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The aim of this study was to analyze methods used to determine the female sex hormones, progesterone and estradiol, in saliva. The literature search was conducted on the PubMed website (US National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health) in July 2022 using the keywords “female sex hormones, methods of determination, saliva”. The literature search included human studies published in the last 10 years. In this process, 20 published papers were reviewed. According to these articles, saliva samples were stored at -20 °C before analysis, thawed at room temperature, and then centrifuged. The vast majority of articles offer enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for the determination of female salivary hormones, although this method is limited to the measurement of only one analyte at a time and smaller samples. In contrast, determination by chromatographic assays has higher sensitivity and multiple hormones can be measured simultaneously. The use of the combined method LC- MS /MS for the measurement of salivary hormones has recently increased, as it has a higher sample throughput and sensitivity and is capable of quantifying small amounts of hormones in saliva. Determination of hormones in saliva has recently become the most attractive method for various medical conditions. Several laboratory methods (ELISA, chromatography, LC-MS /MS) are available for the precise determination of estradiol and progesterone in saliva. The choice of method depends on the study design and the characteristics of the saliva sample.

The use of saliva as a sample material has well known advantages (easy, non-invasive, low cost, more acceptable for patients) that motivates researchers to try to develop saliva testing for current COVID-19 pandemic. Several commercial diagnostic assays for saliva COVID testing are currently available but none of these is accepted as mutually recognised test when compared to assays for nasopharyngeal specimens. The tests for samples are based on different laboratory procedures available for saliva COVID testing as well: RT-PCR testing, RTLAMP testing, rapid antigen testing, antibody testing and isolation of viable virus. Issues as sampling techniques, sampling times, population characteristics, presence and time of symptoms onset, and the height of viral load significantly affect the sensitivity of testing associated with the use of saliva samples. Lower sensitivity associated with the use of saliva samples is suggested by meta- analyses of numerous saliva testing studies. Adequate sensitivity of saliva tests to those using nasopharyngeal swabs is noticed for RT-PCR tests in case of symptomatic patients, in the sample collection during the first five days from onset of symptoms, and in case of high viral load. The accepted standard for COVID-19 testing for use with RT-PCR and rapid antigen diagnostic tests is nasopharyngeal swab. The use of saliva as an alternative sample material for rapid antigen or antibody tests is not supported although is promising. Ther is a need for further clinical studies on the saliva tests for COVID-19.

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of this study was to determine the possibility of recharge of restorative materials and a degree of re-release of fluoride after topical treatment with fluoride gel. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three bioactive materials (Fuji IX Extra, Beautifil II, Cention), an adhesion system (G-aenial ™ Bond) and a glass- ionomer coating (GC Fuji Coat LC) were used. Each of the materials was divided into two subgroups of 6 samples (one subgroup was coated and the other was not). Masses of samples were measured. The samples were treated with Miradent Mirafluor gel and then rinsed out. Fluoride ion release was measured every 24 hours in the interval of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 14 days with an ion selective electrode. RESULTS: The cumulative fluoride ion concentrations for samples without dentinal adhesion system / coating differed in the following order: Cention> Beautifil II> Fuji IX Extra (p Beautifil G-aenial> Fuji IX Extra Coat LC (p

The objectives: In 2-year period of restriction measures due to COVID-19, changes in patients behavior led to different pattern in medication prescriptions. We investigated the impact of the pandemic and restriction measures on the antibiotic prescribing pattern of dentists in Croatia during 2 pandemic years. Materials and methods: Data related to prescription practice used in this research were delivered by the Croatian Health Insurance Institute, a national insurance company for the years of 2020. - 2021. The number of dentists’ prescriptions, the cost of medicines in national currency (Croatian Kuna ; HRK), and the number of packages prescribed have been included in analysis. Results: Changes in prescription pattern affected antibiotic prescription pattern. Increase and change was greatest during first year while the restriction measures were strict. During the second-year utilization returned to moderate changes in pattern. Among antibiotics the most prescribed where wide spectrum antibiotics. They showed slow but continuous increase while narrow spectrum showed decrease in trend. One significant anomaly was observed in antibiotic utilization. Azithromycin showed great increase in the beginning of the pandemic (39, 4%), and immediate decrease in the second year (8, 7%) when restriction measured loosened. Conclusions: Changes in utilization of dental antibiotics differ significantly between the pandemic years. The changes that could be attributed to the restriction measures and their stringency index affected its pattern with the greatest changes seen for azythromycin and other wide spectrum antibiotics. The critical period is now behind all of us, adaptations must ensure evidence based dental prescribing protocols and guidelines, so that rationality in antibiotic prescribing and good clinical practice is achieved as soon as possible.

Uvod: Nošenje mobilnih nadomjestaka od akrilata otežava održavanje oralne higijene što kao posljedicu ima povećanu sklonost nastanka karijesa. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odrediti primanje i otpuštanje fluorida iz akrilatnih smola tretiranih visoko koncentriranim fluoridnim gelovima. Materijali i metode: Izrađeno je 18 akrilatnih pločica koje su podijeljene u tri skupine po šest uzoraka. Prva skupina (A) tretirana je gelom natrijeva fluorida (Mirafluor K-gel® ), druga skupina (B) tretirana je gelom natrijeva fluorida i amoinfluorida (Elmex gelee® ), a posljednja skupina je kontrolna (C), bez tretmana. Uzorci su izvagani, tretirani gelovima 30 minuta te isprani deioniziranom vodom kroz 3 minute. Akrilatne pločice su potom stavljene u 5 ml deionizirane vode u inkubator na temperaturu od 37°C. Nakon 24 sata rađena su prva mjerenja ispuštanja floura ion-selektivnom elektrodom (ORION EA 940). Sljedeća mjerenja provedena su nakon 48, 72 i 144 sata te je nakon toga ponovljeno vaganje. Rezultati: Akrilatne pločice grupe A otpuštaju 0, 0365 ppm F/g mm² dok grupa B otpušta 0, 0128 ppm F/g mm². Nema statistički značajne razlike u promjeni mase akrilata kao niti razlike između korištenih fluoridnih gelova. Statistički je značajno više fluora otpušteno unutar prva 24 sata nego u drugim mjerenjima, kada je otpuštanje konstantno niže. Zaključak: Akrilat otpusti sav fluor unutar 24 sata od nanošenja. Pogodni su i NaF gel i NaF+amino-fluorid gel.

Objectives Starting in 2020 pandemic of Covid-19 has made an impact on everyday clinical work and consequently medication prescribing for dental practitioners. During a 2-year time, measures have been modified, depending on each country's government decisions. In Croatia in 2020 stringency index was strong, while in 2021 index was very weak and in spring 2022 restriction measures were suspended. We investigated the impact of the pandemic and restriction measures on the dental prescribing pattern. Methods Data related to prescription practice were delivered by the Croatian Health Insurance Institute for the years of 2019. - 2021. The number of dentists’ prescriptions, the cost of medicines, and the number of packages prescribed have been included in the analysis. Results Changes in prescription patterns that could be attributed to the restriction's measures were seen in the results of this study in analgesic and antiseptic prescriptions. For the most of medications from these groups, the rise was great only while the measures were strict in the first year, while in the second year of the pandemic the increase significantly dropped. An exception from this behavior is seen for the ibuprofen, whose utilization is showing a continuous increase for the observed time period as well as for the 5 previous years. The most prescribed medications were antibiotics with no significant changes in their prescribing pattern for the pandemic period. Wide spectrum antibiotics utilization is showing a slow but continuous increase while narrow spectrum is in decrease. Pandemic has made an impact only on prescribing of azithromycin, whose utilization increased between years for 39, 4%, and 8, 7% respectively. The reason for this anomaly is to be investigated. Conclusions Restricted access to dental care due to COVID-19 resulted in changes to the prescription pattern of dental medications. The changes that could be attributed to the restriction measures are seen in pain relief medications, antiseptics, and wide-spectrum antibiotic azithromycin. Adaptation to the Covid- 19 pandemic setting in dentistry is now over, and observed abnormalities have to be corrected primarily through evidence-based dental prescribing protocols and guidelines, in order to ensure rationality in medication prescribing and good clinical practice.

The aim of this study is to establish the changes of the salivary parameters in CPAP- treated OSA patients.CPAP treatment was associated with lower salivary calcium and lower ratio of salivary calcium and phosphate levels. Although there was no significant change in salivary flow rate, subjective assessment of dry mouth appears to be lower after CPAP treatment.

Introduction: the aim of this literatures search was to evaluate the calcium regimens for dental pretreatment currently in use. There are several forms of calcium pretreatment that aim to improve fluoride reactivity during treatment: dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD), calcium lactate, monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM), calcium glycerophosphate (CGP), calcium phosphate solution (CPS), etc. Materials and Methods: The literature search using the keywords "calcium pretreatment fluoride reactivity enamel and dentine" was conducted through the PubMed website (US National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health) in July 2022. The literature search using the keywords "calcium dental remineralization/demineralization processes" was also conducted via the same website. Results: A total of 40 studies published showed a significant relationship between calcium pretreatment and fluoride reactivity, remineralization/demineralization processes, and anticaries efficacy. Among these, there were studies that showed a statistically significant relationship between calcium pretreatment and both processes, fluoride reactivity and remineralization/demineralization. In 25 of these studies, enamel fluoride concentration was significantly increased after calcium pretreatment, while in 21 of these studies, enamel calcium activity and intraoral remineralization significantly increased. Conclusions: Pretreatment with a calcium solution prior to fluoridation can be used as an effective anti-caries agent to increase the labile fluoride concentration in enamel and oral fluid, thus improving tooth remineralization. A precipitation reaction with calcium after fluoridation did not increase fluoride uptake in enamel.

Pravo propisivanja lijekova imaju svi doktori medicine i doktori dentalne medicine koji ispunjavaju uvjete za samostalan rad, tj. imaju odobrenje za samostalni rad nadležne komore. Priručnik predstavlja sažetak znanja o praktičnom propisivanju lijekova u dentalnoj medicini te je dodatak literaturi udžbenika iz farmakologije. Ovaj priručnik nema namjeru biti farmakološki udžbenik niti priručnik za dijagnosticiranje oralnih bolesti i stanja. Cilj mu je prije svega pružiti informacije o izboru farmakoterapije kod češćih patogeneza s kojima se doktor dentalne medicine susreće u općoj ili specijalističkoj praksi. Teme u ovom priručniku grupirane su prema skupini lijekova ili bolesti/stanju koje treba farmakološki liječiti.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of fluoride ions present in various solvent solutions and compare it to the label amount of fluoride concentration. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The gel containing amine fluoride and sodium fluoride was compared to gel containing sodium fluoride only. The solvents used in this study were distilled water, redistilled water, tap water, 0.9% sodium chloride solution and the artificial saliva. The amount of fluoride ion (F-) was determined by the use of fluoride ion-selective electrode. The ANOVA and the Post hoc Tukey's test were used. The significance level was α = 5%. RESULTS: The differences between F- ion release in various solvents were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The F- ion concentrations measured in both gels' redistilled water solutions were higher than the label concentration. There was a significant difference in fluoride ion release in sodium fluoride only gel solutions. Fluoride ion release was significantly different in combined fluoride gel solutions. CONCLUSIONS: Amine fluorides do not interact with other ions present in the solution, whereas F- ion release from sodium fluoride alters when other ions are dissolved in the same solution. Amine fluorides deliver F- ions for caries prevention more efficiently. ispartof: ACTA STOMATOLOGICA CROATICA vol:54 issue:2 pages:147-154 ispartof: location:Croatia status: published

COVID-19 pandemic caused several lockdowns affecting university education. The aim of this study was to compare learning outcomes for Pharmacology course executed in standard, semi- online and online only mode. Data on student’s mandatory Pharmacology course (3rdyear of study) exam grades in three consecutive academic years (2018/19, 2019/20, 2020/21) at University of Zagreb School of Dental Medicine were analyzed regarding teaching mode applied (full standard in classroom teaching in 2018/19, one semester in classroom one in online mode in 2019/2020, full online teaching in 2020/21). Data on student’s elective course in Problem based learning Pharmacology (5thyear of study) attendance record was analyzed in the same time span. Final exam grades were not significantly different between standard (3.85±0.91) and semi-online mode (3.902±1.0, p>0.05) but were significantly increased when compared standard to online only mode (4.176±1.06, p

According to some studies, pandemic has led to the worsening of mental health among students. The aim of this study was to explore habits of taking pharmacological sedatives during pandemics among student’s population. The questionnaire of 35 questions was created in the Google forms and distributed electronically. 1403 students completed the questionnaire (627 respondents from biomedical and 776 from non-medical faculties). Statistical processing was performed in IBM SPSS 25 (IBM Corp, Armonk, USA). For hypotheses, the χ2 test was used with the effect strength by the p test. A significant association was found in usage of pharmacological sedatives before and after the onset of pandemic for all subjects (p 0.05). Most respondents take sedatives by prescription. Expected increase in taking sedatives was not found. Nonetheless, medical students take more pharmacological substances when compared to students of non-biomedical fields and when compared to students of other biomedical fields.

Since in official reports on adverse reactions (ADRs) there is no notice on reporting from dental professionals, the objective of this study was to determine reasons for negative attitudes regarding voluntary reporting of ADR among dentists in Croatia. An electronic survey was sent to the members of the Croatian Dental Chamber. Two hundred dentists voluntarily participated in this study. More than half of respondents (53.5%) came across an ADR during their clinical practice, however, 96.5% did not report any ADR to the competent authority. Furthermore, 82.5% have never participated in education about ADR reporting. The main factors that discouraged ADR reporting were that the reporting is needless since it is a well- known ADR for the drug (70.5%), lack of knowledge on how to report an ADR (11.6%), and uncertainty whether or not the drug was responsible for the particular ADR (8.9%). Over half of the respondents (52%) expressed the need for additional education and training on ADR reporting. In order to improve dentists’ attitude towards ADR reporting, continuing medical and dental education programs should be customized to encourage them to report all suspected ADRs encountered in their practice and to become aware of the importance of the drug monitoring process.

Objectives: Everyday clinical work and consequently medication prescribing for dental practitioners have been influenced by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, mostly due to restriction measures. We investigated the impact of the pandemic on the prescribing pattern of dentists in Croatia. Methods: Data related to prescription practice used in this research were delivered by the Croatian Health Insurance Institute, a national insurance company for the years of 2019. and 2020. The number of dentists’ prescriptions, the cost of medicines in national currency (Croatian Kuna ; HRK), and the number of packages prescribed have been included in the analysis. Results: For the pandemic year 2020. the prescribing practice was higher than in 2019., with antibiotics, analgesics, and antiseptics showing the highest trend in change. The total number of prescriptions increased by 3, 5% and the cost increased by 4%. The most dramatic increase was accounted for broad-spectrum antibiotic azithromycin with an increase in prescriptions for 39, 3% between years. Amoxicillin with clavulanic acid as the most commonly prescribed medication showed continuation in an increase (+4, 1%). Prescribing of ibuprofen and ketoprofen was 9.1% and 11% greater in 2020. respectively. The increase in dispensing antiseptics in total was 24%. A decrease in the pattern was shown for antifungal medications and for antibiotics amoxicillin and cephalexin. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic has been associated with a marked increase in medication prescribing in Croatia. Restricted access to dental care due to COVID-19 resulted in greatly increased dental antibiotic prescribing, added on a preexisting upward trend. Adaptation of dental care to the COVID-19 era needs to ensure access for all to high-quality urgent dental care and dental prescribing has to remain evidence- based during the pandemic period to ensure rationality and good clinical practice.

Cilj: Ciljevi su istraživanja utvrditi količinu otpuštenih fluorida iz bioaktivnih dentalnih materijala i promjene u pH vrijednosti otopine te ustanoviti postoji li razlika u količini otpuštenih fluorida prilikom korištenja različitih adhezivnih sustava ili premaza kod stakleno ionomernih cemenata. Materijali i metode: U ovome su istraživanju korištena četiri različita dentalna materijala: giomer Beautifil II (Shofu Dental GmbH, Ratingen, Germany), alkasitni kompozitni materijal Cention (Ivoclar Vivadent, Schaan, Liechtenstein), konvencionalni kompozit Filtek Z250 (3M Deutschland GmbH, Neuss, Germany) kao negativna kontrola te konvencionalni stakleno ionomerni cement Fuji IX Extra (GC Europe, Leuven, Belgium) kao pozitivna kontrola. Svjetlosno polimerizirani uzorci kompozitnih materijala premazani su dvama adhezivnim sustavima. Korišteni adhezivni sustavi bili su: univerzalni adheziv Gaenial Bond (GC Europe, Leuven, Belgium) i univerzalni adheziv koji otpušta fluoride Clearfil Universal Bond Quick (Kuraray Europe, Hattersheim am Main, Germany). Premaz korišten za stakleno ionomerni cement bio je Fuji IX coat (GC Europe, Leuven, Belgium). Pripremljeni su uzorci pohranjeni u 5 ml deionizirane vode i čuvani u laboratorijskom inkubatoru na 37 °C. Kvantitativno otpuštanje fluorida ispitivalo se standardnom metodom ion- selektivnom elektrodom Orion 9609BNWP (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, USA). Određivanje pH vrijednosti tekućine u kojoj su bili pohranjeni uzorci, vršilo se pomoću InLab Expert Pro pH elektrode (Mettler Toledo, Columbus, Ohio). Količine otpuštenih fluorida i pH vrijednosti mjerile su se u vremenskim intervalima: 1 sat, 24 sata, 48 sati, 7 dana, 1 mjesec i 3 mjeseca. Rezultati: Kumulativna količina otpuštenih fluorida nakon 3 mjeseca razlikovala se među ispitivanim materijalima bez adheziva ili premaza navedenim redoslijedom: Filtek Z250 < Beautifil II < Cention < Fuji IX (0 ppm, 1.01 ppm, 10.8 ppm i 45.7ppm). Materijali sa Clearfil Universal Bond Quick adhezivom otpustili su manje količine fluorida te je raspon kumulativnih vrijednosti nakon 3 mjeseca bio: Filtek Z250 < Beautifil II < Cention (0.00076 ppm, 0.082 ppm te0.24 ppm). Materijali sa Gaenial Bond adhezivom također su otpustili manje količine fluorida s rasponom kumulativnih vrijednosti nakon 3 mjeseca: Beautifil < Cention (0.322 ppm i 3.09 ppm). Filtek Z250 priređen bez adheziva i sa Gaenial Bond adhezivom nije otpustio fluoride. Gaenial Bond pokazao je u svim skupinama niske vrijednosti pH u vremenskim intervalima 1 sat i 24 sata. Nakon 1 sata su se pH vrijednosti među materijalima povećavale sljedećim redoslijedom: Filtek Z250 < Cention < Beautifil II (4.42, 4.53 i 4.75). Nakon 24 sata su se pH vrijednosti među materijalima povećavale sljedećim redoslijedom: Filtek Z250 < Beautifil II < Cention (5.39, 5.67 i 5.73). Zaključak: Količina otpuštenih fluorida razlikovala se među dentalnim materijalima te je ovisila o aplikaciji adhezivnih sustava i premaza.

Uvod: Svrha ove studije bila je ispitati primanje i otpuštanje fluorida od ortodontske akri-latne smole tretirane visoko koncentriranim fluoridnim gelom koji sadrži natrijev fluo-rid i amino- fluorid.Materijali i metode: Materijali korišteni u ovoj studiji bili su NaF gel (Mirafluor), NaF i AmF gel (Elmex), samostvrdnjujuća ortodontska akrilatna smola i deionizirana voda. Ukupno 18 uzoraka podijeljeno je u tri skupine od po šest uzoraka: (A) akrilatne smole tretirane s NaF, (B) akrilatne smole tretirane s NaF i AmF gelom i kontrolna skupina (C) bez obrade. Napravljeno je po šest ortodontskih akrilatnih pločica za svaku skupinu miješanjem praška i tekućine. Akrilatne pločice su izvagane, tretirane su 30 minuta fluorid-nim gelovima te ispirane 3 minute pod deioniziranom vodom. Nakon toga su akrilatne pločice ostavljene 24 sata u 5 ml deionizirane vode na temperaturi od 37 ° C. Nakon 24 sata izmjereno je oslobađanje fluora pomoću ion- selektivne elektrode (ORION EA 940).Rezultati: Ortodontska akrilatna smola tretirana s NaF otpušta 105, 3 mcgF / g. Orto-dontska akrilatna smola tretirana s NaF i AmF otpušta 24, 6mcg F / g. Razlike između skupina u otpuštanju fluorida statistički su značajne (p

The aim of this study was to assess the fluoride (F) release potential of Fcontaining adhesives Transbond Plus (TB+), Light Bond (LBF), and Geristore-Tenure (GS), and a control adhesive without F content, Transbond XT (TBXT), in relation to microhardness (µH) and degree of conversion (DC). Ten specimens of each adhesive system were illuminated at 1100 mW/cm2 for 10 and 20 sec, totalling 80 samples. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used for the assessment of DC. µH was assessed before and after four-weeks of immersion in artificial saliva (pH 4.8) at 37°C. The amount of F release was monitored by a F ion-selective electrode. F release was related to adhesive system type and curing time (pTB+20>GS10 >GS20>LBF10>LBF20. The decrease of µH after four weeks of immersion in artificial saliva is related to increased release of F (r=0.651; p

Introduction: High concentration fluoride gels are used for caries prevention and therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of fluoride ions in various solutions of fluoride gels pertaining to the label amount of fluoride concentration. Materials and methods: Two fluoride gels containing different active ingredients were used in this study. Mirafluor gel with sodium fluoride and Elmex gel with amine fluorides and sodium fluoride. Solvents used in this study were distilled water, redistilled water, tap water, 0.9% sodium chloride solution and the artificial saliva product Axerosta. Pure solvents samples were prepared, as well as one gel solution per each particular solvent. Next, the amount of fluoride ion (F-) was determined by use of ion-selective electrode (ISO 19448:2018 standard). Results: F- ion concentrations in pure solvent samples were negligibly low and could not increase F- ion concentrations in fluoride gels solutions. The differences between F- ion release in various solvents were statistically significant (ANOVA, p < 0.05). The F- ion concentrations measured in both gels’ redistilled water solutions were higher than the label concentration. There was a significant difference in fluoride ion release in every Mirafluor gel solution except between distilled and redistilled water solutions. Fluoride ion release was significantly different in every Elmex gel solution except between distilled and redistilled water solutions and between redistilled water and artificial saliva Axerosta solutions. Conclusions: Amine fluorides do not interact with other ions present in the solution, whereas F- ion release from sodium fluoride alters when other ions are dissolved in the same solution.

Introduction: There are different fluoride regimens aimed to reduce caries during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Due to unpredictable compliance, there is a need for a long-term low-dose fluoride release delivery system. The aim of this study was to evaluate reported fluoride regimes in current use. Materials and Methods: The literature search with keywords „fluoride release orthodontic“was reached through PubMed website (US National Library of Medicine, National Institute of Health). The literature search with keywords „polycaprolactone fluoride“ was done through the same website, as well. Results: A total of 132 published studies reported fluoride use during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Twenty five studies were dealing with wire corrosion and ion release, reviews and other topics, and were excluded from further analysis. One hundred and seven studies used 6 different sources of fluoride for orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. The most used were orthodontic adhesives (70%) followed by topical fluorides (10%), elastomeric ligatures (7%), fluoride sustained release devices (6%), removable appliances and retainers (5%) and coated wires or brackets (2%). The literature search on polycaprolactone fluoride revealed 18 relevant studies. Among those, there were stuides about developing new clinical applications of polycprolactone flouride, with existing laboratory methods for incorporation and release of fluorides in/from polycaprolactone flouride. Conclusions: Intraoral fluoride release delivery systems take a small part in caries prevention. There is a need for improvement of existing and development of new fluoride release delivery systems. Polycaprolactone is promising material for sustained fluoride release.

Concentrations of calcium, magnesium and phosphate in the saliva reflect many orodental functions of saliva: remineralisation processes, buffering ability, oral microbiota and periodontal bone metabolism. Referent values are established but affected by factors including saliva roles in food and bacteria clearance, mastication, lubrication, digestion, antimicrobial defence and buffering effect. Increased salivary calcium and phosphate concentrations may reflect systemic conditions or physiology processes, as increase with age and in saliva of menopausal women ; or some disease processes, as in saliva of cystic fibrosis patients. Increased inorganic salivary calcium, phosphate, pH and flow rate are correlated with orodental conditions as well, like periodontitis and lower caries suspectibility. Salivary minerals measurement is still finding its way in dental experimental and clinical research. There are several different methods of saliva sampling and laboratory assessement of salivary minerals that may result in inconsistent findings. Measurements of salivary magnesium and phosphate by standard spectrophotometry or microwave assisted inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry are consistent. Although, these two methods are not consistent for measurement of salivary calcium. It is important to be aware of how different laboratory methods may affect results for salivary calcium. In salivary mineral analysis, sampling and laboratory methods are improving but it is still complex to clearly correlate findings with clinical outcomes.

Broj pacijenata koji traže pomoć od liječnika obiteljske medicine zbog bolesti zuba i usne šupljine, umjesto obraćanja stomatologu svake je godine u porastu. Prvi je razlog dostupnost zdravstvenih usluga obiteljske medicine, koje za većinu pacijenata u Hrvatskoj pokriva osnovno zdravstveno osiguranje, a drugi uvjerenje da su pregled i liječenje obiteljskoga liječnika bezbolni pa je i strah od manji. Često pacijenti imaju pogrješnu predodžbu da je potrebno prvo sanirati akutnu upalu antibiotikom, da bi se moglo započeti s liječenjem zuba. Liječnici obiteljske medicine, stoga, imaju važnu ulogu objasniti pacijentima njihovo stanje i potrebu za stomatološkim liječenjem. Kako opća populacija češće posjećuje obiteljskoga liječnika nego stomatologa, prilikom pregleda lako se mogu uočiti neki od simptoma, čije adekvatno liječenje može znatno poboljšati kvalitetu oralnoga i općega zdravlja. Učinkovita interdisciplinarna suradnja opće i dentalne medicine preduvjet je postizanja i održavanja dobrog općega zdravlja naših pacijenata.

Cilj: Pretraživanjem literature pronađeni su podaci o starijim generacijama dentalnih materijala koji otpuštaju fluoride. Cilj ovog rada je istražiti nove bioaktivne dentalne materijale koji su se u međuvremenu pojavili, a o kojima zasad ne postoje literaturni podaci. Materijali i metode: U ovom istraživanju ispitivat će se 4 skupine dentalnih materijala: giomer, alkasitni kompozitni materijal, konvencionalni kompozit kao negativna kontrola i konvencionalni stakleno ionomerni cement kao pozitivna kontrola. Dentinski adhezijski sustavi u istraživanju uključivat će univerzalni adheziv u jednoj bočici i adheziv koji otpušta fluoride. Premaz za stakleno ionomerni cement biti će odgovarajući odabranom stakleno ionomernom cementu. Prve tri skupine bit će podijeljenje u 3 podskupine: bez dentinskog adhezijskog sustava, s dentinskim adhezijskim sustavom te dentinskim adhezijskim sustavom koji otpušta fluoride. Skupina 4 bit će priređena bez i s odgovarajućim premazom. Kako bi se odredio potreban broj uzoraka, provest će se preliminarno istraživanje i analiza snage statističke analize. Kvantitativno otpuštanje fluorida ispitivat će se standardnom metodom ion- selektivnom elektrodom (Orion EA 940). Količine otpuštenih fluorida mjerit će se u vremenskim intervalima: nakon 1 sat, 24 sata, 1, 3 i 6 mjeseci. Određivanje pH vrijednosti tekućine u kojoj su bili pohranjeni uzorci, mjerit će se pH elektrodom (Orion, Thermo Scientific). Rezultati: Učinjeno je pilot istraživanje koje je uključivalo mjerenje količine otpuštenih fluorida iz 3 različita materijala: giomer Beautifil II (Shofu, San Marcos, USA), stakleno ionomer Ketac Molar (3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) i stakleno ionomer Fuji IX (GC, Tokyo, Japan). Mjerenja otpuštenih fluorida vršena su nakon 24 sata, 1, 2 i 4 tjedna. Najviše vrijednosti otpuštenih fluorida izmjerene su kod materijala Ketac Molar, slijedio je Fuji IX te na kraju najmanje vrijednosti dobivene su kod materijala Beautifil II. Vrijednosti su se smanjivale tijekom vremena kod svih materijala i bile su mjerljive i nakon 4 tjedna. Slični rezultati očekuju se i u ovom istraživanju. Zaključak: Očekivani doprinos odnosi se na bolje razumijevanje dinamike otpuštanja fluorida iz bioaktivnih materijala te učinka hidrofobnog sloja dentinskog adhezijskog sustava ili premaza za stakleno ionomerni cement na otpuštanje fluorida

Salivary parameters may offer a noninvasive and easy sampling alternative in diagnosis and monitoring high risk behaviour and disease progresion. The aim of this study is to establish association of salivary flow rate, salivary pH, salivary calcium, phosphate and magnesium levels with the severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Materials and methods: The study involved 138 subject who were grouped according to the severity of OSA: 10 subject served as controls, 78 subjects had mild to moderate OSA and 50 had severe OSA. Unstimulated saliva was collected from all subjects and they had completed a questionnaire for evaluating the subjective assessment of dry mouth. Salivary pH was measured immediately after collection with pH tester of ±0.01accuracy. Ca, P, Mg levels were measured with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results: There was significant correlation between salivary flow rate and the severity of OSA. The subject with severe OSA had higher salivary flow rate than subjects with mild to moderate OSA (3, 97±2, 59 vs 4, 95±2, 83, p=0, 046). Furthermore, the prevalence of subjective assessment of dry mouth upon awakening was higher in subjects with severe OSA than in subjects with mild to moderate OSA (p=0, 023). There were no significant differences in salivary calcium, phosphate and magnesium levels between subject groups. Conlusion: Based on the study results indicate that severe OSA subjects had higher salivary flow rate compared to mild and moderate OSA subjects. However, subjective assessment of dry mouth upon awakening appears to be significantly associated with severe OSA.

Sve obavijesti o projektu Hrvatsko farmakološko nazivlje – FARMANA mogu se dobiti na mrežnim stranicama projekta: http://farmana.sfzg.hr, (Slika 1) te na mrežnim stranicama Hrvatske zaklade za znanost: http://www.hrzz.hr. Pristup bazi STRUNA u dijelu otvorenom za javnost (čim projekt prođe evaluaciju biva otvoren za javnost) moguć je na adresi http://struna.ihjj.hr. (Slika 2.) Pretraživanje stranica i pojmova je vrlo jednostavno. Na pretraživaču se nakon upisana prva tri slova pojavi padajući izbornik, od kojeg onda birate traženu i obrađenu riječ. Za svaki pojam postoji naziv na hrvatskom i engleskom, a vrlo često i na latinskom, njemačkom i dr. svjetskom jeziku. Na mrežnim stranicama hrvatskog terminološkog portala http://nazivlje.hr (Slike 3. i 4.) okupljena je suvremena terminološka građa, tj. strukovnoga nazivlja, na hrvatskom jeziku iz četiriju baza. Cilj je na jednom mjestu okupiti što veći broj stručnih pojmova i naziva te time dopuniti javni sustav pretraživanja kao pomoć stručnjacima, prevoditeljima, studentima i učenicima te svima koje zanima stručno nazivlje. Jedim klikom do odgovora

Background and aim. The relation of cigarette smoking to the composition of the subgingival microbiota is not clear. Some studies found higher levels of certain species in smokers, while other studies failed to detect differences between subjects with different smoking histories. The aim of this study is to investigate how smoking is associated with the prevalence of subgingival bacteria in young adults without clinical signs of periodontal disease. Methods. In this study 64 periodontally healthy participants, aged 25-35, were enrolled and equally divided in two groups, smokers and non- smokers. Participants filled in a structured questionnaire regarding their smoking status, general health and oral hygiene habits. Four clinical variables were recorded: aproximal plaque index (API), periodontal pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BoP) and clinical attachment level (CAL). The absence of periodontal disease was defined as absence of sites with PPD of >3 mm in any tooth and BoP >0.25. Subgingival plaque samples were collected with sterile paper points from two first molars (16 and 46) for further microbiological analyses. MALDI TOF mass spectrometry was used for bacterial identification. Results. 63 different bacterial species from 5 phyla (Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Bacteriodetes, Fusobacteria and Firmicutes) were detected. Smokers showed a higher abundance of Fusobacterium phyla compared to non- smokers. No difference in abundance of aerobic bacteria was recorded between groups, but smokers showed a higher abundance of anaerobic bacteria compared to non-smokers. Smokers showed a higher prevalence of A. odontolyticus (p=0.026). Non- smokers showed a higher prevalence of S. sanguinis (p=0.049). Conclusion. Smoking affects the subgingival microbiota in periodontally healthy young adults and is responsible for the depletion of beneficial bacteria and the increase in pathogenic bacteria. Further studies with a larger sample are needed to enhance our understanding of smoking on the subgingival microbiota.

Svrha rada: Ovo istraživanje in vitro uspoređuje otpuštanje fluora iz mikrolaminiranog staklenog ionomera temeljenog na stakleno-hibridnoj tehnologiji premazanog dvama različitim premazima. Materijali i postupci: Ukupno 18 uzoraka podijeljeno je u skupine po šest uzoraka: (1) stakleni ionomer Equia Forte Fil premazan Equia Forte Coatom (Equia + EC), (2) stakleni ionomer Equia Forte Fil premazan GC Fuji Varnishem (Equia + VC) i (3) nepremazani stakleni ionomer Equia Forte (EQUIA kont). Otpuštanje fluora mjereno je fluor-selektivnom elektrodom (ORION EA 940) nakon 24 sata, 4 dana, 30 dana i 64 dana. ANOVA, Tukeyjev test multiplih usporedbi i paired t-test korišteni su u testiranju razlika među skupinama. Rezultati: Statistički značajne bile su razlike među skupinama i četirima točkama u vremenu (ANOVA, p < 0,0001). Kumulativno otpuštanje iona fluora nakon 64 dana bilo je redom 66,01 mg/l, 123,54 mg/l i 203,22 mg/l za EQUIA + EC, EQUIA + VC i EQUIA kont. Sve su razlike bile statistički značajno različite, osim one između EQUIA + VC i EQUIA kont. nakon 24 sata. Zaključci: Količina otpuštenog fluora bila je značajno manja u uzorcima premazanima nanopunjenim premazom u usporedbi s onima premazanima varnishem i bez premaza., Objective: This in vitro study compares the fluoride release from microlaminated glass ionomer based on glass hybrid technology coated with two different surface coating agents. Materials and Methods: A total of 18 samples were divided into three groups of six samples each: (1) glass ionomer Equia Forte Fil coated with Equia Forte Coat (Equia+EC), (2) glass ionomer Equia Forte Fil coated with GC Fuji Varnish (Equia+VC) and (3) uncoated glass ionomer Equia Forte (EQUIA cont). Fluoride release was measured using an ion-selective electrode (ORION EA 940) after 24 hours, 4 days, 30 days and 64 days. Repeated measures ANOVA, multiple comparisons, Tukey’s test and paired t-test were used to test the differences between the groups. Results: The differences between the groups and four time points were statistically significant (ANOVA, p

Prevention is still main focus and the best method for fighting the caries. The lack of education makes this approach more difficult and leads to the increase use of unfluoridated dentifrice. Fluoride is known as a successful remineralization agent. However, lack of remineralization in hyposalivation conditions, lower efficiency of mineralization of fissure caries and danger of dental fluorosis motivated scientists to find a remineralization agent that could substitute its role. Consequently, today many dentifrices contain newly found remineralization agents like calcium and phosphate ions and compounds such as casein phosphopeptideamorphous calcium phosphate (CPP- ACP), tricalcium phosphate (TCP), xylitol and hydroxyapatite. The composition of unfluoridated dentifrice with an emphasis on remineralization agents and remineralisation effects were investigated by literature search. Due to the increased number of promising results in the revised researches, inquiry was emphasised on the hydroxyapatite. Literature search was conducted on PubMed website with key words: enamel and remineralization. Given the limitation of last 10 years and excluding the reviews, search showed total of 887 results of clinical and preclinical studies. More than half of investigations, involved fluoride as reminerallization agent, followed by agents containing calcium phostphate compounds. Lastly, researches with hydroxyapatite as most recent agent used for enamel remineralization investigated, was used in 112 articles. Studies of CPP-ACP, tricalcium phosphate xylitol and hydroxyapatite showed promising results in remineralization. Moreover, hydroxyapatite was distinguished as a better alternative to fluoride compared to other calcium compounds Hydroxyapatite has demonstrated exceptional biocompatibility and affinity to dental enamel. The main disadvantages of hydroxyapatite are lack of strength, fragility and poor solubility in neutral pH. For this reason, particles of hydroxyapatite were synthesized in various forms, sizes and combinations with other elements such as zinc and strontium. In many studies, it has shown lesser or equal remineralization effects compared to fluorine. However, it is necessary to highlight that the results varied, where hydroxyapatite showed better results when biofilm or saliva was integrated in the remineralization model. At the same time remineralization proved to be more successful at lower pH values. There is a need for further research of mechanisms of hydroxyapatite remineralization given that potential exists. During the literature research, diversity in methodology has been observed, from tooth selection to choice of analytical method. This diversity makes it difficult to compare studies and make conclusions about the real remineralization effect. Therefore, more in vivo research and better consent of scientists in selection of methods are needed.

The main communication language in a science world used for presenting the results of research on international conferences or publishing papers is English. Scientists from all over the world use English written literature to update their knowledge and to communicate with other scientists in the same research field. English here works as conductor and link between scientists worldwide, bypassing language barrier. Problems occur when textbooks, articles or reports need to be written in Croatian, because there are different opinions on and numerous options for same word. Another problem is usage of newly formed foreign words in Croatian adaptation among patients and healthcare practitioners, that is increasing rapidly with time. The aim of FARMANA project is to build Croatian terminology database in the field of pharmacology. The protocol of FARMANA project gathers pharmacology term collection from reference pharmacology books. All terms and their definitions will contain their equivalents in English and will be developed following the recommendations of the The Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics as National Coordinator for Development of Croatian Special Field Terminology. Old and new pharmacology terms will be adjusted, especially for new pharmacology domains. The project is conducted in cooperation with Croatian Universities with Medical schools in Zagreb, Split, Rijeka and Osijek. Project is funded by the Croatian Science Foundation and supports two basic areas of the National Strategy for Science Development – development of information technology and sociocultural transition. The project will gradually improve the circulation of knowledge and information in the Croatian language, facilitate the involvement of Croatian scientists, healthcare providers and medical students in international projects and become helpful official multilanguage tool for international students coming to Croatian universities. FARMANA project has two-pronged aims: building Croatian pharmacology terminology and popularization of its usage among physicians, scientists and students of medicine and dentistry. Last, but not the least, it will facilitate physician-patient communication in practice.

Systematic and coordinated work in the field of Croatian special field terminology started in 2008, when the Croatian Science Foundation (HRZZ) has endorsed the initiative of the Council for Standard Croatian Language Norm and has begun financing a programme named the Development of Croatian Special Field Terminology (STRUNA). The aim of the programme is to build a database containing standardized and harmonized Croatian terms from various subject fields. This goal has been achieved by establishing cooperation between experts from different professional domains and terminologists and language experts from the Institute of Croatian Language and Linguistics (IHJJ), the institution chosen to serve as a national coordinating body.The professionals of different domains, who submit their terminological projects for HRZZ's financial support are expected to collect, systematize and specify terms in their domains. The IHJJ, for its part, has developed the electronic database as a prerequisite for the collection of terms within individual projects and has defined uniform principles for standardized terminology creation. It also provides necessary education in terminological work for domain experts, ensures continuous assistance in their work and gives linguistic and terminographic verification of recommended terms. In addition to standardization of existing Croatian terminology, new terms may also be created so to resist uncritical and unselective entry of loanwords, primarily Anglicisms, into Croatian terminology. STRUNA term base, officially launched on the Internet in February 2012, currently contains around 33, 000 standardized Croatian terms in 18 domains. In addition to standardized Croatian terms and their definitions, the term base makes available to the public their Croatian synonyms, equivalents in English and, depending on domain, several other European languages, and other useful data. Nine more terminological projects are recently being conducted on the established principles. As for the School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb, it also contributed to the development of standardized Croatian terminology in the fields of dental medicine (Croatian Dental Terminology project or HRSTON, 2009-2010), anatomy and physiology (Croatian Anatomical and Physiological Terminology project or HRANAFINA, 2012-2013), and, currently, in the field of pharmacology (Croatian Pharmacological Terminology project or FARMANA, 2016-2017).

Aim Chewing gums after a meal stimulates salivation and may affect the motility of the gastrointestinal tract and the release of hormones through neural mechanisms. This study was conducted in order to assess if chewing a sugar- free gum for 20 min following a meal, as recommended for dental caries prevention, influences the postprandial blood glucose levels in a period of one hour. Subjects and methods The study was conducted as a randomized cross-over trial. For each of 18 participants blood glucose profile was made by measuring capillary glucose concentration in 10-min intervals within one hour following a) chewing a sugar-free gum, b) the consumption of oatmeal, c) chewing a sugar-free gum after the consumption of oatmeal. One-way ANOVA with the Sidak post-hoc test was used to compare the glucose concentrations for the chewing gum group, the oatmeal group and the oatmeal+chewing gum group at each time point within a period of one hour. Results No statistically significant differences were found in the glycaemic response following complex carbohydrate ingestion when gum was chewed after a meal. Conclusion The possible influence of gum chewing on gastrointestinal and metabolic ongoings following a meal rich in complex carbohydrates was not reflected in the postprandial glycaemic response under the conditions of this study. Further studies exploring possible effects of gum chewing on the metabolic adaptability to nutritional challenges should include more variables related to vagal efferent activity, digestion and metabolism in order to gain a more complete view on these processes.

Many studies are lacking to find connection of calcium, magnesium and phosphate associated to periodontal disease. In this study the association of salivary calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphate (P) and their ratio (Ca/Mg, Ca/P, Mg/P) with periodontal parameters among young, healthy and dentally aware subjects was evaluated. The study included 36 participants aged 27-30 years. A structured questionnaire was filled out including general information, self-report smoking and oral hygiene habits. Clinical periodontal examination was performed with graduated periodontal probe on six sites per tooth. Periodontal indexes: dental plaque (PI), supragingival calculus (SC), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded. Unstimulated saliva samples were obtained and processed for salivary minerals determination with spectrophotometry methods. Salivary flow rate was determined and pH was recorded by pH- meter. Salivary minerals, calcium, magnesium and phosphate were correlated with salivary flow and salivary pH within physiologically expected values and relations. PD correlated with lower salivary Ca/Mg ratio (p

Aim Because of its global role and status in the academic and research settings, the influence of English on the Croatian medical/dental terminology cannot be avoided. To contribute to the preservation and promotion of Croatian standard language the School of Dental Medicine, University of Zagreb joined the programme Development of Croatian Special Field Terminology (STRUNA). The School contributed to the development of standardized terminology in the fields of dental medicine, anatomy, physiology, and, currently, in the field of pharmacology (the projects Croatian Dental Terminology or HRSTON, Croatian Anatomical and Physiological Terminology or HRANAFINA, and Croatian Pharmacological Terminology or FARMANA). This work aims to promote the need for the development and use of standardized Croatian terminology among health professionals, medical/dental students, and scientists. Methods The work is based on a survey conducted to assess whether dental students would rather choose Croatian medical/dental terms instead of anglicisms for translation of English sentences allegedly extracted from dental literature. We give examples how translation of English terms with loanwords may result in word forms unacceptable to the corpus of Croatian lexems. Conclusion Loanwords adjusted to the standard Croatian language should be a part of the field- specific vocabulary. However, developing and using Croatian medical/dental terminology contributes to the preservation and enrichment of the Croatian language and may improve patients' understanding of medical information. STRUNA termbase can contribute to the consistent and unambiguous usage of Croatian terms in speech and writing and can help in minimising the occurence of improperly translated loanwords in Croatian professional terminology.

Farmaceutski pojmovi na hrvatskom jeziku standardizirani su i definirani Hrvatskom farmakopejom te Normiranim izrazima (engl. Standard terms) objavljenima u bazi Europskog ravnateljstva za kakvoću lijekova i zdravstvenu skrb Vijeća Europe (engl. European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and HealthCare, EDQM). Kroz svoj Ured za farmakopeju i Radnu grupu za normirane izraze, Agencija za lijekove i medicinske proizvode Republike Hrvatske (HALMED) sudjeluje u definiranju hrvatskih naziva farmaceutskih pojmova, normiranih izraza, kao i novih djelatnih tvari, uključujući i nazive za najsloženije inovativne lijekove koji se odobravaju centraliziranim postupkom za područje čitave Europske unije.

U farmakološkoj literaturi i zakonicima ne postoji jedinstvena definicija lijeka jer lijek kao tvar ili kombinacija više tvari sa svojim određenim fizikalno-kemijskim svojstvima i pod određenim uvjetima (doza i način primjene, vrijeme trajanja terapije, bolestan ili zdrav organizam) može imati učinak lijeka, otrova ili - hrane. Postojeće definicije lijeka još uvijek ne odgovaraju svim terapijskim sredstvima koja se primjenjuju u medicini. Osim toga, nova znanstvena dostignuća i razvoj biotehnologije koji uvode u terapiju ljudi i životinja do sada nepoznata terapijska sredstva i metode, primjerice gensku terapiju, također zahtijevaju svoju terminologiju u suvremenoj farmakoterapiji.