavior have a great influence on the performance of enterprises; the most influential factor is the management means of managers. This study provides a reference for new ventures to improve their performance based on the working environment and innovation behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the study is to improve the business performance of new ventures. The influence of working environment and innovation behavior on business performance based on personality psychology is studied. First, the relevant theories of new ventures are introduced, and then the structural equation model is displayed. Second, the conceptual model is constructed in response to the two influencing factors of new ventures. Finally, the influencing factors of new venture performance are extracted according to the conceptual model, and a questionnaire is designed. Statistical Product and Service Solutions software is used to analyze the questionnaire data. The results show that the proportion of new enterprise developers is from 8 to 16%, and the number of employees is

This study aimed to determine the cultural appropriateness of the DIAMONDS (Duty, Intellect, Adversity, Mating, pOsitivity, Negativity, Deception, and Sociality) model as a situational taxonomy within the South Korean cultural context. Using a sample from the local population, we validated the Riverside Situational Q-Sort-8 (RSQ-8), designed to measure the DIAMONDS model. The study included 445 adult male and female participants aged 25–39 years. We gathered the data using two distinct methods, each subjected to separate scale-validation processes. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated an acceptable model fit. We established convergent and criterion validity through correlations with the Situation Six Questionnaires and NEO Adult Personality Assessment System Short Form. We did not observe any differences in the factor structure between the two data collection methods. Our results support the applicability of the DIAMONDS model as a situational taxonomy in the South Korean cultural context. Finally, we considered the significance and limitations of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Resolving the burning issues of personality psychology requires linguistic analysis. • Lexical-semantic analysis can uncover the folk meanings of personality words. • Corpus-assisted semantic analysis is used to examine selected personality words. • Semantic explications of shy and outgoing (the Extraversion domain) are showcased. • Linguistics can address language-specific biases in personality testing. This study addresses linguistic and cross-disciplinary issues connected with the study of personality trait words, e.g., shy , selfish , outgoing. Although the personality lexicon has long been seen as a primary concern for the field of psychology, it is argued here that the study of personality words belongs primarily within the domain of linguistics and can be performed by methods of lexical semantics and corpus analysis. To demonstrate this, two English personality adjectives representative of the personality dimension Extraversion (namely, shy and outgoing) are analysed using a corpus-assisted Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) approach. The results highlight the status of the English words as folk concepts. The risks of excessive reliance on such folk concepts in personality research are demonstrated by the brief comparison with Russian, and alternative ways forward are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Personality Systems Interactions (PSI) theory explains differences in personality based on the properties of four cognitive systems—object recognition (OR), intuitive behaviour (IB), intention memory (IM) and extension memory (EM). Each system is associated with characteristic modes of perception and behaviour, so personality is determined by which systems are primarily active. According to PSI theory, the activities of the cognitive systems are regulated by positive and negative affect (reward and punishment). Thus, differences in personality ultimately emerge from four parameters—the sensitivities of up- or downregulating positive and negative affect. The complex interactions of affect and cognitive systems have been represented in a mathematical model based on a system of differential equations. In this study, the environment of a person represented by the mathematical model is modelled by a time series of perturbations with positive and negative affect that are generated by a stochastic process. Comparing the average activities of the cognitive systems for different parameter sets exposed to the same time series of affect perturbations, we observe that different dominant cognitive systems emerge. This demonstrates that different sensitivities for positive and negative affect lead to different modes of cognition and, thus, to different personality types such as agreeable, conscientious, self-determined or independent. Varying the relative frequencies of negative and positive affect perturbations reveals that the average activities of all cognitive systems respond linearly. This observation enables us to predict that conscientious and independent personalities benefit from increased exposure to positive affect, whereas agreeable and self-determined personalities achieve a better balance of their cognitive systems by increased negative affect.

A new venture barely makes a profit in its initial stage, and its success depends on innovation. Innovation is related to the work environment, and the innovation behavior of employees is of great significance to the performance improvement of new venture. Based on the previous research, in this study, hypotheses on the correlation between work environment, employee innovation behavior, and corporate performance are put forward first. Then, with team cooperation, organizational incentive, leadership support, sufficient resources, and work pressure as the factors of the work environment, the bosses, middle and senior managers involved in entrepreneurship, and the main members of the entrepreneurial team of 202 newly established enterprises in developed regions are surveyed online or in scene. Multivariate hierarchical regression analysis is performed to analyze the data collected from the questionnaire. The results show that the effective recovery rate of the questionnaire is 86.4%; the number of traditional enterprises is 108 (53.47%), and that of R&D enterprises is 68 (33.66%); teamwork, leadership support, and work pressure are all correlated with employees' innovative behavior (P < 0.05), while organizational motivation and sufficient resources are not correlated with employees' innovative behavior (P > 0.05); employee innovation behavior is positively correlated with enterprise performance (β = 0.375, P ≤ 0.01); the working environment and employee innovation behavior promote enterprise performance (β = 0.433, P ≤ 0.01); and the working environment affects the relationship between employee innovation behavior and enterprise performance (β = 0.399, P ≤ 0.05). The study theoretically enriches the research on the relationship between innovation behavior, work environment, and enterprise performance of new ventures. In practice, it is suggested that start-up enterprises provide good working environment for employees and attach importance to innovation activities at the individual level of employees, which provides useful guidance and reference for the development of Chinese start-up enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article argues that theories of economic development and productivity should move beyond the generally known factors and mechanisms of such development. It is theoretically proposed and empirically illustrated that differences in human behavior are significant deep-rooted causes of spatial economic and productivity disparities. The article examines the relationship between behavioral constructs and productivity using data for local areas across England. Measures of personality psychology and community culture (including both living culture and cultural heritage) are hypothesized to be related to activities impacting upon productivity performance at the local level. The analysis indicates that underlying human behavioral factors play a role in determining rates of productivity and levels of economic development in localities and regions. Culture and psychological traits, as manifested in the form of the psychocultural behavior of localities and regions, appear to shape their long-term development trajectories. Localities that have relatively atomized behavioral environments with high levels of individual commitment tend to enjoy productivity benefits. Similarly, places with high rates of cultural diversity and extravert individuals have relatively high rates of productivity. It is concluded that from a policy perspective, governments looking to level up local and regional economies should pay greater attention to understanding behavioral influences on productivity, especially related to strategies focused on behavioral nudges, institutional changes, and education systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the first review in chronopsychology, a relatively new interdisciplinary area of research which has developed rapidly at the junction of chronobiology, somnology, and psychology. Chronopsychology studies the mechanisms of rhythmicity in behavior and the mind based on methods of chronobiology, somnology, and psychometry. In particular, chronobiology studies biological clocks, while somnology addresses their influences on regulatory processes directly controlling the sleep–waking cycle, impairments to which have adverse impact on mental activity. Psychometric and differential psychology methods are widely used, for example, in studies of the chronotype and its relationship with a great diversity of human characteristics – genetic, psychophysiological, behavioral, cognitive, personality, and psychopathological. Particular attention is paid to sleep, drowsiness, fatigue, work/study productivity, and healthy/unhealthy lifestyles in people of different sexes and ages. Applied research includes the development – taking account of the chronotype of each specific person – of recommendations supporting preservation of good quality sleep and health in specific temporal situations, optimizing work/rest patterns, efficient assimilation of new skills, and preventing accidents during vigorous activity at times of day unsuitable for these activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of skin area and gender in ticklishness was explored in the present study. No previous report has been published on stimulation of the body surface exposed when dressed in a swimsuit (supine and prone positions), and the use of a feather has not been reported before. Fifty‐seven university students volunteered (female N = 26, age range: 19–25, mean = 22.4; male N = 31, age range: 20–26, mean = 23.1). Sessions were videotaped for scoring of local involuntary muscle contractions (IMC) and laughter. Smiles were not scored because the face was not visible in the prone position. Subjective ticklishness was scored on a visual analogue scale. Areas that gave rise to ticklishness, were hatched onto a figure of the body. A two‐factor design (gender of tickler by gender of ticklee) explored effects on dependent measures. Results showed that laughter was most frequent in female ticklees, disregarding the gender of the tickler. Subjective ticklishness and IMC scored high in opposite gender constellations. Ticklish areas included the ankles, knees, medial sides of the thighs and legs, lateral sides of the upper part of the body, elbows, the upper parts of arms, and the neck and shoulders. It was proposed that laughter in response to tickling stimulation might express gender stereotypes of socio‐expressive behavior in playful social interaction, whereas IMC and subjective ticklishness may reflect biological components of playfulness in opposite gender constellations when tickled by a feather. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psychological construct of entitlement has received attention in recent years and is frequently used to describe the Millennial generation. Yet, research has not been conclusive in supporting this assertion. One issue impacting current research on entitlement is the myriad definitions being used to describe the construct. Some research has focused on entitlement as a unidimensional personality trait that is directly related to narcissism, while other research has suggested a multidimensional structure that encompasses social psychological elements as well. The current study examined the relationship between the two definitions of entitlement and generational trends according to each conceptualization. Small to moderate correlations were observed between the components of the two conceptualizations of entitlement. Results of a MANOVA indicated no generational differences according to either conceptualization; additionally, SES and gender did not moderate the relationship between generation and entitlement.