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Background: Academic dishonesty not only undermines the values of integrity and fairness but also impacts the learning environment, hindering the genuine development of knowledge and skills. A deeper understanding of the psychological and personality processes involved in academic dishonesty can offer solutions to enhance moral identity and the overall quality of students' educational experiences. Despite the significance of this issue, the interplay between personality traits, moral identity, and academic dishonesty has remained understudied in the existing literature. Aims: The purpose of this study was to structural equation modeling prediction of academic dishonesty based on personality characteristics with mediating role of moral identity in students in Tehran city. Methods: This study was conducted in the presence of 500 people by available sampling method among high school students in Tehran city in year academic 2021-2022. To measure the variables, academic dishonesty scale (ADS) of Witherspoon and et al (2010), neo personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) of McCrae and Costa (2008) and moral identity questionnaire (MIQ) of Black and Reynolds (2016) were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equation modelling with using SPSS-24 and AMOS software was investigated. Results: The results showed that there is significant relationship between personality characteristics and moral identity with procrastination (P< 0.01). The results also showed that most of the direct paths of this study were significant and the indirect paths of personality characteristics were significant through the mediating role of moral identity on academic dishonesty. Also, proposed model had an acceptable fitness to the data (RMSEA= 0/052, P-value< 0/05) and evaluated model has a good fit and is an important step in identifying the factors that are effective in academic dishonesty in high school students in Tehran city. Conclusion: The findings of this research offer valuable insights towards reducing academic dishonesty among students by considering the roles of personality traits and moral identity. Several proactive measures can be implemented in this regard, such as organizing webinars aimed at improving personality traits and moral identity to diminish tendencies towards dishonesty and academic cheating among students.

Background: Academic dishonesty not only undermines the values of integrity and fairness but also impacts the learning environment, hindering the genuine development of knowledge and skills. A deeper understanding of the psychological and personality processes involved in academic dishonesty can offer solutions to enhance moral identity and the overall quality of students' educational experiences. Despite the significance of this issue, the interplay between personality traits, moral identity, and academic dishonesty has remained understudied in the existing literature. Aims: The purpose of this study was to structural equation modeling prediction of academic dishonesty based on personality characteristics with mediating role of moral identity in students in Tehran city. Methods: This study was conducted in the presence of 500 people by available sampling method among high school students in Tehran city in year academic 2021-2022. To measure the variables, academic dishonesty scale (ADS) of Witherspoon and et al (2010), neo personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) of McCrae and Costa (2008) and moral identity questionnaire (MIQ) of Black and Reynolds (2016) were used. Data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and structural equation modelling with using SPSS-24 and AMOS software was investigated. Results: The results showed that there is significant relationship between personality characteristics and moral identity with procrastination (P< 0.01). The results also showed that most of the direct paths of this study were significant and the indirect paths of personality characteristics were significant through the mediating role of moral identity on academic dishonesty. Also, proposed model had an acceptable fitness to the data (RMSEA= 0/052, P-value< 0/05) and evaluated model has a good fit and is an important step in identifying the factors that are effective in academic dishonesty in high school students in Tehran city. Conclusion: The findings of this research offer valuable insights towards reducing academic dishonesty among students by considering the roles of personality traits and moral identity. Several proactive measures can be implemented in this regard, such as organizing webinars aimed at improving personality traits and moral identity to diminish tendencies towards dishonesty and academic cheating among students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The positive predictive effect of children's problem behaviors on parenting stress has been verified to some extent, but research on parents of children with special needs remains insufficient. Moreover, the role of parental personality traits in the relationship between children's problem behaviors and parenting stress, and whether it differs from before the COVID-19 pandemic, remains unclear. Accordingly, in this study, online questionnaires were used to survey parents of children with autism and intellectual disabilities in China – 337 parents before and 604 during the COVID-19 pandemic – to explore the relationship between problem behaviors in the children and parenting stress as well as the moderating effect of parents' personality. The results showed that problem behaviors of children with autism and intellectual disabilities had a positive predictive effect on parenting stress. However, there was no significant difference in this effect before and during the pandemic. In addition, the relationship between children's problem behaviors and parenting stress was moderated by the Agreeableness and Neuroticism of the parents, but only during COVID-19 pandemic. The research results suggest that, during the pandemic when facing problem behaviors of children with autism or intellectual disabilities, positive personality characteristics such as Agreeableness have a protective effect on parenting stress. By contrast, negative personality characteristics such as Neuroticism are risk factors. The study results provide evidence from special groups regarding the role of parents' personalities in the parent – child interaction and the parenting stress models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the current study was to investigate the personality characteristics and developmental characteristics of primary school students’ personality types in a cross-sectional sample of 10,366 Chinese children. The Personality Inventory for Primary School Student was used to evaluate primary school students’ personality. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to classify primary school students’ personality types. One-way ANOVA was used to explore the personality characteristics of personality types, and Chi-square tests were used to investigate grade and gender differences of primary school students’ personality types. Results showed that the primary school students could be divided into three personality types: the resilient, the overcontrolled, and the undercontrolled. Resilients had the highest scores, and undercontrollers had the lowest scores on all of five personality dimensions (intelligence, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and emotional stability). The overcontrollers’ scores on personality were between the other two types, with lower emotional stability. As the grade level increased, the proportion of undercontrolled students in primary schools generally showed an upward trend and reached the maximum in grade 5. The proportion of resilient students in primary schools generally showed a downward trend. The proportion of resilient students was highest in grade 2 and lowest in grade 5. Girls were significantly more likely than boys to be resilient personality types, while boys were significantly more likely than girls to be undercontrolled personality types. The overcontrolled personality type did not show significant gender differences. Because of the undesirable internalizing problems related to overcontrollers and the externalizing problems related to undercontrollers, our results have implications for Chinese schools, families, and society in general.

The aim of the current study was to investigate the personality characteristics and developmental characteristics of primary school students' personality types in a cross-sectional sample of 10,366 Chinese children. The Personality Inventory for Primary School Student was used to evaluate primary school students' personality. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to classify primary school students' personality types. One-way ANOVA was used to explore the personality characteristics of personality types, and Chi-square tests were used to investigate grade and gender differences of primary school students' personality types. Results showed that the primary school students could be divided into three personality types: the resilient, the overcontrolled, and the undercontrolled. Resilients had the highest scores, and undercontrollers had the lowest scores on all of five personality dimensions (intelligence, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and emotional stability). The overcontrollers' scores on personality were between the other two types, with lower emotional stability. As the grade level increased, the proportion of undercontrolled students in primary schools generally showed an upward trend and reached the maximum in grade 5. The proportion of resilient students in primary schools generally showed a downward trend. The proportion of resilient students was highest in grade 2 and lowest in grade 5. Girls were significantly more likely than boys to be resilient personality types, while boys were significantly more likely than girls to be undercontrolled personality types. The overcontrolled personality type did not show significant gender differences. Because of the undesirable internalizing problems related to overcontrollers and the externalizing problems related to undercontrollers, our results have implications for Chinese schools, families, and society in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the excessive amount of counterfeit goods in the Third World countries and the losses caused by the sale of these goods, this study attempts to investigate the relationship between personality characteristics (neuroticism, extroversion, openness, conscientiousness and agreeableness) and attitudes toward purchase of counterfeit goods. This study is a cross-sectional type. The statistical population comprised graduate and undergraduate students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. The sample included 700 people, selected randomly by simple sampling manner and response to the attitude toward purchase of counterfeit goods questionnaire and NEO Personality Inventory. The SPSS16 software, independent t-test and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the data. Results indicated that there is a significant relationship between extroversion, openness and agreeableness with attitude toward counterfeited goods purchasing. The results also indicated that the mean difference of attitude toward counterfeit goods purchasing between gender, marital status and educational level were significant. Results indicated that personality characteristics affected consumers’ attitude toward counterfeit goods purchasing and these personality characteristics can play a role in the reduction of counterfeit goods purchasing.

Abstract Background This study analyzes the relationship between preoperative psychological states of primary palmar hyperhidrosis patients and postoperative compensatory sweating. Methods We evaluated the psychological states of patients with primary palmar hyperhidrosis who received sympathectomy in our hospital from 2016 to 2017. The relationship between preoperative psychological states and postoperative compensatory sweating were assessed using Spearman’s rank-order correlation. Results Fifty-five patients who received R4 + R3 bypass transection accepted the preoperative questionnaire survey; 35 were males and 20 were females. The average age was 24.0 ± 6.3 years (range, 14–44 years). Depression symptoms were present in 21.9% (12/55) of the patients; the incidence of anxiety was almost similar, at 23.7% (13/55). Compensatory sweating occurred in 67.3% (37/55) of the patients; of these, 56.4% (31/55) was mild and 10.9% (6/55) was moderate. None of the patients had severe compensatory sweating. There was no significant relationship between the scores of SDS, SAS, and the incidence of postoperative compensatory sweating (P>0.05). However, the psychoticism scale displayed a strong impact on the degree of compensatory sweating (P

Due to the excessive amount of counterfeit goods in the Third World countries and the losses caused by the sale of these goods, this study attempts to investigate the relationship between personality characteristics (neuroticism, extroversion, openness, conscientiousness and agreeableness) and attitudes toward purchase of counterfeit goods. This study is a cross-sectional type. The statistical population comprised graduate and undergraduate students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences. The sample included 700 people, selected randomly by simple sampling manner and response to the attitude toward purchase of counterfeit goods questionnaire and NEO Personality Inventory. The SPSS16 software, independent t-test and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the data. Results indicated that there is a significant relationship between extroversion, openness and agreeableness with attitude toward counterfeited goods purchasing. The results also indicated that the mean difference of attitude toward counterfeit goods purchasing between gender, marital status and educational level were significant. Results indicated that personality characteristics affected consumers' attitude toward counterfeit goods purchasing and these personality characteristics can play a role in the reduction of counterfeit goods purchasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retirement phenomenon like the other transitional experiences affect people’s marital satisfaction and can cause tension, disagreement and discontent at the end of adulthood. So, this research was carried out to evaluate role of personality characteristics, religious attitude and source of individual control in predicting quality of retired people’s marital relationships. The research method was survey and correlational. The statistical population included all retired people in Nahavand that 200 of them were selected as sample of the research through simple random sampling based on backgrounds of previous researches. Instruments of the research included Short form of NEO personality questionnaire, religious attitudes scales of Khodayarifard et al, Rutter’s control source and Golombok-Rust's marital status. Data was analyzed through Pearson correlation and multiple regression. Results showed that marital incompatibility has positive correlation with mental affliction and negative correlation with extraversion, openness to experience, agreeability and conscientiousness. Also, a significant negative relationship was obtained between people’s religious attitude and their marital status and there was no significant relationship between control source and marital quality. As well based on analysis of the results, mental affliction, extraversion, agreeability and religious attitude could significantly predict 42 percent of variance of the dependent variable, that is, marital quality. Based on findings of the research, it can be said that people’s marital status especially in retirement period is affected by people’s personality traits and religious attitudes.

Background: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating roles of the cognitive emotion regulation strategies (CERS) and goal adjustment in relationship between personality characteristics and quality of life of patients with cancer. Methods: The method of this study was a descriptive-explanatory one. The population of the study consisted of patients with cancer referred to 4 health care centers. A total of 156 people (males: 49, females:107) were selected by convenience sampling and they completed the Persian scales of the cognitive emotion regulation, goals adjustment, short-form of 5 personality factors and the world health organization quality of life. Results: The general characteristics of the pattern test suggested a lack of fit of the initial model proposed by the researchers. In order to find a better fit, several corrections were made based on the theoretical and experimental principles and general indicators from testing the initial model (X² = 129.71, df (degree of freedom) = 98, RMSEA (root mean square error of approximation) = 0.082, GFI (goodness of fit index) = 0.87, AGFI (adjusted goodness of fit index) = 0.82). According to this model, the extroversion and neuroticism variables, respectively, have positive and negative direct effects on the quality of life of patients with cancer. Also, extroversion has a positive indirect effect due to the adaptive strategies of CERS and goal adjustment, and the neuroticism variable has indirect negative effects on the quality of life of these patients due to the adaptive strategies of CERS and goal adjustment (P > 0.00). Conclusions: Considering the results, that 2 major factors affecting the quality of life of patients with cancer are goal adjustment and CERS; this relationship should be taken into account in the training for treatment programs involving CERS and especially adaptive strategies as well as goal adjustment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Headache is one the most common compliant of patients and has different causes and the migraine and tension headaches are common. Personality is characteristics forming an individual distinctive manner. This study aimed to determine the frequency and association of different types of personality characteristics in patients with migraine and tension headaches. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was done on 160 (12 male and 148 female) subjects with chief complaint of headache whome referred to 5th Azar clinics of Gorgan, Iran during 2007-08. Subjects were selected by simple random sampling and were examined by either a neurologist or psychiatrist patient with diagnosis migraine either of or tension headache were included. Selected patients evaluated by short form of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Data were analyzed using SPSS-13 and Chi-Square test. Results: The mean age was 11.18±33.29 in women and 34.33±13.7 in men. 96 patients (60%) had tension headache and 64 (41.2%) had migraine. In tension headache, depressed personality (43.8%) and hysterical personality (16.4%) were more common but in migraine headache, depressed personality (48.9%) and paranoid personality (20%) were common but this difference was not significant. Conclusion: This study showed that there is no relation between personality characteristics with tension headach and migraine.

The positive predictive effect of children's problem behaviors on parenting stress has been verified to some extent, but research on parents of children with special needs remains insufficient. Moreover, the role of parental personality traits in the relationship between children's problem behaviors and parenting stress, and whether it differs from before the COVID-19 pandemic, remains unclear. Accordingly, in this study, online questionnaires were used to survey parents of children with autism and intellectual disabilities in China - 337 parents before and 604 during the COVID-19 pandemic - to explore the relationship between problem behaviors in the children and parenting stress as well as the moderating effect of parents' personality. The results showed that problem behaviors of children with autism and intellectual disabilities had a positive predictive effect on parenting stress. However, there was no significant difference in this effect before and during the pandemic. In addition, the relationship between children's problem behaviors and parenting stress was moderated by the Agreeableness and Neuroticism of the parents, but only during COVID-19 pandemic. The research results suggest that, during the pandemic when facing problem behaviors of children with autism or intellectual disabilities, positive personality characteristics such as Agreeableness have a protective effect on parenting stress. By contrast, negative personality characteristics such as Neuroticism are risk factors. The study results provide evidence from special groups regarding the role of parents' personalities in the parent - child interaction and the parenting stress models., Competing Interests: Conflict of interestOn behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2022, Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Several studies have investigated the association between students' seating positions and their classroom performance. However, the role of personality traits on seating preference in the classroom has not been well investigated. The aim of the study was to understand how students choose their seats according to their personality traits in a classroom context and the influence of personality characteristics and seat selection on educational achievement. The seating positions of the medical students were recorded on an architectural plan during each class session, and the means and standard deviations of the students' locations were calculated in X and Y orientations. The locations of the students in the class were analyzed based on three architectural classifications: interactional zone, distance from the board, and access to the aisles. The NEO Five-Factor Inventory was used to evaluate the five main personality characteristics of the students. Midterm and final exam scores were used to measure the students' educational achievement. Analysis of variance showed a statistical significance correlation between the interactional zones and both agreeableness and conscientiousness. Mantel-Haenszel analysis showed a statistical significance association between sex and agreeableness and openness to experiences, which was mainly caused by zone II. Among the tested characteristics, a statistically significant relationship was observed between agreeableness and final exam scores. There was a statistical significance difference in openness and extraversion between the students with a high number of absences and their classmates. A relationship between the student's locations in the class, their educational achievements, and some of their personality characteristics are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To examine relationships between personality traits and cerebral cortex reactivity under different motivating conditions. Methods: Relationships between personality traits assessed using the NEO Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R) and cerebral cortex reactivity during a verbal fluency task monitored using multichannel near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) were examined under three different motivational conditions: control, monetary reward, and goal-oriented, in healthy young male volunteers. Results: Significant correlations between cerebral cortex reactivity and personality traits were found in the frontopolar region: a positive correlation with agreeableness and a negative correlation with the neuroticism and conscientiousness scores of the NEO-PI-R under the three motivational conditions. Higher scores for agreeableness were more strongly associated with a greater increase in total hemoglobin concentration ([total-Hb]) under the goal-oriented and control conditions than under the monetary reward condition. In addition, higher scores for neuroticism were more strongly associated with a greater increase in deoxygenated hemoglobin concentration ([deoxy-Hb]) under the monetary reward condition than the goal-oriented condition, and higher scores for conscientiousness were more strongly associated with a greater increase in [deoxy-Hb] under control conditions than under the goal-oriented condition. Conclusion: Using multichannel NIRS, certain personality traits of the big-five model are related to frontopolar reactivity. These relationships vary depending on the motivational condition when brain functions are monitored: agreeableness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness are all related to frontopolar reactivity depending on the motivational condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research 505 valid questionnaires collected from 17 selected companies including nonprofit organizations, insurance companies, and manufacturing firms were used to gauge the normalized in-degree centrality of a friendship network. Social network analysis techniques were administered. The aim in this research was to present a model of how friendship networks and the personality characteristic of conscientiousness could intensify individual contextual performance of the employee. Theories and research investigations on different disciplines such as social and organizational science were integrated to develop the model. The results indicate that the interaction between conscientiousness and friendship networks explains a significant incremental amount of the variance in employee individual contextual performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past, studies of the causes and consequences of service failures were generally conducted from the perspective of the consumers. Only a few of the studies were conducted through the perspective of management involvement. Furthermore, qualitative analysis tends to be extensively used in such studies, as well as CIT, case study or multivariate analysis. Therefore, this study is an attempt to use a non-linear fuzzy neural model as the method for empirical study. A survey has been conducted in the chain stores of Starbucks, La New and one vegetarian food store chain. They are industries with a high level of interaction with customers. A total of 104 respondents were samples. The results of this survey indicate that if we are to trace the unanimous reasoning of service defects, the factor of management involvement tends to be higher for employees exhibiting personality characteristics of external control rather than internal control. If the level of service defects becomes seriously high, a higher level of management involvement is necessary for employees exhibiting personality characteristics of external control rather than internal control. For employees exhibiting internal control in personality characteristics, a higher level of management involvement is required to make voluntary moves in pursuing remedial recovery strategy. For employees exhibiting external control in personality characteristics, a lower level of management involvement is required to make voluntary moves in pursuing remedial measures for compensational strategy. The pursuit of remedial recovery strategy may vary according to the situation of service defects. The level of management involvement positively correlates with customer relation strengths. The customer relation strengths positively correlate with the pursuit of remedial recovery strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the behavioural factors which make for continuing high levels of child mortality in rural Punjab, despite favourable conditions in terms of nutrition, income, women's literacy and health care facilities are examined. A major factor is that inadequate attention has been paid to improved health care practices within the home. Women's autonomy, social class, and mothers' education significantly influence child survival. One of the pathways by which mothers' education affects child survival is through improved child care. In this society, a woman's autonomy is Lowest during that part of her life-cycle which also contains her peak childbearing years: this perverse overlap raises child mortality. The risk of dying is distributed very unevenly amongst children, as the majority of child deaths are clustered amongst a small proportion of the families. The death-clustering variable remained significant even after several possible biological and socio-economic reasons for clustering had been controlled. It is argued that this clustering of deaths is partly due to the poor basic abilities of some mothers and other carers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]