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Background: Direct detection of the notorious explosive triacetone triperoxide (TATP) is very difficult because it lacks facile ionization and UV absorbance or fluorescence. Besides, the current indirect methods are time-consuming and need a pre-step for TATP cleavage to hydrogen peroxide. Moreover, they commonly show significant false-positive results in the presence of some camouflage which limits their field applications. Herein, for the first time, a novel label-free field-applicable spectrofluorimetric nanobiosensor was developed for direct TATP detection using a novel activated-protein protected gold nanocluster (ABSA-AuNCs; QY = 28.3 %) synthesized by a combined protein-assisted-ultrasonication procedure., Results: The ABSA-AuNCs revealed a fluorescence spectrum centered at 330.0 nm which was significantly quenched by TATP (binding constant = 154.06 M -1 ; ΔG = -12.5 kJ mol -1 ; E(%) = 88.5 %). This phenomenon was used as a basis for direct TATP quantification, providing a working range of 0.01-40.0 mg L -1 and a detection limit of 6.7 μg L -1 which is the lowest LOD provided for TATP detection up to now. A %RSD of 0.9 % and 1.56 % was obtained for repeatability and inter-day reproducibility, respectively. The selectivity was checked against a variety of camouflages, revealing ultra-selectivity. Several synthetic samples prepared by several camouflages and real samples (clay soil and real water media) were analyzed, revealing quantitative recoveries of TATP., Significance: During the production of the notorious explosive TATP, it can be discharged into water and soil. This novel method eliminated the false-positive results of traditional methods and is applicable for direct quantitative detection of camouflaged TATP and its residues in real soil and water samples in a highly short response time (2 min). The camouflaged TATP analysis is important for tracking the terrorist attacks in field conditions and analysis of soil and water can provide a first indication of the location of the production site., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study aimed to better understand the association between the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, namely, linoleic acid (LA) and linolenic acid (LNA), and the increases in the peroxide value that results from storing interesterified fats, which are used as sources of solid fats in edible oil and fat products, at high temperatures. Six interesterified fats with different LA and LNA contents were prepared and oxidized at 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, and 80°C under Rancimat test conditions. The oxidation rate increased with LA and LNA contents and increasing temperature. The oxidation kinetic analysis during the early oxidation stages demonstrated that when LA and LNA exceeded 8% and 2% respectively, the oxidative stability decreased as expected. However, the total LA and LNA contents had a higher correlation with the reaction rate constant [k (meq kg -1 h -1 )] than each amount of LA and LNA contained therein. In other words, the oxidation stability of the interesterified fats used in this study depended on the total LA and LNA contents.

Peroxy radicals (RO 2 ) are key reactive intermediates in atmospheric oxidation processes and yet their chemistry is not fully unraveled. Little is known about their structures and the structures of the dimeric products (ROOR) in the self-reaction of small RO 2 , which are among the most abundant RO 2 in the atmosphere. The product branching ratios of ROOR and their atmospheric roles are still in controversy. Here, the self-reaction of propyl peroxy radicals (C 3 H 7 O 2 ), a typical small RO 2 radical in the atmosphere, has been studied using synchrotron radiation vacuum ultraviolet photoionization mass spectrometry. Both radical (C 3 H 7 O) and closed-shell molecular (C 3 H 6 O, C 3 H 7 OH, C 3 H 7 OOC 3 H 7 ) products in the self-reaction are observed in photoionization mass spectra and their elusive isomers are definitely identified in mass-selected photoionization spectra. Three isomers of the C 3 H 7 OOC 3 H 7 dimeric products, R 1 OOR 1 , R 1 OOR 2 , and R 2 OOR 2 (R 1 and R 2 represent 1-C 3 H 7 and 2-C 3 H 7 , respectively), as well as their complex structures have been determined for the first time. Kinetic experiments are performed and compared with chemical simulations to reveal the sources of specific products. The branching ratio of the C 3 H 7 OOC 3 H 7 dimeric channel is measured at 10 ± 5%. This work demonstrates that the dimeric product formation in the self-reaction of small RO 2 radicals is non-negligible and should provide valuable new insight into atmospheric modelling., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The oil obtained from black cumin (Nigella sativa) seeds has many health-effective properties, which is used in food applications and in traditional medicine. One practical method to extract its oil is mixing with other seeds such as sunflower (Helianthus anuus) seeds before oil extraction by press. The effectiveness of the cold-press oil obtained from the mixture of black cumin seeds (BS) and sunflower seeds (SF) in different proportions 100:0, 95:5, 90:10, 85:15 and 0:100 (w/w) was studied to evaluate their qualitative properties including peroxide value (PV), acid value, p-anisidine value (AnV), pigments (carotenoid and chlorophyll) content, polyphenols, and profile of fatty acids during heating process (30-150 min at 180 °C). The results revealed that the acid and p-anisidine value of the all samples enhanced with the extension of the heating time, and the peroxide value increased at the beginning of the heating and then decreased with the prolongation of the heating time (p < .05). With the increase of temperature and heating time, the peroxide of sunflower oil increased with a higher slope and speed than that of black seed and blends oil. Changes in the PV and AnV were the fastest in sunflower oil. Blending and heating caused considerable changes in the fatty acid composition of oils, especially myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Moreover, the levels of certain unsaturated fatty acids, namely linoleic, oleic, and linolenic acids declined after heating. The carotenoids, chlorophyll and total phenol content decreased gradually during heating treatments. Among extracted oils, SF:BS (15%) had the good potential for stability, with total phenol content of 95.92 (Caffeic acid equivalents/100 g), PV of 2.16 (meq O 2 /kg), AV of 2.59 (mg KOH/g oil), and AnV of 8.08 after the heating. In conclusion, oil extracted from the mixture of SF and BS can be used as salad and cooking oils with a high content of bioactive components and positive nutritional properties., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Peroxide-mediated oxidation of drug molecules is a known challenge faced throughout the pharmaceutical development pathway-from early-stage stability studies to manufacturing processes. During the initial development stage, the major source of peroxide is the formulation excipients, whether they are pre-loaded or generated in situ due to slow degradation, and in the late phase, peroxides can be introduced during sanitization processes or generated via cavitation. In essence, a control strategy for peroxide mitigation often becomes a critical quality attribute for successful drug development. To this end, quantitation of peroxide is essential to monitor the peroxide level to ensure product quality and proposed shelf-life. However, methods for reliable and robust quantitation to detect trace levels of peroxide in a complex drug product matrix become increasingly challenging. This article discusses three high-throughput assays based on absorbance, fluorescence and chemiluminescence measurements to detect peroxide at a low level and compares the methods through validation studies in water. Selected methods have also been tested to understand the forced degradation of model peptide drug products with spiked hydrogen peroxide. Peptide degradation profiles and residual peroxide levels are presented to provide an understanding of the suitability of the quantitation methods and their performance.

Recent studies show that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from urban landscape water are significant and cannot be overlooked, underscoring the need to develop effective strategies for mitigating GHG production from global freshwater systems. Calcium peroxide (CaO 2 ) is commonly used as an eco-friendly reagent for controlling eutrophication in water bodies, but whether CaO 2 can reduce GHG emissions remains unclear. This study investigated the effects of CaO 2 dosage on the production of methane (CH 4 ) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O) in urban landscape water under anoxic conditions during summer. The findings reveal that CaO 2 addition not only improved the physicochemical and organoleptic properties of simulated urban landscape water but also reduced N 2 O production by inhibiting the activity of denitrifying bacteria across various dosages. Moreover, CaO 2 exhibited selective effects on methanogens. Specifically, the abundance of acetoclastic methanogen Methanosaeta and methylotrophic methanogen Candidatus&#95;Methanofastidiosum increased whereas the abundance of the hydrogenotrophic methanogen Methanoregula decreased at low, medium, and high dosages, leading to higher CH 4 production at increased CaO 2 dosage. A comprehensive multi-objective evaluation indicated that an optimal dosage of 60 g CaO 2 /m 2 achieved 41.21 % and 84.40 % reductions in CH 4 and N 2 O production, respectively, over a 50-day period compared to the control. This paper not only introduces a novel approach for controlling the production of GHGs, such as CH 4 and N 2 O, from urban landscape water but also suggests a methodology for optimizing CaO 2 dosage, providing valuable insights for its practical application., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

There are many factors that may affect the longevity of or guide the use of canine training aids. Literature to date has mainly focused on identifying the headspace volatiles associated with training aids or odors and only minimal research exists into how different variables may alter those volatiles. The current study examines several factors affecting canine training aids: humidity, air flow, transportation, and operational deployment, using the triacetone triperoxide polymer odor capture-and-release canine training aid (TATP POCR) as the target. The TATP POCR is an absorption-based canine training aid developed to be used to safely train canines to detect the odor of the explosive TATP in operational settings. Comparisons of the TATP POCR to neat TATP are made throughout the manuscript. First, humidity increased the background components of the POCR matrix, as well as the amount of TATP recovered was above the POCR. Humidity thus affected the amount of TATP detected but did not prevent detection. Second, air flow lessened the lifetime of the TATP POCR. Third, the practice of using primary and secondary containment successfully prevented contamination, cross-contamination, and significant target loss, thereby maintaining kit integrity. Finally, the absorption of background odors from training environments was not observed. TATP headspace concentrations between a Deployed and Control POCR kit were not significantly different at time 0 (i.e., upon opening), which suggests that the operational use does not affect the function of the TATP POCR system. This information provides pivotal evidence for explosives detection canine handlers or trainers who utilize the TATP POCR., (© 2024 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.)

The wastewater from organic peroxide production has high chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration and poor biodegradability, so it is necessary to find a cost-effective treatment method. The iron-carbon microelectrolysis (IC-ME) technology was used to pretreat the organic peroxide production wastewater, and the influence of reaction conditions on the removal effect of pollutants and the degradation mechanism were studied. The effects of initial pH, iron filings, iron-carbon ratio, and reaction time on the wastewater treatment were investigated by single-factor and response surface optimization experiments, and the degradation mechanism was analyzed by three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-Vis, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The experimental results showed that the COD removal efficiency was 35.67% and the biodegradability of wastewater was increased from 0.113 to 0.173 under the conditions of initial pH of 3.1, the dosage of iron filings of 30.5 g/L, the ratio of iron-carbon of 1.01, and the reaction time of 122.8 min, and the process of IC-ME for degrading COD of wastewater from the production of organic peroxide was consistent with the secondary reaction. The IC-ME process could decompose macromolecular organic compounds such as tyrosine proteins and aromatic proteins, and improve the biodegradability of wastewater. It provides a theoretical reference for the practical application of IC-ME to treat this type of wastewater., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Eleven kinds of Camellia oleifera seed oils (CSOs) were evaluated in terms of chemical constituents, antioxidant activities, acid value (AV) as well as peroxide value (POV). These CSOs contained abundant β-sitosterol, squalene, α-tocopherol and phenolics, in which the squalene was the distinct constituent with the content between 45.8±0.8 and 184.1±5.5 mg/kg. The β-sitosterol ranging from 143.7±4.8 to 1704.6±72.0 mg/kg contributed a considerable content to total accompaniments. Palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid were present in these CSOs, in which the dominant fatty acid was oleic acid with the content between 59.66±0.72 and 82.89±2.16 g/100 g. The AV ranged from 0.1±0.0 to 1.3±0.0 mg KOH/g, and the POV was between 0.1±0.0 and 1.0±0.0 g/100 g. These CSOs showed antioxidant activity based on DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assay. Both α-tocopherol and β-sitosterol contents showed a positive correlation with DPPH and ABTS values, respectively, while the α-tocopherol content showed a negative correlation with AV. These results suggested that CSO can be categorized into high oleic acid vegetable oil with abundant active constituents, of which the quality presented variation among different origins. These accompaniments may contribute to the delay of its quality deterioration.

This study aimed to assess the efficacy of a bacterioruberin-rich carotenoid extract (HAE) derived from the halophilic archaea Halorubrum ezzemoulense DSM 19316 in protecting crude fish oil against thermal oxidation. The research used fish oil derived from anchovies, which had a peroxide value (PV) of 6.44 ± 0.81 meq O 2 kg -1 . To assess the impact of HAE on the thermal stability and post-oxidation characteristics of fish oil, several concentrations of HAE were added to the fish oil samples: 0 ppm (no additive) (HAE0), 50 ppm (HAE50), 100 ppm (HAE100), 500 ppm (HAE500), and 1000 ppm (HAE1000). Furthermore, a control group was established with the addition of 100 ppm butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT100) in order to evaluate the effectiveness of HAE with a synthetic antioxidant that is commercially available. Prior to the fast oxidation experiment, thermogravimetric analysis was conducted on samples from all experimental groups. At the conclusion of the examination, it was seen that the HAE500 and HAE1000 groups exhibited a delay in the degradation temperature. The experimental groups underwent oxidation at a temperature of 55.0 ± 0.5 °C for a duration of 96 h. The measurement of PV was conducted every 24 h during this time. PV in all experimental groups exhibited a time-dependent rise ( p < 0.05). However, the HAE500 group had the lowest PV measurement at the conclusion of the 96 h period ( p < 0.05). Significant disparities were detected in the fatty acid compositions of the experimental groups at the completion of the oxidation experiment. The HAE500 group exhibited the highest levels of EPA, DHA, and ΣPUFA at the end of oxidation, with statistical significance ( p < 0.05). Through the examination of volatile component analysis, specifically an oxidation marker, it was shown that the HAE500 group exhibited the lowest level of volatile components ( p < 0.05). Consequently, it was concluded that the addition of HAE to fish oil provided superior protection compared to BHT at an equivalent rate. Moreover, the group that used 500 ppm HAE demonstrated the highest level of performance in the investigation.

Bee pollen is a byproduct of pollination, which is a necessary process to produce foods. However, bee pollen can induce significant food-borne allergies. We previously identified a bee pollen-derived pan-allergen in the profilin family, Bra c p. Herein, we aimed to reduce Bra c p allergenicity via protein oxidation with hydrogen peroxide and explore the changes induced. Ion-mobility mass spectrometry revealed aggregation of the oxidized product; we also found irreversible sulfonation of the free sulfhydryl group of the Bra c p Cys98 residue to a more stable cysteine derivative. A significant proportion of the α-helices in Bra c p were transformed into β-sheets after oxidation, masking the antigenic epitopes. An immunoassay demonstrated that the IgE-binding affinity of Bra c p was decreased in vitro after oxidation. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the application of protein oxidation to reduce the allergenicity of profilin family member in foods., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Contamination of canine training aids is a pervasive issue that may lead to incorrect canine discrimination of target odors. It is therefore important to properly store training materials to maintain their integrity and efficiency. First, this study demonstrated the potential for contamination using GloGerm™ as a proxy for odor/particulate transfer. Then, eight types of containers were evaluated to determine (1) the ability to prevent odor permeation and (2) the likelihood of maintaining the ab/adsorbed odor. Lastly, a longitudinal study evaluated how the permeation of the target odor changed over time. Analysis occurred using a direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometer (DART-MS) to detect triacetone triperoxide (TATP) from the non-hazardous canine training aid known as the polymer odor capture-and-release (POCR) system. Results showed that Mylar and Opsak bags were most effective for short-term storage, maintaining low levels of ab/adsorption. Over time, the amount of TATP permeating through the primary containers and collecting in a secondary container (i.e., outer packaging) increased at 1 week and decreased thereafter (up to 4 months). The amount of TATP collecting in the primary containers, however, increased up to 1 month and decreased thereafter., (© 2023 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.)

Peroxide value (PV) is one of the most typically used quality parameters to monitor lipid oxidation. Here, a simple paper-based analytical device (PAD) has been developed to determine PV in vegetable oils. The analysis is based on setting up the iodometric titration, where hydroperoxides in the oil are reacted with excess iodide ions to generate iodine molecules, on the paper substrate. The device is composed of two paper layers acting as reaction and detection zones, aligned in a metallic mold. A well-defined inverse logarithmic calibration curve was established between the measured PV by the official iodometric method (ISO;3960, 2017) and the color intensity of PAD. It offered a working range of 0.01-30.0 meq/Kg. The limit of detection of 0.015 meq/Kg demonstrated enough sensitivity of the method to estimate peroxide value in edible oils. On-site and visual detection, low cost, simplicity, and less solvent consumption are advantages of the proposed device., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The objective of seed extracts from Anisophyllea boehmii and Aframomum sanguineum were to evaluate their ability to stabilize against oxidation of oils exposed to sunlight on one hand and subjected to high temperatures on the other hand. Determination of the peroxide value (PV) showed that the extracts had reduced the oxidation of sunflower oils. After 8 weeks of sunlight exposure, the concentration of 265.45 mg/l of A. boehmii extract showed a PV of 30.78 meq O2/kg, 67.4 mg/l extract of A. sanguineum had a PV of 42.75 meq O2/kg while the oils without extracts had a very high PV (125.06 meq O2/kg). Heating of the oils to 180°C for 8 hours was found, with A. boehmii extract (265.45 mg/l), to have a PV of 29.66 meq O2/kg, with that of A. sanguineum, while the PV of the oils without extract reached 50.66 meq O2/kg. In the light of these results, the seeds of A. boehmii and A. sanguineum contain antioxydant compounds, which, once extracted, can be used for many purposes in the food processing, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries.

The potential uses of Ligustrum robustum (Rxob.) Blume extract as a natural antioxidant to protect the quality of different oils during storage and frying process were studied. The results showed that L. robustum extract has been shown to retard the decline in the quality of both oils based on the tests of acid value, peroxide value, p-anisidine value, color, volatile flavor, and fatty acid compositions, and the protective effect of L. robustum extract on the quality of peanut oil was better than that of palm oil. By the component analysis, L. robustum extract was found to have a total phenols content of 140.75 ± 1.52 mg/g, and ligurobustoside C was identified as the main phenolic compound. The thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetry results showed that L. robustum extract enhanced the oxidative stability of peanut and palm oils. In addition, Fourier transform infrared results indicated that L. robustum extract had protective effects on the C=C bond and ester bond of oil molecule. Moreover, by using electron spin resonance technique, L. robustum extract showed the ability to inhibit and scavenge alkyl-free radicals in both oils. The present results suggested that L. robustum extract may protect the quality of oils during the storage and frying process by inhibiting the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids and might be a potential natural antioxidant in the food industry. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The excellent antioxidant ability of Ligustrum robustum (Rxob.) Blume extract on the oxidation of different oils and its low price indicated that it could be used as a new low-cost natural antioxidant in oil processing., (© 2022 Institute of Food Technologists®.)

The food quality of edible oils is dependent on basic chemical and structural changes that can occur by oxidation during preparation and storage. A rapid and efficient analytical method of the different steps of oil oxidation is described using a time-domain nuclear magnetic resonance (TD-NMR) sensor for measuring signals related to the chemical and physical properties of the oil. The degree of thermal oxidation of edible oils at 80 °C was measured by the conventional methodologies of peroxide and aldehyde analysis. Intact non-modified samples of the same oils were more rapidly analyzed for oxidation using a TD-NMR sensor for 2D T 1 -T 2 and self-diffusion (D) measurements. A good linear correlation between the D values and the conventional chemical analysis was achieved, with the highest correlation of R 2 = 0.8536 for the D vs. the aldehyde concentrations during the thermal oxidation of poly-unsaturated linseed oils, the oil most susceptible to oxidation. A good correlation between the D and aldehyde levels was also achieved for all the other oils. The possibility to simplify and minimize the time of oxidative analysis using the TD NMR sensors D values is discussed as an indicator of the oil's oxidation quality, as a rapid and accurate methodology for the oil industry.

Microplastic (MP) surfaces are common sites for microbial colonization and promote biofilm formation in aquatic environments, resulting in changes to the surface properties of MPs and their interaction with pollutants. Although the diversity of microbial communities adhering to MPs has been well documented in aquatic environments, surface changes in MPs due to microbial colonization are still poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the variations in the chemical structure and components of biofilms on the surface of polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) collected from the shore of the Tuul River in Mongolia, using micro-Fourier transform infrared (micro-FTIR) spectroscopy. We applied a spectral subtraction approach, and the differences in spectra between peroxide-treated and untreated PS-MP particles enabled us to obtain the structural features of biofilms that developed on the plastic surface. In addition, the surface photooxidation status of the sampled PS-MPs was calculated from the subtracted spectra of peroxide-treated and pristine PS-MPs. Various functional groups of N-containing organic substances from bacterial and fungal communities were detected in the obtained biofilm spectra. Based on the spectral characteristics, biofilm spectra were classified into four groups by applying principal component analysis (PCA). A wide range of carbonyl indices (CIs: 0.00-1.40) was found in the subtracted spectra between peroxide-treated and pristine PS-MPs, revealing that different levels of surface oxidation progressed by physical influences such as solar radiation and freeze-thaw cycles. Furthermore, lignocellulose and silicate were found on the PS-MP surface as allochthonous attachments. Considering the variation in residence time of PS-MPs, they attract plant residues and mineral particles through the development of biofilms and travel together in the river environment. Given that the dynamic behavior of MPs can be greatly affected by changes in their surfaces, further studies are needed to emphasize their link to organic matter dynamics., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Jojoba oil (JO) extracted from seeds has outstanding properties, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities, and can be stored forlong periodsof time. The unique properties of jojoba oil depend on its chemical composition; therefore, the effect of the jojoba genotype on the chemical properties and active components of the seed oil was evaluated in this study. Oil samples were collected from 15 elite Egyptian jojoba lines. The chemical composition, such as moisture, crude fiber, crude oil, ash, and crude protein of elite lines' seeds was determined to investigate the variation among them based on the jojoba genotype. In addition, the iodine value was obtained to measure the degree of jojoba oil unsaturation, whereas the peroxide number was determined as an indicator of the damage level in jojoba oil. Fatty acid composition was studied to compare elite jojoba lines. Fatty acid profiles varied significantly depending on the jojoba genotype. Gadoleic acid exhibited the highest percentage value (67.85-75.50%) in the extracted jojoba oil, followed by erucic acid (12.60-14.81%) and oleic acid (7.86-10.99%). The iodine value, peroxide number, and fatty acid composition of the tested elite jojoba lines were compared withthose reported by the International Jojoba Export Council (IJEC). The results showed that the chemical properties of jojoba oils varied significantly, depending on the jojoba genotype.

Storage is an important step after peanut harvest and drying. Many factors could affect the peanut quality during storage. The quality change differences of peanut after being dried by solar radiation and at 35°C, 40°C, 45°C, 50°C during later storage were investigated, including moisture content (MC) and germination percentage (GP) of peanut kernels, acid value (AV), peroxide value (PV), iodine value (IV), vitamin E (VE) content and fatty acid composition (FAC) of extracted peanut oil. And the impact of four storage conditions, air-room temperature (A-RT), air-low temperature (A-LT), vacuum-room temperature (V-RT) and nitrogen-room temperature (N-RT) on peanut quality after 10 months' storage were also studied in this paper. The results revealed that drying conditions had only a little influence on peanut quality during later storage. Peanut dried by solar radiation was more easily oxidized than that dried under other drying conditions. The effects of storage time were much greater. The GP, AV, PV, VE content and FAC, showed significantly changes along with storage. GP and VE content decreased, AV and PV increased, and some linoleic acid was oxidized to oleic acid after 10 months' storage. In addition, A-LT exhibited best performance in keeping peanut quality than A-RT, V-RT and N-RT, which demonstrated that low temperature was more advantageous for peanut storage than controlled atmosphere. These results above would provide useful information and reference for the peanut storage to apply in food industry.

Triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and its byproduct diacetone diperoxide (DADP) are commonly used home-made high explosives in bombing cases and terrorist attacks. However, these two peroxide explosives are unstable and prone to thermal decomposition, leading to challenges in sample collection and preparation in bombing cases. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an in situ identification method for TATP and DADP. Compared to the solvent-based swabbing methods commonly used for trace explosive collection, the tape lifting method can collect explosive particles and other potential evidence without damaging fingerprints or DNA. This study aims to develop a tape lifting method to collect trace explosive particles in bombing cases and an in situ method to identify TATP and DADP particles on the sticky side of transparent tape directly using laser confocal Raman spectroscopy. One type of fingerprint tape and two types of office tape were used to collect peroxide explosive particles followed by particle fixation on glass slides. Laser confocal Raman spectroscopy was applied to directly identify target particles, without peeling the attached tape off the glass slide. A solid-state laser emitting at 473 nm was suitable for Raman and imaging analysis of TATP and DADP. To mimic the real situation, the synthetic TATP and DADP were passed through a 100-mesh sieve, respectively. Fifty μg of each explosive powder was weighed, mixed and spread on a wooden table with dust in an area of 10 × 10 cm 2 . Subsequently, the samples were collected with the fingerprint tape. A targeted area of the tape with suspicious particles was imaged for analysis. Based on the difference between the characteristic Raman bands of TATP and DADP, the band ranges of 530-550 cm -1 and 750-770 cm -1 were selected, respectively, for obtaining the distribution information. The combination of Raman technology and the tape lifting method shows great potential for in situ identification of forensic samples by providing chemical and spatial information.

Olive growing in Palestine plays an important role at social and economic levels. Nevertheless, the quality of olive oil produced in the country has not been fully addressed. This study examined oil content, peroxide values, acid values, fatty acid profile, and total phenolic content for old olive trees located in different climatic regions in Palestine during the years 2008-2010. Oil content was determined using both Soxhlet and Abencor systems. Acid and peroxide values were determined using standard methods. Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-spectrophotometric method. Gas chromatography was used to analyze the main fatty acids found in olive oil e.g., palmitic, palmitoleic, stearic, oleic, linoleic. Different ratios indicating olive oil quality were also determined e.g., sum ratio of unsaturated fatty acids to the sum of saturated fatty acids; ratio between the sum of monounsaturated fatty acids to the sum of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and the ratio between the oleic to linoleic fatty acids. Significant differences were found between geographic regions for the overall studied oil parameters. Wide variation ranges were obtained for fatty acids in the different West Bank locations in the three years. The major fatty acids in the olive oil samples were found to be oleic, palmitic, stearic, linoleic, and palmitoleic acids. The oil samples were found to contain more oleic acid and less linoleic and linolenic acids that is, more monounsaturated than polyunsaturated fatty acids. Total phenolic content was found to range from 125.0-978.0, 207.4-763.8, and 103.0-747.6 mg/kg in 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively. The acidity percentage was in the range of 0.10%-1.05%, 0.11%-1.29%, and 0.10%-1.91% in 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively. Peroxide values ranged from 2.26-13.1, 2.94-14.95, and 2.49-17.21 in 2008, 2009, and 2010, respectively.

Edible oils are prone to oxidation during processing and storage that may negatively affect the oil quality and human health. Determining the peroxide value (PV) of edible oils is essential because PV is one of the most typically used quality parameters to monitor lipid oxidation and control oil quality. Many approaches have been developed to determine the PV of oils. Among them, iodometric titration is the commonly used method for PV determination. Considering the limitations related to titrimetric methods, such as time and environmental concerns, several instrumental techniques have been considered as reliable alternatives. The advantages and limitations of classical titration and instrumental methods are summarized in this review. The prospects and reformative aspects for the future applications of these approaches in PV determination are also discussed., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Hydroperoxides are of great importance in the fields of atmospheric and biological chemistry. However, there are several analytical challenges in their analysis: unknown and usually low UV absorption coefficients, high reactivity, thermal instability, and a lack of available reference standards. To overcome these limitations, we propose a GC-FID approach involving pre-column silylation and quantification via the effective carbon number approach. Four hydroperoxides of α-pinene were synthesized in the liquid phase with singlet oxygen and identified using literature data on isomer yield distribution, MS spectra, estimated boiling temperatures of each isomer (retention time), their thermal stability and derivatisation rate. The developed procedure was used for the determination of hydroperoxides in bottled and autooxidised turpentine. We anticipate that this method could also be applied in atmospheric chemistry, where the reactivity of singlet oxygen could help explain the high formation rates of secondary organic aerosols.

The fates of organic hydroperoxides (ROOHs) in atmospheric condensed phases are key to understanding the oxidative and toxicological potentials of particulate matter. Recently, mass spectrometric detection of ROOHs as chloride anion adducts has revealed that liquid-phase α-hydroxyalkyl hydroperoxides, derived from hydration of carbonyl oxides (Criegee intermediates), decompose to geminal diols and H 2 O 2 over a time frame that is sensitively dependent on the water content, pH, and temperature of the reaction solution. Based on these findings, it has been proposed that H + -catalyzed conversion of ROOHs to ROHs + H 2 O 2 is a key process for the decomposition of ROOHs that bypasses radical formation. In this perspective, we discuss our current understanding of the aqueous-phase decomposition of atmospherically relevant ROOHs, including ROOHs derived from reaction between Criegee intermediates and alcohols or carboxylic acids, and of highly oxygenated molecules (HOMs). Implications and future challenges are also discussed.

Edible oil is an indispensable food in daily life but early detection of its lipid oxidation is difficult. Developing new, rapid and accurate screening technique is urgently needed for oil quality control. Here we developed a surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy analyzer based on plasmonic metal liquid-like platform (PML-SERS), which could directly analyze the oil sample in ca. 3 min. This analyzer has the ability and sensitivity to identify fingerprint peak changes. Moreover, the relative Raman intensity, I 1265/1436 , has a good correlation with peroxide value (POV), which is used for quantitative detection. The fitting model combined with principal component analysis (PCA) realized rapid spectral recognition for determining POV in edible oil oxidation. The relative deviation between the POV measured by PML-SERS and the national standard method (NSM) was less than 10%. Our platform provided a practical solution for ultra-sensitive and fast analysis of POV in oil oxidation., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Mitigation of the peroxide explosive threat, specifically triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD), is a priority among the law enforcement community, as scientists and canine (K9) units are constantly working to improve detection. We propose the use of paper spray ionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry (PSI-HRMS) for detection of peroxide explosives in biological matrices. Occurrence of peroxide explosives and/or their metabolites in biological samples, obtained from urine or blood tests, give scientific evidence of peroxide explosives exposure. PSI-HRMS promote analysis of samples in situ by eliminating laborious sample preparation steps. However, it increases matrix background issues, which were overcome by the formation of multiple alkali metal adducts with the peroxide explosives. Multiple ion formation increases confidence when identifying these peroxide explosives in direct sample analysis. Our previous work examined aspects of TATP metabolism. Herein, we investigate the excretion of a TATP glucuronide conjugate in the urine of bomb-sniffing dogs and demonstrate its detection using PSI from the in vivo sample.

Background: Cold-pressed berry seed oils are used for consumption and other applications including skin and hair care. They are natural products which gain the attention of customers. In this study, strawberry, raspberry and blackberry seed oils used for cosmetic purposes, purchased from three different European producers, were analyzed. The aim of the study was to assess the quality and oxidative stability of the berry fruit oils, thus they were analyzed after purchase and after 4 and 8 weeks of storage at room temperature., Methods: Acid and peroxide values were determined in the tested oils, as was oxidative stability, which was measured using pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC). Additionally, fatty acid profiles and thei., Results: nd. Cold-pressed berry seed oils are used for consumption and other applications including skin and hair care. They are natural products which gain the attention of customers. In this study, strawberry, raspberry and blackberry seed oils used for cosmetic purposes, purchased from three different European producers, were analyzed. The aim of the study was to assess the quality and oxidative stability of the berry fruit oils, thus they were analyzed after purchase and after 4 and 8 weeks of storage at room temperature. Materials and methods. Acid and peroxide values were determined in the tested oils, as was oxidative stability, which was measured using pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC). Additionally, fatty acid profiles and their distribution at sn-1,3 and sn-2 positions of triacylglycerols were characterized. Results, principal. Most of the fatty acids of the tested berry seed oils are polyunsaturated fatty acids (67.04-74.95%). The results show the low quality of the tested oils in terms of oxidative stability (high peroxide values: 21.9-249.6 mEq O2/kg oil)., Conclusions: Based on this study, it is necessary to evaluate the effects of these products on the body. Moreover, standards clarifying the oxidation of cosmetic oils should be set internationally.

Background: Bacaba (Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.) has a high yield of oil, with the potential to produce biologically active natural products and can be considered a new "superfruit" with high value added., Methods: Acid value, peroxide value, refractive index, saponification value, p-anisidine value, relative density, iodine value, total oxidation value, specific extinction coefficients at 232 and 270 nm (K232 and K270), ΔK, and color were determined., Results: The most significant changes in the quality values, such as peroxide (26.25 mEq·kg-1), p-anisidine (11.41), acidity (14.66 mg KOH·g-1 oil), and total oxidation (63.92) were determined for 15 min of microwave heating., Conclusions: The microwave heating promoted the acceleration of oxidative processes showing that, overall, much care should be taken when heating the bacaba oil by microwave to avoid oil degradation.

Torreya grandis is an important economic tree species in China. It provides nutritional value and is important to the health care industry. There are ongoing issues with product quality which are primarily related to improper management and early harvest. This study was carried out during the fruit ripening processes to evaluate the influence of harvesting date on T. grandis quality, and to determine the optimal harvest period. The effects of harvest time on the variation of quality and nutritional parameters of T. grandis nuts and its oil were evaluated, and the optimal harvest period was determined. The results showed that harvest timing had a strong effect on both oil yield and quality. Prolonged ripening could induce higher levels of kernel rate, fruit inclusions, oil and nutritional quality. When the sample harvested in the mid-September, the kernel rate and oil content were increased by 1.88±0.31% and 6.65±0.47%, respectively, compared to samples harvested in the beginning of late-August. Similarly, the mid-September harvest resulted in total unsaturated fatty acids content of the oil being increased by 5.3±0.34%, the FFA and peroxide value being decreased by 40.7±0.15% and 76±0.08%, respectively, and total tocopherols and free amino acids were increased 7.5±0.24% and 47.3±0.15%, respectively, compared to the samples harvested on Aug. 25. The results indicated that the optimal harvest time of T. grandis fruits was mid-September as it was beneficial for improving the quality of T. grandis nut and its oil. It was suggested that T. grandis fruit should be harvested later.

The assessment of reactive oxygen species has increasing importance in biomedical sciences, due to their biological role in signaling pathways and induction of cell damage at low and high concentrations, respectively. Detection of lipid peroxidation with sensing probes such as some BODIPY dyes has now wide application in studies using fluorescent microplate readers, flow cytometry, and fluorescence microscopy. Two phenylbutadiene derivatives of BODIPY are commonly used as peroxidation probes, non-oxidized probes and oxidized products giving red and green fluorescence, respectively. Peculiar features of lipoperoxidation and BODIPY dye properties make this assessment a rather complex process, not exempt of doubts and troubles. Color changes and fluorescence fading that are not due to lipid peroxidation must be taken into account to avoid misleading results. As a characteristic feature of lipoperoxidation is the propagation of peroxyl radicals, pitfalls and advantages of a delayed detection by BODIPY probes should be considered.

The skin of the walnut kernels can get dark during the pre- and post-harvest stages of the production. Dark kernels are less palatable for most consumers but are still edible and maybe preferable, especially in the ground form, for industrial use. In this study, we investigated the differences between oil oxidation indexes, fatty acid and tocopherol compositions of the oils, total polyphenol contents and antioxidant capacities of the extracts of light and dark walnuts. In addition, we evaluated the effects of packaging under nitrogen and vacuum-packaging techniques and storage temperature on these characteristics of both light and dark walnuts during storage for 6 months. Peroxide values and free fatty acid contents of all samples were higher at the end of storage compared to initial values, being more noticeable at 20°C than at 4°C. Increases in the free fatty acid contents were quite higher in dark walnuts than the light ones (6.1 and 3.1 fold, respectively) and the highest values of conjugated diene and peroxide were determined in the samples packaged under air and stored at 20℃. Dark walnuts had lower total phenolic, α- and γ-tocopherol contents and antioxidant activities compared to the light ones. Total phenolic and tocopherol contents decreased over time. We conclude that due to the antioxidant compounds in the fruit, oxidation parameters of dark walnuts are still acceptable at the end of 6-month storage even in the packages with air and at non-refrigerated conditions.

A novel process, 'mechanical expression preserving shape integrity', was conceived to prepare low-fat peanuts in response to health-conscious consumer demands. The main purpose of this study was to preserve the taste, aroma, and oxidative stability of the defatted product. Results generated from a central composite rotatable design showed that highest consumer sensory scores were reached at low pressures (4-6 MPa). Free fatty acid, peroxide, p-anisidine, and total oxidation values were mostly affected by water content [W] and pressure [P] with high correlation coefficients (82% < R 2  < 87%). Overall, lipid oxidation and flavor fade were associated with higher defatting ratios and greater physical damage. The latter plays a major role in increasing the surface area and facilitating the access of oxygen to the remaining oil, thus rendering the defatted product more prone to oxidation. However, oxidation was reduced significantly using a Response Surface Methodology to optimize conditions ([W] 12.2 ± 0.6%d.b., [P] 6 ± 0.3 MPa and time [t] 18.2 ± 0.6 min)., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

To enhance the mineralization of toxic organic pollutants is crucial for the alleviation of environmental pollution. In this study, the successive non-radicals and radicals process (SNRP) of peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based oxidation was performed using various methods for PMS activation, including UV, ozone, gamma radiation and biochar and applied for enhancing the mineralization of sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The results showed that SNRP-UV could improve the mineralization of SMX, and both SNRP-UV and PMS/UV could completely mineralize SMX. For SNRP-Ozone, SNRP-Radiation and SNRP-Biochar, compared to the sole radical oxidation, all SNRPs could enhance the mineralization of SMX. The biochar-induced SNRP obtained the maximum mineralization increment, followed by gamma irradiation-induced SNRP and ozone-induced SNRP. Sulfate radicals were mainly responsible for SMX mineralization for SNRP-Biochar, while hydroxyl radicals for SNRP-Radiation, and the synergetic effect of ozone and sulfate radicals for SNRP-Ozone. Different degradation intermediate products were identified in different SNRP, further revealing that SNRP induced by different methods had different mineralization capacity. This study further demonstrated that SNRP could be a new strategy for enhancing the mineralization of SMX., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The present study was carried to observe the phytochemical profile of aromatic constituents of Artemisia gmelinni essential oil using GC-FID, GC-MS and 13 C NMR and to evalute anticancer and antioxidant activities. Twenty chemical constituents were detected from EO accounting 92.05% of total oil composition. Oxygenated monoterpenes (73.64%) were dominant class of compounds. The major constituents are isoascaridol (29.70%), alpha-terpinolene (25.37%), phellandrene (9.26%) and ascaridole (4.17%). Ascaridole and isoascaridole are first time identified to be the constituents of this essential oil. The essential oil effectively inhibit the growth of cancer cells and showed maximum anti-proliferative activity at 125µg/mL concentration, but highest inhibition in cell growth was found in A-549 cell line. Our study revealed that EO was effective in restricting the migration of A-549 cells up to 15% than control at 125 µg/mL concentration. The essential oil also showed moderate antioxidant activity.

For the very first time, the nutritional and physicochemical properties of the oil extracted from hackberry Celtis australis fruit were investigated with the aim of possible applications of such wild fruit oil. The physicochemical properties such as peroxide value, acidity, saponification, iodine value and total fat content of the extracted oil were examined extensively. The obtained results showed that peroxide value, acidity, saponification, iodine value and total fat content of the extracted oil were found to be 4.9 meq O 2 /kg fat, 0.9 mg KOH/g fat, 193.6 mg KOH/g fat, 141.52 mg I 2 /g fat and ~5%, respectively. The predominant fatty acid found in this wild fruit is linoleic acid which was calculated to be 73.38%±1.24. In addition, gamma-tocopherol (87%) and β-sitosterol (81.2%±1.08) were the major tocopherol and sterol compositions found in Celtis australis seed oil. Moreover, equivalent carbon number (ECN) analysis has indicated that the three linoleic acids are the main composition of the triacylglycerols extracted from Celtis australis. Also, the high value of omega 6 and β-sitosterol make this oil applicable in cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) a native to Southern Europe, Mediterranean region and Western Asia has been used as a spice all over the world to increase the sensory quality to the food. It is also known for its medicinal properties such as anti-diabetic, anti-carcinogenic, hypocholesterolemic and immunological activities and can also be used as a food stabilizer and emulsifying agent. The ash, protein, moisture and fiber content of defatted fenugreek seed powder obtained were 9%, 23.04%, 3.8%, 25.47% respectively. So, this study is systematically intended to determine the fatty acid composition, to be best among the different solvents used are the ethanol, petroleum ether, acetone and hexane for the extraction of the fenugreek seed oil and to analyze its susceptibility to oxidation. This study was carried out to investigate and examine the results such as acid value, peroxide value, saponification value, iodine value and the physical properties such as the color value and the refractive index of the seed oil. The results stipulate that the oil extracted using the solvent hexane had better quality and yield. Linoleic acid (41.97%) followed by alpha-linolenic acid (29.33%) and cis-9 oleic acid (12.95%) was found as the primary fatty acids present in the oil extracted using hexane. Along with these fatty acids, the PUFA content of hexane oil (71.30%) was also observed to be in a good range. So, on comparing these results with codex standards, it revealed that it can be considered as edible oil with further purifications.

The development of a new, lower cost method for trace explosives recovery from complex samples is presented using miniaturised, click-together and leak-free 3D-printed solid phase extraction (SPE) blocks. For the first time, a large selection of ten commercially available 3D printing materials were comprehensively evaluated for practical, flexible and multiplexed SPE using stereolithography (SLA), PolyJet and fused deposition modelling (FDM) technologies. Miniaturised single-piece, connectable and leak-free block housings inspired by Lego® were 3D-printed in a methacrylate-based resin, which was found to be most stable under different aqueous/organic solvent and pH conditions, using a cost-effective benchtop SLA printer. Using a tapered SPE bed format, frit-free packing of multiple different commercially available sorbent particles was also possible. Coupled SPE blocks were then shown to offer efficient analyte enrichment and a potentially new approach to improve the stability of recovered analytes in the field when stored on the sorbent, rather than in wet swabs. Performance was measured using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and was better, or similar, to commercially available coupled SPE cartridges, with respect to recovery, precision, matrix effects, linearity and range, for a selection of 13 peroxides, nitramines, nitrate esters and nitroaromatics. Mean % recoveries from dried blood, oil residue and soil matrices were 79 ± 24%, 71 ± 16% and 76 ± 24%, respectively. Excellent detection limits between 60 fg for 3,5-dinitroaniline to 154 pg for nitroglycerin were also achieved across all matrices. To our knowledge, this represents the first application of 3D printing to SPE of so many organic compounds in complex samples. Its introduction into this forensic method offered a low-cost, 'on-demand' solution for selective extraction of explosives, enhanced flexibility for multiplexing/design alteration and potential application at-scene., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Quality parameters of potato chips (flat and serrated) fried either in palm oil (PO) alone or containing natural (thyme (TPO) and rosemary (RPO) extracts) and synthetic BHT (BPO) antioxidants were evaluated during storage period. The free fatty acid and peroxide values of chips fried in PO (control) were found between 0.18 and 0.21% to 1.00 and 1.04 meqO 2 /kg during the first storage month, respectively. However, these values were 0.07-0.10% and 0.55-0.90 meqO 2 /kg for chips fried in TPO, respectively. The water contents increased when storage time increased from 1 to 7 month and their values changed between 0.49 and 1.95% (flat potato chips in BPO) and between 0.88 and 1.24% (serrated potato chips in TPO). The total trans-fat contents were 0.13% (serrated potato chips in BPO) and 0.35% (both flat and serrated potato chips in PO) at the start of storage. The total trans-fat content after 7 months were 0.13% (PO fried flat and serrated potato chips) and 0.17% (serrated potato chips fried in BPO, TPO and RPO). The acrylamide contents varied between 152 (serrated potato chips in PO) and 540 µg/kg (flat potato chips fried in RPO) at the beginning of storage. However, the acrylamide contents changed during 7 th storage month and ranged from 182 (serrated potato chips in PO) to 518 µg/kg (flat potato chips in RPO). Among fatty acids, while palmitic acid are determined between 37.14 (flat chips in PO) and 41.60% (serrated chips in TPO), oleic acid varied between 30.0 (flat chips in RPO) and 33.00% (serrated chips in PO). Sensory evaluation showed that PO containing antioxidants showed better consumer preference for potato chips until the end of storage.

The oxidative stability of sunflower oil containing rosemary essential oil and extracts in the oil during frying were followed by measuring peroxide value. Variation in the values of L* of the frying oil containing extract was less than that of frying oil containing essential oil. a*-Value of the fried oil containing extract highly significant decreased. Increase in the value of b* of 1. and 2. frying oil with 0.5 % rosemary essential oil was less. b* Value of the frying oils containing rosemary extract increased compared to b* values of frying oils containing essential oil. b* Value of the frying oil that the essential oil of rosemary added showed less increase than b* value of the frying oil that extract of rosemary. The viscosity values of frying oils containing rosemary extract changed between 30.3 mPas (1. frying oil containing 0.5% extract) and 35.5 mPas (2. frying oil containing 0.5% extract). In addition, free fatty acidity values of frying oils containing essential oil at 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5% levels ranged from 0.160% (1. frying oil containing 0.5% essential oil) to 0.320% (1. frying oil containing 0.3% essential oil). Peroxide values of frying oils containing rosemary extracts were determined between 12.84 meq O 2 /kg (1. frying oil containing 0.1% extract) and 28.98 meq O 2 /kg (2. frying oil containing 0.1% extract). Peroxide value of frying made with 0.3 % the rosemary essential oil increased less than that of made with the raw sunflower oil (control) (p < 0.05). Whenever rosemary essential oil and rosemary extract compare, the essential oil seems to be more effective on the peroxide value of the frying oil. The essential oil of rosemary have been effected more from the extracts of rosemary on the oxidative stability of sunflower oil.

In this study, water treatment residuals (WTRs), a safe and valuable by-product containing iron, was used as a precursor for preparing effective activator (HWTRs) of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for imidacloprid (IMD) degradation by hydrothermal treatment. Several affecting parameters on IMD degradation including PMS concentration, HWTRs dosage, initial pH and water matrix were discussed. The results of degradation experiments demonstrated that within the reaction time of 4 h, 97.64% of IMD could be removed with 0.5 g L -1 HWTRs and 1.5 mM PMS, and the acidic conditions were favorable for IMD degradation. Both sulfate radicals (SO 4 •- ) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were generated to attack the target pollutant IMD, and ·OH was the dominating radical in the HWTRs/PMS system, which was confirmed by the results of radicals scavenging experiments, electron spin-resonance spectroscopy (ESR) tests and quantitative analysis. What's more, X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectroscopy was used to further verify the activation mechanism. Consequently, the activation by Fe(II) on the surface of HWTRs might dominate the reaction was confirmed. In addition, the possible degradation pathways of IMD were proposed on the basis of the degradation intermediates identified by LC-MS. This study offers an innovative idea for modifying raw WTRs to prepare efficient catalysts to activate PMS under relatively mild conditions., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Extra virgin olive oil is a high-quality product with profound health benefits but is susceptible to degradation due to oxidation. Environmental conditions such as temperature, oxygen, and light, promote the oxidation process. From this perspective thermal oxidation stability is of primary concern in terms of food quality and safety. The ability to resist oxidation ensures continued nutritional and economic value. In this study, the thermal oxidation stability of four mono-cultivars of extra virgin olive oil from four different regions of Italy was studied. The samples underwent thermal treatment at 120 °C with measurements taken at regular time intervals over 180 min. To develop a simplified imaging system, the fluorescence characteristics of the samples during thermal exposure were measured using front-face fluorescence and transmittance spectroscopy in order to assess the changes that occur due to thermal exposure. Standard quality indices including; Peroxide value, acidity, K232, and K270, were also measured following IOC (International Olive Council) procedures. Image processing of both color and fluorescence images was done to ascertain cultivar responses to the thermal treatment. Fluorescence peaks associated with polyphenols, oxidation products, and chlorophyll were identified and monitored, and a comparison made between the different cultivars. Fluorescence peaks were observed at emission wavelengths 435, 465, and 570 nm, which are suspected to be products of oxidation and hydrolysis, respectively. The cultivars with a higher concentration of polyphenols showed greater resistance to the formation of oxidation products; an indication that they have a higher thermal stability. The B channel of the RGB color space was identified as being sensitive to changes in UltraViolet (UV) induced fluorescence images due to thermal exposure, and to enable the monitoring of the thermal stability of the different cultivars of extra virgin olive oil., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this work, the evolution of virgin olive oil from 4 olive varieties when stored at 5°C, 10°C and 20°C for a period of up to 3 years was studied. Free acidity increased progressively for the 4 varieties, staying below the limit for extra virgin olive oil, even at the highest temperature. The peroxide value also increased, reaching its maximum after about 28 months of storage, when some samples stored at 20°C exceeded the limit for extra virgin olive oil. The maximum values for K 270 and K 232 were reached at the end of the storage period, also exceeding the limit for extra virgin olive oil in the case of some varieties stored at 20°C. Oxidative stability decreased by 38%-50% depending on the storage temperature and the variety. Most of the color indexes increased in value because of the degradation of the oil pigments.

Chitosan nanoparticles loaded monoterpenes (ChMNPs) were prepared for preservation of minced meat from oxidative changes and growth of microorganisms. Four monoterpenes (limonene, linalool, menthol and thymol) were used to synthesis of four different types of ChMNPs. The physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles were analyzed using Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Zeta potential. SEM showed that the nanoparticles were nearly uniformly shape and size and the zeta potential values ranged between 0.0346 and -0.1690 mV. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Ch, monoterpenes (M) and ChMNPs against Gram (-) bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 8739) and Salmonella typhimurium (ATCC 1402) was analyzed using serial dilution test. E. coli was more susceptible than S. typhimurium to these products. ChMNPs exhibited good in vivo antimicrobial and antioxidant property for the minced meat samples during refrigerated storage. Verification of testing hypothesis was performed by assessing a DPPH radical scavenging activity, peroxide value and E. coli reduction of experimental nanoparticles. Significant effects of ChMNPs were observed at 1000 and 2500 mg/kg on the total number of E. coli in meat samples during storage time. The results indicate that ChMNPs can be used to preserve food as antimicrobial agents and to extend shelf life., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors confirm that this article content has no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Triclosan (TCS), an extensively used broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent, has raised significant environmental concerns regarding its widespread occurrence in waters. In this study, the removal of TCS in aqueous solution via peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activated by an extremely low-level Co 2+ (0.02 μM) was systematically investigated. During preliminary test, TCS (10 μM) was totally degraded in 30 min by using 0.1 μM Co 2+ and 40 μM PMS at pH 7.0 with a degradation rate constant of 0.1219 min -1 . A first-order apparent degradation rate of TCS was found with respect to the PMS concentrations. At extremely low dosage of Co 2+ (0.02 μM), the presence of NO 3 - , HCO 3 - , PLFA, and SRHA within test concentrations significantly inhibited TCS removal, while a dual effect of Cl - on the degradation rate of TCS was observed. The quenching experiments verified that SO 4 - was the dominant reactive oxygen species (ROS) rather than OH. Six major intermediates were identified using TOF-LC-MS, based on which we proposed three associated reaction pathways including hydroxylation, ether bond breakage, and dechlorination. Toxicity predictions by ECOSAR software exhibited aquatic toxicity reduction of TCS after Co 2+ /PMS treatment. We outlook these findings to advance the feasibility of organic contaminants removal via Co 2+ /PMS system with Co 2+ at extremely low levels., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Adequate retention of arterolane (ART) has not been published in the literature till date; the hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic (HILIC) method with improved retention and separation of arterolane from its degradation products are reporting here for the first time. The present study discusses the comparative retention of the drug-using Reverse Phase C 18 and HILIC columns, indicating the effective method (Syncronis HILIC-150 x 4.6 mm, 5μ). It was observed that the buffer concentration (ammonium acetate) in the mobile phase plays a crucial role in the retention of ART. Forced degradation studies of ART were conducted as per ICH Q1 (R2) prescribed conditions. The drug is not stable in hydrolytic (acid, base and neutral), oxidative and photolytic conditions and observed four unique degradation products (DPs). The optimized method for the analysis of degraded samples comprises of Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) technique having Agilent HILIC plus (100 × 4.6 mm, 3.5μ) column and acetonitrile (ACN) and 10 mM ammonium acetate 75:25 (% v/v) mobile phase with 0.4 mL/minute flow. Initially, the structure of all four DPs was proposed on the basis of accurate mass and their fragmentation pattern. The major degradation product (DP4) was isolated, and its structure was confirmed by HRMS and 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, HMBC, DEPT 135 and Deuteriated NMR spectroscopy. The formation of DPs might be due to the breakdown of (1 r,3r,5 r,7r)-2-methoxyadamantan-2-ol from ART (DP4), and subsequent diol formation at 1,2,4-trioxolane moiety (DP3)., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A field-applicable colorimetric assay for fast detection of notorious explosive triacetone triperoxide (TATP) has been developed through the selective irreversible oxidation of 3, 3'-diaminobenzidine by hydrogen peroxide (HP) liberated during the acidic hydrolysis/degradation of TATP in the presence of MnO 2 nanozymes. The generated HP was detected by probing the absorbance of the product (indamine polymer) of the 3, 3'-diaminobenzidine (DAB) oxidation reaction at 460.0 nm. The UV-Vis measurements provided a linear range from 1.57 to 10.50 mg L -1 TATP with a detection limit of 0.34 mg L -1 . The oxidation of DAB cannot proceed by molecular oxygen, thus it is selectively oxidized by H 2 O 2 ; this prevents false-positive results from laundry detergents (containing O 2 -releasing substances). Moreover, a naked-eye field test was developed, and a fast spot test analyzing time of 5 s was achieved. The selectivity of the assay was checked by analyzing some synthetic samples prepared with a laundry detergent as camouflage. The results of the developed assay revealed quantitative recoveries for TATP whereas the standard nanozyme-based method showed significant false-positive results. Graphical abstract.

The study was designed to evaluate the nutritive value, thermal stability and consumer acceptance of cupcakes baked with red palm olein compared to palm olein. Thermal stability was evaluated for acidity, peroxide, p-anisidine and total oxidation value (cumulative between peroxide and p-anisidine values), as well as fatty acid composition. The concentrations of phytonutrients including tocopherols and tocotrienols, alpha- and beta-carotene after baking were also determined. Acceptance of the cupcakes was assessed using a structured hedonic scale of five points by 29 panelists. As compared to initial test oil (red palm olein), acidity (red palm olein, 0.07±0.01% vs cupcakes containing red palm olein, 0.09±0.01%; P=0.0232), peroxide value (red palm olein, 0.33±0.05 meq O 2 kg -1 vs cupcakes containing red palm olein 0.73±0.06 meq O 2 kg -1 ; P=0.0011) and total oxidation value (red palm olein, 2.24±0.13 unit vs cupcakes containing red palm olein, 3.09±0.17 unit; P=0.0012) were found to be higher in cupcakes containing red palm olein, which is within the acceptable rancidity range (peroxide value < 7.5 meq O 2 kg -1 ) for snack food category. No changes were found on oxidative parameters (acidity, peroxide, p-anisidine values and total oxidation value) in cupcakes containing palm olein. Cupcakes made with red palm olein retained nearly 100% of alpha- and beta-carotenes upon baking. Tocopherol homologues were stable in both comparisons, with 95% retention as compared to tocotrienol homologues (~85%). Cupcakes made from red palm olein received higher score (mean=3.29) in sensory evaluation as compared to cupcakes containing palm olein (mean=3.07). The study, therefore, encourages the inclusion of red palm olein in the formulation of bakery products.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are signalling molecules whose study in intact organisms has been hampered by their potential toxicity. This has prevented a full understanding of their role in organismal processes such as development, aging and disease. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the development of the vulva is regulated by a signalling cascade that includes LET-60ras (homologue of mammalian Ras), MPK-1 (ERK1/2) and LIN-1 (an ETS transcription factor). We show that both mitochondrial and cytoplasmic ROS act on a gain-of-function (gf) mutant of the LET-60ras protein through a redox-sensitive cysteine (C118) previously identified in mammals. We show that the prooxidant paraquat as well as isp-1, nuo-6 and sod-2 mutants, which increase mitochondrial ROS, inhibit the activity of LET-60rasgf on vulval development. In contrast, the antioxidant NAC and loss of sod-1, both of which decrease cytoplasmic H202, enhance the activity of LET-60rasgf. CRISPR replacement of C118 with a non-oxidizable serine (C118S) stimulates LET-60rasgf activity, whereas replacement of C118 with aspartate (C118D), which mimics a strongly oxidised cysteine, inhibits LET-60rasgf. These data strongly suggest that C118 is oxidized by cytoplasmic H202 generated from dismutation of mitochondrial and/or cytoplasmic superoxide, and that this oxidation inhibits LET-60ras. This contrasts with results in cultured mammalian cells where it is mostly nitric oxide, which is not found in worms, that oxidizes C118 and activates Ras. Interestingly, PQ, NAC and the C118S mutation do not act on the phosphorylation of MPK-1, suggesting that oxidation of LET-60ras acts on an as yet uncharacterized MPK-1-independent pathway. We also show that elevated cytoplasmic superoxide promotes vulva formation independently of C118 of LET-60ras and downstream of LIN-1. Finally, we uncover a role for the NADPH oxidases (BLI-3 and DUOX-2) and their redox-sensitive activator CED-10rac in stimulating vulva development. Thus, there are at least three genetically separable pathways by which ROS regulates vulval development., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Genus Stachys , the largest genera of the family Lamiaceae, and its species are frequently used as herbal teas due to their essential oils. Tubers of some Stachys species are also consumed as important nutrients for humans and animals due to their carbohydrate contents. Three new neo -clerodane diterpene peroxides, named stachaegyptin F-H ( 1, 2, and 4 ), together with two known compounds, stachysperoxide ( 3 ) and stachaegyptin A ( 5 ), were isolated from Stachys aegyptiaca aerial parts. Their structures were determined using a combination of spectroscopic techniques, including HR-FAB-MS and extensive 1D and 2D NMR ( 1 H, 13 C NMR, DEPT, 1 H- 1 H COSY, HMQC, HMBC and NOESY) analyses. Additionally, a biosynthetic pathway for the isolated compounds ( 1 - 5 ) was discussed. The chemotaxonomic significance of the isolated diterpenoids of S. aegyptiaca in comparison to the previous reported ones from other Stachys species was also studied.

Peanuts are usually with high moisture after harvest and must be dried to prevent mildew. Hot air drying is the most commonly used method for peanut drying. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the drying temperatures on the peanut qualities. In this paper, fresh peanuts were dried with solar radiation (control group) and hot air at 35-60°C until the moisture content of peanut reduced below 10%. The physical (texture, damaged percentage of red testa and breakage percentage of peanut kernel), physiological (germination) and biochemical (the contents of vitamin E and aflatoxin B 1 ; acidity values, iodine values, peroxide values and fatty acid composition of peanut oil; solubility, emulsifying, foaming, water-holding capacity and oil-binding capacity of peanut protein) properties of peanut kernel were determined under different drying conditions (solar radiation, 35°C, 40°C, 45°C, 50°C, 55°C, 60°C). The results showed that hot air temperatures had obvious influences on peanut qualities. The damaged percentage of red testa and breakage percentage of peanut kernel increased remarkably when the drying temperatures were above 45°C. Meanwhile, when drying temperatures were more than 45°C, the acid value and peroxide value of the extracted oil increased significantly. Furthermore, some properties exhibited prominent changes when the temperatures were higher than 50°C, such as hardness, brittleness, germination percentage, and the Vitamin E content of peanut kernel. In addition, the research results revealed that hot air can increase hydrophobicity of peanut protein and affect the functional properties of peanut protein. Therefore, it could be concluded that peanut should be dried by hot air below 45°C for quality maintenance. It also provided reference to choose suitable drying temperatures based on the final use of peanut.