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Data set used for the publication Perrot et al.2022 "Environmentally-friendly landscape management improves oilseed rape yields by increasing pollinators and reducing pests "

International audience; Managing regulating ecosystem services delivered by biodiversity in farmland is a way to maintain crop yields while reducing the use of agrochemicals. Because semi-natural habitats provide shelter and food for pest enemies, a higher proportion of semi-natural habitats in the landscape or their proximity to crops may enhance pest control in arable fields. However, the ways in which the spatial arrangement of these habitats affects the delivery of this beneficial ecosystem service to crops remains poorly known. Here, we investigated the relative effects of the amount of grassland in the landscape versus the distance to the nearest grassland on the predation rates of weed seeds and aphids into 52 cereal fields. We found that both seed and aphid predation levels increased with the proportion of grassland in a 500 m radius buffer while the distance to the nearest grassland displayed no effect. We show that increasing from 0 to 50% the proportion of grasslands in a 500 m radius, respectively, increased seed and aphid predation by 38 and 20%. In addition to the strong effect of the proportion of grassland, we found that seed predation increased with the proportion of forest fragments while aphid predation increased with the proportion of organic farming in the landscape. Overall, our results reveal that natural pest control in cereal crops is not related to the distance to the nearest grassland, suggesting that natural enemies are not limited by their dispersal ability. Our study indicates that maintaining key semi-natural habitats, such as grasslands, is needed to ensure natural pest control and support food production in agricultural landscapes.

International audience; White-rot fungi are able to mineralize all the wood components due in particular to an efficient detoxification system. We hypothesised that components of this detoxification systems, glutathione transferases, could be used as tools to explore the natural durability of neotropical wood species. Analysis of the interactions between six glutathione transferases of Trametes versicolor and extracts of 21 wood species from French Guiana revealed a positive correlation between natural durability of the tested wood species (soil tests) and these interactions (Glutathione Transferase Assay). The obtained data suggest that the developed biochemical test could be used to estimate wood natural durability.

International audience; The natural durability of wood species, defined as their inherent resistance to wood-destroying agents, is a complex phenomenon depending on many biotic and abiotic factors. Besides the presence of recalci-trant polymers, the presence of compounds with antimicrobial properties is known to be important to explain wood durability. Based on the advancement in our understanding of fungal detoxification systems , a reverse chemical ecology approach was proposed to explore wood natural durability using fungal glutathione transferases. A set of six glu-tathione transferases from the white-rot Trametes versicolor were used as targets to test wood extracts from seventeen French Guiana neotropical species. Fluorescent thermal shift assays quantified interactions between fungal glutathione transferases and these extracts. From these data, a model combining this approach and wood density significantly predicts the wood natural durability of the species tested previously using long-term soil bed tests. Overall, our findings confirm that detoxification systems could be used to explore the chemical environment encountered by wood-decaying fungi and also wood natural durability.

Summary The natural durability of wood species, defined as their inherent resistance to wood‐destroying agents, is a complex phenomenon depending on many biotic and abiotic factors. Besides the presence of recalcitrant polymers, the presence of compounds with antimicrobial properties is known to be important to explain wood durability. Based on the advancement in our understanding of fungal detoxification systems, a reverse chemical ecology approach was proposed to explore wood natural durability using fungal glutathione transferases. A set of six glutathione transferases from the white‐rot Trametes versicolor were used as targets to test wood extracts from seventeen French Guiana neotropical species. Fluorescent thermal shift assays quantified interactions between fungal glutathione transferases and these extracts. From these data, a model combining this approach and wood density significantly predicts the wood natural durability of the species tested previously using long‐term soil bed tests. Overall, our findings confirm that detoxification systems could be used to explore the chemical environment encountered by wood‐decaying fungi and also wood natural durability., Fungal detoxification systems could be used to explore the chemical environment encountered by wood decaying fungi and also wood natural durability.

The dataset contains the soil data, pest and pollinator abundance, and the area semi-natural elements and oilseed rape within the landscape surrounding the focal fields.

This file contains supplementary methods and tables. Namely, the supplementary methods describes: i) the study area and field selection; ii) the pollinator surveys; iii) the modelling of the gross margin, and; iv) a description of the pest abundance surveys. And the supplementary table section contains: i) the descriptive statistics for the various pollinator groups obtained by the three trapping methods; ii) the descriptive statistics farming practices from questionnaires; iii) the full subset of models for tables 1 and 2, extracted from the model selection procedure, with AIC less than 2.0 greater than the best model; iv) the descriptive statistics for the four main OSR pests caught in pan traps; v) the statistical model of yield and gross margin as a function of farming practices, soil type, total bee abundance and interactions, and; vi) the selection of buffer width for the effects of OSR and SNH in the surrounding landscape on gross margins.

Wood decaying fungi play an important role in the carbon cycle by participating in the recycling of organic matter. In addition to their ability to mineralize lignocellulosic biomass, these organisms have the ability to degrade potentially toxic molecules released during this process. Their detoxification system involves several multigenic families including glutathione transferases. These ubiquitous enzymes are grouped into several classes in the fungal kingdom, some of them are widespread in these fungi. In this context, the main objective of this thesis was to understand the functions of glutathione transferases of the Omega class (GSTOs) extended in Trametes versicolor, a white rot fungus. A biochemical and structural approach was led using nine recombinant proteins. Firstly, enzymatic characterization of these isoforms was performed using synthetic substrates, the obtained results demonstrating a similarity of catalytic properties. Then, using a library of pure molecules and another one of complex mixtures from different forest species, a high throughput screening method was applied to identify potential ligands for these enzymes. The resolution of the three-dimensional structure of three isoforms demonstrated the homodimeric state of these proteins and the involvement of two binding sites in the recognition of these ligands: the H site (present in each monomer) and the L site (at the dimer interface). For example, the isoform TvGSTO3S is able to bind several hydroxybenzophenones in its H site, but also a flavonoid, dihydrowogonin. In this case, this interaction with a natural ligand derived from wild-cherry tree extract was demonstrated by an affinity crystallography approach. On the other hand, co-crystallization experiments detected two molecules of another flavonoid, naringenin, in the L site of the isoform TvGSTO6S. Finally, a specific interaction involving the H and L sites of the isoform TvGSTO2S was demonstrated with oxyresveratrol. Structural analysis revealed that the presence of both configurations of the stilbene in the protein: the trans configuration in the H site and the cis configuration in the L site. Thus, despite partial functional redundancy, this research demonstrated the existence of a specific pattern of interactions for each tested isoform. The expansion of the Omega class could indicate that these enzymes are involved in the adaptation of the fungus in its environment. Indeed, the ligands identified during this work suggest that the "ligandin" properties of TvGSTOs play a role in detoxifying wood degradation products, Les champignons décomposeurs du bois jouent un rôle important dans le cycle du carbone en participant notamment au recyclage de la matière organique. Outre leur aptitude à minéraliser la biomasse lignocellulosique, ces organismes ont la capacité de dégrader des molécules potentiellement toxiques libérées lors de ce processus. Leur système de détoxication comprend différentes familles multigéniques dont les glutathion transférases. Ces enzymes ubiquitaires, sont regroupées en différentes classes dans le règne fongique, certaines d’entre elles étant étendues chez ces champignons. Dans ce contexte, l’objectif principal de cette thèse consistait à appréhender les fonctions des glutathion transférases de la classe Omega (GSTOs) étendue chez Trametes versicolor, un champignon de pourriture blanche. Une approche biochimique et structurale a été menée sur neuf protéines produites de façon recombinante. Dans un premier temps, une caractérisation enzymatique de ces isoformes a été réalisée à l’aide de substrats synthétiques montrant une similarité des propriétés catalytiques. Puis, à partir d’une banque de molécules pures et de mélanges complexes issus de différentes essences forestières, une méthode de screening à haut débit a permis d’identifier des ligands potentiels de ces enzymes. La résolution de la structure tridimensionnelle de trois isoformes a démontré l’état homodimérique de ces protéines et l’implication de deux sites de fixation dans la reconnaissance de ces ligands : le site H (présent dans chaque monomère) et le site L (à l’interface du dimère). Par exemple, l’isoforme TvGSTO3S est capable de fixer dans son site H plusieurs hydroxybenzophénones, mais également un flavonoïde, la dihydrowogonine. Dans ce dernier cas, cette interaction avec un ligand naturel issu d’extraits de bois de merisier a été démontré par une approche de cristallographie d’affinité. D’autre part, des expériences de co-cristallisation ont permis de détecter deux molécules d’un autre flavonoïde, la naringénine, dans le site L de l’isoforme TvGSTO6S. Enfin, une interaction spécifique impliquant les sites H et L de l’isoforme TvGSTO2S a été démontrée avec l’oxyresvératrol. L’analyse structurale a révélé que les deux configurations du stilbène étaient liées à la protéine : la configuration trans dans le site H et la configuration cis dans le site L. Ainsi, malgré une redondance fonctionnelle partielle, ces recherches ont démontré l’existence d’un spectre d’interactions spécifiques pour chaque isoforme testée. Le caractère étendu de la classe Omega indiquerait que ces enzymes seraient impliquées dans l’adaptation du champignon à son environnement. En effet, les ligands identifiés au cours de ces travaux suggèrent que les propriétés « ligandines » des TvGSTOs joueraient un rôle dans la détoxication des produits issus de dégradation du bois

Insect pollination is essential for over 70% of crops around the world. However, the contribution of pollinators to crop production and the insects involved in crop pollination have rarely been studied. Moreover, assessments of pollinator contributions have mostly been conducted on a small scale or under simplified conditions, which do not represent the real contributions at the field scale and do not take into account possible interactions between pollinators and farming practices. The aim of this study is to quantify directly under field conditions, the contribution of pollinators in two crops frequently cultivated in Europe: oilseed rape and sunflower. Estimations are realized both at the plant and at the field scale to understand mechanisms that increase crop production. Our studies identify also these crops’ pollinators.In a first step, we quantified the contributions of pollinators to oilseed rape and sunflower yield. Oilseed rape and sunflower share a pollinator guild - the honeybee. Wild bees also increase oilseed rape yield. Pollinators increase the yield of oilseed rape by up to 35% and of sunflower by up to 40%. At the plant scale, pollinators increase pollination success and consequently the number of seeds per plant.In a second step, we compared for oilseed rape the yield and the monetary contributions of pollinators and farming practices by taking their potential interactions more accurately into account. We show that the benefits of pollinators and farming practices on yield were additive except for insecticide use, which decreased the contribution of pollinators. In addition, we show that pollinators were important contributors to the farmers’ incomes by increasing gain by 250 € per hectare while some practices were very expensive for farmers.Finally, the effect of pollinators was studied on oilseed rape seed quality - another component of crop production. We show that honeybees improve seed quality by increasing the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in seeds and decreasing trans-saturated and saturated fatty acids. In some years, honeybees increased also the percentage of lipids per seed.We conclude, pollinators are essential for crop production by increasing both yield, monetary gain and quality. Several measures must be taken to promote pollinators in agricultural land in order to conserve them and ensure sustainable crop production for these two crops., La pollinisation entomophile est essentielle pour la production de 70% des cultures à travers le monde. Cependant la contribution des pollinisateurs dans la production agricole reste peu renseignée ainsi que les insectes qui sont impliqués. De plus, lorsque la contribution des pollinisateurs est quantifiée, le bénéfice est calculé à des échelles biologiques ou dans des conditions simplifiées qui peuvent être non représentatifs des bénéfices à l’échelle de la parcelle. Par ailleurs, les possibles interactions entre les pollinisateurs et les pratiques agricoles ne sont généralement pas pris en compte. L’objectif général de cette thèse était donc de quantifier la contribution des pollinisateurs directement dans les parcelles agricoles dans deux cultures fréquemment retrouvées en Europe, le colza et le tournesol. Ces estimations sont réalisées à l’échelle de la parcelle ainsi qu’à l’échelle de la plante pour comprendre les mécanismes qui permettent l’augmentation de la production agricole. Ces études nous ont permis aussi d’identifier les principaux pollinisateurs de ces deux cultures.Dans un premier temps, nous avons quantifié le bénéfice des pollinisateurs dans les rendements de tournesol et de colza. Nous montrons que le colza et le tournesol partagent une même guilde de pollinisateurs, les abeilles domestiques. Les abeilles sauvages sont aussi d’importants pollinisateurs pour le colza. Les pollinisateurs augmentent les rendements de colza de plus de 35% et ceux du tournesol de 40%, à l’échelle de la parcelle. A l’échelle de la plante, que ce soit pour le colza et le tournesol, les pollinisateurs augmentent le succès de pollinisation et donc le nombre de graines par plante.Dans un deuxième temps, nous avons comparé le bénéfice des pollinisateurs par rapport à ceux des pratiques agricoles en termes de rendement et de gain monétaires dans les parcelles de colza, tout en regardant plus précisément leurs possibles interactions. Nous montrons que le bénéfice des pollinisateurs dans les rendements s’additionnent à ceux des pratiques agricoles excepté avec les insecticides qui réduisant la contribution des pollinisateurs. De plus, nous montrons que les pollinisateurs sont d’importants contributeurs du rendement et des revenus agricoles en augmentant le bénéfice des agriculteurs de 250 € par hectare alors qu’au contraire plusieurs pratiques peuvent être très couteuses pour ces mêmes agriculteurs. Finalement, nous étudions l’effet des pollinisateurs sur la qualité lipidique des graines de colza qui est une autre facette de la production agricole. Nous montrons que les abeilles domestiques améliorent la qualité des graines en augmentant le pourcentage d’acides gras insaturés tout en réduisant les acides gras trans- et saturés. Pour certaines années, les abeilles domestiques augmentent aussi le pourcentage de lipide par graine.En conclusion, nous montrons que les pollinisateurs sont essentiels à la production agricole à la fois sur le rendement, les revenus agricoles et sur la qualité. Plusieurs mesures doivent être mises en place pour promouvoir les pollinisateurs dans les milieux agricoles dans le but de les préserver et d’assurer une production agricole durable pour ces deux cultures.