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Background As the proportion of women in family medicine increases, their well-being and job satisfaction become concerns. Objectives This study aimed to uncover the working conditions and career satisfaction of women family physicians across multiple countries. Methods A cross-sectional survey of the WONCA Working Party on Women and Family Medicine listserv members to assess working conditions and career satisfaction, with snowballing recruitment. Aspects of physician job satisfaction were measured using the validated Physician Work-Life Survey and calculated as the sum of the scores of each positive item divided by the total number of questions and multiplied by 10. The association between satisfaction and the continent and the country income level was performed using a one-way ANOVA test (P < 0.05). Results A total of 315 participants across 49 countries responded to the survey with 205 complete responses. Women family physicians reported high overall career satisfaction (8.2 ± 2.3) but were less satisfied with some aspects of their career such as pay (5.3 ± 3.4), personal time (3.5 ± 2.6), and administrative tasks (3.2 ± 3.7). Despite the widespread experience of sexism at work, satisfaction with personal career aspects was universal at the continent and income level, while satisfaction with other career aspects relevant to relationships in work environment and resources varied. Conclusion Women family physicians around the world are overall satisfied with their careers. However, variation in certain working conditions among countries leaves room for improvement, drawing attention to the need for national review of working environments and pay scales.

Objectives Because of the heterogeneous nature of the evidence regarding dentists’ job satisfaction, an overview was necessary to examine dentists’ level of job satisfaction and to determine related work environmental factors. Materials and methods A literature search was conducted using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Electronic database searches of PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science were performed until March 1, 2020. Two independent authors collected data and assessed the methodological quality of primary studies using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Results Nine studies were included from the 1987 initially retrieved. Among the included studies, 5 exhibited a neutral level of satisfaction and originated from China, South Korea, Egypt, and the United States, and 3 studies from Canada, Lithuania, and the United States showed a high level of satisfaction. Only 1 study did not report the mean job satisfaction score. According to bias evaluation, 9 studies were considered low risk. Conclusion The findings showed that dentists were satisfied with their jobs at a moderate to high level, and specialists were more satisfied than general dentists. Regarding work environmental factors, the 6 most satisfied factors were patient relationships, respect, delivery of care, staff, professional relationship, and professional environment. Five of the least satisfied factors were personal time, stress, income, practice management, and professional time. However, longitudinal studies would be required to identify changes in these factors. Further studies should be performed in middle- and low-income countries using the Dentist Satisfaction Survey, including stress evaluation.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the duties of spraying employees at work starting from the daily routine during work and then to analyze the respondents based on their respective characteristics starting from education, age, height, weight and work experience.The method used in observing the activity and working time of spraying employees is a census by observing all of the spraying employees as many as 18 people.The results of the calculations carried out are calculating the distribution of productive, unproductive and personal time of spraying employees for 8 hours of work so that the average productive working time of 18 samples within 8 hours of work is 85.1% and 11.5%. for unproductive time and 3.4% for employee personal time. In addition, the result of the average time for completing tasks in 1 year is 136,320 minutes divided by the working time in a year that has been determined by the company, which is 114,380 minutes and multiplied by the number of respondents as many as 18 people which results in 15.10 or the same as 15 people .The results of this study are expected to be useful for those who read or for those who want to develop existing methods into better and more effective methods and can be used as an evaluation in planning and determining the needs of spraying employees as a consideration and evaluation in the future.

This research is intended to study the influence that gadgets and messenger applications have on the management process in institutions of general secondary education (IGSE) in Ukraine. The relevance thereof is conditioned by the fact that this subject matter has never been previously in the focus of any specific research in either Ukraine or the world. It relies on the data collected through an online questionnaire distributed among the IGSE administrators of Ukraine. The findings reveal that the use of gadgets and messenger applications in IGSEs is becoming new normal in the management activity of the IGSE administrators while raising a number of ethical questions related to violation of the subordinates’ rights to privacy and personal time and space.

The study of psychological well-being is a really important issue of the modern society and the contemporary science. Many mental disorders and psychosomatic diseases are anteceded by mood decline, experience of ill-being. If the sense of satisfaction is absent, tensions, inconsistency in actions appear and overall functional efficiency decreases. The life style of very many people has undergone dramatic changes over the last 20 years. One of the main reasons for these changes is emergence of the Internet and its special faculty – social networks. It is well known that communications are a necessary structural component of psychological well-being. Emergence of social networks has expanded communicative opportunities to virtual infinity; at the same time, such communications swallow up personal time and efforts. This article makes an attempt to analyze peculiarities of personal behavior in social networks depending on a personal level of psychological well-being. Students of the Kyiv National University (Kyiv, Ukraine) and working youth have been examined with Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Well-Being and our structured interview. The obtained results show differences in attitudes and behavioral patterns in social networks depending on a person’s level of psychological well-being. KEY WORDS: psychological well-being, patterns of behavior, social network, structured interview DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15181/tbb.v74i2.1372

In large numbers of the industrial sectors, wireless networking technologies are acquiring rapid endorsement on account of their cost-adequacy, improved unwavering quality, and adaptability. A wireless network can be characterized as a network of devices, meant as hubs. Their essential usefulness is to corporately detect, accumulate, measure, and distribute data in the general climate. Wireless methods communication without the utilization of wires other than the recieving wire, the Ethernet, and the ground replacing wires. For a few industrial activities, wireless technology bears the cost of savvy and compelling availability arrangements. Utilizing wireless technology there are numerous advantages, for example, distant offices, cycles and field activity which brings about improving productivity, personal time, quicker and more accurate data assortment.

Although the high levels in Latin America, women’s necessity-driven entrepreneurship is a field that has been little explored. Contemporary research suggests that entrepreneurs may experience less ...

Background The pharmacy profession has changed enormously in the recent decades. Pharmacist role has been expanded beyond formulating and dispensing medications to include the provision of pharmaceutical care and public health services to patients. Patient-centred care requires sustained competency through improving pharmacist’s knowledge, skills, and performance. Such improvements require pharmacist’s involvement in continuing education activities although it is optional in Kuwait. Objective To explore pharmacists’ attitudes towards continuing education in Kuwait, and to investigate the perceived barriers that hinder pharmacists from being involved in continuing education activities. Setting. All governmental hospitals and polyclinics and private pharmacies in all the five health regions of Kuwait (Capital, Hawalli, Ahmadai, Farwaniyah, and Jahra). Method A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted with full licensed pharmacists working in Kuwait. Pharmacists were asked to complete an adapted validated questionnaire composed of 14 items to measure their attitudes towards continuing education. In addition, it contains open-ended questions to obtain the type of learning activity undertaken by the pharmacists, and whether they have barriers that hinder them from being involved in continuing education. Results A total of 409 pharmacists completed the questionnaire. The participants had a median score of 44 (interquartile range = 41–47); good to excellent attitudes. Attitude scores were correlated with age and years of experience. Almost 70% of the participants had attended a continuing education activity within one year. The activity undertaken most by pharmacists was attending a seminar, compared to other activities. The main barriers to continuing education were lack of personal time (n = 383), lack of scientific databases and books (n = 187) and conferences are not regularly organized locally (n = 154). Conclusion Pharmacists in Kuwait have positive attitudes towards continuing education overall. However, there are many obstacles that avert pharmacists to practice continuing education. Further studies are required to explore how to overcome the reported barriers and provide more feasible and relevant continuing education to pharmacists.

Objective We evaluated associations between emotional exhaustion (EE), a measure of burnout, among medical school faculty and: demographic and professional characteristics, workplace stressors, coping skills, resilience, sufficient personal time, and depressive symptoms. Respondents completed surveys in November 2017. Methods We conducted bivariate and multivariable logistic regression and recycled predictions models to estimate associations between characteristics and probability of EE. Results Of 1,401 respondents, 42% endorsed EE. Faculty with more clinical effort, more workplace stress, less resilience, less personal time, and more depressive symptoms reported statistically significantly higher probabilities of EE compared to their counterparts. Female gender, mid-career stage, and coping skills were no longer associated with EE, after accounting for stress, resilience, personal time, and depressive symptoms. Conclusions Coping skills may not mitigate physician EE when coupled with substantial time and mental health burdens.

Context Although researchers have directed scholars toward investigating the effectiveness of the nonwork personal time of athletic trainers (ATs), no one has characterized the occupational recovery experiences of ATs. Objective To examine the reliability and validity of the Recovery Experience Questionnaire (REQ) for use in AT populations. Design Cross-sectional study. Setting Web-based survey. Patients or Other Participants A total of 144 ATs (71 men, 73 women) working in a variety of National Collegiate Athletic Association sports across all levels of competition. Main Outcome Measure(s) The REQ was administered to assess the AT recovery experience. Results Preliminary evidence emerged for the reliability (ω = 0.80–0.90) and validity of the REQ for use in AT populations. Weak linear relationships were identified between stress and perceptions of psychological detachment (r = −0.314, P < .001), mastery (r = −0.179, P = .32), control (r = −0.284, P = .001), and relaxation (r = −0.157, P = .06). Conclusions Our results support measuring and applying occupational recovery for AT stress and work-life balance. Given that occupational recovery as a construct was only weakly related to stress, it is clearly a unique and distinct variable worth considering within the work-life balance line of inquiry.

Background: Social media like WhatsApp is known to affect relationships of an individual, and busy professionals like doctors appear no bar. The objectives of this study were to analyze the pattern of WhatsApp use in specialist-doctors and to study its effect on their relationships. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional pilot study. Consecutively selected hundred married specialist doctors were assessed using self-reported validated questionnaire including questions related to demographics, WhatsApp use, and effects on relationships in a tertiary care center. Statistical analysis was performed using mean, standard deviation, t-test, and Chi-square test. A value of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Participants of various specialties, with a mean age of 41.5 years reported regular WhatsApp-use (89%) of mean duration 2.5 years with 19% spending> 2 h/day. About 62% reported using WhatsApp during personal time, leading to reduction in time spent with spouse (37%), impairment in household responsibilities (24%), disturbances in social-activities (26%) and craving. About 36% reported negative effects on married life. 21% reported inability to spend quality-time with spouse, 24% had concern about spouse's WhatsApp-use, 25% reported reduced cohesion between them and 22% felt that excessive use can create doubts in spouse's mind. Those aged

Background: Female dermatologists often face the challenges of balancing a rewarding medical career with duties of home life and childrearing. Excessive responsibility at home or work can introduce barriers to balance and prove detrimental to the health and wellness of the physician. Objective: We aim to perform a needs assessment through a series of survey questions with regard to home and work responsibilities and impacts on mental health. Methods: Survey participants were selected from the Women’s Dermatologic Society through an e-mail invitation with a link to an anonymous survey tool and a paper questionnaire at the Women’s Dermatologic Society Forum in February 2019 in Dallas, Texas. The survey included 20 questions with regard to household responsibilities, child care, clinical responsibilities, specialty education, and impacts on personal time, sleep, and overall sense of well-being. There were a total of 127 respondents. Results: Eighty-five percent of physicians in our cohort are currently married. A large percent of respondents utilized hired household help in the form of nannies to perform chores. Spousal contribution was emphasized in this cohort and often highlighted as an important factor in maintaining home life duties. Conclusion: The professional women in our cohort may be balancing work and life at the expense of personal physical and mental health with little time to exercise and fewer hours of sleep per night. Keywords: Work–life balance, female professionals, female dermatologists, Women’s Dermatologic Society, physician burnout

The timing of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation has been suggested to be most optimal when coincided with a personal time that bicarbonate (HCO3–) or pH peaks in the blood following ingestion. However, the ergogenic mechanisms supporting this ingestion strategy are strongly contested. It is therefore plausible that NaHCO3 may be ergogenic by causing beneficial shifts in the strong ion difference (SID), though the time course of this blood acid base balance variable is yet to be investigated. Twelve highly trained, adolescent swimmers (age: 15.9 ± 1.0 years, body mass: 65.3 ± 9.6 kg) consumed their typical pre-competition nutrition 1–3 hours before ingesting 0.3 g∙kg BM-1 NaHCO3 in gelatine capsules. Capillary blood samples were then taken during seated rest on nine occasions (0, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 135, 150, 165 min post-ingestion) to identify the time course changes in HCO3–, pH, and the SID. No significant differences were found in the time to peak of each blood measure (HCO3–: 130 ± 35 min, pH: 120 ± 38 min, SID: 98 ± 37 min; p = 0.08); however, a large effect size was calculated between time to peak HCO3– and the SID (g = 0.88). Considering that a difference between time to peak blood HCO3– and the SID was identified in adolescents, future research should compare the ergogenic effects of these two individualized NaHCO3 ingestion strategies compared to a traditional, standardized approach.

To cope with the complexity of modern retail stores and personal time constraints, shoppers must be selective in processing information. During a typical shopping trip, they visit only a fraction of a store’s departments and categories, examine a small subset of the available products, and often make selections in just a few seconds. New research techniques can help marketers understand how customers allocate their attention and assess the impact of in-store factors on shopper behavior. This chapter summarizes studies using observational research, virtual reality simulations, and eye tracking to identify the drivers of shopper attention, product engagement, and purchase conversion. These include shopper goals; product assortment, package appearance, price, and merchandising; shelf space allocation, organization, and adjacencies; and salesperson interaction. The research reveals that small changes in a product’s appearance and presentation can have a powerful impact on consideration and choice.

Aim To explore the information-seeking patterns of care aides who work in nursing homes. Background Under the direction and supervision of nursing professionals, care aides provide the majority of direct care to nursing home residents. Understanding how, why, when and where they seek information to perform their duties is important for managers, policymakers and stakeholders. Method Semi-structured interviews with eight care aides employed in three Canadian nursing homes were analysed using the Braun and Clarke method of thematic analysis. Results Five prominent information-seeking patterns emerged as themes. Conclusions Care aides were motivated to seek information for personal and job-based reasons that included wanting to avoid mistakes and preparing physically, mentally and emotionally for the work ahead. They described depending on a social hierarchy of verbal information and using personal time (before/after work) to seek the information they needed. Due to time constraints, they relied on established patterns, accessed online information once a day at most and preferred paper-based sources. Implications for nursing management Programs to enhance care aide communication skills to include the importance of information-seeking are warranted. Time for formal information-seeking during working hours should be provided and encouraged. When care aides initiate information-seeking to improve care this should be recognized and respected by others on the team. Programs to enhance care aide communication skills to include the importance of information-seeking are warranted. Time for formal information-seeking during working hours should be provided and encouraged. When care aides initiate information-seeking to improve care this should be recognized and respected by others on the team.

The use of symbolic symbols of costume in theatrical presentation, which promotes the idea and elements of theatrical presentation through which the researcher felt the need to invest the symbolic values ​​and their implications for the transfer of images and ideas and meanings to the recipient (child) and increase the aesthetic effect whenever the indications are effective by the use of shapes and images and color and variations in the uniform , Where the costume and its implications become a sign of the symbolic recruitment of theatrical presentation, and this is the motivation that motivated the researcher to discuss this problem and the use of symbolic indications in the play, based on the current research problem in the answer to the following question: The symbolic organs of the costume to play an aesthetic role in the performances of the theater of the child? The current research community consists of theatrical performances of (2017), the most important scientific study of theatrical performance, Which has reached (2) theater performances, has been selected play (small chalk circle) as a sample of the current research in the form of the fact that they correspond to the objectives of the search and the availability of photographs and provide a video recording of theatrical performance. The research came out with a number of conclusions, the most important of which are: 1 - The costume contains psychological signs reflecting the nature of the personality: - appeared in the scene of the clown and also with the character of Leila, which reflects the psychological situation and through the wearing of clothes. 2 - The presentation develops linguistic concepts and ideas: - The presentation succeeded in deepening the linguistic concepts of the general form has deepened the uniform and contradictions in the personality of Laila and also emerged a personal time through the concepts of language and ideas and life, which is exposed to love and rejection of negative behavior.

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore the support needs of Dutch informal caregivers of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).MethodIndividual semi-structured interviews were conducted with 21 caregivers of ALS patients. Audio-taped interviews were transcribed and data were analyzed thematically.ResultA total of four global support needs emerged: “more personal time”, “assistance in applying for resources”, “counseling”, and “peer contact”. Despite their needs, caregivers are reluctant to apply for and accept support. They saw their own needs as secondary to the needs of the patients.Significance of resultsALS seems to lead to an intensive caregiving situation with multiple needs emerging in a short period. This study offers targets for the development of supportive interventions. A proactive approach seems essential, acknowledging the importance of the role of the caregivers in the care process at an early stage, informing them about the risk of burden, monitoring their wellbeing, and repeatedly offering support opportunities. Using e-health may help tailor interventions to the caregivers’ support needs.

Objective To explore women's experiences of support from their partners in the first year and a half post-baby and identify the particular attitudes and behaviours they considered helpful. Background Becoming a mother brings major life changes that impact on maternal mental health. Partner support can have a protective effect during this transition period, although there is currently a gap in the research regarding specific examples of partner support that women find helpful. Methods Six mothers who self-identified as receiving positive partner support took part in semi-structured interviews. Data were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis. Results Three superordinate themes emerged: role navigation, emotional support and teamwork. Role navigation included an attitude of respect and appreciation of the mother role, as well as a shift in the father's priorities to include the whole family. Specific behaviours such as communicating with the mother in an empathic way, offering praise and demonstrating reliability and a willingness to help were seen as emotionally supportive. Teamwork included notions of fairness and equality. Conclusion The present study extends upon previous research by providing clear examples of what women consider helpful from their partners, including an attitude of respect, placing family first, contributing fairly to household responsibilities, flexibility during the changing stages of child development, and facilitating personal time for mothers. These findings may assist to support new parents through the often difficult transition to parenthood.

AIM To assess knowledge, attitude, and practice of graduate physicians toward evidence-based medicine (EBM) and the barriers to the implementation of EBM worldwide. METHODS Relevant databases were searched systematically with appropriate search terms up to September 2017. References of the articles detected by the search were screened for any new articles. Risk of bias was assessed by two independent reviewers. Data were extracted from the full-text articles based on the study summary measures and were collected in a data table. RESULTS Fifty-seven articles were finally included in this systematic review. The studies were of variable and moderate quality. Based on our results, physicians have a generally positive attitude toward EBM and most of them believe that its implementation improves patient care. However, their self-reported awareness and knowledge regarding EBM concepts and the main databases are generally poor. The major barriers to the practice of EBM were related to patient overload and lack of personal time, knowledge, and skills rather than a lack of facilities and resources. However, this pattern varied among the studies. Most of the physicians in the included studies referred to their colleagues and textbooks to answer most of their clinical questions. CONCLUSION Although many physicians have poor EBM knowledge and skills, the majority of them have a positive attitude toward the implication of EBM. To overcome the barriers against the evidence-based practice, it is recommended that appropriate policies be adopted to decrease physicians' workload and to provide them with preappraised evidence.

Regardless of definition, placemaking is fundamentally about building connections between people, a specific location, and other people. This chapter contends that public seating is the smallest increment of place. Public seating offers the community an invitation to literally, and figuratively, connect to a location in the form of an investment of personal time and trust. However, there are a number of unconscious and conscious biases that have led to a paucity of quality, comfortable, and inviting public seating in urban environments. This chapter shares these potentially negative influences on the urban design, planning, and placemaking profession’s approach to public seating. It then provides the rationale for increasing investment in the design and delivery of seating opportunities that will contribute to urban equality and amenity and enhance the opportunity to build social connections and community wellbeing in our cities. Lastly it summarises the three key considerations for urban design, planning, and placemaking professionals in delivering quality, comfortable, and inviting public seating: psychological comfort, physical comfort, and pleasure.