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Although there is a consensus that workplace proactivity is vital for both employees and organizations, little is known as whether proactivity is beneficial for employees to develop leadership capabilities. Drawing from trait activation theory, we theorize that proactive personality could enhance employee promotability through taking charge behavior. We also propose that task structure determines the odds that proactive employees might be promoted. We tested the theoretical model with data from 226 employees and their direct leaders in 26 teams at three time points. The results of multi-level path analysis indicated that the positive relationship between proactive personality and taking charge was stronger in more organic work unit, which in turn, positively related to employees' promotability. These findings provide new knowledge in understanding the impacts of proactive personality and offers important empirical practices for proactivity management for organizations., Author(s): Ying Zhang [sup.1] , Fuxi Wang [sup.2] , Guodong Cui [sup.3] , Jinzhao Qu [sup.1] , Yanyuan Cheng [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/041pakw92, grid.24539.39, 0000 0004 0368 8103, School [...]

The positive predictive effect of children's problem behaviors on parenting stress has been verified to some extent, but research on parents of children with special needs remains insufficient. Moreover, the role of parental personality traits in the relationship between children's problem behaviors and parenting stress, and whether it differs from before the COVID-19 pandemic, remains unclear. Accordingly, in this study, online questionnaires were used to survey parents of children with autism and intellectual disabilities in China - 337 parents before and 604 during the COVID-19 pandemic - to explore the relationship between problem behaviors in the children and parenting stress as well as the moderating effect of parents' personality. The results showed that problem behaviors of children with autism and intellectual disabilities had a positive predictive effect on parenting stress. However, there was no significant difference in this effect before and during the pandemic. In addition, the relationship between children's problem behaviors and parenting stress was moderated by the Agreeableness and Neuroticism of the parents, but only during COVID-19 pandemic. The research results suggest that, during the pandemic when facing problem behaviors of children with autism or intellectual disabilities, positive personality characteristics such as Agreeableness have a protective effect on parenting stress. By contrast, negative personality characteristics such as Neuroticism are risk factors. The study results provide evidence from special groups regarding the role of parents' personalities in the parent - child interaction and the parenting stress models., Author(s): Xiaohong Wen [sup.1] , Jie Ren [sup.1] [sup.2] , Xingkai Li [sup.3] , Jianlin Li [sup.1] [sup.4] , Suiqing Chen [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/05ar8rn06, grid.411863.9, 0000 0001 [...]

Communication applications and social media sites serve as a platform for users to distribute information and connect to other users, potentially allowing perpetrators to perform antisocial behaviors. The current study examined the relationship between Dark Tetrad of personality (i.e., Machiavellianism, narcissism, psychopathy, sadism) and antisocial cyber-behaviors (i.e., cyberbullying, cybertrolling) by surveying young Malaysians (n = 323) aged from 18 to 26. Partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) revealed that Machiavellianism was not related to cyberbullying and cybertrolling, while narcissism was positively related to cyberbullying but not related to cybertrolling. Meanwhile, psychopathy and sadism were positively related to cyberbullying and cybertrolling. The results of this study contribute to the cyber-behaviors literature, knowledge about the antisocial cyber-behaviors in Malaysia, supports sadism as a dark personality and the study acts as a reference to minimize these behaviors., Author(s): Masoumeh Alavi [sup.1] , Adibah Abdul Latif [sup.2] , T. Ramayah [sup.3] [sup.5] [sup.6] , Jia Yue Tan [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/02sc3r913, grid.1022.1, 0000 0004 0437 5432, School [...]

This research aimed to explore the dimensionality of online and offline stalking forms and the associations between Dark Tetrad traits and perpetration of various stalking behaviors. Serbian adults (N = 232; 64.2% women) completed the Short Dark Triad, the Short Sadistic Impulse Scale, the Cyberstalking Scale, and a newly developed instrument-the Stalking Behavior Scale-which measures aggravated, intrusive, and surveillance forms of stalking. Cyberstalking was associated with all of the Dark Tetrad traits, but the other forms of stalking were corelated with different Dark Tetrad traits. For instance, aggravated stalking was associated with psychopathy and sadism whereas surveillance stalking was associated with Machiavellianism and narcissism. We suggest that psychopathy and sadism were related to direct, in-person, riskier, and severe stalking, while Machiavellianism and narcissism were related to indirect and covert stalking., Author(s): Ivana Brankovic [sup.1] , Bojana M. Dinic [sup.2] , Peter K. Jonason [sup.3] [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/00xa57a59, grid.10822.39, 0000 0001 2149 743X, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Philosophy, [...]

The simultaneous trends of uncertainty and interdependence require individuals to proactively adapt and manage the social context of their work. Building on the literature of proactive personality and drawing on the social network perspective, this study examines how individuals high in proactive personality are selected as preferred work partners. Specifically, this study develops a sequential mediation model in which proactive personality is likely to be positively and indirectly related to indegree centrality in potential work-partnership networks via first outdegree centrality and then indegree centrality in friendship networks. Then, by analyzing data from 132 individuals newly enrolled in MBA programs based on a time-lagged design with four data-collection points, this study presents evidence that a proactive individual tends to approach his or her colleagues first, which leads them to regard him or her as a friend, and eventually nominate him or her as a target with whom they want to work. These findings offer new insights into the network effect of proactive personality and the dynamics of social networks., Author(s): Inyong Shin [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/0433kqc49, grid.412576.3, 0000 0001 0719 8994, Division of Business Administration, Pukyong National University, , 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, 48513, Busan, South Korea Today, workers [...]

The present study examined individuals' perceived message and video fakeness of deepfake (versus real) videos and deepfake-described (versus non-described) videos, and the moderating effect of perceived deepfake targeted politicians' personality characteristics on the perceived fakeness of deepfake videos. Six hundred and one participants were randomly assigned to one of the four groups: deepfake-described deepfake videos (n = 148), non-described deepfake videos (n = 157), deepfake-described real videos (n = 143), and non-described real videos (n = 153). Participants in each group watched deepfake or real Trump and Obama videos, and then answered questions about their perceived fakeness of each video and the perceived dangerousness and trustworthiness of the video target. Results indicated that participants were able to make the correct decisions to perceive the deepfake and deepfake-described videos and messages as less realistic than real and non-described videos. As predicted by error management theory, participants were inclined to commit the less costly false positive error to perceive dangerous video targets' messages in real and non-described videos as fake as deepfake and deepfake-described videos. In contrast, they were prone to make the less costly false negative error to perceive trustworthy video targets' messages in deepfake videos, and the deepfake videos, as real as real videos. Theoretical and practical implications for deepfakes research were discussed., Author(s): Yu-Leung Ng [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) https://ror.org/0145fw131, grid.221309.b, 0000 0004 1764 5980, Department of Interactive Media, Hong Kong Baptist University, , Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong By integrating 'deep learning' [...]

A prevailing idea in the organizational context is that men and women differ in personality traits and leadership styles. Few studies, however, have examined gender differences in managerial behavior. The aim of the present study was to explore the presence of such differences in a sample of public sector employees (N = 678), focusing on personality and two key human resources constructs, namely organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) and adaptive performance. We also compared gender differences among managers with those observed among employees without managerial responsibilities. Finally, we examined whether the attributes that distinguish managers from non-managers are the same for men and women. Mean comparison strategies and the Cohen's d effect size index were used. The results suggest that male and female public managers have similar leadership profiles in terms of personality, OCBs and adaptive performance. In addition, and despite small gender differences in this respect, it appears that communal traits, such as Creativity or interpersonal OCBs, are becoming increasingly relevant to managerial positions in the public sector, which implies complementarity in the gender roles linked with the behaviors associated with leadership and access to management positions. Our results support both the gender-invariant role demands and the changing leadership roles perspectives and may have implications for selection and promotion policies in public sector organizations., Author(s): Alexander Rodríguez-López [sup.1] , Nekane Balluerka [sup.2] [sup.3] , Arantxa Gorostiaga [sup.2] [sup.3] , Imanol Ulacia [sup.2] [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) Provincial Council of Alava, , Plaza de La [...]

Sibling relationships have unique implications for youth well-being and adjustment, leading researchers to examine factors, such as sibling sex, that explain variation in sibling dynamics. This study was designed to unpack biological sex to examine girls' and boys' gender-typed personality qualities to determine whether they accounted for differences in sibling intimacy and conflict, beyond the effects of sex. Specifically, we applied the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model via multilevel modeling to 5 years of longitudinal data, collected in home interviews from two adolescent-aged siblings from 194 families, to assess links between older (M.sub.age = 16.47 SD = .80) and younger (M.sub.age = 13.88, SD = 1.15) siblings' stereotypically feminine, expressive (e.g., kindness, sensitivity) characteristics and their ratings of sibling intimacy and conflict. Results indicated that youth's expressivity was related positively to their reports of sibling intimacy and negatively to their reports of sibling conflict. Controlling for biological sex, sibling intimacy reached its highest levels and sibling conflict was at its lowest, when both siblings reported high expressivity. On a practical level, these findings illuminate malleable behaviors and characteristics that may promote harmonious sibling relationships, a significant goal given that siblings can serve as sources of support and care in adolescence and beyond., Author(s): Jenny Padilla [sup.1] , Xiaoran Sun [sup.2] , Susan M. McHale [sup.3] , Kimberly A. Updegraff [sup.4] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.131063.6, 0000 0001 2168 0066, University of Notre Dame, [...]

Reporting and interpreting effect sizes (ESs) has been recommended by all major bodies within the field of psychology. In this systematic review, we investigated the reporting of ESs in six social-personality psychology journals from 2018, given that this area has been at the center of psychology's replication crisis. Our results highlight that although ES reporting is near perfect (even for follow-up tests), interpreting the magnitude of ESs, including confidence intervals for ESs, and interpreting the precision of the confidence intervals needs development. We also highlight widespread confusion regarding the interpretations of the magnitude of ESs within the context of the research., Author(s): Linda Farmus [sup.1] , Nataly Beribisky [sup.1] , Naomi Martinez Gutierrez [sup.1] , Udi Alter [sup.1] , Emily Panzarella [sup.1] , Robert A. Cribbie [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.21100.32, [...]

The Flipped Classroom (FC) approach is an important model for individualizing teaching, improving motivation, interaction, and increasing academic performance in a student-centered learning environment. However, at FC, not all students benefit equally from teaching opportunities. There may be important individual differences that affect their academic performance. The relationship between personality traits and academic performance in the FC model in which collaborative group studies are carried out is important for the design of individualized learning environments. In this context, the aim of this study is to research the relationship between academic success and personality traits within a collaborative flipped classroom model. Additionally, in this study, the differentiation of the relationship between academic success and personality traits according to gender, motivation, engagement, and interaction variables were examined. In this research, relational screening model was utilized. The application was achieved through the participation of 167 students for a 14-week period in Turkey. In the research, self-description form and data collection instruments were utilized. At the end of this research, Extraversion from personality traits is the strongest predictor of academic performance in FC. According to descriptive statistics, it was found that female students scored higher in FC settings for extraversion, and male students had higher scores for openness than other structures. In addition, it was found that the motivation scores of women and engagement scores of men were prominent. It was observed that the openness personality of the students with low motivation and the agreeableness of the students with high motivation is more dominant than the other personality structures. Students with the low level of engagement had the highest openness, and those with high agreeableness scores were the highest. The students with the low level of interaction had the highest openness scores, while those with high levels of interaction had the highest conscientiousness. While personality traits and academic achievements of students differed significantly according to gender, motivation and interaction levels, no significant difference was found according to engagement levels. The results reached in this study will guide the applicators about how the students become more ready to learn based on the personality traits of the classroom in which the FC model was utilized., Author(s): Hatice Yildiz Durak [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.449350.f, 0000 0004 0369 647X, Faculty of Science, Department of Computer Technology and Information Systems, Bartin University, , Bartin, Turkey Introduction Flipped [...]

Individual and cultural factors play an important role in the emotional-social development. Culture creates differences in individuals' cognitions, emotions and behaviors about events. One of the differences within culture is ethnic-racial differences. This study was generally aimed that personality traits, intergroup relations, empathy-prosocial behavior-morality and affects are the predictive power to ethnocultural empathy. This article includes four studies. Participants are students the Education Faculty of a university in the Aegean Region. Participans took demograph sheet, HEXACO, narcissistic personality and universality-diversity orientation scales in sudy-1, demongraph sheet, right-wing authoritarianism, discrimination, sensitivity to different cultural groups, social distance and social dominance orientation scales in study 2, demographic sheet, basic empathy, pro-social behavior and morality in study 3 and demographic sheet, trait anger, positive-negative affects towards outgroups and threat perception in study 4. Hierarchic regression analysis reveal that ethnicity and universality-diversity orientation predicts the etnocultural empathy in study1. Immigrant discrimination predicts the ethocultural empathy in study 2. Ethnicity, political tendency, basic empathy and pro- social behavior predicts the ethnocultural empathy in study 3. General threat perceptions towards outgroups predicts the ethnocultural empathy. A result of four studies has showed that the total variance of ethnocultural empathy was explained as .924%. The findings provide support for the best predictive variables of etnocultural empaty was been UDO, low immigrant discrimination, empathy-prosocial behavior, threat perception to out groups and ethnicity-religion-politic variable. According to the results of four studies from the same faculty, these variables explain the majority of the variance related to etnocultural empathy. Ethnocultural empathy may be an important effect in increasing intergroup contact and reducing conflicts and discriminatory attitudes in preservice teachers., Author(s): Necla Acun Kapikiran [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411742.5, 0000 0001 1498 3798, Faculty of Education, Departmant of Education Science, Section of Counselig and Guidance, University of Pamukkale, , 20070, [...]

It has been well documented that employees' conscientiousness positively affects work outcomes. However, few studies have examined the effect of employee conscientiousness differentiation within a team. Drawing on the organizational trust model, this study investigated whether team members' conscientiousness diversity can affect team cohesion by affecting intrateam trust. Using the time-lag design, we tested 912 employees from 114 teams in an insurance enterprise three times. The results show that individual conscientiousness differentiation within a team is negatively correlated with intrateam trust, while intrateam trust is positively correlated with team cohesion. Intrateam trust plays a mediating role between conscientiousness diversity and team cohesion. Moreover, team coaching plays a moderating role between team conscientiousness diversity and intrateam trust. Specifically, the negative effect of team conscientiousness diversity on intrateam trust exists only when team coaching is low., Author(s): Qing Zheng [sup.1] [sup.2] , Lei Wang [sup.1] [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.11135.37, 0000 0001 2256 9319, School of Psychological and Cognitive Sciences and Beijing Key Laboratory of Behaviour [...]

Although entitlement is important for understanding antisocial behavior, personality dysfunction, and personality malevolence, little evidence exists on how entitlement relates to processes that could theoretically maintain and cultivate it. In line with a self-presentation conceptualization, we speculated that entitlement probably entails the cultivation and maintenance of various identities that generally occasion better treatment from audiences. This self-presentation conceptualization of entitlement has rarely been tested, and the evidence is inconclusive. To provide a more conclusive test, participants (N = 247) completed self-report indices of 6 entitlement features--from three different multidimensional models--and self-reported their past use of various self-presentation tactics. These self-presentation tactics are used to convey distinct identities (e.g., accomplished, threatening, superior) that generally garner better treatment from audiences. Exploratory factor analysis suggested the 6 entitlement indicators were composed of a single entitlement factor; generally, consistent with the self-presentation conceptualization, this entitlement factor related to more use of all the self-presentation tactics excepf benevolent tactics (apologies and exemplification) and supplication. Moreover, each entitlement indicator showed an approximately similar pattern of relations to the self-presentation tactics, suggesting they all share a similar approach to self-presentation. Hence, the findings are consistent with conceptualizing entitlement and its various features as including the strategic maintenance of identities that should occasion entitled treatment; such findings may have implications for understanding the foundations of entitlement. Supplemental materials are available here: https://files.press.uillinois.edu/journals/supplemental/ajp/hart/index.html KEYWORDS: entitlement, identity, personality, self-presentation, social behavior, Entitlement is a 'stable and pervasive sense that one deserves more and is entitled to more than others' (Campbell, Bonacci, Shelton, Exline, & Bushman, 2004, p. 31). This construct has [...]

Feedback-seeking occurs when one party (i.e., the seeker) attempts to obtain feedback from another party (i.e., the source). This study examines the influence of sources' personality on their attitudes about being sought for feedback by seekers. Specifically, this study focuses on sources' Big Five dimensions of personality and on their attitudes about being asked for feedback by their subordinates, coworkers, and supervisors. After developing scales to measure sources' attitudes, a survey was administered to full-time working managers in Canada. Results showed that extraversion was positively related to sources' attitudes about being sought for feedback by their coworkers and supervisors. Agreeableness was positively related to sources' attitudes about being sought for feedback by their subordinates. Openness to experience was positively related to sources' attitudes about being sought for feedback by their supervisors. The Big Five explained between 13% and 15% of the variance in sources' attitudes about being sought for feedback. Keywords: feedback-seeking, feedback, personality, Big Five, attitudes, managers, Feedback-seeking occurs when one party--the seeker--attempts to obtain feedback from another party--the source (Ashford and Cummings, 1983; Ashford et al., 2016). An example of feedback-seeking is a subordinate (i.e., seeker) [...]

Personality traits and character strengths constructs share similar definitions, with elements that indicate some overlap between them, such as stability, interpretation and expression of feelings and thoughts. This study aimed to examine the relation between the Five-Factor Model of personality and character strengths in youth in Brazil. Also, the present study verified how discriminable personality traits and character strengths are from each other. Participated 832 high school students from public schools in Brazil, aged 14 to 18, 60.6% female. Results showed that the Conscientiousness trait was most associated with the character strengths of persistence, love of learning, leadership, prudence and self-regulation. The Agreeableness trait with kindness and forgiveness. The Openness trait with curiosity, creativity and beauty. The Neuroticism trait with self-regulation. The results of the present study indicate that the personality traits may be viewed as separate from the character strengths construct. Thus, our findings make it clear that the character strengths are not merely personality factors or personality traits., Author(s): Denise Martins Dametto [sup.1] [sup.2] , Ana Paula Porto Noronha [sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.412409.a, 0000 0001 2289 0436, Universidade São Francisco, , R. Waldemar César da Silveira, 105, [...]

In a lament on the rustic life of an exile, the persona loquens of Alcaeus 130b progresses through three spaces: the polis, esxatiai, and a temenos. The first is explicitly political, but the persona cannot occupy its territory; the latter two, where the persona can dwell, are apolitical while the temenos in particular is gendered in line with the Lesbian women who hold their beauty contests within its borders. In this article I argue that fragment 130b organizes the spaces through which the persona travels so that it can reject the apolitical life of the esxatiai and temenos, allowing the persona loquens to maintain his political identity as a citizen man even while in exile. The poem accomplishes this by connecting the persona to several social groups and then by removing him from them; this push and pull of exile and return creates an in-between space where the persona's social identity is safe from the dangers of exile. In the context of the male-dominated symposion and the political stasis afflicting archaic Mytilene, the persona's ability to maintain his political identity even in exile presents a powerful argument to Alcaeus's audience(s) that regardless of any setbacks, including exile, they too should maintain their identity as politically efficacious citizens and continue any stasis that they have begun., The persona loquens of Alcaeus 130b (1) experiences a crisis of identity: he lives in exile alone, separated from the social groups and institutions that support his social identity as [...]

Self-supporting personality (SSP) is an indigenous Chinese personality concept. It is assumed to be a protective personality factor with regard to depression. In the present study, self-supporting personality traits are assumed to be similar to Big Five personality traits or facets of the Five Factor Model to a considerable degree, but also to contain some tendencies or dispositions which are related to depression in ways that go beyond either the Big Five factors or their sub-factors. The relation of self supporting personality, Big Five personality, and depression was examined in a sample of 439 Chinese undergraduate students using the Self-Supporting Personality Scale for Adolescent Students (SSPS-AS), the Mandarin Chinese version of Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R), and the Chinese Version of Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS). Results from the correlation analysis revealed that most SSP traits were significantly correlated with the Big Five personality dimensions and sub-dimensions, but the correlation between personal flexibility and either the Big Five dimensions or their sub-dimensions were modest at best. Results from the hierarchical linear regression analyses showed that interpersonal responsibility, interpersonal openness, and personal independence negatively predicted depression, even after controlling for demographic variables and the Big Five personality, however, the explained variance decreased sharply. These results support the hypothesis that despite some overlap with the Big Five personality, self-supporting personality is related to depression in additional ways that the Big Five personality dimensions or their sub-dimensions are not. Keywords Self-supporting personality * Big five personality * Depression * Cultural differences, Self-supporting personality (SSP) is a Chinese indigenous personality construct that was posited two thousand years ago and considered to be a prime example of Chinese ethos. SSP is defined to [...]

It is hypothesized that playfulness in adults is positively associated with relationship satisfaction and that specific types of attachment and love are related with this trait. Findings, based on two samples of adults that are currently in a relationship (N=161 and 598), show that playfulness is positively associated with relationship satisfaction--albeit low in effect size. Playfulness shares about 17% overlapping variance with different types of love and attachment; particularly, Seduction, low Market Orientation, Attachment, and Love were predictive for playfulness. While gender differences only played a minor role it was shown that playfulness mediates about 5.7% of the gender differences in the inclination to Sexuality. Overall, findings are in the expected direction. The discussion highlights the importance of considering multidimensional measures for playfulness and satisfaction and gives future research directions. Keywords Adult playfulness * Attachment * Love * Play * Playfulness * Relationship personality * Relationship satisfaction, Recent years have seen an increase in the interest in the study of playfulness as a personality trait in adults. It is frequently defined as '[...] the predisposition to frame [...]

Previous research on BDSM (bondage-discipline, domination-submission, sadomasochism) tends to treat practitioners as a homogenous group and lumps dominants (desire to take control) and submissives (desire to be controlled) together. Research [...]

The Thurstone Verbal Fluency Test, Vandenberg Mental Rotation Test, and NEO-FFI personality test were administered to 182 university participants (126 female, 56 male). The men scored higher than the women on the spatial test, and the women scored higher than the men for the verbal fluency test, as reported by others. Women reported more extraversion and agreeableness than men. Extraversion was correlated with verbal fluency for both sexes. For the men, verbal fluency was also positively associated with agreeableness, and for the women, verbal fluency was associated with openness and conscientiousness. No relationships between personality and spatial ability were found. Thus, the relationships between cognitive variables and personality factors differed between the sexes. These findings are discussed in terms of the common frontal neural substrate of verbal fluency and these aspects of personality, as well as the inherently social nature of language as a communication tool. Keywords Verbal fluency * Personality * Sex differences, There has been a renewed interest in the relationship of personality variables to cognitive variables, as well as an interest in mapping these variables onto brain structure. Older reports include [...]

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between intimate partner violence (IPV) and personality disorder symptoms controlling for depressive state. Victims of IPV (n =176) and non-abused women (n =193) completed the Dimensional Assessment of Personality Pathology-Basic Questionnaire (DAPP-BQ), Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA), and Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II). IPV victims scored higher than non-abused women on Intimacy Problems, and scored lower on Rejection traits, after adjustment for depressive symptoms. Severity of the IPV was related to Cognitive Distortion, Suspiciousness, Restricted Expression, and Intimacy Problems, and the length of the IPV was negatively associated with Rejection. The current study suggests only modest differences in personality traits between IPV and non-abused women. The DAPP-BQ traits associated with severity of IPV, in a dose-response manner, would partially reflect the symptoms of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD), although this possibility deserves further study. Keywords DAPP-BQ * Intimate partner violence Complex PTSD * DESNOS * Intimacy problems, Intimate partner violence (IPV) is 'a pattern of abusive behaviors including a wide range of physical, sexual, and psychological maltreatment used by one person in an intimate relationship against another [...]

We tested the validity of 6 methods (mean difference, variance difference, bivariate, profile agreement, pattern similarity, and intraclass) to assess change in a personality profile. During their first 2 months of college, 372 students completed reactive and spontaneous measures of their personality. Eight weeks later, 300 returned to complete a second set of the same measures and noted change in their spontaneous personality list. Sixty participants returned during their second semester to complete a third set of assessments. The bivariate and intraclass change coefficients showed consistent convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity across time points. Recommendations and caveats for using these coefficients are discussed., Personality change is one of the most important phenomena in psychology, yet the study of it is difficult because of its rarity and a lack of consensus as to how [...]

This article compares the relationships of social structure and personality of urban China during 'privatization' to those of urban Poland and Ukraine during their transitions from socialism to nascent capitalism. These relationships are similar in pattern and nearly as strong in magnitude for China as for Poland, and stronger than for Ukraine. China differs from Poland and Ukraine, though, in that the job conditions that facilitate or restrict occupational self-direction, particularly the substantive complexity of work, do not explain nearly as large a portion of the relationships of class and stratification with personality for employed Chinese as for employed Poles and Ukrainians. This results from the unique situation of those self-employed rural migrants to urban China who are officially registered as having a rural residence., Introduction Our study of social structure and personality during the privatization (1) of the economy of urban China is designed to further test the generality and to refine a developing [...]

Are correspondences between personality traits and hockey positions a matter of perception rather than reality? This exploratory study assessed self-reported and ascribed characteristics in a sample of 578 male hockey players (163 defensemen, 305 forwards, and 110 goaltenders), who completed a measure of the Big-Five personality domains and then rated the extent to which they thought the traits applied to players of each position. Contrary to the 'goalies are different' hypothesis, self-reported personality traits did not correlate with hockey position. There was, however, some consensus about what players of different positions are like, with forwards seen as more extraverted, disagreeable, undisciplined, and open to experience than defensemen and goalies. Overall, players rated goaltenders as the most conscientious and defensemen as the most emotionally stable. Moderating effects of participants' own position reflected systematic biases, such that players tended to accentuate the relative positive distinctiveness of their in-group. Results are interpreted with respect to perceptual processes accompanying social categorization and stereotyping., Do hockey players possess characteristics that correspond to the position they play? Some anecdotal evidence, such as the common observation that goaltenders are a 'breed apart' (Plante, 1972, p. ii) [...]

Considerable research in the United States has established that adolescent antisocial, aggressive, and attention problem behaviors negatively influence adolescents' ability to become productive members of society. However, little is known [...]

Objective: According to the acquired preparedness model (APM), personality traits related to disinhibition (i.e., impulsivity and sensation seeking) may influence the learning process, contributing to individual differences in cognitions (e.g., expectations about outcomes) that may contribute to engagement in and consequences of risk behaviors, including alcohol use. Although there is strong support for the APM, longitudinal studies have involved short-term follow-ups, and the relevance of the APM for alcohol-related consequences has not been clearly established. Method: Participants were 2,245 (59.9% female) incoming freshmen who completed the first of eight web-based surveys during the summer before college matriculation. Structural equation modeling was used to test a comprehensive longitudinal APM for both alcohol use and related consequences. Multigroup models were used to examine measurement and structural invariance by gender. Results: Positive (but not negative) alcohol expectancies during freshman year of college partially mediated the relation between senior year of high school disinhibition and both alcohol use and related problems during the fourth year of college, and multigroup models suggested that the relationships proposed in the APM operated similarly for women and men. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the temporal relations proposed in the APM across a longer period (4 years) than in previous studies among a large sample of ethnically diverse students. Further, the results are the first to validate the APM with respect to drinking consequences while controlling for levels of alcohol use. The results lend support for brief interventions targeting positive alcohol expectancies, particularly for individuals high in trait disinhibition. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 72, 602-610, 2011), ALCOHOL USE DISORDERS PEAK DURING emerging adulthood (ages 18-25 years) and are a widespread and serious public health problem in the United States (Grant et al., 2004; Knight et al., [...]

Modern personality theories differ in their assumptions about the structure and etiology of the interplay between personality traits and motivational constructs. The present study examined the genetic and environmental sources of the interplay between the Big Five and major life goals concurrently and across time in order to provide a more decisive evaluation of the conflicting assumptions stated in the five-factor theory as opposed to socioanalytic conceptions. Traits and goals were assessed twice across a 5-year period in a sample of 217 identical and 112 fraternal twin pairs from the Bielefeld Longitudinal Study of Adult Twins. About 30% of the variance in agency and communion life goals was genetic; the remaining variance was due to nonshared environmental effects, whereas shared environmental effects were negligible. Both heritable and environmental variance in goals could partly be accounted for by genetic and nonshared environmental effects on personality traits. Across time, we revealed reciprocal genetic and environmental effects between traits and life goals. In sum, our findings yield partial support for both of the 2 competing personality theories, suggesting a readjusted picture of the interplay between traits and goals. Keywords: five-factor model of personality, major life goals, twins, genetic mediation, personality development DOI: 10.1037/a0019982

The effects the interest in fame on peer and media influence, attachment style and perceived family, curiosity, self, esteem, and narcissism are studied. Findings show that interest in fame for altruistic reasons is related to agreeableness. Meanwhile, fame interest reflecting an overall drive is related with conscientiousness.

The present study examines the individual and joint contributions of personality, situations, and relationship contexts as they shape risky sexual behaviors. Data on 7,511 discrete sexual events collected from a community sample of 1,946 young adults were analyzed with multilevel modeling. Results showed that meaningful between-persons differences in risky sexual behavior exist and that these differences are predictable in theoretically reasonable ways by interindividual differences in personality. However, the majority of variance in risky behaviors was at the within-person level and could be reliably explained by within-person changes in personality, the situation, and the relationship context. Finally, personality interacted with context such that personality more strongly predicted risky behaviors in contexts that were ostensibly novel and ambiguous. Together these results suggest that risky sexual behaviors cannot be understood in a static, typical, or decontextualized way but rather must be viewed as a complex product of the person, the situation, and the relationship context. Keywords: personality, person X situation, close relationships, sexual behavior, sexual experience DOI: 10.1037/a0017785

We tested the hypothesis that only 3 factors of personality description are replicable across many different languages if they are independently derived by a psycholexical approach. Our test was based on 14 trait taxonomies from 12 different languages. Factors were compared at each level of factor extraction with solutions with 1 to 6 factors. The 294 factors in the comparisons were identified using sets of markers of the 6-factor model by correlating the marker scales with the factors. The factor structures were pairwise compared in each case on the basis of the common variables that define the 2 sets of factors. Congruence coefficients were calculated between the varimax rotated structures after Procrustes rotation, where each structure in turn served as a target to which all other structures were rotated. On the basis of average congruence coefficients of all 91 comparisons, we conclude that factor solutions with 3 factors on average are replicable across languages; solutions with more factors are not. Keywords: trait taxonomy, cross-cultural replicability, lexical approach to personality DOI: 10.1037/a0017184

Holland's (1997) theory of corresponding person and work environment structures was evaluated by comparing the integration of individual and occupational ratings of interests, abilities, and skills. Occupational ratings were obtained from the U.S. Department of Labor's O*NET database (U.S. Department of Labor, 2007). College students (494 women, 526 men) provided self-ratings of their interests, abilities, and skills. Property vector fitting was used to embed ability and skill ratings into the Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional (RIASEC) interest structure, and bootstrapping was used to generate confidence intervals for the angles of the vectors and the magnitude of their fit to the Holland model. Across the individual and occupational ratings, 18 of 45 (40%) ability vectors and 41 of 48 (85%) skill vectors were fit into the RIASEC model. No significant gender differences were found in the integration of self-rated abilities and skills into the RIASEC circumplex; however, some differences were found between individual and environmental ratings. Obtained results highlight the potential utility and limitations of using Holland's model for representing both individual and occupational data in a common structure. Keywords: Holland's RIASEC types, trait complexes, property vector fitting, integrated models of individual differences, O*NET DOI: 10.1037/a0018067

Research on the relationship between personality and social factors in spatial cognitive style is sparse. The present research was conducted to help fill the gap in this domain. We investigated the influence of specific personality traits (masculine/feminine, spatial and trait anxiety), state anxiety, and sex on spatial cognitive style. One hundred forty-two participants completed a battery of spatial tasks in order to assess their spatial cognitive style and filled in questionnaires about the personality traits under examination. Results showed that state anxiety, spatial anxiety, sex, and masculine/feminine trait of personality are predictors of spatial cognitive style. More specifically, it seems that masculine/feminine trait mediates the relationship between sex and spatial cognitive style. Such findings confirm the importance of personality in determining differences in spatial representation.

Maladjusted individuals have been theorized to exhibit problematic intraindividual variability of social behavior across situations. This variability is either excessively high (i.e., unpredictable) or low (i.e., rigid), or the behavior is inappropriately matched to the interpersonal context (noncomplementary). However, research has not tested systematically whether interpersonal distress and purported measures of rigidity actually predict these different types of variability across a broad range of social situations. Participants completed measures of interpersonal functioning and then responded to a range of hypothetical interpersonal scenarios, rating perceptions of others and their own expected behavioral responses (Study 1). A subset of participants also rated others' and their own social behaviors across a week of naturalistic social interactions (Study 2). Results most consistently suggested that interpersonal distress predicts high intraindividual variability, with little support for the measurement or theory of rigidity. Moreover, variability of social perceptions partially mediated the link between distress and behavioral variability. Results largely persisted even after accounting for gender and variables' mean levels, and cannot be fully explained by interpersonal complementarity. The implications of these dynamic processes for understanding personality and interpersonal adjustment are discussed. Keywords: intraindividual variability, interpersonal rigidity, interpersonal problems, complementarity DOI: 10.1037/a0016515

Heightened global awareness and caring are reported as attributes of high intelligence. But we noted enough exceptions in our gifted clientele to question whether feelings of global concern are further related to personality type and gender. A nonrandom sample of 124 bright adults responded to author-developed Likert scale online survey questions about global issues. Results indicated a significant relationship between gender and scores on the Bothered by Catastrophe and Problem Action scales, with females scoring higher than males. Individuals with Feeling-Perceiving personality type had significantly higher scores on the Bothered by Catastrophe Scale. Extroverts were significantly higher on Concern About Global Issues than introverts. Other Myers-Briggs Type Indicatorr personality results were unclear and no interactions were found. Keywords: altruism, empathy, extrovert, gender, gifted, global awareness, introvert, moral, personality, When we first tackled the issue of global caring--empathy, altruism, and moral development--among gifted children, we wished to investigate whether there are identifiable innate differences beyond high intelligence among people [...]

In order to examine the relationships between parenting styles and personality traits over generations, a cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted for fathers and mothers of school-age children of grades 5-9. The parenting styles measured by the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) and the personality traits measured by the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) were correlated within and between the consecutive generations (the grandparents and the parents for the PBI and the parents and the children for the TCI). A series of structural equation modeling showed that (1) while the parenting styles were transmitted directly from the grandparents to the parents, it was partly mediated by the fathers' Co-operativeness (C) but not so for the mothers, (2) while the personality traits were transmitted directly from the parents to the children, it was only the fathers' parenting styles that mediated C, and (3) the parents' parenting styles had independent effects upon the children's personality traits. Keywords Parenting style * Personality * Intergenerational transmission * Mediation

This study examined whether college students' perceptions of the positive and negative attributes of group work are associated with their tolerance for ambiguity, tolerance for disagreement, conversational sensitivity, and cognitive [...]

The purpose of this study was to assess, in a sample of 700 university students ages 18 to 40 years in El Salvador, the importance of sociodemographic variables (age, having a partner, and frequency of religious practice), personality traits (anger, hostility, and aggressiveness), sexual attitudes, and male chauvinist attitudes (erotophilia, double standard, and rape supportive attitudes) in explaining male sexual coercion. All these variables were assessed. Once the effect of social desirability had been controlled, the analysis showed the importance of trait anger along with a favorable attitude toward the use of violence against women, double standard, and negative attitudes toward sexuality in explaining male sexual coercion. Religious involvement, however, may act as a protective factor against such violence. Multidimensional models are needed to explain sexual violence against women by men in heterosexual relationships.

Traditional sex-based categories are giving way to more expanded notions of gender among young men and women today. Along with feminine and masculine personalities, some individuals combine both for a more androgynous persona, whereas others exhibit few distinctly feminine or masculine characteristics. In a study of 118 gifted college students, the Bem Sex-Role Inventory was used to assess gender identity; personality characteristics were measured with the Overexcitability Questionnaire--Two. Results indicate a stronger relationship between gender identity (masculinity or femininity) and overexcitability (OE) than between sex (female or male) and OE. Males and females were distributed in the gender categories as follows: men tended to be masculine or undifferentiated, whereas women were feminine or androgynous. Androgynous males and females had higher OE scores. Implications for Dabrowski's theory and gifted education are discussed. Keywords: androgyny, Dabrowski's theory, femininity, gender identity, gifted education, masculinity, overexcitability, personality development, Nearly a century ago educator, researcher, and feminist Leta Hollingworth identified some of the institutional barriers to women's achievement. In an article in the American Journal of Sociology, Hollingworth (1916) [...]

Using meta-analytic path analysis, the authors tested several structural models linking agreeableness and conscientiousness to organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). Results showed that the 2 personality traits had both direct effects and indirect effects--through job satisfaction--on overall OCB. Meta-analytic moderator analyses that distinguished between individual-and organization-targeted citizenship behaviors (OCB-I and OCB-O) showed that agreeableness was more closely related with OCB-I and conscientiousness with OCB-O. Finally, the path analyses predicting OCB-I and OCB-O offered further support for the general hypothesis that these 2 constructs are distinct. That is, the results of these analyses revealed that agreeableness had both direct and indirect effects on OCB-I but only indirect effects on OCB-O, and that for conscientiousness the pattern of direct and indirect effects was exactly opposite (direct and indirect effects on OCB-O but only indirect effects on OCB-I). Keywords: organizational citizenship behavior, personality, job satisfaction

The authors examined associations of perceived similarity, actual similarity, and peer-rated similarity in personality with friendship intensity during the acquaintanceship process in a naturalistic setting. Self-and peer-rated personality data were gathered from undergraduates (mean age = 18.9) at 5 time points during the first year of university using a round-robin design. Whereas perceived similarity and peer-rated similarity in personality were concurrently associated with more friendship intensity for just-acquainted individuals, actual similarity in personality was not. Further. bidirectional cross-lagged associations between perceived similarity and friendship intensity were found. Peer-rated similarity was also associated with increases in friendship intensity, and this association was mediated by communication frequency. These results indicate that specific types of similarity in personality are differentially associated with friendship intensity during early phases of acquaintanceship in a real-life setting. Further, insight was provided in the direction of causality between similarity and attraction: Perceived and peer-rated similarity seem to breed friendship intensity, whereas friendship intensity seems to breed perceived similarity only. Finally, peers' expectations seem to affect individuals' communicative behaviors, which in turn affect friendship formation. Keywords: similarity--attraction, personality, friendship intensity, cross-lagged multilevel modeling, communication

This longitudinal study examined continuity and change in the Big Five personality traits and in the importance of life goals from eight domains (Personal Growth, Relationships, Community, Health, Wealth, Fame, Image, and Hedonism) in 2,141 students in a 2-year period at the transition from school to college or employment. Both personality traits and life goals demonstrated high levels of rank-order and structural stability and showed significant individual differences in individual change. Moreover, mean-level changes were in line with the maturity principle: Scores on Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness increased over time, whereas Neuroticism decreased. However, the importance of life goals decreased in all domains except health. Reciprocal effects models revealed that there were effects of prior personality traits on subsequent life goal importance but almost no effects of prior life goal importance on subsequent personality traits. Separate analyses by gender showed that the findings were almost invariant across gender. Keywords: personality development; five-factor model, life goals; stability; young adulthood

This study demonstrated relations between men's perceptions of organizational justice and increased sexual harassment proclivities. Respondents reported higher likelihood to sexually harass under conditions of low interactional justice, suggesting that sexual harassment likelihood may increase as a response to perceived injustice. Moreover, the relation between justice and sexual harassment proclivities was especially marked for men low in agreeableness and high in hostile sexism. This finding is consistent with an interactionist perspective, suggesting that individual differences in hostility in general and toward women in particular affect how a person reacts to perceived unfairness. Keywords: sexual harassment, organizational justice, personality, sexism, workplace deviance

Integrating and extending the literatures on social power and person-environment fit, 4 studies tested the hypothesis that when people's dispositional beliefs about their capacity to influence others fit their assigned role power, they are more likely to engage in self-expression--that is, behave in line with their states and traits--thereby increasing their likelihood of being perceived by others in a manner congruent with their own self-judgments (i.e., self-other congruence). In Studies 1-3, dispositionally high- and low-power participants were randomly assigned to play a high- or low-power role in an interaction with a confederate. When participants' dispositional and role power fit (vs. conflicted), they reported greater self-expression (Study 1). Furthermore, under dispositional-role power fit conditions, the confederate's ratings of participants' emotional experiences (Study 2) and personality traits (Study 3) were more congruent with participants' self-reported emotions and traits. Study 4's results replicated Study 3's results using an implicit manipulation of power and outside observers' (rather than a confederate's) ratings of participants. Implications for research on power and person perception are discussed. Keywords: social power, person-environment fit, self-expression, self-other congruence, authenticity

Byline: Mohsen Joshanloo (1), Masoud Nosratabadi (1) Keywords: Mental health continuum; Subjective well-being; Big Five Abstract: Empirically, mental health and mental illness are not opposite ends of a single measurement continuum. In view of this fact, Keyes (J Health Soc Behav, 43:207--202, 2002) operationalizes mental health as a syndrome of symptoms of both positive feelings (emotional well-being) and positive functioning (psychological and social well-being) in life. In his comprehensive model, the presence of mental health is described as flourishing in life, and the absence of mental health is characterized as languishing in life. The aim of this study was to investigate the discriminatory power of Big Five personality traits in discriminating among the levels of mental health continuum using an Iranian university student sample. Findings revealed that respondents with different levels of mental health differed significantly on four of the five personality traits (extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, and agreeableness). All in all, the results of this study converged with prior findings about the importance of Big Five personality traits in predicting well-being. Author Affiliation: (1) Faculty of Psychology and Education, University of Tehran, Jalal-Al-e-Ahmed, Tehran, Iran Article History: Registration Date: 17/03/2008 Received Date: 16/02/2008 Accepted Date: 17/03/2008 Online Date: 29/03/2008

This study examined the extent to which the type of aggressive behavior affected the impact of circumstances of the aggression on the victim's willingness to forgive. The participants were 07 adults aged 17 to 68 years. They expressed willingness to forgive in 3 contexts: breaking up of a love affair, gossiping at work, and collision during a game. As hypothesized, apologies and intent had more impact in the physical aggression condition than in the psychological aggression conditions, cancellation of consequences had more impact in the psychological aggression conditions than in the physical aggression condition, the structure of the forgiveness schema varied as a function of the type of harmful situation, and participants with a higher score in emotional stability and agreeableness were more willing to forgive than participants with a lower score.