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Applications of nanoparticles and plants for efficient restoration of heavy metal-polluted water and soil are an emerging approach and need to be explored. Hydroponic study was performed to find the role of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in plant growth, antioxidative response, and lead (Pb) accumulation in Persicaria hydropiper. Seedlings were grown in Pb-polluted media amended with 5, 10, 15, and 20 mg L-1 ZnO NPs. Inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP) was used for Pb analysis in plant tissues. Pb significantly inhibited seedling growth, and ZnO NPs alleviated Pb-induced stress by promoting plant growth, and improved chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Oxidative stress ameliorated in ZnO NPs exposed seedlings through enhanced production of free proline, phenolics, flavonoids, and activation of antioxidative enzymes. Pb accumulation boosted in ZnO NP treatments, and highly significant increase in Pb accumulation in roots (255.60±4.80 mg kg-1), stem (124.07±2.84 mg kg-1), and leaves (92.00±3.22 mg kg-1) was observed in T3 (15 mg L-1 ZnO NPs) for P. hydropiper. Contrarily, ZnO NPs at 20 mg L-1 dose suppressed plant growth, Pb accumulation, secondary metabolites, and antioxidative enzyme activities. Moreover, positive correlation was found in Pb accumulation with free proline and secondary metabolite contents in plant tissues. These results suggest that ZnO NPs at optimum concentration may augment efficacy of plants to remove heavy metal from polluted water through nanophytoremediation.

DOI: 10.30906/2073-8099-2020-12-6-75-80 An effective method of diagnosis and confirmation of the authenticity of plant materials is petiolar anatomy — anatomical and histological analysis of the structure of the leaf petiole. Genus mountaineer Persicaria Mill. (Polygonum L.) Is extremely promising in terms of use for therapeutic and industrial purposes. The objects of study were Persicaria maculosa S. F. Gray, Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) Delarbre, Persicaria amphibia var. terrestris (Leyss.) Munshi & Javeid., Persicaria amphibia (L.) Gray, Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz, Persicaria scabra (Moench) Moldenke, Persicaria nodosa Opiz, Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre, Persicaria brittingeri Opiz, Persicaria tomentosa (Schrank) E. P. Bicknell. A method of petyolar anatomy has been studied by some representatives of the genus Persicaria Mill. Despite the characteristic polymorphism of species, the main criteria for classifying representatives of the genus Persicaria Mill. are described to one or another species and, as a consequence, the determination of their authenticity by the anatomical characteristics of the petiole when carrying out pharmacognostic analysis.

Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre (family Polygonacea), commonly known as Polygonum hydropiper, is a popular medicinal plant used in traditional medicine. The plant is indigenous to the tropical northern hemisphere and temperate zone, including China, Bangladesh, India, and Japan. The plant is used in folk medicine for numerous ailments such as hemorrhoids, antifertility, diarrhea, and dyspepsia. Its medicinal usage in Unani, Ayurveda, Siddha, and other traditional medicine is well-recognized. So far, a wide range of active phytochemicals of this plant has been identified, such as flavonoids, sulphated flavonoids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, steroids, coumarin, simple phenolics, and others. Pharmacological data reported in the literature suggest that various parts of P. hydropiper exhibit antimicrobial, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antidepressant, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, anticancer, and antifertility effects. The present review aims to compile the coherently document research on the phytochemical, pharmacological, and biological activities of P. hydropiper from different parts of the globe.

This study investigates traditional knowledge of plants used for river fishing in local communities of North Jeolla Province, Korea. Data were collected using the participatory rural appraisal method based on interviews, informal meetings, open and group discussions, and overt observations with semi-structured questionnaires. Field investigations were conducted at 19 sites from July 2008 to April 2010. Interviews included 37 key informants (16 men and 21 women) who lived more than 50 years in the area. The average age of the informants was 83 (range = 60 to 96). The analysis recorded seven species, namely Albizia julibrissin Durazz., Juglans mandshurica Maxim., Perilla frutescens var. japonica (Hassk.) H. Hara, Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach, Zanthoxylum piperitum (L.) DC., and Styrax japonicus Siebold and Zucc..

Ethnopharmacological relevance Various plant parts of Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre (Syn.: Polygonum hydropiper L., Family: Polygonaceae) are used in traditional medicine systems as astringent, sedative, antiseptic and also for the treatment of respiratory disorders, edema and snake bites. It is also used as a spice in many Asian countries. Aim of the review The main aim of this review is to critically analyze the reported traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of P. hydropiper. Materials and methods Scientific database including PubMed, Scopus, SciFinder and secondary resources including books and proceedings were searched using relevant terminologies related to P. hydropiper and available scientific information was critically analyzed. Results Analysis of the scientific literature regarding the traditional uses revealed that P. hydropiper is used as a medicine and as spice in food preparations in various parts of the world. Various compounds including flavonoids, phenylpropanoid derivatives, and sesquiterpenoids among others were reported as active compounds. The extracts and compounds from P. hydropiper showed diverse biological activities including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial activities, etc. Conclusion Although various research reports showed diverse biological activities for extracts and compounds obtained from P. hydropiper, very few studies were performed using animal models. Many of these studies also lacked proper experimental setting such as use of positive and negative controls and selection of dose as in most of these studies very high doses of extracts were administered. Further, as P. hydropiper is widely used in the treatment of snake bites and insect bites, such effects of extracts and/or compounds are not well explored. Future studies on P. hydropiper should be focused to establish the links between the traditional uses, active compounds and reported pharmacological activities.

Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Delarbre – Agriates, étang de Loto près de Saleccia [42°43’N 9°14’E], bordure de l’étang en zone ombragée près de l’arrivée d’eau douce, 28.9.1988, Jeanmonod, D. & D. Roguet J4637 (G [G185485]); Ile-Rousse, à l’E de la plage [42°39’N 8°56’E], bord d’un ruisseau, 8.5.1937, Litardière, R. V . s.n. (G [G430584]); secteur de Cintu, Lozari [42°38’N 9°01’E], 1 m, au bord de la rivière, 30.9.1988, Jeanmonod, D. & D. Roguet J4677 (G [G185486]); étang de Biguglia, au SW, en bordure d’un canal perpendiculaire au ruisseau de Mormorana, 400 m au S de celui-ci [42°36’N 9°29’E], dans une aulnaie fréquentée par le bétail, 1.10.1991, Gamisans, J . 15424 (G [G79795]); Etang de Biguglia, au SW, en bordure du ruisseau canalisé de Mormorana [42°36’N 9°29’E], 1.10.1991, Gamisans, J . 15428, (G [G79796]); secteur San Petrone, étang près de la Bocca di Riscamone [42°27’N 9°15’E], 600 m, Sparganietum, 10.9.1994, Gamisans, J . 15923 (G [G79813]); secteur Cintu, embouchure du Fangu [42°25’N 8°40’E], Alnetum, 21.9.1987, Gamisans, J . 13282 (G [G79797]); secteur de San Petrone, Chiatra [42°18’N 9°29’E], 360 m, bord du ruisseau, 25.9.1988, Jeanmonod, D. & D. Roguet J4567 (G [G185487]); Corte, à droite de la route d’Aleria (quartier de Porette) [42°18’N 9°09’E], fossés, 23.8.1919, Litardière, R. V . s.n. (G [G430581]); Corte, bords de l’Asco, près de Pietra Bella [42°18’N 9°09’E], 2.9.1919, Litardière, R. V . s.n. (G [G378020]); Ufer des Porto [42°16’N 8°42’E], 10.8.1932, Aellen, P . s.n. (G [G430582]); secteur Plaine Orientale, commune de Ventiseri, SW d’Isolellu, N des marais de l’Etang de Palu, 31.10.2016, Delage A . pointage GPS; Secteur Rotondu, commune de SarrolaCarcopino, bords des gravières de Baleone en plusieurs points, 21.10.2016, Fernez T . & Delage A. pointage GPS; commune d’Ajaccio, Anse de Minaccia, Bausa, à l’W de la station de pompage, 30.09.2015, Paradis G. pointage GPS; commune de Grosseto-Prugna, rive S du Prunelli, N de la tour de Capitello, 21.10.2016, Fernez T . & Delage A. pointage GPS; secteur Incudine-Bavella, commune de Solaro, embouchure du bras S du Taravu, zone humide d’arrière dune, 18.08.2015, Nery L . pointage GPS; près de l’embouchure du Baraci [41°42’N 8°55’E], 6.10.1950, Malcuit, G . s.n. (G [G430585]); secteur Ospedale-Cagna, commune de Monacia d’Aullène, prairie humide au N de Cala di Furnellu, 24.09.2015, Paradis G . pointage GPS. Ces nouvelles données montrent que l’espèce est beaucoup plus répandue que ce qu’indique Flora Corsica (JEANMONOD & GAMISANS, 2007) qui la note «R» (rare) et mentionne seulement «stagnu di Biguglia, Restonica, Ghisoni, Gravona, Taravu». Elle est présente dans les secteurs de Tenda, Cintu, San Petrone, Plaine-Orientale, Rotondu et Incudine-Bavella et son statut doit passer à «peu fréquent» (PF).

Background Persicaria hydropiper Linn. (Family: Polygonaceae), it grows in damp places and the bank of rivers, canals, lakes, and roadsides of Bangladesh. The leaves of the plant used in traditional medicine to treat insomnia, depression, and neurodegenerative diseases. The objective of this study is to investigate the sedative and anxiolytic activities of the methanol extract of leaves of Persicaria hydropiper (MEPH). Methods The sedative effect of the P. hydropiper at the doses of 50, 200, 350, and 500 mg/kg evaluated using the open field, hole cross, rota-rod and thiopental sodium-induced sleeping time test in mice. The anxiolytic activity evaluated using the elevated-plus maze, light-dark box, hole-board and marble-burying test. Sedative and anxiolytic activities compared to diazepam, a positive control. The acute toxicity test also assessed. Results The neuropharmacological activity of both open field and hole cross tests significant (p

The sesquiterpenoid polygodial, which belongs to the drimane family, has been shown to be an antifeedant for a number of herbivorous insects. It is presumed to be synthesized from farnesyl diphosphate via drimenol, subsequent C‐12 hydroxylation and further oxidations at both C‐11 and C‐12 to form a dialdehyde. Here, we have identified a drimenol synthase (PhDS) and a cytochrome P450 drimenol oxidase (PhDOX1) from Persicaria hydropiper. Expression of PhDS in yeast and plants resulted in production of drimenol alone. Co‐expression of PhDS with PhDOX1 in yeast yielded drimendiol, the 12‐hydroxylation product of drimenol, as a major product, and cinnamolide. When PhDS and PhDOX1 were transiently expressed by agro‐infiltration in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves, drimenol was almost completely converted into cinnamolide and several additional drimenol derivatives were observed. In vitro assays showed that PhDOX1 only catalyses the conversion from drimenol to drimendiol, and not the further oxidation into an aldehyde. In yeast and heterologous plant hosts, the C‐12 position of drimendiol is therefore likely to be further oxidized by endogenous enzymes into an aldehyde and subsequently converted to cinnamolide, presumably by spontaneous hemiacetal formation with the C‐11 hydroxyl group followed by oxidation. Purified cinnamolide was confirmed by NMR and shown to be deterrent with an effective deterrent dose (ED50) of about 200–400 μg g−1 fresh weight against both whiteflies and aphids. The putative additional physiological and biochemical requirements for polygodial biosynthesis and stable storage in plant tissues are discussed.

Preliminary phytochemical and flavonoid compounds of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of 6 aromatic Malaysian herbs were screened and quantified using Reverse-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography (RP-HPLC). The herbal extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activity against 10 food-borne pathogenic and food spoilage microorganisms using disk diffusion assay. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)/minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of herbal extracts were determined. In the phytochemical screening process, both aqueous and ethanolic extracts of P. hydropiper exhibited presence of all 7 tested phytochemical compounds. Among all herbal extracts, the aqueous P. hydropiper and E. elatior extracts demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity against 7 tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with diameter ranging from 7.0 to 18.5 mm and 6.5 to 19 mm, respectively. The MIC values for aqueous and ethanolic extracts ranged from 18.75 to 175 mg/mL and 0.391 to 200 mg/mL, respectively while the MBC/MFC values for aqueous and ethanolic extracts ranged from 25 to 200 mg/mL and 3.125 to 50 mg/mL, respectively. Major types of bioactive compounds in aqueous P. hydropiper and E. elatior extracts were identified using RP-HPLC instrument. Flavonoids found in these plants were epi-catechin, quercetin, and kaempferol. The ability of aqueous Persicaria hydropiper (L.) H. Gross and Etlingera elatior (Jack) R.M. Sm. extracts to inhibit the growth of bacteria is an indication of its broad spectrum antimicrobial potential. Hence these herbal extracts may be used as natural preservative to improve the safety and shelf-life of food and pharmaceutical products.

Malaysian is among the most diverse plant resource country in the world especially with its richesnest flora and fauna. It has about 12,000 species of flowering plants of which about 1,300 species were said to be medicinal plant and have been investigated for their therapeutic potential. Spies have been known to be a valuable source of bioactive compound which are being used to treat various diseases and improved health for a thousand years ago. The beneficial health effects of medicinal plants come from polyphenols group which is often attributed to their potent antioxidant activities. This paper reviews the antioxidant potential of selected plants from Malaysia as Persicaria hydropiper, Cosmos caudatus and Melicopeptelefolia based on reported from several researchers.

Five different polarity fractions of methanolic extract from Persicaria hydropiper, which are consumed as vegetables, were evaluated for its total phenolic content, and antioxidant activities by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, ferric thiocyanate, and xanthine oxidase inhibition assays. Particularly, higher phenolic content was exhibited by butanol and ethyl acetate fractions with the values of 224.38 and 68.95 mg GAE/100 g dry extract, respectively. Both butanol and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 28.61 and 25.55 μg/ml. Meanwhile, both fractions also were shown to inhibit xanthine oxidase activity compared to other fractions with IC50 values of 28.72 and 165.25 μg/ml. As for the ferric thiocyanate method, all the fractions except hexane fraction showed similar activity against lipid peroxidation and were comparable to butylated hydroxyl toluene, with percentage of inhibition from 95 to 98%.

Persicaria hydropiper or ‘kesum’ is a herb used extensively as flavoring agent in food. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by measuring the hydroperoxide production resulting from linoleic acid oxidation using ferric thiocyanate (FTC) as well as the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging ability. Moreover, inhibition activity against cholinesterase, an enzyme that responsible in several physio-pathological processes, was also determined. Identification of phytochemical constituents in the bioactive fraction of P. hydropiper was carried out by LC–DAD–ESIMS/MS technique. Fifteen compounds were identified including flavonoids, flavonoid glycosides and phenylpropanoid glycosides. Six of the compounds were isolated and their structures were elucidated in order to confirm their identities. The antioxidant and antiacetylcholinesterase activities of the isolated compounds were also evaluated.

In present study we focused on the weed occurrence and diversity in rice field according to methods of weed control. Experiments comprised of no herbicide treatment (NHT), herbicide treatment (HT) and golden apple snail treatment (GAST) within the three months (July to September) of growing rice. According to results, five to seven different weed species were found in NHT, while two to four different weed species were found in HT and GAST. Monochoria vaginalis was dominant species during growing period in NHT and HT while Lemna paucicostata was the dominant in July but Persicaria hydropiper was dominant for August and September. Simpson's dominance index was highest in GAST(0.96) compared with other treatments (NHT 0.27 and HT : 0.51). The similarity coefficient was 50.31%, 4.65% and 0.38% for NHT versus HT, NHT versus GAST and HT versus GAST, respectively. In conclusion, the weed species diversity, dominance and similarity coefficient were varied in different weed control methods of rice growing.

Obesity, which is related to metabolic syndrome and is associated with liver disease, represents an epidemic problem demanding effective therapeutic strategies. Evidence shows that the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is closely associated with obesity and that small molecules regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway can potentially control adipogenesis related to obesity. Eleven plant extracts activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway were screened by using HEK 293-TOP cells retaining the Wnt/β-catenin signaling reporter gene. An extract of Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach was found to activate Wnt/β-catenin signaling. P. hydropiper is grown worldwide in temperate climates and is found widely in Southeast Asia. The P. hydropiper extract inhibited the differentiation of adipocyte 3T3-L1 cells. Isoquercitrin and isorhamnetin, constituents of P. hydropiper, also activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling and suppressed the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells. These results indicate that isoquercitrin in P. hydropiper suppresses the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cells via the inhibition of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. P. hydropiper and isoquercitrin may therefore be potential therapeutic agents for obesity and its associated disorders.

Glycation, the nonenzymatic reaction between proteins and excess blood sugar, is implicated in multiple disorders and occurs via the formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). In our previous studies, we demonstrated that the red-leaf variant of the Persicaria hydropiper sprout (Japanese red water pepper, Benitade) is one of the potent plants that inhibit formation of AGEs. In this study, we aimed to identify antiglycative compounds in Benitade. Benitade extracts were prepared with hot water, then fractionated by using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antiglycative efficacy of each fraction was evaluated by measuring the formation of fluorescent AGEs (Ex 370 nm/Em 440 nm). Two fractions, which contained peaks at 26.4 min and 31.8 min, showed potent antiglycative efficacy. When we hydrolyzed these peaks, they shifted to 32.5 and 41.4 min, which are the same retention times as cyanidin and quercetin, respectively. Based on thin-layer chromatography, both compounds contained galactose. Finally, ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QqTOF-MS) analyses were performed to determine the structure of those compounds. Overall, we identified two glycosides, cyanidin 3-O-galactoside (idaein) and quercetin 3-O-galactoside (hyperin), as representative antiglycative compounds in Benitade.

Polygonum odoratum Lour. has been reclassified as Persicaria odorata (Lour.) Soják [Wilson, K. L. Polygonum sensu lato (Polygonaceae) in Australia. Telopea 1988, 3, 177-182]; other synonyms currently used are Vietnamese mint or Vietnamese coriander and, in Malaysia, Daun Laksa or Laksa plant. The aerial parts of Laksa plant are highly aromatic, and they contain many organic compounds such as (Z)-3-hexenal, (Z)-3-hexenol, decanal, undecanal, and dodecanal that are typical for green, citrus, orange peel, and coriander odors. In addition to these aldehydes, 3-sulfanyl-hexanal and 3-sulfanyl-hexan-1-ol were discovered for the first time in this herb. The fresh leaves are pungent when they are chewed, although the active compound has never been identified. The pungency of Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach (formerly Polygonum hydropiper L., synonym water pepper) is produced by polygodial, a 1,4-dialdehyde derived from drimane terpenoids. We also identified polygodial as the active pungent compound in P. odorata (Lour.) Soják.

Oral streptococci are major constituents of dental plaques, and their prevalence is closely linked with various pathologic symptoms, such as dental caries. To develop natural anticaries agent, we prepared 309 kinds of plant extracts from 215 species of edible or medical plants, and antibacterial activity of the extracts against Streptococcus mutans JC-2 were evaluated based on 96 well microtiter plate assay and disk paper method, subsequently. Among the tested plant extracts, Ailanthus altissima, Paeonia lactiflora, Rubus phoenicolasius, Aralia continentalis, Quercus acutissima, Persicaria hydropiper and Agrimonia pilosa extracts showed strong antimicrobial activity. Determination of minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the selected seven plant extracts showed that Ailanthus altissima, Persicaria hydropiper and Quercus acutissima extracts (MIC=25～30 ㎍/ml) has potential as a source of natural anticaries agents.

The genetic diversity and genetic relationships of three cultivated varieties (benitade, aotade and ayutade) and a wild race of water pepper, Persicaria hydropiper, were analyzed using RAPD markers. The proportion of polymorphic bands and Shannon’s index of phenotypic diversity within accession in five benitade and two aotade accessions were distinctly lower than those in six wild water pepper accessions, suggesting the presence of a decline in genetic diversity within accession in the cultivated varieties under cultivation. A neighbor-joining (NJ) tree for nine cultivated and 38 wild accessions indicated the incidence of the independent domestication of the three cultivated varieties, benitade, aotade and ayutade, from wild water pepper. The NJ tree of the individual plants for five benitade accessions revealed the presence of close relationships among the accessions, but also showed a slight divergence in the accessions from different locations.

This study was conducted to get some vegetation information and to find out a way to conseue the ecosystem in the Dongjin River. The riparian vegetation was investigated by Zurich-Montpellier school`s method from June 2001 to March 2002. The number of riparian plants were 73 families, 188 genera, 238 species, 33 varieties or 272 Taxa in Dongjin River. The characteristics of life farm spectra were 97 therophytes (35.7%), 78 hydrophytes (28.7%), 41 hemicryptophytes (15.1%) 22 geophytes (8.1%), and 12 chamaephytes (4.4%). The riparian vegetation was identified 8 plant communities (Potamogeton brechtoldii, Hydrilla verticillata, Ceratophyllum demersum, Potamogeton malaianus, Phragmites japonica, Persicaria thunbergii, Cardamine scutata, Persicaria hydropiper) in upstream, 4 plant communities (Zizania latifoliar, Phragmites communis, Persicaria thunbergii, Humulus japonicus) in midstream and 8 plant communities (Hydrocharis dubia, Ceratophyllum demersum, Trapa japonica, Zizania latifolia, Paspalum distichum, Phragmites communis, Pericaria thunbergii, Amphicarpaea edgeworthii) in downstream of the Dongjin River.

Die Klasse Bidentetea tripartitae ist in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern mit zwei Verbanden und insgesamt acht Assoziationen vertreten, die durch Vegetationsaufnahmen belegt und floristisch-okologisch charakterisiert werden. Der Zentralverband Bidention tripartitae mit dem Polygonetum hydropiperis, dem Corrigiolo litoralis-Bidentetum radiatae, dem Rumici maritimi-Ranunculetum scelerati, dem Alopecuretum aequalis und dem Bidentetum cernuae kommt meist in stehenden Gewassern wie wasserfuhrenden Ackerhohlformen, Fisch- oder Absetzteichen vor. Das durch zahlreiche Verbandskennarten charakterisierte Chenopodion rubri mit den Assoziationen Chenopodietum rubri, Xanthio albini-Chenopodietum rubri und Chenopodio polyspermi-Corrigioletum litoralis ist dagegen weitgehend auf das Elbufer beschrankt; nur seine erste Assoziation tritt (fragmentarisch) auch in anderen Regionen auf. Der Abgleich mit der vegetationskundlichen Datenbank des Landes (Berg et al. 2001b) zeigt, dass manche in der Literatur als Kennarten der Bidentetea gefuhrte Arten wie Bidens tripartita oder Persicaria hydropiper das Kennartkriterium regional nicht erfullen, wahrend andererseits Oenanthe aquatica im Gebiet als Klassencharakterart gelten kann. Die Syntaxonomie der Gesellschaften wird auf der Basis des Klassifikationsverfahrens von Dengler & Berg (2002) und vor dem Hintergrund eines umfassenden Literaturvergleichs diskutiert. Fur alle behandelten Syntaxa sind die gultigen Namen nach ICPN sowie die wichtigsten Synonyme angefuhrt, gegebenenfalls mit Angabe der Grunde fur deren Invaliditat oder Illegitimitat. Nomenklatorische Probleme werden erforderlichenfalls erortert. Fur sieben Syntaxa, die bislang nicht typisiert waren, werden nomenklatorische Typen publiziert; ferner vier Namen dem CNC als Nomina ambigua zur Verwerfung vorgeschlagen. Erganzend wird auf weitere, moglicherweise Assoziationsrang geniesende, im Untersuchungsgebiet aber fehlende Syntaxa der Klasse hingewiesen. Bei den Artenspektren (soziologische Gruppen, Lebensformen, Strategietypen) unterscheiden sich die beiden Verbande deutlich. So ist der Anteil der Therophyten im Chenopodion rubri, jener der Hydrophyten dagegen im Bidention tripartitae deutlich hoher. Abschliesend wird die Phytodiversitat, die Bestandsentwicklung im Zuge von Landnutzungsanderungen und die Naturschutzrelevanz der Bidentetea-Gesellschaften diskutiert. The communities of the Bidentetea tripartitae Tx. et al. ex von Rochow 1951 in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern with remarks on the synsystematics and nomenclature of this vegetation class This paper gives an overview of the eight associations of the phytosociological class Bidentetea tripartitae Tx. et al. ex von Rochow in the state Mecklenburg-Vorpommern in Northeast Germany. All communities are characterised floristically and ecologically. The class is divided into two alliances. The central alliance Bidention tripartitae comprises five associations, named Polygonetum hydropiperis, Corrigiolo litoralis-Bidentetum radiatae, Rumici maritimi-Ranunculetum scelerati, Alopecuretum aequalis and Bidentetum cernuae. These grow at the margins of standing or streamless bodies of waters such as small pools, fishponds or settling ponds and are typical for wet, often inundated mud soils. The second alliance, Chenopodion rubri, is well characterized by a number of species and contains three associations, Chenopodietum rubri, Xanthio albini-Chenopodietum rubri and Chenopodio polyspermi-Corrigioletum litoralis. These communities grow mainly along the banks of the river Elbe on sandy, gravel substrate. Only the Chenopodietum rubri is found in other regions and on mud soils as well. The syntaxonomic treatment is based on the Braun-Blanquet approach as specified in the classification method of Dengler & Berg (2002). In comparison with the releves of all other syntaxa stored in the vegetation data base of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (Berg et al. 2001b) it could be shown that some species usually treated as character species of or within the Bidentetea as Bidens tripartita and Persicaria hydropiper do not meet the character species criterion in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern while Oenanthe aquatica (often classified with the reeds) indeed is a regional character taxon of the class Bidentetea. All syntaxa are named according to the ICPN. In addition, the treatment contains the most common synonyms and the reasons for the invalidity or illegitimacy of these, respectively. Nomenclatural types are assigned for seven syntaxa not yet typified. Furthermore, four names of syntaxa are proposed as nomina dubia. Other communities which probably merit association rank but which do not occur in the area of investigation are mentioned. The two alliances show clear differences in their species spectra with regard to sociological groups, life forms and strategy types. Example given the portion of therophytes is higher in the Chenopodion rubri, that of hydrophytes in the Bidention tripartitae. Finally the article provides some information on aspects of biodiversity and nature conservation of Bidentetea communities.

Persicaria hydropiper(L.) Delarbre, belonging to Polygonaceae family, is a common weed found in most of the temperate countries including Bangladesh, China, Malaysia, and Japan. The plant is also referred to as “marsh pepper” or “smart weed.” It appears to be a useful herb with evidence-based medicinal properties. The present work addresses the botanical description, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology ofP. hydropiper. All plant parts have been commonly used in the traditional systems of medicines. Flavonoids are the major group of phytochemical components followed by drimane-type sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpenoids, as well as phenylpropanoids. Different extracts and plant parts showed remarkable pharmacological activities including antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antihelminth, antifeedant, cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, oestrogenicity, antifertility, antiadipogenicity, and neuroprotection. Mutagenicity and acute and subchronic toxicities of the plant were also reported.P. hydropiperhas tremendous medicinal properties that could further be investigated for the development of evidence-based herbal products.

The genus Persicaria is known to include species accumulating drimane sesquiterpenoids, but a comparative analysis highlighting the compositional differences has not been done. In this study, the secondary metabolites of both flowers and leaves of Persicaria hydropiper, Persicaria maculosa and Persicaria minor, three species which occur in the same habitat, were compared. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis of extracts, overall 21/29 identified compounds in extracts were sesquiterpenoids and 5/29 were drimanes. Polygodial was detected in all species, though not in every sample of P. maculosa. On average, P. hydropiper flowers contained about 6.2 mg g FW 1 of polygodial, but P. minor flowers had 200-fold, and P. maculosa 100,000 fold lower concentrations. Comparatively, also other sesquiterpenes were much lower in those species, suggesting the fitness benefit to depend on either investing a lot or not at all in terpenoid-based secondary defences. For P. hydropiper, effects of flower and leaf development and headspace volatiles were analysed as well. The flower stage immediately after fertilisation was the one with the highest content of drimane sesquiterpenoids and leaves contained about 10- fold less of these compounds compared to flowers. The headspace of P. hydropiper contained 8 compounds: one monoterpene, one alkyl aldehyde and six sesquiterpenes, but none were drimanes. The potential ecological significance of the presence or absence of drimane sesquiterpenoids and other metabolites for these plant species are discussed.

In order to predict species-specific potential to form persistent soil seed-banks and to characterize the dynamics of their seed-banks, the seed dormancy/germination traits of seven Persicaria (Polygonum s.lat.) species sharing lakeshore habitats in central Japan were examined. Strict light requirements for seed germination were not observed in any of the species examined. Although all species required moist chilling (0–6 weeks) to break seed dormancy and were sensitive to temperature fluctuation, the degree of both responses varied between species. Seed germination of Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach, Persicaria lapathifolia (L.) S.F. Gray, and Persicaria longiseta (De Bruyn) Kitag. was more accelerated by temperature fluctuation and required shorter chilling periods compared with Persicaria japonica (Meisn.) H. Gross, Persicaria maackiana (Regel) Nakai, Persicaria thunbergii (Sieb. et Zucc.) H. Gross, and Persicaria sieboldi (Maisn.) Onki. Secondary dormancy was induced in all species at higher temperatures (24 and 30°C). A persistent seed-bank strategy suggested by the dormancy/germination traits of the studied species was also demonstrated by seedling emergence from surface soils collected from the natural habitat immediately before seed dispersal, as well as by viable seed persistence for 13 months in the field in a seed burial experiment. In the natural habitat, the species with longer chilling requirements occurred in various microhabitats, including the interior of moist tall grasslands, whereas the species having higher sensitivity to temperature fluctuation were most frequently found in sparsely vegetated microhabitats.

Information on 505 taxa of wild-growing vascular plants from the Town of Belomorsk is reported. Generalized habitat types and frequency of occurrence are stated for each taxon. Herbarium labels stating the sample storage location are cited for the rarest and most phytogeographically interesting species, and comments are given on their distribution in the region. Nine species listed in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation (2008) and/or Red Data Book of Karelia (2007) have been found in Belomorsk: Elatine triandra, Isoёtes echinospora, Moehringia lateriflora, Oxytropis sordida, Potamogeton friesii, Ranunculus reptabundus, Rhodiola rosea, Schoenoplectus tabernaemontani, and Tillaea aquatica. Five vascular plant taxa have not previously been reported from the Republic of Karelia, including one native (Juniperus х niemannii) and four non-native taxa (Crataegus flabellata, Linaria incarnata, Salix х fragilis, Syringa josikaea). For some native (Callitriche stagnalis, Iris pseudacorus, Persicaria hydropiper, Potamogeton friesii, Tillaea aquatica) and non-native (Alchemilla litwinowii, Calystegia spectabilis, Caragana arborescens, Collomia linearis, Cotoneaster lucidus, Daucus sativus, Dianthus barbatus, Draba nemorosa var. hebecarpa, Epilobium pseudorubescens, E. roseum, Eschscholzia californica, Geranium sibiricum, Helianthus tuberosus, Hippophaё rhamnoides, Humulus lupulus, Impatiens glandulifera, Lonicera tatarica, Lotus callunetorum, Lupinus polyphyllus, Mentha dalmatica, Narcissus poëticus, Papaver pseudoorientale, P. somniferum, Phacelia tanacetifolia, Physocarpus opulifolius, Populus laurifolia, Ribes rubrum, Rumex stenophyllus, Sambucus racemosa, Spiraea х pseudosalicifolia, Symphyotrichum novi-belgii, Symphytum asperum, Syringa vulgaris) taxa Belomorsk is the northernmost known location in Karelia.

Polygonum hydropiper Linnaeus, Species Plantarum 1: 361. 1753. "Habitat in Europae subhumidis." RCN: 2859. Lectotype (Bhopal & Chaudhri in Pakistan Syst. 1(2): 76. 1977): Herb. Linn. No. 510.9 (LINN). Current name: Persicaria hydropiper (L.) Spach (Polygonaceae). Note: Ekman & Knutsson (in Nordic J. Bot. 14: 24. 1994) assessed the identities of the original material for this name and designated Herb. Clifford: 42, Persicaria 4 (BM) as lectotype, a choice that maintained the traditional usage of the name. They noted that 510.9 (LINN), part of the original material, was identifiable as Persicaria minor (Huds.) Opiz, but were unaware that Bhopal & Chaudhri had already designated this collection as the type. If this identification is confirmed, P. hydropiper would seem likely to be a candidate for conservation., Published as part of Jarvis, Charlie, 2007, Chapter 7: Linnaean Plant Names and their Types (part P), pp. 718-782 in Order out of Chaos. Linnaean Plant Types and their Types, London :Linnaean Society of London in association with the Natural History Museum on page 757, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.291971

In order to search for new active cosmetic ingredients of natural origin, we screened about 60 plants collected from Jeju Island, which is located in the southernmost part of the Republic of Korea. We investigated their free radical scavenging activity, elastase inhibition activity, and reduction of MMP-1 mRNA expression for the development of anti-aging ingredients as raw materials for use in cosmetics. In the free radical scavenging capacity assay, 12 extracts, including Typha orientalis (seed) and Torreya nucifera (leaf), showed significant free radical scavenging activity (up to SC(50)30 microg/ml). Among these extracts, Nymphaea tetragona (rhizome) extract showed the highest free radical scavenging activity (SC(50)=4.7 microg/ml). In the anti-elastase inhibition assay, seven extracts, including Typha orientalis (seed) and Persicaria hydropiper (whole plant), showed high inhibitory activity (50% at 100 mug/ml). Among these extracts, Persicaria hydropiper (whole plant) extract showed the highest elastase inhibition activity (IC(50) = 46.7 mug/ml). In the MMP-1 expression assay using RT-PCR, Typha orientalis (seed), Pyrrosia hastata (root), and Capsicum annum (whole plant) showed slightly lower inhibition activity than EGCG, which was used as a control. Furthermore, four extracts, including Persicaria hydropiper (whole plant), Filipendula glaberrima (root), Nymphaea tetragona (root), and Camellia japonica (leaf), completely inhibited the expression of MMP-1 in human fibroblast cells. The results showed that four of the 60 plant extracts may hold potential for use as natural active ingredients for anti-aging cosmetics.

Background Persicaria hydropiper (Linn.) Delarbre is a common plant of Polygonaceae family commonly called Bishkatali in Bangladesh. Leaves of the plant are traditionally used in the treatment of rheumatic pain, gout, and skin diseases such as ringworms, scabies, boils, abscesses, carbuncles, bites of snakes, dogs or insects. This study evaluated the antinociceptive effect of the methanol extract of P. hydropiper leaves (MEPH). Methods The antinociceptive activity of MEPH was investigated using heat-induced (hot-plate and tail-immersion test) and chemical-induced (acetic acid, formalin, glutamic acid, cinnamaldehyde) nociception models in mice at 25, 50, and 75 mg/kg doses. Involvement of opioid system, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway, and ATP-sensitive K+ channel pathway were also tested using naloxone, methylene blue and glibenclamide respectively. Results MEPH showed antinociceptive activity in both heat- and chemical induced pain models. In both hot plate and tail immersion tests MEPH significantly increases the latency to the thermal stimuli. In acetic acid-induced writhing test the extract inhibited the number of abdominal writhing. Likewise, MEPH produced significant dose-dependent inhibition of paw licking in both neurogenic and inflammatory pain induced by intraplantar injection of formalin. Besides, MEPH also significantly inhibited the glutamate-induced pain and cinnamaldehyde-induced pain in mice. It was also clear that pretreatment with naloxone significantly reversed the antinociception produced by MEPH in hot plate and tail immersion test suggesting the involvement of opioid system in its effect. In addition, administration of methylene blue, a non specific inhibitor of NO/guanylyl cyclase, enhanced MEPH induced antinociception while glibenclamide, an ATP-sensitive K+ channel antagonist, could not reverse antinociceptive activity induced by MEPH. Conclusion Based on the results of the current study it can be said that MEPH possesses significant antinociceptive activity which acts in both peripheral and central mechanisms.