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Introduction: Global developmental delay (GDD) and congenital anomalies represent a heterogeneous group of medical conditions that may have a known genetic etiology. Molecular karyotyping is the gold standard for detecting copy number variations (CNV), and the first-line test in patients with GDD and congenital anomalies, with an average diagnostic yield of 15%. Chromosome 15 (C15) is one of the chromosomes on which CNV occurs most frequently. Aim: To analyze all detected (significant) CNVs on C15 in patients with GKR and/or congenital anomalies, estimate their share in the overall CNV detection rate of different pathogenicity classes, and present several illustrative cases. Material and methods: In the total sample of 350 patients analyzed by molecular karyotyping technique, 92 with detected significant CNV were singled out. All patients with variants on C15 were then analyzed and further classified according to type, size, and clinical significance. Results: In 11 patients, at least one significant CNV was detected on chromosome 15, which is 3.15% of the total sample and 11.96% of a sample of patients with significant CNV of any localization. In 72.7% cases, CNV was described as pathogenic or likely pathogenic and in 27.3% as a variant of unknown significance. In the total detection rate of csCNV from all chromosomes 15.4%, the percentage of variations from C15 was 17.2%. Conclusion: The detection rate of csCNVs on C15 in the diagnostic yield of the molecular karyotypisation of patients with GDD and congenital anomalies is 17.2%, which confirms that they make up a significant portion of the GDD etiology.

Background: Cultural tourism in Montenegro is growing, mostly due to the integral growth and development of tourism products. However, an in-depth insight into the relationship between cultural tourism and community engagement is missing.

Background: Sports and recreational tourism are forms of tourism that imply active involvement of tourists in various sports activities during their vacation, and it can be said that the main motive of such a vacation is a sport.

Background: In Montenegro, there is a growing awareness of the necessity to further develop sustainable forms of tourism and foster economic development of mostly agrarian northern rural areas. However, this is of the utmost importance not only for sustaining local economy, but also for creating more balanced framework for territorial development.

The aim of research is to determine what kind of effects would price liberalization in public utility sector produce on inflation, standard of living and air quality in the Republic of Serbia. For the purpose of analysis financial reports of public utility companies were used including population number of 14 Serbian cities that were part of research, share of utility prices in consumption price index (CPI) and air quality statistics for analysed cities. The analysis covers period of 2008 - 2016 when significant changes in the operations of Serbian public utility companies occurred. Since all public utility companies receive the subsides from state and local authorities and most of them achieve loss in their reports, analysis will show economic and environmental effects from possible switch of public utility companies to market - based surroundings. This will help in determining the role of public utility companies in achieving sustainable development concept, which is important for creating future sustainable activities of public utility companies in the Republic of Serbia.

This exposition attempts to explore the question of the relationship between thinking and reality in the current technico-technological disappearance-in-appearance. All fundamental philosophical questions are covertly related with it, and above all the question of the possibility of thinking “from” or “beyond” the reality which appears/disappears. The contemporary debate thus returns to the transcendent-immanent character of the thought which, as a question of possible justification of philosophical knowledge, can be compared with its traditional forms and modes of execution in spite of the new situation in its (dis)appearance. The field of this dance is a new “cave wall” that stages technics and technology in their powerful performance.

Domestication, selection and modern breeding narrow the genetic variability of barley, and thus create the need for re-integration of variability as a basis for barley breeding. In this study, 4 barley cultivars and 48 landraces from Serbian gene bank were analysed during two years. Phenotypic variability and genetic structure of the two quantitative spike traits: length and width, and one trait of grain: 1000 grain weight, were analyzed in a population with genotypes of known type of vegetation and spike form. Average spike length ranged from 4,2 to 10,2 cm, spike width 0,65 to 1,27 cm and 1000 grain weight from 27,58 to 51,35 g. Analysis of variance has a significant F value for all sources of variation in all traits. Analysis with 16 SSR markers detected a total of 105 allelic forms. Observing the groups of vegetation type and spike form, diversity of genes was the highest in the spring barley (two-row and six-row forms) and six-row barley (spring and winter types). The results of AMOVA test for spike form showed highly significant values for both sources of variation, while the intergroup component was dominant both for the type of vegetation (91,26 %) and form of the spike (90,83 %). Based on the cluster dendrogram 52 genotypes are classified into three main groups and 11 sub-groups. The results showed there is considerable variability of examined traits in the collection, so it can be used in barley breeding programs.

In 1865, Gregor Mendel presented the lectures 'Experiments in Plant Hybridization' concerning his results from cross-breeding experiments with different types of garden pea, performed in his monastery garden in Brno. Mendel studied easily observed pairs of opposite traits, such as purple or white flower, and discovered dominant and recessive traits. He concluded that parents pass separate and distinct factors (today called genes) on to their offspring that are responsible for inherited traits. However, the scientific community did not understand that; indeed it was the beginning of what becomes genetics. The lectures published in 1866, Mendel sent to more than 30 biologists across Europe, but almost no one commented them. In the next 35 years, these papers were only three times cited. The genetics became more important at the beginning of the 20th century, when three different research groups (Hugo de Vries, Carl Erich Correns and Erich von Tschermak with their co-workers) independently re-discovered Mendel's Laws of inheritance. However, as soon as the work was rediscovered, it created controversy. The closeness of Mendel's experimental observations to those predicted by his theories has led to numerous articles and ongoing debate about whether the data could have been obtained in the published form without some falsification. There have been many plausible arguments made for and against this view by a range of eminent geneticists and statisticians. Some have gone so far, as to suggest that the theories ensued from Mendel's two laws were not even correctly formulated in his original paper. The strongest supporters of Mendel's theory became biologist William Bateson and zoologist and geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan. Morgan argued that genes are located on chromosomes and that the cells chromosomes hold the actual hereditary material, thus created what is now known as classical genetics. For his discovery concerning the role play by the chromosome in heredity, Morgan received the Nobel Prize in 1933. As the architect of genetic experimental and statistical analysis, Mendel remains the acknowledged father of genetics.

A superior effectiveness in various lesion assays was noted for the novel pentadecapeptide BPC 157, originated from human gastric juice protein (BPC) and claimed to be a cytoprotective agent. From this viewpoint, as a previously untreated experimental improvement to create an acid-free environmental for cytoprotection studies, total gastrectomy was done 24 hr before the ulcerogenic procedure. In the absence of stomach and gastric acid, the damaging effects of cysteamine (400 mg/kg subcutaneously, death 24 hr thereafter), to date thought to be an acid-related duodenal ulcerogen, and the BPC 157 cytoprotective effect (10 microg or 10 ng/kg intraperitoneally) were further challenged. BPC 157 was compared with reference agents [cimetidine (50), ranitidine (10), omeprazole (10), bromocriptine (10) and atropine (10) (mg/kg intraperitoneally, 1 hr before cysteamine] known to be also cytoprotective. In naive rats, with intact stomach, all of them showed a strong beneficial effect. Interestingly, in gastrectomized animals, the application of BPC 157 or the reference agents before cysteamine significantly prevented the otherwise severe duodenal lesion development noted in the control gastrectomized cysteamine rats. In groups without cysteamine, no lesions were noted (laparotomy, gastrectomy only, 24 or 48 hr postsurgical period), nor was lesion potentiation seen in cysteamine-treated laparotomized animals. In summary, these findings--equal damaging effect of cysteamine and equal protection of pentadecapeptide BPC 157 and reference agents in gastrectomized and rats with intact stomach--seem to be particularly relevant for a cytoprotective viewpoint. Without a stomach, the cysteamine damaging effect was convincingly defined as an essential gastric acid-independent injury (analogous to ethanol gastric lesions). Likewise, a high "cytoprotective capacity," apparently acid independent, common for all tested agents (novel pentadecapeptide BPC 157, cimetidine, ranitidine, omeprazole and atropine) could be clearly stressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. Metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) frequently spreads not only to neighboring lymph nodes, but also to distant organs, including the lungs, liver, bones and brain. Case report. We presented three cases of RCC with colon metastasis. In the first, 63-year-old patient, after left nephrectomy followed with lyphadenectomy in paraaortic lymph node, left hemicolectomy was done due to RCC metastasis in rectosigmoid colon. In the second, 35-year-old patient, left radical nephrectomy was followed two years later with partial right nephrectomy, lung metastasectomy, small bowel and coecum resection and right orchiectomy all as separate procedures in different time intervals. The patient died from brain and bone metastases two years after the first surgery. The third, 35-year-old patient, had right nephrectomy followed by repeted lymphadenectomies after 6, 12 and 24 months. Four years later RCC spreaded to coecum and right hemicolectomy was performed. Conclusion. RCC treated with nephrectomy should be carefully followed up with imaging methods as a proper treatment of RCC metastases to distant organs could be important for a patient survival.

Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD) are severe X-linked neuromuscular disorders caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. Our aim was to optimize a quantitative real-time PCR method based on SYBR® Green I chemistry for routine diagnostics of DMD/BMD deletion carriers. Twenty female relatives of DMD/BMD patients with previously detected partial gene deletions were studied. The relative quantity of the target exons was calculated by a comparative threshold cycle method (ΔΔCt). The carrier status of all subjects was successfully determined. The gene dosage ratio for non-carriers was 1.07±0.20, and for carriers 0.56±0.11. This assay proved to be simple, rapid, reliable and cost-effective.

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) markers are based on the amplification by PCR reaction of random genomic DNA segments determined by single primer consisting of about 10 arbitrary nucleotides. The primer amplifies DNA sequences in length of 0,2-2 kb that lies between two opposite-oriented copies flanked to each strand of DNA. In average sized genome between 5 and 10 amplification products can be separated by electrophoresis on agarose or polyacrylamide gels. RAPDs are usually dominant markers with polymorphisms between individuals defined as the presence or absence of a specific band. RAPD can be used for the construction of genetic linkage maps, gene tagging, identification of genotipes, assessment of genetic variation in populations and species, study of phylogenetic relationships and development of species-specific, genome-specific and chromosome-specific markers. In relation to the other molecular markers, RAPD markers are simpler, less expensive, can be used with uncharacterized genomes, there is no need for radioactive probes and require small quantities of DNA. The main disadvantages of this marker assays are poor reliability and reproducibility, and their sensitivity to experimental conditions. On the basis of RAPD technique the other molecular markers, e.g. SCAR and DAF, has developed.

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism molecular markers (AFLPs) has been developed combining procedures of RFLPs and RAPDs molekular markers, i.e. the first step is restriction digestion of the genomic DNA that is followed by selective amplification of the restricted fragments. The advantage of the AFLP technique is that it allows rapid generation of a large number of reproducible markers. The reproducibility of AFLPs markers is assured by the use of restriction site-specific adapters and adapter-specific primers for PCR reaction. Only fragments containing the restriction site sequence plus the additional nucleotides will be amplified and the more selected nucleotides added on the primer sequence the fewer the number of fragments amplified by PCR. The amplified products are normally separated on a sequencing gel and visualized after exposure to X-ray film or by using fluorescent labeled primers. AFLP shave proven to be extremely proficient in revealing diversity at below the species level. A disadvantage of AFLP technique is that AFLPs are essentially a dominant marker system and not able to identify heterozygotes.

Durum wheat landraces represent a genetic resource for the identification and isolation of new valuable genes and alleles, useful to increase the crop adaptability to climate change. Several durum wheat landraces, all denominated "Rogosija", were extensively cultivated in the Western Balkan Peninsula until the first half of the 20th century. Within the conservation program of the Montenegro Plant Gene Bank, these landraces were collected, but without being characterized. The main goal of this study was to estimate the genetic diversity of the "Rogosija collection" consisting of 89 durum accessions, using 17 morphological descriptors and the 25K Illumina single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array. The genetic structure analysis of the Rogosija collection showed two distinguished clusters localized in two different Montenegro eco-geographic micro-areas, characterized by continental Mediterranean climate and maritime Mediterranean climate. Data suggest that these clusters could be composed of two different Balkan durum landrace collections evolved in two different eco-geographic micro-areas. Moreover, the origin of Balkan durum landraces is discussed.

Potentiometry with membrane selective electrodes is preferable for measuring the various constituents of pharmaceuticals. In this work, carbon paste electrodes (CPE) were prepared, modified, and tested for the determination of maprotiline hydrochloride, which acts as an antidepressant. The proposed CPE was based on an ionic association complex of maprotiline-tetraphenylborate, 2-nitrophenyloctyl as a binder, and sodium tetraphenylborate as an ionic lipophilic additive. The optimized composition improved potentiometric properties up to theoretical Nernst response values of -59.5 ± 0.8 mV dec -1 , in the concentration range of maprotiline from 1.6 × 10 -7 to 1.0 × 10 -2 mol L -1 , and a detection limit of 1.1 × 10 -7 mol L -1 . The CPE provides excellent reversibility and reproducibility, exhibits a fast response time, and is applicable over a wide pH range. No significant effect was observed in several interfering species tested. The proposed electrode was used for the precise determination of maprotiline in pure solutions, urine samples, and a real sample-the drug Ludiomil.