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Background: External fixation has been one of the conventional managements of unstable distal radius fracture. The main aim of this paper is to compare two methods of applying distractive force along the radius shaft versus perpendicular to the distal radius articular surface. Design: Sixty patients with unstable distal radius fracture were included in present clinical trial and randomized in two groups, using block randomization method. In group A (first arm), distraction force was exerted parallel to the radius shaft. In group B (second arm), the external fixator was adjusted based on radial and palmar tilt of the mean population healthy wrist so that distraction was exerted perpendicular to the wrist articular surface. Methods: Radiological and clinical parameters were evaluated in both groups of patients pre-operatively, immediately after surgery, and 6 weeks post-operatively. We also followed up patients clinically at 12 weeks after surgery. Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation (PRWE), Mayo wrist score, and Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) questionnaires were used in order to assess patients' clinical and functional states. Results: The method used in group B resulted in better improvement of palmar tilt both immediately (P = 0.007) and at 6 weeks follow up (P = 0.013) post-operatively in comparison with patients in group A. Radius height and radial inclination were also better restored when using the proposed modified method (P = 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). There was no difference in any of clinical results (range of motion, grip strength, PRWE, Mayo, and DASH scores) between two groups of study, 12 weeks after surgery. Conclusion: Applying distractive force perpendicular to the distal radius articular surface seems to improve some radiological outcomes, probably due to better reduction maintenance, when compared with the technique of applying distraction force along distal radius shaft axis. Level of Evidence: Level I (clinical trial study). Trial registration: This study is registered at Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT) with approval code of IRCT20200313046759N1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is a secondary student elaboration under the guidance of Assoc. Prof. Veselin Nenkov. It contains new results on the topic, which brought the first award to the authors during the national round of the International competition MITE (Methodology and information technologies in education) in February, 2020. The elaboration is dedicated to concurrent lines generated by points on Euler lines of in-polygons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behaviour of glulam beams loaded perpendicular to the grain This paper discusses the behaviour of glulam beams loaded perpendicular to the grain. A series of 101 tests was performed where the support length and the load situation were varied. The results are compared to the load carrying capacities calculated with the currently valid model of EN 1995-1-1:2010. The deformations across the beam height are analysed. Based on the modulus of elasticity, conclusions on load distribution and the contribution of continuous wood fibres on the effective contact area are drawn. The factor kc,90 is dependent on the load distribution. On this basis, a model to calculate the load carrying capacity perpendicular to the grain in dependence of an accepted deformation is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We shall obtain the interaction of the - and -branes in the toroidal-orbifold space-time . The configuration of the branes is nonintersecting, perpendicular, moving-rotating, wrapped-fractional with background fields. For this, we calculate the bosonic boundary state corresponding to a dynamical fractional-wrapped -brane in the presence of the Kalb-Ramond field, a gauge potential and an open string tachyon field. The long-range behavior of the interaction amplitude will be extracted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes the perpendicular local binary pattern (PLBP) for efficiently describing textures in an interest region. Its novelty is two-fold: (1) the candidate generation scheme provides a set of patterns for each pixel, instead of conventionally assigning one pattern per pixel, and (2) an adaptive threshold based on the image contrast of a region is used. These modifications successfully enhance the robustness of PLBP to Gaussian noise as well as in near-uniform regions. We introduce the novel multi-scale region PLBP descriptor, which adopts the PLBP as its core feature. It defines multiple support regions from an interest point, sequentially performs ring-shaped and intensity order-based segmentations on each region, and pools PLBPs to corresponding segments. These steps are controlled easily by a set of parameters, thus offering high flexibility. Experimental results on challenging benchmarks, including three datasets of image matching and two datasets of object recognition, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed descriptor in handling common photometric and geometric transformations. It significantly improves the robustness, compared with current state-of-the-art descriptors, while maintaining a reasonable operational cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dielectric and ferroelectric properties of Fe-doped BaTiO3ceramic under uniaxial stress applied perpendicular and parallel to the electric field are presented and analyzed. For the dielectric properties, the results showed that the uniaxial stress reduced an electric permittivity and dielectric losses for the both directions of applied stress. It was also found that an applied uniaxial pressure also enhanced a diffuse phase transformation behaviour. In the case of the ferroelectric properties the applied stress weakens a polarization when it is applied parallel (p∥ac) to the electric field. These results were interpreted through the stress induced domain switching process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Results of the studies are brought in the article on motivation working surfaces of the geometric form of loosener multifunction unit. In the clause the results of the given researches on substantiation the geometrical form friableness working surface of the combined unit are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dielectric and ferroelectric properties of Fe-doped BaTiO3ceramic under uniaxial stress applied perpendicular and parallel to the electric field are presented and analyzed. For the dielectric properties, the results showed that the uniaxial stress reduced an electric permittivity and dielectric losses for the both directions of applied stress. It was also found that an applied uniaxial pressure also enhanced a diffuse phase transformation behaviour. In the case of the ferroelectric properties the applied stress weakens a polarization when it is applied parallel (p∥ac) to the electric field. These results were interpreted through the stress induced domain switching process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: To find a method to form nano-size FePt alloy for ultra-high density magnetic recording media, this work concentrated on the formation mechanisms of nano-island FePt films on amorphous glass substrates. FePt films of different thicknesses (1–10nm) were deposited on amorphous glass substrates and post-annealed at 700°C for 10 and 30min. The configuration of the film changed during the annealing process due to the surface energy difference between the glass substrate and FePt alloy. Investigation of the microstructures and magnetic properties of the ordered L10 FePt films revealed that the 1nm FePt film annealed at 700°C for 10min had perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and good reproducibility of forming well-separated FePt nano-size islands for ultra-high density magnetic recording media. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The dielectric and ferroelectric properties of (1-x)Pb(Zr1/2Ti1/2)O3-(x)Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3 or (1-x)PZT-(x)PNN (x = 0.1-0.5) ceramics were measured under compressive stress applied perpendicular to an electric field direction. For the dielectric properties, the experimental results revealed that the superimposed perpendicular compression stress reduced the dielectric constant and the dielectric loss tangent of all compositions. The stress-induced changes the dissipation energy, the polarizations, however, depended significantly on ceramic compositions, but increases the coercive field of all the compositions. These results were interpreted through the non-180° ferroelastic domain switching processes, the stress clamping of domain walls, de-aging mechanism, and the stress induced enhance in switchable part of spontaneous polarization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The purposes of this study were threefold: (1) to compare the power output related patterns of absolute and normalized EMG amplitude and MPF responses for electrode orientations that were approximately parallel and perpendicular to the muscle fibers of the vastus lateralis muscle (VL); (2) to examine the influence of electrode orientation on mean absolute EMG amplitude and MPF values; and (3) to determine the effects of normalization on mean EMG amplitude and MPF values from parallel and perpendicular electrode orientations. Twenty adults (10 men and 10 women mean±SD age=23.4±3.6 years) performed incremental cycle ergometry tests to exhaustion. Two sets of bipolar surface EMG electrodes were placed approximately parallel and perpendicular to the muscle fibers over the VL. Paired t-tests indicated that absolute EMG amplitude values for the parallel electrode orientation were greater (p <0.05) at 50, 75, and 100W. The normalized EMG amplitude also had greater values for the parallel electrode orientation at 75 and 100W. For absolute EMG MPF, the parallel electrode orientation had greater values for all six power outputs, but after normalization, the perpendicular electrode orientation had a greater value at 75W. Ten percent of the subjects exhibited different power output related patterns of responses between electrode orientations for EMG amplitude and 35% exhibited different patterns for MPF. These findings indicated that normalization reduced, but did not eliminate the influence of electrode orientation and highlighted the importance of standardizing electrode orientation to compare EMG values during cycle ergometry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Effects of compressive stress applied perpendicular to electric field on dielectric properties of (1-x)Pb(Zr1/2Ti1/2)O3-(x)Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 (x = 0.1-0.5) ceramics were investigated. The results showed that the superimposed compression stress had pronounced effects on the dielectric properties of PZT-PZN ceramics. With increasing compressive stress the dielectric constant of the ceramics decreased, while the dielectric loss tangent increased. The observations were mainly interpreted in terms of competing influences of the domain switching through non-180° domain walls, clamping of domain walls, and de-aging mechanisms. Interestingly, the observed changes of the dielectric properties with the perpendicular compressive stress were generally similar to those under the parallel stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influences of compressive stress on the dielectric properties of (1-x)Pb(Zr1/2Ti1/2)O3-(x)Pb(Co1/3Nb2/3)O3 (x = 0.1-0.5) ceramics were investigated in this study. The dielectric properties were measured under compressive stress applied parallel and perpendicular to an electric field direction. The results clearly showed that the superimposed compression stress had pronounced effects on the dielectric properties of PZT-PCN ceramics. In general, with increasing compressive stress (applied parallel with the electric field direction) the dielectric constant of the ceramics increased, while the dielectric loss tangent decreased. Interestingly, the observed changes of the dielectric properties with the perpendicular compressive stress were opposite to those under the parallel stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The hydrothermal reaction of CdBr2 ·2H2O with a flexible multicarboxylate ligand, trans-aconitic acid (H3L), produced a novel coordination compound [Cd3L2(H2O)6] n . It crystallizes in the space group C2/c with a =17.1304(1)Å, b =9.5611(2)Å, c =14.0137(2)Å, β =115.96°, Z =4, V =2063.65(5)Å3. The unique feature of the structure is an unprecedented 3D framework containing infinite Cd(1)–O–C linear chains and heterochiral Cd(2)–O–C single-stranded helices. These linear chains and helices happen to be perpendicular to each other. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Ultrasonic temperature imaging is a promising technique for guiding focused ultrasound surgery (FUS). The FUS system is run at an initial, nonablative intensity and a diagnostic transducer images the heat-induced echo strain, which is proportional to the temperature rise. The echo strain image portrays an elliptical “hot spot” corresponding to the focal region of the therapy transducer. It is anticipated that such images will be used to predict the location of the thermal lesion that would be produced at an ablative intensity. We demonstrated in vitro that heat-induced echo strain images can visualize a spatial peak temperature rise of <2°C (starting at room temperature). However, the imaging beam was perpendicular to the treatment beam in these experiments, whereas the most convenient approach in vivo would be to mount the imaging probe within the housing of the therapy transducer such that the two beams are coaxial. A previous simulation experiment predicted that echo strain images would be noisier for the coaxial configuration because sharp lateral gradients in axial displacement cause increased RF signal decorrelation within the beam width. The aim of the current study was to verify this prediction in vitro. We found, that for a temperature rise of ∼4°C, the mean contrast-to-noise ratio for coaxial and perpendicular echo strain images was 0.37 (±0.24) and 2.00 (±0.72) respectively. Furthermore, the decorrelation noise seen in the coaxial images obscured the posterior axial border of the hot spot. We conclude that the coaxial configuration will be useful for localizing the hot spot in the lateral direction. However, it may not be able to depict the axial extent of the hot spot or to portray a parameter that is directly related to temperature rise. (E-mail: Naomi.Miller@icr.ac.uk) [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Perpendicular recording has been proposed as a better recording technology than the traditional longitudinal recording for high-density recording systems. The change in the recording format from longitudinal to perpendicular recording brings about new challenges in head, media, and channel designs. One of these challenges is the increasing amount of read and write nonlinearities. In addition, the nature of these nonlinearities may not be the same as in longitudinal recording. We developed a model for characterizing and modeling nonlinearities, regardless of their nature or severity, based on finite memory Volterra series. It was determined that a Volterra Model does not adequately model the perpendicular recording signal due to the fact that perpendicular recording suffers from very long inter-symbol interference (ISI). The long ISI is due to the presence of droop effect and high pass filter effects of the preamplifier and this translates into a requirement of large memory length L, in order to avoid truncation effects that lead to lack of fit of the model. The new model introduced here is called the composite Volterra model and it requires a moderate memory length and deals with the extended ISI using a linear model. The composite Volterra model is shown to provide a good fit to measured signals with various amounts of nonlinearities and using the composite Volterra model, one is able to synthesize a readback signal with appropriate nonlinearities for any given input data pattern. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Wide-area erasures of perpendicular head/media at 80GB/P were investigated. Domain lock up at the writer pole is responsible for both the sector erasure in the down-track direction and the spurious erasure in the cross-track direction. Cross-track erasure in short range (<1000μ″) can be induced by the emanating flux from the activated elements around the writer pole that could be partially locked up and saturated under high write current. Wide-range erasure (>2000μ″) in cross-track direction results primarily from the closure flux into the return pole. Locked-up domains at the pole tip are evidenced by MFM micrographs that explain the skewed propagation of write flux and cross-track interferences. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Transition noise and jitter of perpendicular media are improved by writing with pole heads which have trailing shields. This phenomenon may be studied by using forward and backward flying longitudinal ring heads. The forward-flying ring heads write from the trailing edge of the write pole; the reverse-flying ring heads write from the trailing edge of a pole which is followed by a gap and a trailing shield, thus emulating the behavior of a pole head with a trailing shield. This technique allows the evaluation of media signal/noise improvements (2–3dB) obtained by increasing the write field gradient, the write field angle and hence also the Stoner–Wohlfarth effective write field. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The effects of particle orientation on the performance of barium ferrite particulate media were investigated by both simulation and experiment. Orientation to either the longitudinal or the perpendicular direction improved performance compared to unoriented media. The experiment showed that small increase of the squareness ratio of the perpendicular direction from 0.69 to 0.84 boosted the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) by 1.5 dB at the linear recording density at 600 kbpi. Experimental results agreed well with the results of simulation. The simulation indicated that higher orientation to either direction produces an estimated achievable increase of SNR that was greater by 4 to 5 dB than that of randomly oriented media. This improvement seems to be due to the decrease of particles which oriented to cross track direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co layers with added SiO2 were applied to Co-Pt multilayer media to enhance the grain isolation and reduce the media noise. Typical magnetic properties of the media with 0.29 mu Co layer thickness and 0.12 um Pt layer thickness were the coercivity Hc = 6.2 kOe, the saturation magnetization M3 = 540 emu/cm³, squareness S = 1.0, the slope parameter α = 1.6, the nucleation field Hn = -2.5 kOe, and the perpendicular anisotropy energy Ku = 6.0 × 106 erg/cm3. Average grain size and grain boundary of that media were 6.6 nm in diameter and about 2 um in width, respectively. The media exhibited both excellent recording performances and good thermal stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: An Fe-based perpendicular alloy with small damping constant was applied to an MTJ storage layer and small switching current of 9μA was obtained for a write current width of 5ms. The efficiency of spin transfer torque writing was proved to be higher than those for in-plane MTJs. The estimated Ic for the MTJ with 50nsec pulse width is lower than 20μA and smaller than the drive currents of CMOS transistor at Gbits density. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]